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Title: The Gutenberg Webster's Unabridged Dictionary: Section I, J, K, and L

Author: Project Gutenberg

Noah Webster

Release date: September 1, 1996 [eBook #664]
Most recently updated: February 20, 2025

Language: English

Other information and formats: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/664

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE GUTENBERG WEBSTER'S UNABRIDGED DICTIONARY: SECTION I, J, K, AND L ***

# Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary

### Version published 1913

#### by the C. & G. Merriam Co.
Springfield, Mass.
Under the direction of
Noah Porter, D.D., LL.D.

I.

I (). 1. I, the ninth letter of the English alphabet, takes its form from the Phœnician, through the Latin and the Greek. The Phœnician letter was probably of Egyptian origin. Its original value was nearly the same as that of the Italian I, or long e as in mete. Etymologically I is most closely related to e, y, j, g; as in dint, dent, beverage, L. bibere; E. kin, AS. cynn; E. thin, AS. þynne; E. dominion, donjon, dungeon. In English I has two principal vowel sounds: the long sound, as in pne, ce; and the short sound, as in pn. It has also three other sounds: (a) That of e in term, as in thirst. (b) That of e in mete (in words of foreign origin), as in machine, pique, regime. (c) That of consonant y (in many words in which it precedes another vowel), as in bunion, million, filial, Christian, etc. It enters into several digraphs, as in fail, field, seize, feign. friend; and with o often forms a proper diphtong, as in oil, join, coin.

See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 98-106.

The dot which we place over the small or lower case i dates only from the 14th century. The sounds of I and J were originally represented by the same character, and even after the introduction of the form J into English dictionaries, words containing these letters were, till a comparatively recent time, classed together.

2. In our old authors, I was often used for ay (or aye), yes, which is pronounced nearly like it.

3. As a numeral, I stands for 1, II for 2, etc.

I- (?), prefix. See Y- .

I (), pron. [poss. My (m) or Mine (mn); object. Me (m). pl. nom. We (w); poss. Our (our) or Ours (ourz); object. Us (s).] [OE. i, ich, ic, AS. ic; akin to OS. & D. ik, OHG. ih, G. ich, Icel. ek, Dan. jeg, Sw. jag, Goth. ik, OSlav. az', Russ. ia, W. i, L. ego, Gr. 'egw`, 'egw`n, Skr. aham. √179. Cf. Egoism.] The nominative case of the pronoun of the first person; the word with which a speaker or writer denotes himself.

I*am`a*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, medicine + -logy.] (Med.) Materia Medica; that branch of therapeutics which treats of remedies.

I"amb (?), n. [Cf. F. iambe. See Lambus.] An iambus or iambic. [R.]

I*am"bic (?), a. [L. iambicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. iambique.] 1. (Pros.) Consisting of a short syllable followed by a long one, or of an unaccented syllable followed by an accented; as, an iambic foot.

2. Pertaining to, or composed of, iambics; as, an iambic verse; iambic meter. See Lambus.

I*am"bic, n. 1. (Pros.) (a) An iambic foot; an iambus. (b) A verse composed of iambic feet.

The following couplet consists of iambic verses.

> Thy gen- | ius calls | thee not | to pur- | chase fame
> In keen | iam- | bics, but | mild an- | agram.

Dryden.

2. A satirical poem (such poems having been anciently written in iambic verse); a satire; a lampoon.

I*am"bic*al (?), a. Iambic. [Obs. or R.]

I*am"bic*al*ly, adv. In a iambic manner; after the manner of iambics.

I*am"bize (?), v. t. [Gr. &?;.] To satirize in iambics; to lampoon. [R.]

I*am"bus (?), n.; pl. L. Iambi (#), E. Iambuses (#). [L. iambus, Gr. &?;; prob. akin to &?; to throw, assail (the iambus being first used in satiric poetry), and to L. jacere to throw. Cf. Jet a shooting forth.] (Pros.) A foot consisting of a short syllable followed by a long one, as in mns, or of an unaccented syllable followed by an accented one, as invent; an iambic. See the Couplet under Iambic, n.

||I*an"thi*na (?), n.; pl. L. Ianthinæ (#), E. Ianthinas (#). [NL., fr. L. ianthinus violet-blue, Gr. &?;; &?; violet + &?; flower.] (Zoöl.) Any gastropod of the genus Ianthina, of which various species are found living in mid ocean; -- called also purple shell, and violet snail. [Written also janthina.]

It floats at the surface by means of a raft, which it constructs by forming and uniting together air bubbles of hardened mucus. The Tyrian purple of the ancients was obtained in part from mollusks of this genus.

I*a`tra*lip"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?;; &?; physician + &?; belonging to the &?; or anointer, fr. &?; to anoint: cf. F. iatraliptique.] Treating diseases by anointing and friction; as, the iatraliptic method. [Written also iatroleptic.]

{ I*at"ric (?), I*at"ric*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?; healing, fr. &?; physician, fr. &?; to heal.] Of or pertaining to medicine, or to medical men.

I*a`tro*chem"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to iatrochemistry, or to the iatrochemists.

I*a`tro*chem"ist (?), n. [Gr. &?; physician + E. chemist.] A physician who explained or treated diseases upon chemical principles; one who practiced iatrochemistry.

I*a`tro*chem"is*try (?), n. Chemistry applied to, or used in, medicine; -- used especially with reference to the doctrines in the school of physicians in Flanders, in the 17th century, who held that health depends upon the proper chemical relations of the fluids of the body, and who endeavored to explain the conditions of health or disease by chemical principles.

I*a`tro*math`e*mat"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to iatromathematicians or their doctrine.

I*a`tro*math`e*ma*ti"cian (?), n. [Gr. &?; physician + E. mathematician.] (Hist. Med.) One of a school of physicians in Italy, about the middle of the 17th century, who tried to apply the laws of mechanics and mathematics to the human body, and hence were eager student of anatomy; -- opposed to the iatrochemists.

I*be"ri*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Iberia.

I"bex ("bks), n.; pl. E. Ibexes (-z), L. Ibices (b"*sz). [L., a kind of goat, the chamois.] (Zoöl.) One of several species of wild goats having very large, recurved horns, transversely ridged in front; -- called also steinbok.

The Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) is the best known. The Spanish, or Pyrenean, ibex (C. Hispanica) has smoother and more spreading horns.

||I*bi"dem (?), adv. [L.] In the same place; -- abbreviated ibid. or ib.

I"bis (?), n. [L. ibis, Gr. &?;; of Egyptian origin.] (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genus Ibis and several allied genera, of the family Ibidæ, inhabiting both the Old World and the New. Numerous species are known. They are large, wading birds, having a long, curved beak, and feed largely on reptiles.

The sacred ibis of the ancient Egyptians (Ibis Æthiopica) has the head and neck black, without feathers. The plumage of the body and wings is white, except the tertiaries, which are lengthened and form a dark purple plume. In ancient times this bird was extensively domesticated in Egypt, but it is now seldom seen so far north. The glossy ibis (Plegadis autumnalis), which is widely distributed both in the Old World and the New, has the head and neck feathered, except between the eyes and bill; the scarlet ibis (Guara rubra) and the white ibis (G. alba) inhabit the West Indies and South America, and are rarely found in the United States. The wood ibis (Tantalus loculator) of America belongs to the Stork family (Ciconidæ). See Wood ibis.

-i*ble (?). See -able.

-ic (?). [L. -icus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. -ique.] 1. A suffix signifying, in general, relating to, or characteristic of; as, historic, hygienic, telegraphic, etc.

2. (Chem.) A suffix, denoting that the element indicated enters into certain compounds with its highest valence, or with a valence relatively higher than in compounds where the name of the element ends in -ous; as, ferric, sulphuric. It is also used in the general sense of pertaining to; as, hydric, sodic, calcic.

I*ca"ri*an (?), a. [L. Icarius, Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, the mythic son of Dædalus, who, when flying from Crete on wings cemented with wax, mounted so high that the sun melted the wax, and he fell into the sea.] Soaring too high for safety, like Icarus; adventurous in flight.

Ice (s), n. [OE. is, iis, AS. s; aksin to D. ijs, G. eis, OHG. s, Icel. ss, Sw. is, Dan. iis, and perh. to E. iron.] 1. Water or other fluid frozen or reduced to the solid state by cold; frozen water. It is a white or transparent colorless substance, crystalline, brittle, and viscoidal. Its specific gravity (0.92, that of water at 4° C. being 1.0) being less than that of water, ice floats.

Water freezes at 32° F. or 0° Cent., and ice melts at the same temperature. Ice owes its cooling properties to the large amount of heat required to melt it.

2. Concreted sugar. Johnson.

3. Water, cream, custard, etc., sweetened, flavored, and artificially frozen.

4. Any substance having the appearance of ice; as, camphor ice.

Anchor ice, ice which sometimes forms about stones and other objects at the bottom of running or other water, and is thus attached or anchored to the ground. -- Bay ice, ice formed in bays, fiords, etc., often in extensive fields which drift out to sea. -- Ground ice, anchor ice. -- Ice age (Geol.), the glacial epoch or period. See under Glacial. -- Ice anchor (Naut.), a grapnel for mooring a vessel to a field of ice. Kane. -- Ice blink [Dan. iisblink], a streak of whiteness of the horizon, caused by the reflection of light from ice not yet in sight. -- Ice boat. (a) A boat fitted with skates or runners, and propelled on ice by sails; an ice yacht. (b) A strong steamboat for breaking a channel through ice. -- Ice box or chest, a box for holding ice; a box in which things are kept cool by means of ice; a refrigerator. -- Ice brook, a brook or stream as cold as ice. [Poetic] Shak. -- Ice cream [for iced cream], cream, milk, or custard, sweetened, flavored, and frozen. -- Ice field, an extensive sheet of ice. -- Ice float, Ice floe, a sheet of floating ice similar to an ice field, but smaller. -- Ice foot, shore ice in Arctic regions; an ice belt. Kane. -- Ice house, a close-covered pit or building for storing ice. -- Ice machine (Physics), a machine for making ice artificially, as by the production of a low temperature through the sudden expansion of a gas or vapor, or the rapid evaporation of a volatile liquid. -- Ice master. See Ice pilot (below). -- Ice pack, an irregular mass of broken and drifting ice. -- Ice paper, a transparent film of gelatin for copying or reproducing; papier glacé. -- Ice petrel (Zoöl.), a shearwater (Puffinus gelidus) of the Antarctic seas, abundant among floating ice. -- Ice pick, a sharp instrument for breaking ice into small pieces. -- Ice pilot, a pilot who has charge of a vessel where the course is obstructed by ice, as in polar seas; -- called also ice master. -- Ice pitcher, a pitcher adapted for ice water. -- Ice plow, a large tool for grooving and cutting ice. -- Ice sludge, bay ice broken small by the wind or waves; sludge. -- Ice spar (Min.), a variety of feldspar, the crystals of which are very clear like ice; rhyacolite. -- Ice tongs, large iron nippers for handling ice. -- Ice water. (a) Water cooled by ice. (b) Water formed by the melting of ice. -- Ice yacht. See Ice boat (above). -- To break the ice. See under Break. -- Water ice, a confection consisting of water sweetened, flavored, and frozen.

Ice (s), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Iced (st); p. pr. & vb. n. Icing ("sng).] 1. To cover with ice; to convert into ice, or into something resembling ice.

2. To cover with icing, or frosting made of sugar and milk or white of egg; to frost, as cakes, tarts, etc.

3. To chill or cool, as with ice; to freeze.

Ice"berg` (?), n. [Prob. of Scand. origin; cf. Dan. iisbierg, Sw. isberg, properly, a mountain of ice. See Ice, and Berg.] A large mass of ice, generally floating in the ocean.

Icebergs are large detached portions of glaciers, which in cold regions often project into the sea.

Ice"bird` (?), n. (Zoöl.) An Arctic sea bird, as the Arctic fulmar.

Ice"bound` (?), a. Totally surrounded with ice, so as to be incapable of advancing; as, an icebound vessel; also, surrounded by or fringed with ice so as to hinder easy access; as, an icebound coast.

Ice"-built` (?), a. 1. Composed of ice.

2. Loaded with ice. "Ice-built mountains." Gray.

Iced (?), a. 1. Covered with ice; chilled with ice; as, iced water.

2. Covered with something resembling ice, as sugar icing; frosted; as, iced cake.

Iced cream. Same as Ice cream, under Ice.

Ice"fall` (?), n. A frozen waterfall, or mass of ice resembling a frozen waterfall. Coleridge.

Ice"land*er (?), n. A native, or one of the Scandinavian people, of Iceland.

Ice*lan"dic (?), a. Of or pertaining to Iceland; relating to, or resembling, the Icelanders.

Ice*lan"dic (?), n. The language of the Icelanders. It is one of the Scandinavian group, and is more nearly allied to the Old Norse than any other language now spoken.

Ice"land moss` (?). (Bot.) A kind of lichen (Cetraria Icelandica) found from the Arctic regions to the North Temperate zone. It furnishes a nutritious jelly and other forms of food, and is used in pulmonary complaints as a demulcent.

Ice"land spar` (?). (Min.) A transparent variety of calcite, the best of which is obtained in Iceland. It is used for the prisms of the polariscope, because of its strong double refraction. Cf. Calcite.

Ice"man (?), n.; pl. Icemen (&?;). 1. A man who is skilled in traveling upon ice, as among glaciers.

2. One who deals in ice; one who retails or delivers ice.

Ice" plant` (?). (Bot.) A plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum), sprinkled with pellucid, watery vesicles, which glisten like ice. It is native along the Mediterranean, in the Canaries, and in South Africa. Its juice is said to be demulcent and diuretic; its ashes are used in Spain in making glass.

Ice-skater = one who skates on ice wearing an ice skate; esp. an athlete who performs athletic or artistic movements on a sheet of ice, wearing ice skates; including speed skater and figure skater -- >

<! p. 724 !>

Ice"quake` (s"kwk`), n. The crash or concussion attending the breaking up of masses of ice, -- often due to contraction from extreme cold.

Ich (k), pron. I. [Obs.] Chaucer.

In the Southern dialect of Early English this is the regular form. Cf. Ik.

Ich*neu"mon (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, lit., the tracker; so called because it hunts out the eggs of the crocodile, fr. &?; to track or hunt after, fr. 'i`chnos track, footstep.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any carnivorous mammal of the genus Herpestes, and family Viverridæ. Numerous species are found in Asia and Africa. The Egyptian species (H. ichneumon), which ranges to Spain and Palestine, is noted for destroying the eggs and young of the crocodile as well as various snakes and lizards, and hence was considered sacred by the ancient Egyptians. The common species of India (H. griseus), known as the mongoose, has similar habits and is often domesticated. It is noted for killing the cobra.

2. (Zoöl.) Any hymenopterous insect of the family Ichneumonidæ, of which several thousand species are known, belonging to numerous genera.

The female deposits her eggs upon, or in, the bodies of other insects, such as caterpillars, plant lice, etc. The larva lives upon the internal tissues of the insect in which it is parasitic, and finally kills it. Hence, many of the species are beneficial to agriculture by destroying noxious insects.

Ichneumon fly. See Ichneumon, 2.

Ich`neu*mon"i*dan (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Ichneumonidæ, or ichneumon flies. -- n. One of the Ichneumonidæ.

||Ich`neu*mon"i*des (?), n. pl. [NL. See Ichneumon.] (Zoöl.) The ichneumon flies.

Ich"nite (?), n. [Gr. 'i`chnos track, footstep.] A fossil footprint; as, the ichnites in the Triassic sandstone. Page.

{ Ich`no*graph"ic (?), Ich`no*graph"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. ichonographique.] Of or pertaining to ichonography; describing a ground plot.

Ich*nog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; 'i`chnos track, footstep + &?; to describe: cf. F. ichonographie.] (Drawing) A horizontal section of a building or other object, showing its true dimensions according to a geometric scale; a ground plan; a map; also, the art of making such plans.

Ich"no*lite (?), n. [Gr. 'i`chnos track, footstep + -lite.] A fossil footprint; an ichnite.

Ich`no*li*thol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. 'i`chnos footstep + -lith + -logy.] Same as Ichnology. Hitchcock.

Ich`no*log"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to ichnology.

Ich*nol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. 'i`chnos a footstep + -logy.] (Geol.) The branch of science which treats of fossil footprints.

Ich*nos"co*py (?), n. [Gr. 'i`chnos footstep + -scopy.] The search for the traces of anything. [R.]

I"chor (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;: cf. F. ichor.] 1. (Class. Myth.) An ethereal fluid that supplied the place of blood in the veins of the gods.

2. A thin, acrid, watery discharge from an ulcer, wound, etc.

||I`chor*hæ"mi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; ichor + &?; blood.] (Med.) Infection of the blood with ichorous or putrid substances.

I"chor*ous (?), a. [Cf. F. ichoreux.] Of or like ichor; thin; watery; serous; sanious.

Ich"thi*din (?), n. (Physiol. Chem.) A substance from the egg yolk of osseous fishes.

Ich"thin (?), n. [Gr. 'ichqy`s fish.] (Physiol. Chem.) A nitrogenous substance resembling vitellin, present in the egg yolk of cartilaginous fishes.

Ich"thu*lin (?), n. (Physiol. Chem.) A substance from the yolk of salmon's eggs.

Ich"thus (?), n. [Gr. 'ichqy`s.] In early Christian and eccesiastical art, an emblematic fish, or the Greek word for fish, which combined the initials of the Greek words Ihsoy^s, Christo`s, Qeoy^ Gio`s Swth`r, Jesus, Christ, Son of God, Savior.

Ich"thy*ic (?), a. [Gr. 'ichqy`s, -y`os, a fish.] (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to, fishes.

{ Ich"thy*o*col (?), Ich`thy*o*col"la (?), } n. [L. ichthyocolla, Gr. &?;; 'ichqy`s, -y`os, a fish + &?; glue: cf. F. ichthyocolle.] Fish glue; isinglass; a glue prepared from the sounds of certain fishes.

Ich`thy*o*cop"ro*lite (?), n. [Gr. 'ichqy`s, -y`os, a fish + E. coprolite.] (Geol.) Fossil dung of fishes.

Ich`thy*o*dor"u*lite (?), n. [Gr. 'ichqy`s, -y`os, a fish + &?; a spear + - lite.] (Zoöl.) One of the spiny plates found on the back and tail of certain skates.

Ich`thy*og"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. 'ichqy`s, -y`os + graphy: cf. F. ichthyographie.] A treatise on fishes.

{ Ich"thy*oid (?), Ich`thy*oid"al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;: 'ichqy`s, -y`os, a fish + &?; form.] (Zoöl.) Somewhat like a fish; having some of the characteristics of fishes; -- said of some amphibians.

Ich`thy*ol"a*try (?), n. [Gr. 'ichqy`s, -y`os, a fish + &?; to worship.] Worship of fishes, or of fish-shaped idols. Layard.

Ich"thy*o*lite (?), n. [Gr. 'ichqy`s, -y`os, a fish + -lite.] (Paleon.) A fossil fish, or fragment of a fish.

{ Ich`thy*o*log"ic (?), Ich`thy*o*log"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. ichthyologique.] Of or pertaining to ichthyology.

Ich`thy*ol"o*gist (?), n. [Cf. F. ichthyologiste.] One versed in, or who studies, ichthyology.

Ich`thy*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. 'ichqy`s, -y`os, a fish + -logy: cf. F. ichthyologie.] The natural history of fishes; that branch of zoölogy which relates to fishes, including their structure, classification, and habits.

Ich"thy*o*man`cy (?), n. [Gr. 'ichqy`s, -y`os, a fish + -mancy: cf. F. ichthyomancie.] Divination by the heads or the entrails of fishes.

||Ich`thy*o*mor"pha (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; fish-shaped; 'ichqy`s, -y`os, a fish + &?; form.] (Zoöl.) The Urodela.

{ Ich`thy*o*mor"phic (?), Ich`thy*o*mor"phous (?), } a. [See Ichthyomorpha.] Fish- shaped; as, the ichthyomorphic idols of ancient Assyria.

Ich`thy*oph"a*gist (?), n. [See Ichthyophagous.] One who eats, or subsists on, fish.

Ich`thy*oph"a*gous (?), a. [L. ichthyophagus, Gr. &?;; 'ichqy`s, -y`os, a fish + &?; to eat.] Eating, or subsisting on, fish.

Ich`thy*oph"a*gy (?), n. [Gr. 'ichqyofagi`a: cf. F. ichthyophagie.] The practice of eating, or living upon, fish.

Ich`thy*oph*thal"mite (?), n. [Gr. 'ichqy`s, -y`os, a fish + &?; eye.] See Apophyllite. [R.]

||Ich`thy*oph*thi"ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. 'ichqy`s, -y`os, a fish + &?; a louse.] (Zoöl.) A division of copepod crustaceans, including numerous species parasitic on fishes.

||Ich`thy*op"si*da (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. 'ichqy`s, -y`os, a fish + &?; appearance.] (Zoöl.) A grand division of the Vertebrata, including the Amphibia and Fishes.

||Ich`thy*op`te*ryg"i*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Ichthyopterygium.] (Paleon.) See Ichthyosauria.

||Ich`thy*op`te*ryg"i*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'ichqy`s, -y`os, a fish + &?; a fin.] (Anat.) The typical limb, or lateral fin, of fishes.

||Ich`thy*or"nis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'ichqy`s, -y`os, a fish + &?; bird.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of toothed birds found in the American Cretaceous formation. It is remarkable for having biconcave vertebræ, and sharp, conical teeth set in sockets. Its wings were well developed. It is the type of the order Odontotormæ.

Ich"thy*o*saur (?), n. [Cf. F. ichthyosaure.] (Paleon.) One of the Ichthyosaura.

||Ich`thy*o*sau"ri*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Ichthyosaurus.] (Paleon.) An extinct order of marine reptiles, including Ichthyosaurus and allied forms; -- called also Ichthyopterygia. They have not been found later than the Cretaceous period.

Ich`thy*o*sau"ri*an (?), a. (Paleon.) Of or pertaining to the Ichthyosauria. -- n. One of the Ichthyosauria.

||Ich`thy*o*sau"rus (?), n.; pl. Ichthyosauri (#). [NL., fr. Gr. 'ichqy`s, -y`os, a fish + say^ros a lizard.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of marine reptiles; - - so named from their short, biconcave vertebræ, resembling those of fishes. Several species, varying in length from ten to thirty feet, are known from the Liassic, Oölitic, and Cretaceous formations.

||Ich`thy*o"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'ichqy`s fish.] (Med.) A disease in which the skin is thick, rough, and scaly; -- called also fishskin. -- Ich`thy*ot"ic (#), a.

Ich`thy*ot"o*mist (?), n. One skilled in ichthyotomy.

Ich`thy*ot"o*my (?), n. [Gr. 'ichqy`s, -y`os, a fish + &?; to cut.] The anatomy or dissection of fishes. [R.]

||Ich"thys (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'ichqy`s a fish.] Same as Ichthus.

I"ci*cle (?), n. [OE. isikel, AS. sgicel; s ice + gicel icicle; akin to Icel. jökull; cf. Gael. eigh ice, Ir. aigh.] A pendent, and usually conical, mass of ice, formed by freezing of dripping water; as, the icicles on the eaves of a house.

I"ci*cled (?), a. Having icicles attached.

I"ci*ly (?), adv. In an icy manner; coldly.

> Faultily faultless, icily regular, splendidly null,
> Dead perfection, no more.

Tennyson.

I"ci*ness (?), n. The state or quality of being icy or very cold; frigidity.

I"cing (?), n. A coating or covering resembling ice, as of sugar and milk or white of egg; frosting.

Ic"kle (?), n. [OE. ikil. See Icicle.] An icicle. [Prov. Eng.]

I"con ("kn), n. [L., fr. Gr. e'ikw`n.] An image or representation; a portrait or pretended portrait.

> Netherlands whose names and icons are published.

Hakewill.

I*con"ic*al (?), a. Pertaining to, or consisting of, images, pictures, or representations of any kind.

I"con*ism (?), n. [L. iconismus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to mold, delineate, fr. e'ikw`n an image: cf. F. iconisme.] The formation of a figure, representation, or semblance; a delineation or description.

> Some kind of apish imitations, counterfeit iconisms.

Cudworth.

I"con*ize (?), v. t. [Gr. e'ikoni`zein.] To form an image or likeness of. [R.] Cudworth.

I*con"o*clasm (?), n. [Cf. F. iconoclasme. See Iconoclast.] The doctrine or practice of the iconoclasts; image breaking.

I*con"o*clast (?), n. [Gr. e'ikw`n image + &?; to break: cf. F. iconoclaste.] 1. A breaker or destroyer of images or idols; a determined enemy of idol worship.

2. One who exposes or destroys impositions or shams; one who attacks cherished beliefs; a radical.

I*con`o*clas"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to the iconoclasts, or to image breaking. Milman.

{I*con"o*dule (?), I*con"o*du`list (?), } n. [Gr. e'ikw`n an image + &?; a slave.] (Eccl. Hist.) One who serves images; -- opposed to an iconoclast. Schaff-Herzog Encyc.

I`co*nog"ra*pher (?), n. A maker of images. Fairholt.

I*con`o*graph"ic (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to iconography.

2. Representing by means of pictures or diagrams; as, an icongraphic encyclopædia.

I`co*nog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; a sketch or description; e'ikw`n an image + &?; to describe: cf. F. iconographie.] 1. The art or representation by pictures or images; the description or study of portraiture or representation, as of persons; as, the iconography of the ancients.

2. The study of representative art in general.

Christian iconography, the study of the representations in art of the Deity, the persons of the Trinity, angels, saints, virtues, vices, etc.

I`co*nol"a*ter (?), n. [Gr. e'ikw`n an image + &?; to worship: cf. F. iconolâtre.] One who worships images.

I`co*nol"a*try (?), n. [See Iconolater.] The worship of images as symbols; -- distinguished from idolatry, the worship of images themselves.

I`co*nol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; e'ikw`n an image + &?; discourse: cf. F. iconologie.] The discussion or description of portraiture or of representative images. Cf. Iconography.

I`co*nom"a*chy (?), n. [Gr. &?; a war against images; e'ikw`n an image + &?; fight.] Hostility to images as objects of worship. [R.]

I`co*nom"ic*al (?), a. [Gr. &?;; e'ikw`n image + &?; fight.] Opposed to pictures or images as objects of worship. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

I`co*noph"i*list (?), n. [Gr. e'ikw`n an image + &?; to love.] A student, or lover of the study, of iconography.

I`co*sa*he"dral (?), a. [See Icosahedron.] (Geom.) Having twenty equal sides or faces.

I`co*sa*he"dron (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; twenty + &?; seat, base, fr. &?; to sit.] (Geom.) A solid bounded by twenty sides or faces.

Regular icosahedron, one of the five regular polyhedrons, bounded by twenty equilateral triangules. Five triangles meet to form each solid angle of the polyhedron.

||I`co*san"dri*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; twenty +&?;, &?;, man, male: cf. F. icosandrie.] (Bot.) A Linnæan class of plants, having twenty or more stamens inserted in the calyx.

{ I`co*san"dri*an (?), I`co*san"drous (?), } a. (Bot.) Pertaining to the class Icosandria; having twenty or more stamens inserted in the calyx.

I`co*si*tet`ra*he"dron (?), n. [Gr. &?; twenty + &?;, combining form of &?; four + &?; seat, base.] (Crystallog.) A twenty-four-sided solid; a tetragonal trisoctahedron or trapezohedron.

-ics (?). A suffix used in forming the names of certain sciences, systems, etc., as acoustics, mathematics, dynamics, statistics, politics, athletics.

The names sciences ending in ics, as mathematics, mechanics, metaphysics, optics, etc., are, with respect to their form, nouns in the plural number. The plural form was probably introduced to mark the complex nature of such sciences; and it may have been in imitation of the use of the Greek plurals &?;, &?;, &?;, &?;, etc., to designate parts of Aristotle's writings. Previously to the present century, nouns ending in ics were construed with a verb or a pronoun in the plural; but it is now generally considered preferable to treat them as singular. In Greman we have die Mathematik, die Mechanik, etc., and in French la metaphysique, la optique, etc., corresponding to our mathematics, mechanics, metaphysics, optics, etc.

> Mathematics have for their object the consideration of whatever is capable of being numbered or measured.

John Davidson.

The citations subjoined will serve as examples of the best present usage.

> Ethics is the sciences of the laws which govern our actions as moral agents.

Sir W. Hamilton.

> All parts of knowledge have their origin in metaphysics, and finally, perhaps, revolve into it.

De Quincey.

> Mechanics, like pure mathematics, may be geometrical, or may be analytical; that is, it may treat space either by a direct consideration of its properties, or by a symbolical representation.

Whewell.

<! p. 725 !>

Ic*ter"ic (?), n. A remedy for the jaundice.

{ Ic*ter"ic (?), Ic*ter"ic*al (?), } a. [L. ictericus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; jaundice: cf. F. ictérique.] 1. Pertaining to, or affected with, jaundice.

2. Good against the jaundice. Johnson.

{ Ic`ter*i"tious (?), Ic*ter"i*tous (?), } a. Yellow; of the color of the skin when it is affected by the jaundice.

Ic"ter*oid (?), a. [Gr. &?; jaundice + -oid.] Of a tint resembling that produced by jaundice; yellow; as, an icteroid tint or complexion.

||Ic"te*rus (?), n. [NL. See Icteric, a.] (Med.) The jaundice.

Ic"tic (?), a. [L. ictus blow.] Pertaining to, or caused by, a blow; sudden; abrupt. [R.] H. Bushnell.

||Ic"tus (?), n. [L., fr. icere, ictum, to strike.] 1. (Pros.) The stress of voice laid upon accented syllable of a word. Cf. Arsis.

2. (Med.) A stroke or blow, as in a sunstroke, the sting of an insect, pulsation of an artery, etc.

I"cy (?), a. [Compar. Icier (?); superl. Iciest.] [AS. sig. See Ice.] 1. Pertaining to, resembling, or abounding in, ice; cold; frosty. "Icy chains." Shak. "Icy region." Boyle. "Icy seas." Pope.

2. Characterized by coldness, as of manner, influence, etc.; chilling; frigid; cold.

> Icy was the deportment with which Philip received these demonstrations of affection.

Motley.

I"cy-pearl`ed (?), a. Spangled with ice.

> Mounting up in icy-pearled car.

Milton.

I'd (?). A contraction from I would or I had.

Id (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small fresh-water cyprinoid fish (Leuciscus idus or Idus idus) of Europe. A domesticated variety, colored like the goldfish, is called orfe in Germany.

I*da"li*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Idalium, a mountain city in Cyprus, or to Venus, to whom it was sacred. "Idalian Aphrodité." Tennyson.

Ide (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Id.

-ide (?). (Chem.) A suffix used to denote: (a) The nonmetallic, or negative, element or radical in a binary compound; as, oxide, sulphide, chloride. (b) A compound which is an anhydride; as, glycolide, phthalide. (c) Any one of a series of derivatives; as, indogenide, glucoside, etc.

I*de"a (?), n.; pl. Ideas (#). [L. idea, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to see; akin to E. wit: cf. F. idée. See Wit.] 1. The transcript, image, or picture of a visible object, that is formed by the mind; also, a similar image of any object whatever, whether sensible or spiritual.

> Her sweet idea wandered through his thoughts.

Fairfax.

> Being the right idea of your father
> Both in your form and nobleness of mind.

Shak.

> This representation or likeness of the object being transmitted from thence [the senses] to the imagination, and lodged there for the view and observation of the pure intellect, is aptly and properly called its idea.

P. Browne.

2. A general notion, or a conception formed by generalization.

> Alice had not the slightest idea what latitude was.

L. Caroll.

3. Hence: Any object apprehended, conceived, or thought of, by the mind; a notion, conception, or thought; the real object that is conceived or thought of.

> Whatsoever the mind perceives in itself, or as the immediate object of perception, thought, or undersanding, that I call idea.

Locke.

4. A belief, option, or doctrine; a characteristic or controlling principle; as, an essential idea; the idea of development.

> That fellow seems to me to possess but one idea, and that is a wrong one.

Johnson.

> What is now "idea" for us? How infinite the fall of this word, since the time where Milton sang of the Creator contemplating his newly-created world, -
> "how it showed . . .
> Answering his great idea," -
> to its present use, when this person "has an idea that the train has started," and the other "had no idea that the dinner would be so bad!"

Trench.

5. A plan or purpose of action; intention; design.

> I shortly afterwards set off for that capital, with an idea of undertaking while there the translation of the work.

W. Irving.

6. A rational conception; the complete conception of an object when thought of in all its essential elements or constituents; the necessary metaphysical or constituent attributes and relations, when conceived in the abstract.

7. A fiction object or picture created by the imagination; the same when proposed as a pattern to be copied, or a standard to be reached; one of the archetypes or patterns of created things, conceived by the Platonists to have excited objectively from eternity in the mind of the Deity.

> Thence to behold this new-created world,
> The addition of his empire, how it showed
> In prospect from his throne, how good, how fair,
> Answering his great idea.

Milton.

"In England, Locke may be said to have been the first who naturalized the term in its Cartesian universality. When, in common language, employed by Milton and Dryden, after Descartes, as before him by Sidney, Spenser, Shakespeare, Hooker, etc., the meaning is Platonic." Sir W. Hamilton.

Abstract idea, Association of ideas, etc. See under Abstract, Association, etc.

Syn. -- Notion; conception; thought; sentiment; fancy; image; perception; impression; opinion; belief; observation; judgment; consideration; view; design; intention; purpose; plan; model; pattern. There is scarcely any other word which is subjected to such abusive treatment as is the word idea, in the very general and indiscriminative way in which it is employed, as it is used variously to signify almost any act, state, or content of thought.

I*de"al (?), a. [L. idealis: cf. F. idéal.] 1. Existing in idea or thought; conceptional; intellectual; mental; as, ideal knowledge.

2. Reaching an imaginary standard of excellence; fit for a model; faultless; as, ideal beauty. Byron.

> There will always be a wide interval between practical and ideal excellence.

Rambler.

3. Existing in fancy or imagination only; visionary; unreal. "Planning ideal common wealth." Southey.

4. Teaching the doctrine of idealism; as, the ideal theory or philosophy.

5. (Math.) Imaginary.

Syn. -- Intellectual; mental; visionary; fanciful; imaginary; unreal; impracticable; utopian.

I*de"al (?), n. A mental conception regarded as a standard of perfection; a model of excellence, beauty, etc.

> The ideal is to be attained by selecting and assembling in one whole the beauties and perfections which are usually seen in different individuals, excluding everything defective or unseemly, so as to form a type or model of the species. Thus, the Apollo Belvedere is the ideal of the beauty and proportion of the human frame.

Fleming.

Beau ideal. See Beau ideal.

I*de"a*less (?), a. Destitute of an idea.

I*de"al*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. idéalisme.] 1. The quality or state of being ideal.

2. Conception of the ideal; imagery.

3. (Philos.) The system or theory that denies the existence of material bodies, and teaches that we have no rational grounds to believe in the reality of anything but ideas and their relations.

I*de"al*ist, n. [Cf. F. idéaliste.] 1. One who idealizes; one who forms picturesque fancies; one given to romantic expectations.

2. One who holds the doctrine of idealism.

I*de`al*is"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to idealists or their theories.

I`de*al"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Idealities (&?;). 1. The quality or state of being ideal.

2. The capacity to form ideals of beauty or perfection.

3. (Phren.) The conceptive faculty.

I*de`al*i*za"tion (?), n. 1. The act or process of idealizing.

2. (Fine Arts) The representation of natural objects, scenes, etc., in such a way as to show their most important characteristics; the study of the ideal.

I*de"al*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Idealized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Idealizing (?).] 1. To make ideal; to give an ideal form or value to; to attribute ideal characteristics and excellences to; as, to idealize real life.

2. (Fine Arts) To treat in an ideal manner. See Idealization, 2.

I*de"al*ize, v. i. [Cf. F. idéaliser.] To form ideals.

I*de"al*i`zer (?), n. An idealist.

I*de"al*ly, adv. In an ideal manner; by means of ideals; mentally.

I*de`a*log"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to an idealogue, or to idealization.

I*de"a*logue (?), n. [Idea + -logue, as in theologue: cf. F. idéologue.] One given to fanciful ideas or theories; a theorist; a spectator. [R.] Mrs. Browning.

{ I*de"at (?), I*de"ate (?), } n. [LL. ideatum. See Idea.] (Metaph.) The actual existence supposed to correspond with an idea; the correlate in real existence to the idea as a thought or existence.

I*de"ate (?), v. t. 1. To form in idea; to fancy. [R.]

> The ideated man . . . as he stood in the intellect of God.

Sir T. Browne.

2. To apprehend in thought so as to fix and hold in the mind; to memorize. [R.]

I`de*a"tion (?), n. The faculty or capacity of the mind for forming ideas; the exercise of this capacity; the act of the mind by which objects of sense are apprehended and retained as objects of thought.

> The whole mass of residua which have been accumulated . . . all enter now into the process of ideation.

J. D. Morell.

I`de*a"tion*al (?), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, ideation.

> Certain sensational or ideational stimuli.

Blackw. Mag.

I"dem (?), pron. or adj. [L.] The same; the same as above; -- often abbreviated id.

I*den"tic (?), a. Identical. [Obs.] Hudibras.

I*den"tic*al (?), a. [Cf. F. identique. See Identity.] 1. The same; the selfsame; the very same; not different; as, the identical person or thing.

> I can not remember a thing that happened a year ago, without a conviction . . . that I, the same identical person who now remember that event, did then exist.

Reid.

2. Uttering sameness or the same truth; expressing in the predicate what is given, or obviously implied, in the subject; tautological.

> When you say body is solid, I say that you make an identical proposition, because it is impossible to have the idea of body without that of solidity.

Fleming.

Identical equation (Alg.), an equation which is true for all values of the algebraic symbols which enter into it.

I*den"tic*al*ly, adv. In an identical manner; with respect to identity. "Identically the same." Bp. Warburton. "Identically different." Ross.

I*den"tic*al*ness, n. The quality or state of being identical; sameness.

I*den"ti*fi`a*ble (?), a. Capable of being identified.

I*den`ti*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. identification.] The act of identifying, or proving to be the same; also, the state of being identified.

I*den"ti*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Identified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Identifying (?).] [Cf. F. identifier. See Identity, and -fy.] 1. To make to be the same; to unite or combine in such a manner as to make one; to treat as being one or having the same purpose or effect; to consider as the same in any relation.

> Every precaution is taken to identify the interests of the people and of the rulers.

D. Ramsay.

> Let us identify, let us incorporate ourselves with the people.

Burke.

2. To establish the identity of; to prove to be the same with something described, claimed, or asserted; as, to identify stolen property.

I*den"ti*fy (?), v. i. To become the same; to coalesce in interest, purpose, use, effect, etc. [Obs. or R.]

> An enlightened self-interest, which, when well understood, they tell us will identify with an interest more enlarged and public.

Burke.

I*den"tism (?), n. [See Identity.] (Metaph.) The doctrine taught by Schelling, that matter and mind, and subject and object, are identical in the Absolute; -- called also the system or doctrine of identity.

I*den"ti*ty (?), n.; pl. Identities (#). [F. identité, LL. identitas, fr. L. idem the same, from the root of is he, that; cf. Skr. idam this. Cf. Item.] 1. The state or quality of being identical, or the same; sameness.

> Identity is a relation between our cognitions of a thing, not between things themselves.

Sir W. Hamilton.

2. The condition of being the same with something described or asserted, or of possessing a character claimed; as, to establish the identity of stolen goods.

3. (Math.) An identical equation.

I"de*o- (?). A combining form from the Gr. &?;, an idea.

I`de*o*gen"ic*al (?), a. Of or relating to ideology.

I`de*og"e*ny (?), n. [Ideo- + -geny, from the same root as Gr. &?;, birth: cf. F. idéogénie.] The science which treats of the origin of ideas.

I*de"o*gram (?), n. [Ideo- + -gram; cf. F. idéograme.] 1. An original, pictorial element of writing; a kind of hieroglyph expressing no sound, but only an idea.

> Ideograms may be defined to be pictures intended to represent either things or thoughts.

I. Taylor (The Alphabet).

> You might even have a history without language written or spoken, by means of ideograms and gesture.

J. Peile.

2. A symbol used for convenience, or for abbreviation; as, 1, 2, 3, +, -, &?;, $, &?;, etc.

3. A phonetic symbol; a letter.

I*de"o*graph (?), n. Same as Ideogram.

{ I`de*o*graph"ic (?), I`de*o*graph"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. idéographique.] Of or pertaining to an ideogram; representing ideas by symbols, independently of sounds; as, 9 represents not the word "nine," but the idea of the number itself. -- I`de*o*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

I`de*o*graph"ics (?), n. The system of writing in ideographic characters; also, anything so written.

I`de*og"ra*phy (?), n. The representation of ideas independently of sounds, or in an ideographic manner, as sometimes is done in shorthand writing, etc.

I`de*o*log"ic*al (?), a. [Cf. F. idéologique.] Of or pertaining to ideology.

I`de*ol"o*gist (?), n. One who treats of ideas; one who theorizes or idealizes; one versed in the science of ideas, or who advocates the doctrines of ideology.

I`de*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Ideo- + -logy: cf. F. idéologie.] 1. The science of ideas. Stewart.

2. (Metaph.) A theory of the origin of ideas which derives them exclusively from sensation.

By a double blunder in philosophy and Greek, idéologie . . . has in France become the name peculiarly distinctive of that philosophy of mind which exclusively derives our knowledge from sensation. Sir W. Hamilton.

I`de*o-mo"tion (?), n. (Physiol.) An ideo-motor movement.

I`de*o-mo"tor (?), a. [Ideo- + motor.] (Physiol.) Applied to those actions, or muscular movements, which are automatic expressions of dominant ideas, rather than the result of distinct volitional efforts, as the act of expressing the thoughts in speech, or in writing, while the mind is occupied in the composition of the sentence. Carpenter.

Ides (dz), n. pl. [L. idus: cf. F. ides.] (Anc. Rom. Calendar) The fifteenth day of March, May, July, and October, and the thirteenth day of the other months.

> The ides of March remember.

Shak.

Eight days in each month often pass by this name, but only one strictly receives it, the others being called respectively the day before the ides, and so on, backward, to the eighth from the ides.

Id"i*o- (d"*-). A combining form from the Greek 'i`dios, meaning private, personal, peculiar, distinct.

Id"i*o*blast (d"**blst), n. [Ideo- + -blast.] (Bot.) An individual cell, differing greatly from its neighbours in regard to size, structure, or contents.

||Id`i*o*cra"sis (?), n. [NL.] Idiocracy.

Id`i*oc"ra*sy (?), n.; pl. Idiocrasies (#). [Idio- + Gr. kra^sis a mixture, fr. &?; to mix: cf. F. idiocrasie.] Peculiarity of constitution; that temperament, or state of constitution, which is peculiar to a person; idiosyncrasy.

{ Id`i*o*crat"ic (?), Id`i*o*crat"ic*al (?), } a. Peculiar in constitution or temperament; idiosyncratic.

Id"i*o*cy (d"**s), n. [From idiot; cf. Gr. &?; uncouthness, want of education, fr. &?;. See Idiot, and cf. Idiotcy.] The condition or quality of being an idiot; absence, or marked deficiency, of sense and intelligence.

> I will undertake to convict a man of idiocy, if he can not see the proof that three angles of a triangle are equal to two right angles.

F. W. Robertson.

Id`i*o*cy*cloph"a*nous (?), a. [Idio- + Gr. &?; circle + &?; to appear.] (Crystallog.) Same as Idiophanous.

Id`i*o*e*lec"tric (?), a. [Idio- + electric: cf. F. idioélectrique.] (Physics) Electric by virtue of its own peculiar properties; capable of becoming electrified by friction; -- opposed to anelectric. -- n. An idioelectric substance.

Id"i*o*graph (d"**grf), n. [Gr. &?; autographic; 'i`dios one's own + gra`fein to write.] A mark or signature peculiar to an individual; a trade-mark.

<! p. 726 !>

{ Id`i*o*graph"ic (d`**grf"k), Id`i*o*graph"ic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to an idiograph.

Id`i*ol"a*try (?), n. [Idio- + Gr. &?; to worship.] Self-worship; excessive self- esteem.

Id"i*om (d"*m), n. [F. idiome, L. idioma, fr. Gr. 'idi`wma, fr. 'idioy^n to make a person's own, to make proper or peculiar; fr. 'i`dios one's own, proper, peculiar; prob. akin to the reflexive pronoun o"y^, o'i^, 'e`, and to "eo`s, 'o`s, one's own, L. suus, and to E. so.] 1. The syntactical or structural form peculiar to any language; the genius or cast of a language.

> Idiom may be employed loosely and figuratively as a synonym of language or dialect, but in its proper sense it signifies the totality of the general rules of construction which characterize the syntax of a particular language and distinguish it from other tongues.

G. P. Marsh.

> By idiom is meant the use of words which is peculiar to a particular language.

J. H. Newman.

> He followed their language [the Latin], but did not comply with the idiom of ours.

Dryden.

2. An expression conforming or appropriate to the peculiar structural form of a language; in extend use, an expression sanctioned by usage, having a sense peculiar to itself and not agreeing with the logical sense of its structural form; also, the phrase forms peculiar to a particular author.

> Some that with care true eloquence shall teach,
> And to just idioms fix our doubtful speech.

Prior.

> Sometimes we identify the words with the object -- though by courtesy of idiom rather than in strict propriety of language.

Coleridge.

> Every good writer has much idiom.

Landor.

> It is not by means of rules that such idioms as the following are made current: "I can make nothing of it." "He treats his subject home." Dryden. "It is that within us that makes for righteousness." M. Arnold.

Gostwick (Eng. Gram.)

3. Dialect; a variant form of a language.

Syn. -- Dialect. -- Idiom, Dialect. The idioms of a language belong to its very structure; its dialects are varieties of expression ingrafted upon it in different localities or by different professions. Each county of England has some peculiarities of dialect, and so have most of the professions, while the great idioms of the language are everywhere the same. See Language.

{ Id`i*o*mat"ic (?), Id`i*o*mat"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. 'idiwmatiko`s.] Of or pertaining to, or conforming to, the mode of expression peculiar to a language; as, an idiomatic meaning; an idiomatic phrase. -- Id`i*o*mat"ic*al*ly, adv.

Id`i*o*morph"ic (?), a. Idiomorphous.

Id`i*o*morph"ous (?), a. [Gr. 'idio`morfos of peculiar form; 'i`dios peculiar + &?; form.] 1. Having a form of its own.

2. (Crystallog.) Apperaing in distinct crystals; -- said of the mineral constituents of a rock.

Id`i*o*mus"cu*lar (?), a. [Idio- + muscular.] (Physiol.) Applied to a semipermanent contraction of a muscle, produced by a mechanical irritant.

Id`i*o*pa*thet"ic (?), a. Idiopathic. [R.]

{ Id`i*o*path"ic (?), Id`i*o*path"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. idiopathique.] (Med.) Pertaining to idiopathy; characterizing a disease arising primarily, and not in consequence of some other disease or injury; -- opposed to symptomatic, sympathetic, and traumatic. -- Id`i*o*path"ic*al*ly, adv.

Id`i*op"a*thy (?), n.; pl. Idiopathies (#). [Gr. &?;; 'i`dios proper, peculiar + &?;, &?;, to suffer: cf. F. idiopathie.] 1. A peculiar, or individual, characteristic or affection.

> All men are so full of their own fancies and idiopathies, that they scarce have the civility to interchange any words with a stranger.

Dr. H. More.

2. (Med.) A morbid state or condition not preceded or occasioned by any other disease; a primary disease.

Id`i*oph"a*nous (?), a. [Idio- + &?; to appear.] (Crystallog.) Exhibiting interference figures without the aid of a polariscope, as certain crystals.

Id"i*o*plasm (?), n. (Biol.) Same as Idioplasma.

||Id`i*o*plas"ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'i`dios proper, peculiar + &?; a form, mold.] (Biol.) That portion of the cell protoplasm which is the seat of all active changes, and which carries on the function of hereditary transmission; -- distinguished from the other portion, which is termed nutritive plasma. See Hygroplasm.

Id`i*o*re*pul"sive (?), a. [Idio- + repulsive.] Repulsive by itself; as, the idiorepulsive power of heat.

Id`i*o*syn"cra*sy (?), n.; pl. Idiosyncrasies (#). [Gr. &?;; 'i`dios proper, peculiar + &?; a mixing together, fr. &?; to mix together; &?; with + &?; to mix: cf. F. idiosyncrasie. See Idiom, and Crasis.] A peculiarity of physical or mental constitution or temperament; a characteristic belonging to, and distinguishing, an individual; characteristic susceptibility; idiocrasy; eccentricity.

> The individual mind . . . takes its tone from the idiosyncrasies of the body.

I. Taylor.

{ Id`i*o*syn*crat"ic (?), Id`i*o*syn*crat"ic*al (?), } a. Of peculiar temper or disposition; belonging to one's peculiar and individual character.

Id"i*ot (d"*t), n. [F. idiot, L. idiota an uneducated, ignorant, ill-informed person, Gr. 'idiw`ths, also and orig., a private person, not holding public office, fr. 'i`dios proper, peculiar. See Idiom.] 1. A man in private station, as distinguished from one holding a public office. [Obs.]

> St. Austin affirmed that the plain places of Scripture are sufficient to all laics, and all idiots or private persons.

Jer. Taylor.

2. An unlearned, ignorant, or simple person, as distinguished from the educated; an ignoramus. [Obs.]

> Christ was received of idiots, of the vulgar people, and of the simpler sort, while he was rejected, despised, and persecuted even to death by the high priests, lawyers, scribes, doctors, and rabbis.

C. Blount.

3. A human being destitute of the ordinary intellectual powers, whether congenital, developmental, or accidental; commonly, a person without understanding from birth; a natural fool; a natural; an innocent.

> Life . . . is a tale
> Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,
> Signifying nothing.

Shak.

4. A fool; a simpleton; -- a term of reproach.

> Weenest thou make an idiot of our dame?

Chaucer.

Id"i*ot*cy (?), n. [Cf. Idiocy.] Idiocy. [R.]

Id"i*ot*ed (?), a. Rendered idiotic; befooled. [R.] Tennyson.

Id`i*o*ther"mic (?), a. [Idio- + thermic.] Self-heating; warmed, as the body of animal, by process going on within itself.

{ Id`i*ot"ic (?), Id`i*ot"ic*al (?), } a. [L. idioticus ignorant, Gr. &?;: cf. F. idiotique. See Idiot.] 1. Common; simple. [Obs.] Blackwall.

2. Pertaining to, or like, an idiot; characterized by idiocy; foolish; fatuous; as, an idiotic person, speech, laugh, or action.

Id`i*ot"ic*al*ly, adv. In an idiotic manner.

Id`i*ot"i*con (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; belonging to a private man, private. See Idiot.] A dictionary of a peculiar dialect, or of the words and phrases peculiar to one part of a country; a glossary.

Id"i*ot*ish (?), a. Like an idiot; foolish.

Id"i*ot*ism (?), n. [F. idiotisme, L. idiotismus the way of fashion of a private person, the common or vulgar manner of speaking, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to put into or use common language, fr. &?;. See Idiot.] 1. An idiom; a form, mode of expression, or signification, peculiar to a language.

> Scholars sometimes give terminations and idiotisms, suitable to their native language, unto words newly invented.

M. Hale.

2. Lack of knowledge or mental capacity; idiocy; foolishness.

> Worse than mere ignorance or idiotism.

Shaftesbury.

> The running that adventure is the greatist idiotism.

Hammond.

Id"i*ot*ize (?), v. i. To become stupid. [R.]

Id"i*ot*ry (?), n. Idiocy. [R.] Bp. Warburton.

I"dle (?), a. [Compar. Idler (?); superl. Idlest.] [OE. idel, AS. del vain, empty, useless; akin to OS. dal, D. ijdel, OHG. tal vain, empty, mere, G. eitel, Dan. & Sw. idel mere, pure, and prob. to Gr. &?; clear, pure, &?; to burn. Cf. Ether.] 1. Of no account; useless; vain; trifling; unprofitable; thoughtless; silly; barren. "Deserts idle." Shak.

> Every idle word that men shall speak, they shall give account thereof in the day of judgment.

Matt. xii. 36.

> Down their idle weapons dropped.

Milton.

> This idle story became important.

Macaulay.

2. Not called into active service; not turned to appropriate use; unemployed; as, idle hours.

> The idle spear and shield were high uphing.

Milton.

3. Not employed; unoccupied with business; inactive; doing nothing; as, idle workmen.

> Why stand ye here all the day idle?

Matt. xx. 6.

4. Given rest and ease; averse to labor or employment; lazy; slothful; as, an idle fellow.

5. Light-headed; foolish. [Obs.] Ford.

Idle pulley (Mach.), a pulley that rests upon a belt to tighten it; a pulley that only guides a belt and is not used to transmit power. -- Idle wheel (Mach.), a gear wheel placed between two others, to transfer motion from one to the other without changing the direction of revolution. -- In idle, in vain. [Obs.] "God saith, thou shalt not take the name of thy Lord God in idle." Chaucer.

Syn. -- Unoccupied; unemployed; vacant; inactive; indolent; sluggish; slothful; useless; ineffectual; futile; frivolous; vain; trifling; unprofitable; unimportant. -- Idle, Indolent, Lazy. A propensity to inaction is expressed by each of these words; they differ in the cause and degree of this characteristic. Indolent denotes an habitual love to ease, a settled dislike of movement or effort; idle is opposed to busy, and denotes a dislike of continuous exertion. Lazy is a stronger and more contemptuous term than indolent.

I"dle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Idled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Idling (?).] To lose or spend time in inaction, or without being employed in business. Shak.

I"dle, v. t. To spend in idleness; to waste; to consume; -- often followed by away; as, to idle away an hour a day.

I"dle-head`ed (?), a. 1. Foolish; stupid. [Obs.] "The superstitious idle-headed eld." Shak.

2. Delirious; infatuated. [Obs.] L'Estrange.

I"dle*ness, n. [AS. delnes.] The condition or quality of being idle (in the various senses of that word); uselessness; fruitlessness; triviality; inactivity; laziness.

Syn. -- Inaction; indolence; sluggishness; sloth.

I"dle-pat`ed (?), a. Idle-headed; stupid. [Obs.]

I"dler (?), n. 1. One who idles; one who spends his time in inaction; a lazy person; a sluggard.

2. (Naut.) One who has constant day duties on board ship, and keeps no regular watch. Totten.

3. (Mach.) An idle wheel or pulley. See under Idle.

{ I"dless, I"dlesse } (?), n. Idleness. [Archaic] "In ydlesse." Spenser.

> And an idlesse all the day
> Beside a wandering stream.

Mrs. Browning.

I"dly (?), adv. In a idle manner; ineffectually; vainly; lazily; carelessly; (Obs.) foolishly.

Id"o*crase (d"*krs; 277), n. [Gr. e'i^dos form + kra^sis mixture, fr. keranny`nai to mix; cf. F. idocrase.] (Min.) Same as Vesuvianite.

I"dol (?), n. [OE. idole, F. idole, L. idolum, fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; that which is seen, the form, shape, figure, fr. &?; to see. See Wit, and cf. Eidolon.] 1. An image or representation of anything. [Obs.]

> Do her adore with sacred reverence,
> As th' idol of her maker's great magnificence.

Spenser.

2. An image of a divinity; a representation or symbol of a deity or any other being or thing, made or used as an object of worship; a similitude of a false god.

> That they should not worship devils, and idols of gold.

Rev. ix. 20.

3. That on which the affections are strongly (often excessively) set; an object of passionate devotion; a person or thing greatly loved or adored.

> The soldier's god and people's idol.

Denham.

4. A false notion or conception; a fallacy. Bacon.

> The idols of preconceived opinion.

Coleridge.

I`do*las"tre (?), n. [OE., for idolatre.] An idolater. [Obs.] Chaucer.

I*dol"a*ter (?), n. [F. idolâtre: cf. L. idololatres, Gr. &?;. See Idolatry.] 1. A worshiper of idols; one who pays divine honors to images, statues, or representations of anything made by hands; one who worships as a deity that which is not God; a pagan.

2. An adorer; a great admirer.

> Jonson was an idolater of the ancients.

Bp. Hurd.

I*dol"a*tress (?), n. A female worshiper of idols.

I`do*lat"ric*al (?), a. [Cf. F. idolâtrique.] Idolatrous. [Obs.]

I*dol"a*trize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Idolatrized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Idolatrizing (?).] To worship idols; to pay idolatrous worship.

I*dol"a*trize, v. t. To make in idol of; to idolize.

I*dol"a*trous (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to idolatry; partaking of the nature of idolatry; given to idolatry or the worship of false gods; as, idolatrous sacrifices.

> [Josiah] put down the idolatrous priests.

2 Kings xxiii. 5.

2. Consisting in, or partaking of, an excessive attachment or reverence; as, an idolatrous veneration for antiquity.

I*dol"a*trous*ly, adv. In a idolatrous manner.

I*dol"a*try (?), n.; pl. Idolatries (#). [F. idolâtrie, LL. idolatria, L. idololatria, Fr. Gr. &?;; &?; idol + &?; service.] 1. The worship of idols, images, or anything which is not God; the worship of false gods.

> His eye surveyed the dark idolatries
> Of alienated Judah.

Milton.

2. Excessive attachment or veneration for anything; respect or love which borders on adoration. Shak.

I"dol*ish (?), a. Idolatrous. [Obs.] Milton.

I"dol*ism (?), n. The worship of idols. [Obs.]

I"dol*ist, n. A worshiper of idols. [Obs.] Milton.

I"dol*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Idolized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Idolizing (?).] 1. To make an idol of; to pay idolatrous worship to; as, to idolize the sacred bull in Egypt.

2. To love to excess; to love or reverence to adoration; as, to idolize gold, children, a hero.

I"dol*ize, v. i. To practice idolatry. [R.]

> To idolize after the manner of Egypt.

Fairbairn.

I"dol*i`zer (?), n. One who idolizes or loves to the point of reverence; an idolater.

I*dol"o*clast (?), n. [Gr. &?; idol + &?; to break.] A breaker of idols; an iconoclast.

I*dol`o*graph"ic*al (?), a. [Idol + -graph.] Descriptive of idols. [R.] Southey.

I"dol*ous (?), a. Idolatrous. [Obs.] Bale.

I*do"ne*ous (?), a. [L. idoneus.] Appropriate; suitable; proper; fit; adequate. [R.]

> An ecclesiastical benefice . . . ought to be conferred on an idoneous person.

Ayliffe.

Id*or"gan (?), n. [Gr. &?; form + E. organ.] (Biol.) A morphological unit, consisting of two or more plastids, which does not possess the positive character of the person or stock, in distinction from the physiological organ or biorgan. See Morphon.

{ Id"ri*a*line (?), Id"ri*a*lite (?), } n. [Cf. F. idrialine.] (Min.) A bituminous substance obtained from the mercury mines of Idria, where it occurs mixed with cinnabar.

Id`u*me"an (?), a. Of or pertaining to ancient Idumea, or Edom, in Western Asia. -- n. An inhabitant of Idumea, an Edomite.

I"dyl (?), n. [L. idyllium, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; form; literally, a little form of image: cf. F. idylle. See Idol.] A short poem; properly, a short pastoral poem; as, the idyls of Theocritus; also, any poem, especially a narrative or descriptive poem, written in an eleveted and highly finished style; also, by extension, any artless and easily flowing description, either in poetry or prose, of simple, rustic life, of pastoral scenes, and the like. [Written also idyll.]

> Wordsworth's solemn-thoughted idyl.

Mrs. Browning.

> His [Goldsmith's] lovely idyl of the Vicar's home.

F. Harrison.

I*dyl"lic (?), a. Of or belonging to idyls.

I. e. Abbreviation of Latin id est, that is.

If (?), conj. [OE. if, gif, AS. gif; akin to OFries. ief, gef, ef, OS. ef, of, D. of, or, whether, if, G. ob whether, if, OHG. oba, ibu, Icel. ef, Goth. iba, ibai, an interrogative particle; properly a case form of a noun meaning, doubt (cf. OHG. iba doubt, condition, Icel. if, ef, ifi, efi), and therefore orig. meaning, on condition that.] 1. In case that; granting, allowing, or supposing that; -- introducing a condition or supposition.

> Tisiphone, that oft hast heard my prayer,
> Assist, if Œdipus deserve thy care.

Pope.

> If thou be the Son of God, command that these stones be made bread.

Matt. iv. 3.

2. Whether; -- in dependent questions.

> Uncertain if by augury or chance.

Dryden.

> She doubts if two and two make four.

Prior.

As if, But if. See under As, But.

I' faith" (?). In faith; indeed; truly. Shak.

<! p. 727 !>

I*fere" (?), a. [Corrupted fr. in fere.] Together. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ig`a*su"ric (?), a. [See Igasurine.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, nux vomica or St. Ignatius's bean; as, igasuric acid.

Ig`a*su"rine (?), n. [Malay igasura the nux vomica.] (Chem.) An alkaloid found in nux vomica, and extracted as a white crystalline substance.

Ig"loo (?), n. 1. An Eskimo snow house.

2. (Zoöl.) A cavity, or excavation, made in the snow by a seal, over its breathing hole in the ice.

Ig*na"tius bean` (?). (Bot.) See Saint Ignatius's bean, under Saint.

Ig"ne*ous (?), a. [L. igneus, fr. ignis fire; allied to Skr. agni, Lith. ugnis, OSlav. ogne.] 1. Pertaining to, having the nature of, fire; containing fire; resembling fire; as, an igneous appearance.

2. (Geol.) Resulting from, or produced by, the action of fire; as, lavas and basalt are igneous rocks.

Ig*nes"cent (?), a. [L. ignescens, p. pr. of ignescere to become inflamed, fr. ignis fire: cf. F. ignescent.] Emitting sparks of fire when struck with steel; scintillating; as, ignescent stones.

Ig*nic"o*list (?), n. [L. ignis fire + colere to worship.] A worshiper of fire. [R.]

Ig*nif"er*ous (?), a. [L. ignifer; ignis fire + ferre to bear.] Producing fire. [R.] Blount.

Ig*nif"lu*ous (?), a. [L. ignifluus; ignis fire + fluere to flow.] Flowing with fire. [Obs.] Cockerman.

Ig"ni*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ignified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ignifying (?).] [L. ignis fire + -fy.] To form into fire. [R.] Stukeley.

Ig*nig"e*nous (?), a. [L. ignigenus; ignis fire + genere, ginere, to beget, produce.] Produced by the action of fire, as lava. [R.]

Ig*nip"o*tence (?), n. Power over fire. [R.]

Ig*nip"o*tent (?), a. [L. ignipotens; ignis fire + potens powerful.] Presiding over fire; also, fiery.

> Vulcan is called the powerful ignipotent.

Pope.

||Ig"nis fat"u*us (?); pl. Ignes fatui (#). [L. ignis fire + fatuus foolish. So called in allusion to its tendency to mislead travelers.] 1. A phosphorescent light that appears, in the night, over marshy ground, supposed to be occasioned by the decomposition of animal or vegetable substances, or by some inflammable gas; -- popularly called also Will-with-the-wisp, or Will-o'-the-wisp, and Jack-with-a-lantern, or Jack-o'-lantern.

2. Fig.: A misleading influence; a decoy.

> Scared and guided by the ignis fatuus of popular superstition.

Jer. Taylor.

Ig*nite" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ignited (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Igniting.] [L. ignitus, p. p. of ignire to ignite, fr. ignis fire. See Igneous.] 1. To kindle or set on fire; as, to ignite paper or wood.

2. (Chem.) To subject to the action of intense heat; to heat strongly; -- often said of incombustible or infusible substances; as, to ignite iron or platinum.

Ig*nite", v. i. To take fire; to begin to burn.

Ig*nit"i*ble (?), a. Capable of being ignited.

Ig*ni"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. ignition.] 1. The act of igniting, kindling, or setting on fire.

2. The state of being ignited or kindled. Sir T. Browne.

Ig*nit"or (?), n. One who, or that which, produces ignition; especially, a contrivance for igniting the powder in a torpedo or the like. [Written also igniter.]

Ig*niv"o*mous (?), a. [L. ignivomus; ignis fire + vomere 8vomit.] Vomiting fire. [R.]

Ig`no*bil"i*ty (?), n. [L. ignobilitas: cf. F. ignobilité.] Ignobleness. [Obs.] Bale.

Ig*no"ble (?), a. [L. ignobilis; pref. in- not + nobilis noble: cf. F. ignoble. See In- not, and Noble, a.] 1. Of low birth or family; not noble; not illustrious; plebeian; common; humble.

> I was not ignoble of descent.

Shak.

> Her royal stock graft with ignoble plants.

Shak.

2. Not honorable, elevated, or generous; base.

> 'T is but a base, ignoble mind,
> That mounts no higher than a bird can soar.

Shak.

> Far from the madding crowd's ignoble strife.

Gray.

3. (Zoöl.) Not a true or noble falcon; -- said of certain hawks, as the goshawk.

Syn. -- Degenerate; degraded; mean; base; dishonorable; reproachful; disgraceful; shameful; scandalous; infamous.

Ig*no"ble, v. t. To make ignoble. [Obs.] Bacon.

Ig*no"ble*ness, n. State or quality of being ignoble.

Ig*no"bly, adv. In an ignoble manner; basely.

Ig`no*min"i*ous (?), a. [L. ignominiosus: cf. F. ignominieux.] 1. Marked with ignominy; incurring public disgrace; dishonorable; shameful.

> Then first with fear surprised and sense of pain,
> Fled ignominious.

Milton.

2. Deserving ignominy; despicable.

> One single, obscure, ignominious projector.

Swift.

3. Humiliating; degrading; as, an ignominious judgment or sentence. Macaulay.

Ig`no*min"i*ous*ly, adv. In an ignominious manner; disgracefully; shamefully; ingloriously.

Ig"no*min*y (?), n.; pl. Ignominies (#). [L. ignominia ignominy (i.e., a deprivation of one's good name); in- not + nomen name: cf. F. ignominie. See In- not, and Name.] 1. Public disgrace or dishonor; reproach; infamy.

> Their generals have been received with honor after their defeat; yours with ignominy after conquest.

Addison.

> Vice begins in mistake, and ends in ignominy.

Rambler.

> Ignominy is the infliction of such evil as is made dishonorable, or the deprivation of such good as is made honorable by the Commonwealth.

Hobbes.

2. An act deserving disgrace; an infamous act.

Syn. -- Opprobrium; reproach; dishonor.

Ig"no*my (?), n. Ignominy. [R. & Obs.]

> I blush to think upon this ignomy.

Shak.

Ig`no*ra"mus (?), n. [L., we are ignorant. See Ignore.] 1. (Law) We are ignorant; we ignore; -- being the word formerly written on a bill of indictment by a grand jury when there was not sufficient evidence to warrant them in finding it a true bill. The phrase now used is, "No bill," "No true bill," or "Not found," though in some jurisdictions "Ignored" is still used. Wharton (Law Dict. ). Burn.

2. (pl. Ignoramuses (&?;).) A stupid, ignorant person; a vain pretender to knowledge; a dunce.

> An ignoramus in place and power.

South.

Ig"no*rance (?), n. [F., fr. L. ignorantia.] 1. The condition of being ignorant; the want of knowledge in general, or in relation to a particular subject; the state of being uneducated or uninformed.

> Ignorance is the curse of God,
> Knowledge the wing wherewith we fly to heaven.

Shak.

2. (Theol.) A willful neglect or refusal to acquire knowledge which one may acquire and it is his duty to have. Book of Common Prayer.

Invincible ignorance (Theol.), ignorance beyond the individual's control and for which, therefore, he is not responsible before God.

Ig"no*rant (?), a. [F., fr. L. ignorans, -antis, p. pr. of ignorare to be ignorant. See Ignore.] 1. Destitute of knowledge; uninstructed or uninformed; untaught; unenlightened.

> He that doth not know those things which are of use for him to know, is but an ignorant man, whatever he may know besides.

Tillotson.

2. Unacquainted with; unconscious or unaware; -- used with of.

> Ignorant of guilt, I fear not shame.

Dryden.

3. Unknown; undiscovered. [Obs.]

> Ignorant concealment.

Shak.

> Alas, what ignorant sin have I committed?

Shak.

4. Resulting from ignorance; foolish; silly.

> His shipping,
> Poor ignorant baubles! -- on our terrible seas,
> Like eggshells moved.

Shak.

Syn. -- Uninstructed; untaught; unenlightened; uninformed; unlearned; unlettered; illiterate. -- Ignorant, Illiterate. Ignorant denotes want of knowledge, either as to single subject or information in general; illiterate refers to an ignorance of letters, or of knowledge acquired by reading and study. In the Middle Ages, a great proportion of the higher classes were illiterate, and yet were far from being ignorant, especially in regard to war and other active pursuits.

> In such business
> Action is eloquence, and the eyes of the ignorant
> More learned than the ears.

Shak.

> In the first ages of Christianity, not only the learned and the wise, but the ignorant and illiterate, embraced torments and death.

Tillotson.

Ig"no*rant, n. A person untaught or uninformed; one unlettered or unskilled; an ignoramous.

> Did I for this take pains to teach
> Our zealous ignorants to preach?

Denham.

Ig"no*rant*ism (?), n. The spirit of those who extol the advantage of ignorance; obscurantism.

Ig"no*rant*ist, n. One opposed to the diffusion of knowledge; an obscurantist.

Ig"no*rant*ly, adv. In a ignorant manner; without knowledge; inadvertently.

> Whom therefoer ye ignorantly worship, him declare I unto you.

Acts xvii. 23.

Ig*nore" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ignored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ignoring.] [L. ignorare; pref. in- not + the root of gnarus knowing, noscere to become acquainted with. See Know, and cf. Narrate.] 1. To be ignorant of or not acquainted with. [Archaic]

> Philosophy would solidly be established, if men would more carefully distinguish those things that they know from those that they ignore.

Boyle.

2. (Law) To throw out or reject as false or ungrounded; -- said of a bill rejected by a grand jury for want of evidence. See Ignoramus.

3. Hence: To refuse to take notice of; to shut the eyes to; not to recognize; to disregard willfully and causelessly; as, to ignore certain facts; to ignore the presence of an objectionable person.

> Ignoring Italy under our feet,
> And seeing things before, behind.

Mrs. Browning.

Ig*nos"ci*ble (?), a. [L. ignoscibilis, fr. ignoscere to pardon, lit., not to wish to know; pref. in- not + gnoscere, noscere, to learn to know. See In- not, and Know.] Pardonable. [Obs.] Bailey.

Ig*note" (?), a. [L. ignotus; pref. in- not + gnotus, notus, known, p. p. of gnocere, nocere, to learn to know.] Unknown. [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys. -- n. One who is unknown. Bp. Hacket.

I*gua"na (?), n. [Sp. iguana, from the native name in Hayti. Cf. Guana.] (Zoöl.) Any species of the genus Iguana, a genus of large American lizards of the family Iguanidæ. They are arboreal in their habits, usually green in color, and feed chiefly upon fruits.

The common iguana (Iguana iguana, formerly Iguana tuberculata, and also called by other synonyms of the West Indies and South America is sometimes five feet long. Its flesh is highly prized as food. The horned iguana (Iguana cornuta) has a conical horn between the eyes.

I*gua"ni*an (?), a. (Zoöl.) Resembling, or pertaining to, the iguana.

I*gua"nid (?), a. (Zoöl.) Same as Iguanoid.

I*gua"no*don (?), n. [Iguana + Gr. &?;, &?;, a tooth.] (Paleon.) A genus of gigantic herbivorous dinosaurs having a birdlike pelvis and large hind legs with three-toed feet capable of supporting the entire body. Its teeth resemble those of the iguana, whence its name. Several species are known, mostly from the Wealden of England and Europe. See Illustration in Appendix.

I*gua"no*dont (?), a. (Paleon.) Like or pertaining to the genus Iguanodon.

I*gua"noid (?), a. [Iguana + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the Iguanidæ.

Ih*lang`-ih*lang" (?), n. [Malayan, flower of flowers.] A rich, powerful, perfume, obtained from the volatile oil of the flowers of Canada odorata, an East Indian tree. [Also written ylang-ylang.]

||Ih*ram" (?), n. The peculiar dress worn by pilgrims to Mecca.

Ik (?), pron. [See I.] I. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

The Northern dialectic form of I, in Early English, corresponding to ich of the Southern.

Il- (?). A form of the prefix in-, not, and in-, among. See In-.

Ile (?), n. [AS. egl.] Ear of corn. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Ile, n. [See Aisle.] An aisle. [Obs.] H. Swinburne.

Ile, n. [See Isle.] An isle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Il"e*ac (?), a. [See Ileum.] 1. (Anat.) Pertaining to the ileum. [Written also iliac.]

2. See Iliac, 1. [R.]

Ileac passion. (Med.) See Ileus.

Il`e*o*cæ"cal (?), a. [Ileum + cæcal.] (Anat.) Pertaining to the ileum and cæcum.

Il`e*o*col"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the ileum and colon; as, the ileocolic, or ileocæcal, valve, a valve where the ileum opens into the large intestine.

||Il"e*um (?), n. [L. ile, ileum, ilium, pl. ilia, groin, flank.] 1. (Anat.) The last, and usually the longest, division of the small intestine; the part between the jejunum and large intestine. [Written also ileon, and ilium.]

2. (Anat.) See Ilium. [R.]

Most modern writers restrict ileum to the division of the intestine and ilium to the pelvic bone.

||Il"e*us (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, fr. &?; to roll up.] (Med.) A morbid condition due to intestinal obstruction. It is characterized by complete constipation, with griping pains in the abdomen, which is greatly distended, and in the later stages by vomiting of fecal matter. Called also ileac, or iliac, passion.

||I"lex (?), n. [L., holm oak.] (Bot.) (a) The holm oak (Quercus Ilex). (b) A genus of evergreen trees and shrubs, including the common holly.

Il"i*ac (?), a. [L. Iliacus, Gr. &?;. See Iliad.] Pertaining to ancient Ilium, or Troy. Gladstone.

Il"i*ac, a. [Cf. F. iliaque. See Ileum, and cf. Jade a stone.] 1. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or in the region of, the ilium, or dorsal bone of the pelvis; as, the iliac artery. [Written also ileac.]

2. See Ileac, 1. [R.]

Iliac crest, the upper margin of the ilium. -- Iliac passion. See Ileus. -- Iliac region, a region of the abdomen, on either side of the hypogastric regions, and below the lumbar regions.

I*li"a*cal (?), a. Iliac. [R.]

Il"i*ad (?), n. [L. Ilias, - adis, Gr. &?;, &?; (sc. &?;), fr. &?;, &?;, Ilium, the city of Ilus, a son of Tros, founder of Ilium, which is a poetical name of Troy.] A celebrated Greek epic poem, in twenty-four books, on the destruction of Ilium, the ancient Troy. The Iliad is ascribed to Homer.

Il"i*al (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the ilium; iliac.

I*liche" (?), adv. [OE., fr. AS. gelc. Cf. Alike.] Alike. [Obs.] Chaucer.

I*lic"ic (?), a. [L. ilex, ilicis, holm oak.] Pertaining to, or derived from, the holly (Ilex), and allied plants; as, ilicic acid.

Il"i*cin (?), n. (Chem.) The bitter principle of the holly.

Il"i*o- (?). [From Ilium.] A combining form used in anatomy to denote connection with, or relation to, the ilium; as, ilio-femoral, ilio- lumbar, ilio-psoas, etc.

Il`i*o*fem"o*ral (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the ilium and femur; as, iliofemoral ligaments.

Il`i*o*lum"bar (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the iliac and lumbar regions; as, the iliolumbar artery.

Il`i*o*pso"as (?), n. (Anat.) The great flexor muscle of the hip joint, divisible into two parts, the iliac and great psoas, -- often regarded as distinct muscles.

||Il"i*um (?), n. [See Ileum.] (Anat.) The dorsal one of the three principal bones comprising either lateral half of the pelvis; the dorsal or upper part of the hip bone. See Innominate bone, under Innominate. [Written also ilion, and ileum.]

Il`ix*an"thin (?), n. [Ilex the genus including the holly + Gr. &?; yellow.] (Chem.) A yellow dye obtained from the leaves of the holly.

Ilk (?), a. [Scot. ilk, OE. ilke the same, AS. ilca. Cf. Each.] Same; each; every. [Archaic] Spenser.

Of that ilk, denoting that a person's surname and the title of his estate are the same; as, Grant of that ilk, i.e., Grant of Grant. Jamieson.

Il"ke (?), a. [See Ilk.] Same. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ Il*kon", Il*koon" (?) }, pron. [See Ilk, and One.] Each one; every one. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ill (?), a. [The regular comparative and superlative are wanting, their places being supplied by worse (&?;) and worst (&?;), from another root.] [OE. ill, ille, Icel. illr; akin to Sw. illa, adv., Dan. ilde, adv.] 1. Contrary to good, in a physical sense; contrary or opposed to advantage, happiness, etc.; bad; evil; unfortunate; disagreeable; unfavorable.

> Neither is it ill air only that maketh an ill seat, but ill ways, ill markets, and ill neighbors.

Bacon.

> There 's some ill planet reigns.

Shak.

2. Contrary to good, in a moral sense; evil; wicked; wrong; iniquitious; naughtly; bad; improper.

> Of his own body he was ill, and gave
> The clergy ill example.

Shak.

3. Sick; indisposed; unwell; diseased; disordered; as, ill of a fever.

> I am in health, I breathe, and see thee ill.

Shak.

4. Not according with rule, fitness, or propriety; incorrect; rude; unpolished; inelegant.

> That 's an ill phrase.

Shak.

Ill at ease, uneasy; uncomfortable; anxious. "I am very ill at ease." Shak. -- Ill blood, enmity; resentment. -- Ill breeding, want of good breeding; rudeness. -- Ill fame, ill or bad repute; as, a house of ill fame, a house where lewd persons meet for illicit intercourse. -- Ill humor, a disagreeable mood; bad temper. -- Ill nature, bad disposition or temperament; sullenness; esp., a disposition to cause unhappiness to others. -- Ill temper, anger; moroseness; crossness. -- Ill turn. (a) An unkind act. (b) A slight attack of illness. [Colloq. U.S.] -- Ill will, unkindness; enmity; malevolence.

Syn. -- Bad; evil; wrong; wicked; sick; unwell.

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Ill (?), n. 1. Whatever annoys or impairs happiness, or prevents success; evil of any kind; misfortune; calamity; disease; pain; as, the ills of humanity.

> Who can all sense of others' ills escape
> Is but a brute at best in human shape.

Tate.

> That makes us rather bear those ills we have
> Than fly to others that we know not of.

Shak.

2. Whatever is contrary to good, in a moral sense; wickedness; depravity; iniquity; wrong; evil.

> Strong virtue, like strong nature, struggles still,
> Exerts itself, and then throws off the ill.

Dryden.

Ill, adv. In a ill manner; badly; weakly.

> How ill this taper burns!

Shak.

> Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey,
> Where wealth accumulates and men decay.

Goldsmith.

Ill, like above, well, and so, is used before many participal adjectives, in its usual adverbal sense. When the two words are used as an epithet preceding the noun qualified they are commonly hyphened; in other cases they are written separatively; as, an ill-educated man; he was ill educated; an ill-formed plan; the plan, however ill formed, was acceptable. Ao, also, the following: ill-affected or ill affected, ill-arranged or ill arranged, ill-assorted or ill assorted, ill-boding or ill boding, ill-bred or ill bred, ill- conditioned, ill-conducted, ill-considered, ill- devised, ill-disposed, ill-doing, ill-fairing, ill-fated, ill-favored, ill-featured, ill-formed, ill-gotten, ill-imagined, ill-judged, ill-looking, ill-mannered, ill-matched, ill-meaning, ill-minded, ill-natured, ill-omened, ill-proportioned, ill-provided, ill-required, ill-sorted, ill-starred, ill-tempered, ill-timed, ill-trained, ill-used, and the like.

I' ll (?). Contraction for I will or I shall.

> I'll by a sign give notice to our friends.

Shak.

Il*lab"ile (?), a. Incapable of falling or erring; infalliable. [Obs.] -- Il`la*bil"i*ty (#), n. [Obs.]

Il*lac"er*a*ble (?), a. [L. illacerabilis: cf. F. illacérable. See In- not, and Lacerable.] Not lacerable; incapable of being torn or rent. [Obs.]

Il*lac"ry*ma*ble (?), a. [L. illacrimabilis; pref. il- not + lacrimabilis worthy of tears.] Incapable of weeping. [Obs.] Bailey.

Il*laps"a*ble (?), a. [Pref. il- not + lapsable.] Incapable of slipping, or of error. [R.]

> Morally immutable and illapsable.

Glanvill.

Il*lapse" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Illapsed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Illapsing.] [L. illapsus, p. p. of illabi; pref. il- in + labi to fall, slide.] To fall or glide; to pass; -- usually followed by into. Cheyne.

Il*lapse", n. [L. illapsus. See Illapse, v. i.] A gliding in; an immisson or entrance of one thing into another; also, a sudden descent or attack. Akenside.

> They sit silent . . . waiting for an illapse of the spirit.

Jeffrey.

Il*la"que*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being insnared or entrapped. [R.] Cudworth.

Il*la"que*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illaqueated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Illaqueating.] [L. illaqueatus, p. p. of illaqueare; pref. il- in + laqueare to insnare, fr. laqueus, noose, snare.] To insnare; to entrap; to entangle; to catch.

> Let not the surpassing eloquence of Taylor dazzle you, nor his scholastic retiary versatility of logic illaqueate your good sense.

Coleridge.

Il*la`que*a"tion (?), n. 1. The act of catching or insnaring. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

2. A snare; a trap. Johnson.

Il*la"tion (?), n. [L. illatio, fr. illatus, used as p. p. of inferre to carry or bring in, but from a different root: cf. F. illation. See 1st In- , and Tolerate, and cf. Infer.] The act or process of inferring from premises or reasons; perception of the connection between ideas; that which is inferred; inference; deduction; conclusion.

> Fraudulent deductions or inconsequent illations from a false conception of things.

Sir T. Browne.

Il"la*tive (?), a. [L. illativus: cf. F. illatif.] Relating to, dependent on, or denoting, illation; inferential; conclusive; as, an illative consequence or proposition; an illative word, as then, therefore, etc.

Illative conversion (Logic), a converse or reverse statement of a proposition which in that form must be true because the original proposition is true. -- Illative sense (Metaph.), the faculty of the mind by which it apprehends the conditions and determines upon the correctness of inferences.

Il"la*tive, n. An illative particle, as for, because.

Il"la*tive*ly, adv. By inference; as an illative; in an illative manner.

Il*laud"a*ble (?), a. [L. illaudabilis. See In- not, and Laudable.] Not laudable; not praise-worthy; worthy of censure or disapprobation. Milton.

-- Il*laud"a*bly, adv. [Obs.] Broome.

Ill`-bod"ing (?), a. Boding evil; inauspicious; ill-omened. "Ill-boding stars." Shak.

Ill"-bred` (?), a. Badly educated or brought up; impolite; incivil; rude. See Note under Ill, adv.

Il*lec`e*bra"tion (?), n. [See Illecebrous.] Allurement. [R.] T. Brown.

Il*lec"e*brous (?), a. [L. illecebrosus, fr. illecebra allurement, fr. illicere to allure.] Alluring; attractive; enticing. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

Il*le"gal (?), a. [Pref. il- not + legal: cf. F. illégal.] Not according to, or authorized by, law; specif., contrary to, or in violation of, human law; unlawful; illicit; hence, immoral; as, an illegal act; illegal trade; illegal love. Bp. Burnet.

Il`le*gal"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Illegalities (#). [Cf. F. illégalité.] The quality or condition of being illegal; unlawfulness; as, the illegality of trespass or of false imprisonment; also, an illegal act.

Il*le"gal*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illegalized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Illegalizing (?).] To make or declare illegal or unlawful.

Il*le"gal*ly, adv. In a illegal manner; unlawfully.

Il*le"gal*ness, n. Illegality, unlawfulness.

Il*leg`i*bil"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being illegible.

Il*leg"i*ble (?), a. Incapable of being read; not legible; as, illegible handwriting; an illegible inscription. -- Il*leg"i*ble*ness, n. -- Il*leg"i*bly, adv.

Il`le*git"i*ma*cy (?), n. The state of being illegitimate. Blackstone.

Il`le*git"i*mate (?), a. 1. Not according to law; not regular or authorized; unlawful; improper.

2. Unlawfully begotten; born out of wedlock; bastard; as, an illegitimate child.

3. Not legitimately deduced or inferred; illogical; as, an illegitimate inference.

4. Not authorized by good usage; not genuine; spurious; as, an illegitimate word.

Illegitimate fertilization, or Illegitimate union (Bot.), the fertilization of pistils by stamens not of their own length, in heterogonously dimorphic and trimorphic flowers. Darwin.

Il`le*git"i*mate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illegitimated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Illegitimating.] To render illegitimate; to declare or prove to be born out of wedlock; to bastardize; to illegitimatize.

> The marriage should only be dissolved for the future, without illegitimating the issue.

Bp. Burnet.

Il`le*git"i*mate*ly (?), adv. In a illegitimate manner; unlawfully.

Il`le*git`i*ma"tion (?), n. 1. The act of illegitimating; bastardizing.

2. The state of being illegitimate; illegitimacy. [Obs.]

> Gardiner had performed his promise to the queen of getting her illegitimation taken off.

Bp. Burnet.

Il`le*git"i*ma*tize (?), v. t. To render illegitimate; to bastardize.

Il*le"sive (?), a. [Pref. il- not + L. laedere, laesum, to injure.] Not injurious; harmless. [R.]

Il*lev"i*a*ble (?), a. Not leviable; incapable of being imposed, or collected. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

Ill`-fa"vored (?), a. Wanting beauty or attractiveness; deformed; ugly; ill-looking.

> Ill-favored and lean-fleshed.

Gen. xli. 3.

-- Ill`-fa"vored*ly, adv. -- Ill`- fa"vored*ness, n.

Il*lib"er*al (?), a. [L. illiberalis; pref. il- not + liberalis liberal: cf. F. illibéral.] 1. Not liberal; not free or generous; close; niggardly; mean; sordid. "A thrifty and illiberal hand." Mason.

2. Indicating a lack of breeding, culture, and the like; ignoble; rude; narrow-minded; disingenuous.

3. Not well authorized or elegant; as, illiberal words in Latin. [R.] Chesterfield.

Il*lib"er*al*ism (?), n. Illiberality. [R.]

Il*lib`er*al"i*ty (?), n. [L. illiberalitas: cf. F. illibéralité.] The state or quality of being illiberal; narrowness of mind; meanness; niggardliness. Bacon.

Il*lib"er*al*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illiberalized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Illiberalizing (?).] To make illiberal.

Il*lib"er*al*ly, adv. In a illiberal manner, ungenerously; uncharitably; parsimoniously.

Il*lib"er*al*ness, n. The state of being illiberal; illiberality.

Il*lic"it (?), a. [L. illicitus; pref. il- not + licitus, p. p. of licere to be allowed or permitted: cf. F. illicite. See In- not, and License.] Not permitted or allowed; prohibited; unlawful; as, illicit trade; illicit intercourse; illicit pleasure.

> One illicit . . . transaction always leads to another.

Burke.

-- Il*lic"it*ly, adv. -- Il*lic"it*ness, n.

Il*lic"it*ous (?), a. Illicit. [R.] Cotgrave.

||Il*li"ci*um (?), n. [So called, in allusion to its aroma, from L. illicium an allurement.] (Bot.) A genus of Asiatic and American magnoliaceous trees, having star-shaped fruit; star anise. The fruit of Illicium anisatum is used as a spice in India, and its oil is largely used in Europe for flavoring cordials, being almost identical with true oil of anise.

Il*light"en (?), v. t. To enlighten. [Obs.]

Il*lim"it*a*ble (?), a. [Pref. il- not + limitable: cf. F. illimitable.] Incapable of being limited or bounded; immeasurable; limitless; boundless; as, illimitable space.

> The wild, the irregular, the illimitable, and the luxuriant, have their appropriate force of beauty.

De Quincey.

Syn. -- Boundless; limitless; unlimited; unbounded; immeasurable; infinite; immense; vast.

-- Il*lim"it*a*ble*ness, n. -- Il*lim"it*a*bly, adv.

Il*lim`it*a"tion (?), n. [Pref. il- not + limitation: cf. F. illimitation.] State of being illimitable; want of, or freedom from, limitation. Bp. Hall.

Il*lim"it*ed (?), a. Not limited; interminable. Bp. Hall. -- Il*lim"it*ed*ness, n.

> The absoluteness and illimitedness of his commission was generally much spoken of.

Clarendon.

Il`li*ni"tion (?), n. [L. illinire, illinere, to besmear; pref. il- in, on + linire, linere, to smear.] 1. A smearing or rubbing in or on; also, that which is smeared or rubbed on, as ointment or liniment.

2. A thin crust of some extraneous substance formed on minerals. [R.]

> A thin crust or illinition of black manganese.

Kirwan.

Il`li*nois" (?), n.sing. & pl. (Ethnol.) A tribe of North American Indians, which formerly occupied the region between the Wabash and Mississippi rivers.

Il`li*qua"tion (?), n. [Pref. il- in + L. liquare to melt.] The melting or dissolving of one thing into another.

Ill"ish (?), a. Somewhat ill. [Obs.] Howell.

Il*li"sion (?), n. [L. illisio, fr. illidere, illisum, to strike against; pref. il- in + laedere to strike.] The act of dashing or striking against. Sir T. Browne.

Il*lit"er*a*cy (?), n.; pl. Illiteracies (#). [From Illiterate.] 1. The state of being illiterate, or uneducated; want of learning, or knowledge; ignorance; specifically, inability to read and write; as, the illiteracy shown by the last census.

2. An instance of ignorance; a literary blunder.

> The many blunders and illiteracies of the first publishers of his [Shakespeare's] works.

Pope.

Il*lit"er*al (?), a. Not literal. [R.] B. Dawson.

Il*lit"er*ate (?), a. [L. illiteratus: pref. il- not + literatus learned. See In- not, and Literal.] Ignorant of letters or books; unlettered; uninstructed; uneducated; as, an illiterate man, or people.

Syn. -- Ignorant; untaught; unlearned; unlettered; unscholary. See Ignorant.

-- Il*lit"er*ate*ly, adv. -- Il*lit"er*ate*ness, n.

Il*lit"er*a*ture (?), n. Want of learning; illiteracy. [R.] Ayliffe. Southey.

Ill"-judged` (?), a. Not well judged; unwise.

Ill"-lived` (?), a. Leading a wicked life. [Obs.]

Ill"-look`ing (?), a. Having a bad look; threatening; ugly. See Note under Ill, adv.

Ill`-man"nered (?), a. Impolite; rude.

Ill"-mind`ed (?), a. Ill- disposed. Byron.

Ill`-na"tured (?), a. 1. Of habitual bad temper; peevish; fractious; cross; crabbed; surly; as, an ill-natured person.

2. Dictated by, or indicating, ill nature; spiteful. "The ill-natured task refuse." Addison.

3. Intractable; not yielding to culture. [R.] "Ill-natured land." J. Philips.

-- Ill`-na"tured*ly, adv. -- Ill`- na"tured*ness, n.

Ill"ness (?), n. [From Ill.] 1. The condition of being ill, evil, or bad; badness; unfavorableness. [Obs.] "The illness of the weather." Locke.

2. Disease; indisposition; malady; disorder of health; sickness; as, a short or a severe illness.

3. Wrong moral conduct; wickedness. Shak.

Syn. -- Malady; disease; indisposition; ailment. -- Illness, Sickness. Within the present century, there has been a tendency in England to use illness in the sense of a continuous disease, disorder of health, or sickness, and to confine sickness more especially to a sense of nausea, or "sickness of the stomach."

Ill"-nur`tured (?), a. Ill- bred. Shak.

Il`lo*cal"i*ty (?), n. Want of locality or place. [R.] Cudworth.

Il*log"ic*al (?), a. Ignorant or negligent of the rules of logic or correct reasoning; as, an illogical disputant; contrary of the rules of logic or sound reasoning; as, an illogical inference. -- Il*log"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Il*log"ic*al*ness, n.

Ill`-o"mened (?), a. Having unlucky omens; inauspicious. See Note under Ill, adv.

Ill"-starred` (?), a. Fated to be unfortunate; unlucky; as, an ill-starred man or day.

Ill`-tem"pered (?), a. 1. Of bad temper; morose; crabbed; sour; peevish; fretful; quarrelsome.

2. Unhealthy; ill-conditioned. [Obs.]

> So ill-tempered I am grown, that I am afraid I shall catch cold, while all the world is afraid to melt away.

Pepys.

Ill"-timed` (?), a. Done, attempted, or said, at an unsuitable or unpropitious time.

Ill`treat" (?), v. t. To treat cruelly or improperly; to ill use; to maltreat.

Il*lude" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illuded; p. pr. & vb. n. Illuding.] [L. illudere, illusum; pref. il- in + ludere to play: cf. OF. illuder. See Ludicrous.] To play upon by artifice; to deceive; to mock; to excite and disappoint the hopes of.

Il*lume" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illumed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Illuming.] [Cf. F. illuminer. See Illuminate.] To throw or spread light upon; to make light or bright; to illuminate; to illumine. Shak.

> The mountain's brow,
> Illumed with fluid gold.

Thomson.

Il*lu"mi*na*ble (?), a. Capable of being illuminated.

Il*lu"mi*nant (?), n. [L. illuminans, -antis, p. pr. of illuminare.] That which illuminates or affords light; as, gas and petroleum are illuminants. Boyle.

Il*lu"mi*na*ry (?), a. Illuminative.

Il*lu"mi*nate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illuminated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Illuminating (?).] [L. illuminatus, p. p. of illuminare; pref. il- in + luminare to enlighten, fr. lumen light. See Luminous, and cf. Illume, Illumine, Enlimn, Limn.] 1. To make light; to throw light on; to supply with light, literally or figuratively; to brighten.

2. To light up; to decorate with artificial lights, as a building or city, in token of rejoicing or respect.

3. To adorn, as a book or page with borders, initial letters, or miniature pictures in colors and gold, as was done in manuscripts of the Middle Ages.

4. To make plain or clear; to dispel the obscurity to by knowledge or reason; to explain; to elucidate; as, to illuminate a text, a problem, or a duty.

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Il*lu"mi*nate (?), v. i. To light up in token or rejoicing.

Il*lu"mi*nate (?), a. [L. illuminatus, p. p.] Enlightened. Bp. Hall.

Il*lu"mi*nate, n. One who is enlightened; esp., a pretender to extraordinary light and knowledge.

||Il*lu`mi*na"ti (?), n. pl. [L. illuminatus. See Illuminate, v. t., and cf. Illuminee.] Literally, those who are enlightened; -- variously applied as follows: --

1. (Eccl.) Persons in the early church who had received baptism; in which ceremony a lighted taper was given them, as a symbol of the spiritual illumination they has received by that sacrament.

2. (Eccl. Hist.) Members of a sect which sprung up in Spain about the year 1575. Their principal doctrine was, that, by means of prayer, they had attained to so perfect a state as to have no need of ordinances, sacraments, good works, etc.; -- called also Alumbrados, Perfectibilists, etc.

3. (Mod. Hist.) Members of certain associations in Modern Europe, who combined to promote social reforms, by which they expected to raise men and society to perfection, esp. of one originated in 1776 by Adam Weishaupt, professor of canon law at Ingolstadt, which spread rapidly for a time, but ceased after a few years.

4. Also applied to: (a) An obscure sect of French Familists; (b) The Hesychasts, Mystics, and Quietists; (c) The Rosicrucians.

5. Any persons who profess special spiritual or intellectual enlightenment.

Il*lu"mi*na`ting (?), a. Giving or producing light; used for illumination.

Illuminating gas. See Gas, n., 2 (a).

Il*lu`mi*na"tion (?), n. [L. illuminatio: cf. F. illumination.] 1. The act of illuminating, or supplying with light; the state of being illuminated.

2. Festive decoration of houses or buildings with lights.

3. Adornment of books and manuscripts with colored illustrations. See Illuminate, v. t., 3.

4. That which is illuminated, as a house; also, an ornamented book or manuscript.

5. That which illuminates or gives light; brightness; splendor; especially, intellectual light or knowledge.

> The illumination which a bright genius giveth to his work.

Felton.

6. (Theol.) The special communication of knowledge to the mind by God; inspiration.

> Hymns and psalms . . . are framed by meditation beforehand, or by prophetical illumination are inspired.

Hooker.

Il*lu"mi*na*tism (?), n. Illuminism. [R.]

Il*lu"mi*na*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. illuminatif.] Tending to illuminate or illustrate; throwing light; illustrative. "Illuminative reading." Carlyle.

Il*lu"mi*na`tor (?), n. [L., an enlightener, LL. also, an illuminator of books.] 1. One whose occupation is to adorn books, especially manuscripts, with miniatures, borders, etc. See Illuminate, v. t., 3.

2. A condenser or reflector of light in optical apparatus; also, an illuminant.

Il*lu"mine (?), v. t. [Cf. F. illuminer. See Illuminate.] To illuminate; to light up; to adorn.

Il*lu`mi*nee" (?), n. [F. illuminé. Cf. Illuminati.] One of the Illuminati.

Il*lu"mi*ner (?), n. One who, or that which, illuminates.

Il*lu"mi*nism (?), n. [Cf. F. illuminisme.] The principles of the Illuminati.

Il*lu`mi*nis"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to illuminism, or the Illuminati.

Il*lu"mi*nize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illuminized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Illuminizing (?).] To initiate the doctrines or principles of the Illuminati.

Il*lu"mi*nous (?), a. Bright; clear. [R.] H. Taylor.

Il*lure" (?), v. t. [Pref. il- in + lure.] To deceive; to entice; to lure. [Obs.]

> The devil insnareth the souls of many men, by illuring them with the muck and dung of this world.

Fuller.

Ill`-used" (?), a. Misapplied; treated badly.

Il*lu"sion (?), n. [F. illusion, L. illusio, fr. illudere, illusum, to illude. See Illude.] 1. An unreal image presented to the bodily or mental vision; a deceptive appearance; a false show; mockery; hallucination.

> To cheat the eye with blear illusions.

Milton.

2. Hence: Anything agreeably fascinating and charming; enchantment; witchery; glamour.

> Ye soft illusions, dear deceits, arise!

Pope.

3. (Physiol.) A sensation originated by some external object, but so modified as in any way to lead to an erroneous perception; as when the rolling of a wagon is mistaken for thunder.

Some modern writers distinguish between an illusion and hallucination, regarding the former as originating with some external object, and the latter as having no objective occasion whatever.

4. A plain, delicate lace, usually of silk, used for veils, scarfs, dresses, etc.

Syn. -- Delusion; mockery; deception; chimera; fallacy. See Delusion. Illusion, Delusion. Illusion refers particularly to errors of the sense; delusion to false hopes or deceptions of the mind. An optical deception is an illusion; a false opinion is a delusion. E. Edwards.

Il*lu"sion*a*ble (?), a. Liable to illusion.

Il*lu"sion*ist, n. One given to illusion; a visionary dreamer.

Il*lu"sive (?), a. [See Illude.] Deceiving by false show; deceitful; deceptive; false; illusory; unreal.

> Truth from illusive falsehood to command.

Thomson.

Il*lu"sive*ly, adv. In a illusive manner; falsely.

Il*lu"sive*ness, n. The quality of being illusive; deceptiveness; false show.

Il*lu"so*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. illusore.] Deceiving, or tending of deceive; fallacious; illusive; as, illusory promises or hopes.

Il*lus"tra*ble (?), a. Capable of illustration. Sir T. Browne.

Il*lus"trate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Illustrated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Illustrating (?).] [L. illustratus, p. p. of illustrare to illustrate, fr. illustris bright. See Illustrious.] 1. To make clear, bright, or luminous.

> Here, when the moon illustrates all the sky.

Chapman.

2. To set in a clear light; to exhibit distinctly or conspicuously. Shak.

> To prove him, and illustrate his high worth.

Milton.

3. To make clear, intelligible, or apprehensible; to elucidate, explain, or exemplify, as by means of figures, comparisons, and examples.

4. To adorn with pictures, as a book or a subject; to elucidate with pictures, as a history or a romance.

5. To give renown or honor to; to make illustrious; to glorify. [Obs.]

> Matter to me of glory, whom their hate
> Illustrates.

Milton.

Il*lus"trate (?), a. [L. illustratus, p. p.] Illustrated; distinguished; illustrious. [Obs.]

> This most gallant, illustrate, and learned gentleman.

Shak.

Il`lus*tra"tion (?), n. [L. illustratio: cf. F. illustration.] 1. The act of illustrating; the act of making clear and distinct; education; also, the state of being illustrated, or of being made clear and distinct.

2. That which illustrates; a comparison or example intended to make clear or apprehensible, or to remove obscurity.

3. A picture designed to decorate a volume or elucidate a literary work.

Il*lus"tra*tive (?), a. 1. Tending or designed to illustrate, exemplify, or elucidate.

2. Making illustrious. [Obs.]

Il*lus"tra*tive*ly, adv. By way of illustration or elucidation. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Il*lus"tra*tor (?), n. [L.] One who illustrates.

Il*lus"tra*to*ry (?), a. Serving to illustrate.

Il*lus"tri*ous (?), a. [L. illustris, prob. for illuxtris; fr. il- in + the root of lucidus bright: cf. F. illustre. See Lucid.] 1. Possessing luster or brightness; brilliant; luminous; splendid.

> Quench the light; thine eyes are guides illustrious.

Beau. & Fl.

2. Characterized by greatness, nobleness, etc.; eminent; conspicuous; distinguished.

> Illustrious earls, renowened everywhere.

Drayton.

3. Conferring luster or honor; renowned; as, illustrious deeds or titles.

Syn. -- Distinguished; famous; remarkable; brilliant; conspicuous; noted; celebrated; signal; renowened; eminent; exalted; noble; glorious. See Distinguished, Famous.

Il*lus"tri*ous*ly, adv. In a illustrious manner; conspicuously; eminently; famously. Milton.

Il*lus"tri*ous*ness, n. The state or quality of being eminent; greatness; grandeur; glory; fame.

Il*lus"trous (?), a. [Pref. il- not + lustrous.] Without luster. [Obs. & R.]

Il`lu*ta"tion (?), n. [Pref. il- in + L. lutum mud: cf. F. illutation.] The act or operation of smearing the body with mud, especially with the sediment from mineral springs; a mud bath.

Il`lux*u"ri*ous (?), a. Not luxurious. [R.] Orrery.

Ill`-will" (?). See under Ill, a.

Ill`-wish"er (?), n. One who wishes ill to another; an enemy.

Il"ly (?), adv. [A word not fully approved, but sometimes used for the adverb ill.]

Il"men*ite (?), n. [So called from Ilmen, a branch of the Ural Mountains.] (Min.) Titanic iron. See Menaccanite.

Il*me"ni*um (?), n. [NL. See Ilmenite.] (Chem.) A supposed element claimed to have been discovered by R.Harmann.

Il"va*ite (?), n. [From L. Ilva, the island now called Elba.] (Min.) A silicate of iron and lime occurring in black prismatic crystals and columnar masses.

I'm (?). A contraction of I am.

Im- (?). A form of the prefix in- not, and in- in. See In-. Im- also occurs in composition with some words not of Latin origin; as, imbank, imbitter.

Im"age (?), n. [F., fr. L. imago, imaginis, from the root of imitari to imitate. See Imitate, and cf. Imagine.] 1. An imitation, representation, or similitude of any person, thing, or act, sculptured, drawn, painted, or otherwise made perceptible to the sight; a visible presentation; a copy; a likeness; an effigy; a picture; a semblance.

> Even like a stony image, cold and numb.

Shak.

> Whose is this image and superscription?

Matt. xxii. 20.

> This play is the image of a murder done in Vienna.

Shak.

> And God created man in his own image.

Gen. i. 27.

2. Hence: The likeness of anything to which worship is paid; an idol. Chaucer.

> Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, . . . thou shalt not bow down thyself to them.

Ex. xx. 4, 5.

3. Show; appearance; cast.

> The face of things a frightful image bears.

Dryden.

4. A representation of anything to the mind; a picture drawn by the fancy; a conception; an idea.

> Can we conceive
> Image of aught delightful, soft, or great?

Prior.

5. (Rhet.) A picture, example, or illustration, often taken from sensible objects, and used to illustrate a subject; usually, an extended metaphor. Brande & C.

6. (Opt.) The figure or picture of any object formed at the focus of a lens or mirror, by rays of light from the several points of the object symmetrically refracted or reflected to corresponding points in such focus; this may be received on a screen, a photographic plate, or the retina of the eye, and viewed directly by the eye, or with an eyeglass, as in the telescope and microscope; the likeness of an object formed by reflection; as, to see one's image in a mirror.

Electrical image. See under Electrical. -- Image breaker, one who destroys images; an iconoclast. -- Image graver, Image maker, a sculptor. -- Image worship, the worship of images as symbols; iconolatry distinguished from idolatry; the worship of images themselves. -- Image Purkinje (Physics), the image of the retinal blood vessels projected in, not merely on, that membrane. -- Virtual image (Optics), a point or system of points, on one side of a mirror or lens, which, if it existed, would emit the system of rays which actually exists on the other side of the mirror or lens. Clerk Maxwell.

Im"age (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imaged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Imaging (?).] 1. To represent or form an image of; as, the still lake imaged the shore; the mirror imaged her figure. "Shrines of imaged saints." J. Warton.

2. To represent to the mental vision; to form a likeness of by the fancy or recollection; to imagine.

> Condemn'd whole years in absence to deplore,
> And image charms he must behold no more.

Pope.

Im"age*a*ble (?), a. That may be imaged. [R.]

Im"age*less, a. Having no image. Shelley.

Im"a*ger (?), n. One who images or forms likenesses; a sculptor. [Obs.]

> Praxiteles was ennobled for a rare imager.

Holland.

Im"age*ry (m"j*r; 277), n. [OE. imagerie, F. imagerie.] 1. The work of one who makes images or visible representation of objects; imitation work; images in general, or in mass. "Painted imagery." Shak.

> In those oratories might you see
> Rich carvings, portraitures, and imagery.

Dryden.

2. Fig.: Unreal show; imitation; appearance.

> What can thy imagery of sorrow mean?

Prior.

3. The work of the imagination or fancy; false ideas; imaginary phantasms.

> The imagery of a melancholic fancy.

Atterbury.

4. Rhetorical decoration in writing or speaking; vivid descriptions presenting or suggesting images of sensible objects; figures in discourse.

> I wish there may be in this poem any instance of good imagery.

Dryden.

Im*ag`i*na*bil"i*ty (?), n. Capacity for imagination. [R.] Coleridge.

Im*ag"i*na*ble (?), a. [L. imaginabilis: cf. F. imaginable.] Capable of being imagined; conceivable.

> Men sunk into the greatest darkness imaginable.

Tillotson.

-- Im*ag"i*na*ble*ness, n. -- Im*ag"i*na*bly, adv.

Im*ag"i*nal (?), a. [L. imaginalis.] 1. Characterized by imagination; imaginative; also, given to the use or rhetorical figures or imagins.

2. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to an imago.

Imaginal disks (Zoöl.), masses of hypodermic cells, carried by the larvæ of some insects after leaving the egg, from which masses the wings and legs of the adult are subsequently formed.

Im*ag"i*nant (?), a. [L. imaginans, p. pr. of imaginari: cf. F. imaginant.] Imagining; conceiving. [Obs.] Bacon. -- n. An imaginer. [Obs.] Glanvill.

Im*ag"i*na*ri*ly (?), a. In a imaginary manner; in imagination. B. Jonson.

Im*ag"i*na*ri*ness, n. The state or quality of being imaginary; unreality.

Im*ag"i*na*ry (?), a. [L. imaginarius: cf. F. imaginaire.] Existing only in imagination or fancy; not real; fancied; visionary; ideal.

> Wilt thou add to all the griefs I suffer
> Imaginary ills and fancied tortures?

Addison.

Imaginary calculus See under Calculus. -- Imaginary expression or quantity (Alg.), an algebraic expression which involves the impossible operation of taking the square root of a negative quantity; as, √-9, a + b √- 1. -- Imaginary points, lines, surfaces, etc. (Geom.), points, lines, surfaces, etc., imagined to exist, although by reason of certain changes of a figure they have in fact ceased to have a real existence.

Syn. -- Ideal; fanciful; chimerical; visionary; fancied; unreal; illusive.

Im*ag"i*na*ry, n. (Alg.) An imaginary expression or quantity.

Im*ag"i*nate (?), a. Imaginative. [Obs.] Holland.

Im*ag`i*na"tion (?), n. [OE. imaginacionum, F. imagination, fr. L. imaginatio. See Imagine.] 1. The imagine-making power of the mind; the power to create or reproduce ideally an object of sense previously perceived; the power to call up mental imagines.

> Our simple apprehension of corporeal objects, if present, is sense; if absent, is imagination.

Glanvill.

> Imagination is of three kinds: joined with belief of that which is to come; joined with memory of that which is past; and of things present, or as if they were present.

Bacon.

2. The representative power; the power to reconstruct or recombine the materials furnished by direct apprehension; the complex faculty usually termed the plastic or creative power; the fancy.

> The imagination of common language -- the productive imagination of philosophers -- is nothing but the representative process plus the process to which I would give the name of the "comparative."

Sir W. Hamilton.

> The power of the mind to decompose its conceptions, and to recombine the elements of them at its pleasure, is called its faculty of imagination.

I. Taylor.

> The business of conception is to present us with an exact transcript of what we have felt or perceived. But we have moreover a power of modifying our conceptions, by combining the parts of different ones together, so as to form new wholes of our creation. I shall employ the word imagination to express this power.

Stewart.

3. The power to recombine the materials furnished by experience or memory, for the accomplishment of an elevated purpose; the power of conceiving and expressing the ideal.

> The lunatic, the lover, and the poet
> Are of imagination all compact . . .
> The poet's eye, in a fine frenzy rolling,
> Doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven,
> And as imagination bodies forth
> The forms of things unknown, the poet's pen
> Turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing
> A local habitation and a name.

Shak.

4. A mental image formed by the action of the imagination as a faculty; a conception; a notion. Shak.

Syn. -- Conception; idea; conceit; fancy; device; origination; invention; scheme; design; purpose; contrivance. -- Imagination, Fancy. These words have, to a great extent, been interchanged by our best writers, and considered as strictly synonymous. A distinction, however, is now made between them which more fully exhibits their nature. Properly speaking, they are different exercises of the same general power -- the plastic or creative faculty. Imagination consists in taking parts of our conceptions and combining them into new forms and images more select, more striking, more delightful, more terrible, etc., than those of ordinary nature. It is the higher exercise of the two. It creates by laws more closely connected with the reason; it has strong emotion as its actuating and formative cause; it aims at results of a definite and weighty character. Milton's fiery lake, the debates of his Pandemonium, the exquisite scenes of his Paradise, are all products of the imagination. Fancy moves on a lighter wing; it is governed by laws of association which are more remote, and sometimes arbitrary or capricious. Hence the term fanciful, which exhibits fancy in its wilder flights. It has for its actuating spirit feelings of a lively, gay, and versatile character; it seeks to please by unexpected combinations of thought, startling contrasts, flashes of brilliant imagery, etc. Pope's Rape of the Lock is an exhibition of fancy which has scarcely its equal in the literature of any country. -- "This, for instance, Wordsworth did in respect of the words ‘imagination' and ‘fancy.' Before he wrote, it was, I suppose, obscurely felt by most that in ‘imagination' there was more of the earnest, in ‘fancy' of the play of the spirit; that the first was a loftier faculty and gift than the second; yet for all this words were continually, and not without loss, confounded. He first, in the preface to his Lyrical Ballads, rendered it henceforth impossible that any one, who had read and mastered what he has written on the two words, should remain unconscious any longer of the important difference between them." Trench.

> The same power, which we should call fancy if employed on a production of a light nature, would be dignified with the title of imagination if shown on a grander scale.

C. J. Smith.

<! p. 730 !>

Im*ag`i*na"tion*al (?), a. Pertaining to, involving, or caused by, imagination.

Im*ag`i*na"tion*al*ism (?), n. Idealism. J. Grote.

Im*ag"i*na*tive (?), a. [F. imaginatif.] 1. Proceeding from, and characterized by, the imagination, generally in the highest sense of the word.

> In all the higher departments of imaginative art, nature still constitutes an important element.

Mure.

2. Given to imagining; full of images, fancies, etc.; having a quick imagination; conceptive; creative.

> Milton had a highly imaginative, Cowley a very fanciful mind.

Coleridge.

3. Unreasonably suspicious; jealous. [Obs.] Chaucer.

-- Im*ag"i*na*tive*ly, adv. -- Im*ag"i*na*tive*ness, n.

Im*ag"ine (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imagined (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Imagining.] [F. imaginer, L. imaginari, p. p. imaginatus, fr. imago image. See Image.] 1. To form in the mind a notion or idea of; to form a mental image of; to conceive; to produce by the imagination.

> In the night, imagining some fear,
> How easy is a bush supposed a bear!

Shak.

2. To contrive in purpose; to scheme; to devise; to compass; to purpose. See Compass, v. t., 5.

> How long will ye imagine mischief against a man?

Ps. lxii. 3.

3. To represent to one's self; to think; to believe. Shak.

Syn. -- To fancy; conceive; apprehend; think; believe; suppose; opine; deem; plan; scheme; devise.

Im*ag"ine, v. i. 1. To form images or conceptions; to conceive; to devise.

2. To think; to suppose.

> My sister is not so defenseless left
> As you imagine.

Milton.

Im*ag"in*er (?), n. One who forms ideas or conceptions; one who contrives. Bacon.

Im*ag"in*ous (?), a. Imaginative. [R.] Chapman.

||I*ma"go (?), n.; pl. Imagoes (#). [L. See Image.] 1. An image.

2. (Zoöl.) The final adult, and usually winged, state of an insect. See Illust. of Ant- lion, and Army worm.

{ ||I*mam" (?), ||I*man" (?), ||I*maum" (?), } n. [Ar. imm.] 1. Among the Mohammedans, a minister or priest who performs the regular service of the mosque.

2. A Mohammedan prince who, as a successor of Mohammed, unites in his person supreme spiritual and temporal power.

I*ma"ret (?), n. [Turk., fr. Ar. 'imra.] A lodging house for Mohammedan pilgrims. Moore.

Im*balm" (?), v. t. See Embalm.

Im*ban" (?), v. t. To put under a ban. [R.] Barlow.

Im*band" (?), v. t. To form into a band or bands. "Imbanded nations." J. Barlow.

Im*bank" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbanked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Imbanking.] [Pref. im- in + bank. Cf. Embank.] To inclose or defend with a bank or banks. See Embank.

Im*bank"ment (?), n. The act of surrounding with a bank; a bank or mound raised for defense, a roadway, etc.; an embankment. See Embankment.

Im*ban"nered (?), a. Having banners.

Im*bar" (?), v. t. To bar in; to secure. [Obs.]

> To imbar their crooked titles.

Shak.

Im*bar"go (?), n. See Embargo.

Im*bark" (?), v. i. & t. See Embark.

Im*barn" (?), v. t. To store in a barn. [Obs.]

Im*base" (?), v. t. See Embase.

Im*base", v. i. To diminish in value. [Obs.] Hales.

Im*bas"tard*ize (?), v. t. To bastardize; to debase. [Obs.] Milton.

Im*bathe" (?), v. t. [Pref. im- in + bathe. Cf. Embathe.] To bathe; to wash freely; to immerse.

> And gave her to his daughters to imbathe
> In nectared lavers strewed with asphodel.

Milton.

Im*bay" (?), v. t. See Embay.

Im"be*cile (?), a. [L. imbecillis, and imbecillus; of unknown origin: cf. F. imbécile.] Destitute of strength, whether of body or mind; feeble; impotent; esp., mentally wea; feeble-minded; as, hospitals for the imbecile and insane.

Syn. -- Weak; feeble; feeble-minded; idiotic.

Im"be*cile, n. One destitute of strength; esp., one of feeble mind.

Im"be*cile, v. t. To weaken; to make imbecile; as, to imbecile men's courage. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Im`be*cil"i*tate (?), v. t. To weaken, as to the body or the mind; to enfeeble. [R.] A. Wilson.

Im`be*cil"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Imbecilities (#). [L. imbecillitas: cf. F. imbécillité.] The quality of being imbecile; weakness; feebleness, esp. of mind.

> Cruelty . . . argues not only a depravedness of nature, but also a meanness of courage and imbecility of mind.

Sir W. Temple.

This term is used specifically to denote natural weakness of the mental faculties, affecting one's power to act reasonably or intelligently.

Syn. -- Debility; infirmity; weakness; feebleness; impotence. See Debility.

Im*bed" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbedded (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Imbedding.] [Pref. im- in + bed. Cf. Embed.] To sink or lay, as in a bed; to deposit in a partly inclosing mass, as of clay or mortar; to cover, as with earth, sand, etc.

Im*bel"lic (?), a. [L. imbellis; pref. im- = in- not + bellum war; cf. bellicus warlike.] Not warlike or martial. [Obs.] R. Junius.

Im*bench"ing (?), n. [Pref. im- in + bench.] A raised work like a bench. [Obs.] Parkhurst.

Im"ber-goose` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The loon. See Ember-goose.

Im*bez"zle (?), v. t. [Obs.] See Embezzle.

Im*bibe" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbibed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Imbibing.] [L. imbibere; pref. im- in + bibere to drink: cf. F. imbiber. Cf. Bib, Imbue, Potable.] 1. To drink in; to absorb; to suck or take in; to receive as by drinking; as, a person imbibes drink, or a sponge imbibes moisture.

2. To receive or absorb into the mind and retain; as, to imbibe principles; to imbibe errors.

3. To saturate; to imbue. [Obs.] "Earth, imbibed with . . . acid." Sir I. Newton.

Im*bib"er (?), n. One who, or that which, imbibes.

Im`bi*bi"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. imbibition.] The act or process of imbibing, or absorbing; as, the post-mortem imbibition of poisons. Bacon.

Im*bit"ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbittered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Imbittering.] [Pref. im- in + bitter. Cf. Embitter.] [Written also embitter.] To make bitter; hence, to make distressing or more distressing; to make sad, morose, sour, or malignant.

> Is there anything that more imbitters the enjoyment of this life than shame?

South.

> Imbittered against each other by former contests.

Bancroft.

Im*bit"ter*er (?), n. One who, or that which, imbitters.

Im*bit"ter*ment (?), n. The act of imbittering; bitter feeling; embitterment.

Im*blaze" (?), v. t. See Emblaze.

Im*bla"zon (?), v. t. See Emblazon.

Im*bod"y (?), v. i. [See Embody.] To become corporeal; to assume the qualities of a material body. See Embody.

> The soul grows clotted by contagion,
> Imbodies, and imbrutes.

Milton.

Im*boil" (?), v. t. & i. [Obs.] See Emboil.

Im*bold"en (?), v. t. See Embolden.

Im*bon"i*ty (?), n. [Pref. im- not + L. bonitas goodness.] Want of goodness. [Obs.] Burton.

Im*bor"der (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbordered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Imbordering.] [Pref. im- in + border. Cf. Emborder.] To furnish or inclose with a border; to form a border of. Milton.

Im*bosk" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbosked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Imbosking.] [CF. It. imboscare to imbosk, imboscarsi to retire into a wood; pref. im- in + bosco wood. See Boscage, and cf. Ambush.] To conceal, as in bushes; to hide. [Obs.] Shelton.

Im*bosk", v. i. To be concealed. [R.] Milton.

Im*bos"om (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbosomed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Imbosoming.] [Pref. im- in + bosom. Cf. Embosom.] 1. To hold in the bosom; to cherish in the heart or affection; to embosom.

2. To inclose or place in the midst of; to surround or shelter; as, a house imbosomed in a grove. "Villages imbosomed soft in trees." Thomson.

> The Father infinite,
> By whom in bliss imbosomed sat the Son.

Milton.

Im*boss" (?), v. t. See Emboss.

Im*bos"ture (?), n. [See Emboss.] Embossed or raised work. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Im*bound" (?), v. t. To inclose in limits; to shut in. [Obs.] Shak.

Im*bow" (?), v. t. [Pref. im- in + bow. Cf. Embow.] To make like a bow; to curve; to arch; to vault; to embow. "Imbowed windows." Bacon.

Im*bow"el (?), v. t. See Embowel.

Im*bow"er (?), v. t. & i. See Embower.

Im*bow"ment (?), n. act of imbowing; an arch; a vault. Bacon.

Im*box" (?), v. t. To inclose in a box.

Im*bra"cer*y (?), n. Embracery. [Obs.]

Im*braid" (?), v. t. [Obs.] See Embraid.

Im*bran"gle (?), v. t. To entangle as in a cobweb; to mix confusedly. [R.] Hudibras.

> Physiology imbrangled with an inapplicable logic.

Coleridge.

Im*breed" (?), v. t. [Cf. Inbreed.] To generate within; to inbreed. [Obs.] Hakewill.

{ Im"bri*cate (?), Im"bri*ca`ted (?), } a. [L. imbricatus, p. p. of imbricare to cover with tiles, to form like a gutter tile, fr. imbrex, -icis, a hollow tile, gutter tile, fr. imber rain.] 1. Bent and hollowed like a roof or gutter tile.

2. Lying over each other in regular order, so as to "break joints," like tiles or shingles on a roof, the scales on the leaf buds of plants and the cups of some acorns, or the scales of fishes; overlapping each other at the margins, as leaves in æstivation.

3. In decorative art: Having scales lapping one over the other, or a representation of such scales; as, an imbricated surface; an imbricated pattern.

Im"bri*cate (?), v. t. To lay in order, one lapping over another, so as to form an imbricated surface.

Im`bri*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. imbrication.] An overlapping of the edges, like that of tiles or shingles; hence, intricacy of structure; also, a pattern or decoration representing such a structure.

Im"bri*ca*tive (?), a. (Bot.) Imbricate.

Im`bro*ca"do (?), n.; pl. Imbrocadoes (#). [See Brocade.] Cloth of silver or of gold. [R.]

{ ||Im`bro*ca"ta (?), Im`broc*ca"ta }, n. [It. imbroccata.] A hit or thrust. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Im*brogl"io (?), n.; pl. Imbroglios (#). [Written also embroglio.] [It. See 1st Broil, and cf. Embroil.] 1. An intricate, complicated plot, as of a drama or work of fiction.

2. A complicated and embarrassing state of things; a serious misunderstanding.

> Wrestling to free itself from the baleful imbroglio.

Carlyle.

Im*brown" (?), v. t. [Pref. im- in + brown. Cf. Embrown.] To make brown; to obscure; to darken; to tan; as, features imbrowned by exposure.

> The mountain mass by scorching skies imbrowned.

Byron.

Im*brue" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbureed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Imbureing.] [Cf. OF. embruer, also embruver, embreuver, embrever, to give to drink, soak (see pref. En-, 1, 1st In-, and Breverage), but also OE. enbrewen, enbrowen, to stain, soil (cf. Brewis).] To wet or moisten; to soak; to drench, especially in blood.

> While Darwen stream, will blood of Scots imbrued.

Milton.

Im*brue"ment (?), n. The act of imbruing or state of being imbrued.

Im*brute" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbruted; p. pr. & vb. n. Imbruting.] [Pref. im- in + brute: cf. F. abrutir. Cf. Embrute.] To degrade to the state of a brute; to make brutal.

> And mixed with bestial slime,
> THis essence to incarnate and imbrute.

Milton.

Im*brute", v. i. To sink to the state of a brute.

> The soul grows clotted by contagion,
> Imbodies, and imbrutes, till she quite lose
> The divine property of her first being.

Milton.

Im*brute"ment (?), n. The act of imbruting, or the state of being imbruted. [R.] Brydges.

Im*bue" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imbued (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Imbuing.] [L. imbuere; pref. im- in + perh. a disused simple word akin to L. bibere to drink. Cf. Imbibe.] 1. To tinge deeply; to dye; to cause to absorb; as, clothes thoroughly imbued with black.

2. To tincture deply; to cause to become impressed or penetrated; as, to imbue the minds of youth with good principles.

> Thy words with grace divine
> Imbued, bring to their sweetness no satiety.

Milton.

Im*bue"ment (?), n. The act of imbuing; the state of being imbued; hence, a deep tincture.

Im*burse" (?), v. t. [Pref. im- in + burse: cf. F. embourser to put into one's purse. See Burse, and Purse.] To supply or stock with money. [Obs.]

Im*burse"ment (?), n. 1. The act of imbursing, or the state of being imbursed. [Obs.]

2. Money laid up in stock. [Obs.]

Im*bu"tion (?), n. An imbuing. [Obs.]

I*mes"a*tin (?), n. [Imide + isatin.] (Chem.) A dark yellow, crystalline substance, obtained by the action of ammonia on isatin.

Im"ide (?), n. (Chem.) A compound with, or derivative of, the imido group; specif., a compound of one or more acid radicals with the imido group, or with a monamine; hence, also, a derivative of ammonia, in which two atoms of hydrogen have been replaced by divalent basic or acid radicals; -- frequently used as a combining form; as, succinimide.

Im"i*do (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, containing, or combined with, the radical NH, which is called the imido group.

Imido acid, an organic acid, consisting of one or more acid radicals so united with the imido group that it contains replaceable acid hydrogen, and plays the part of an acid; as, uric acid, succinimide, etc., are imido acids.

Im`it*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. [See Imitable.] The quality of being imitable. Norris.

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Im"i*ta*ble (?), a. [L. imitabilis: cf. F. imitable. See Imitate.] 1. Capable of being imitated or copied.

> The characters of man placed in lower stations of life are more usefull, as being imitable by great numbers.

Atterbury.

2. Worthy of imitation; as, imitable character or qualities. Sir W. Raleigh.

Im"i*ta*ble*ness, n. The state or quality of being imitable; worthness of imitation.

Im"i*tan*cy (?), n. [From L. imitans, p. pr. of imitare.] Tendency to imitation. [R.] Carlyle.

Im"i*tate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imitated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Imitating (?).] [L. imitatus, p. p. of imitari to imitate; of unknown origin. Cf. Image.] 1. To follow as a pattern, model, or example; to copy or strive to copy, in acts, manners etc.

> Despise wealth and imitate a dog.

Cowlay.

2. To produce a semblance or likeness of, in form, character, color, qualities, conduct, manners, and the like; to counterfeit; to copy.

> A place picked out by choice of best alive
> The Nature's work by art can imitate.

Spenser.

> This hand appeared a shining sword to weild,
> And that sustained an imitated shield.

Dryden.

3. (Biol.) To resemble (another species of animal, or a plant, or inanimate object) in form, color, ornamentation, or instinctive habits, so as to derive an advantage thereby; sa, when a harmless snake imitates a venomous one in color and manner, or when an odorless insect imitates, in color, one having secretion offensive to birds.

Im"i*ta"tion (?), n. [L. imitatio: cf. F. imitation.] 1. The act of imitating.

> Poesy is an art of imitation, . . . that is to say, a representing, counterfeiting, or figuring forth.

Sir P. Sidney.

2. That which is made or produced as a copy; that which is made to resemble something else, whether for laudable or for fraudulent purposes; likeness; resemblance.

> Both these arts are not only true imitations of nature, but of the best nature.

Dryden.

3. (Mus.) One of the principal means of securing unity and consistency in polyphonic composition; the repetition of essentially the same melodic theme, phrase, or motive, on different degrees of pitch, by one or more of the other parts of voises. Cf. Canon.

4. (Biol.) The act of condition of imitating another species of animal, or a plant, or unanimate object. See Imitate, v. t., 3.

Imitation is often used adjectively to characterize things which have a deceptive appearance, simulating the qualities of a superior article; -- opposed to real or genuine; as, imitation lace; imitation bronze; imitation modesty, etc.

Im`i*ta"tion*al (?), a. Pertaining to, or employed in, imitation; as, imitational propensities.

Im"i*ta*tive (?), a. [L. imitavitus: cf. F. imitatif.] 1. Inclined to imitate, copy, or follow; imitating; exhibiting some of the qualities or characteristics of a pattern or model; dependent on example; not original; as, man is an imitative being; painting is an imitative art.

2. Formed after a model, pattern, or original.

> This temple, less in form, with equal grace,
> Was imitative of the first in Thrace.

Dryden.

3. (Nat. Hist.) Designed to imitate another species of animal, or a plant, or inanimate object, for some useful purpose, such as protection from enemies; having resemblance to something else; as, imitative colors; imitative habits; dendritic and mammillary forms of minerals are imitative.

-- Im"i*ta*tive*ly, adv. -- Im"i*ta*tive*ness, n.

Im"i*ta*tive, n. (Gram.) A verb expressive of imitation or resemblance. [R.]

Im"i*ta"tor (?), n. [L.] One who imitates.

Im"i*ta`tor*ship, n. The state or office of an imitator. "Servile imitatorship." Marston.

Im"i*ta`tress (?), n. A woman who is an imitator.

Im"i*ta`trix (?), n. An imitatress.

Im*mac"u*late (?), a. [L. immaculatus; pref. im- not + maculatus, p. p. of maculare to spot, stane, fr. macula spot. See Mail armor.] Without stain or blemish; spotless; undefiled; clear; pure.

> Were but my soul as pure
> From other guilt as that, Heaven did not hold
> One more immaculate.

Denham.

> Thou sheer, immaculate and silver fountain.

Shak.

Immaculate conception (R. C. Ch.), the doctrine that the Virgin Mary was conceived without original sin.

-- Im*mac"u*late*ly, adv. -- Im*mac"u*late*ness, n.

Im*mailed" (?), a. Wearing mail or armor; clad of armor. W. Browne.

Im*mal"le*a*ble (?), a. Not maleable.

Im*man"a*cle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immanacled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Immanacling (?).] To manacle; to fetter; hence; to confine; to restrain from free action.

> Although this corporal rind
> Thou hast immanacled.

Milton.

Im"ma*na"tion (?), n. [Pref. im- in + L. manare to flow; cf. mantio a flowing.] A flowing or entering in; -- opposed to emanation. [R.] Good.

Im*mane" (?), a. [L. immanis.] Very great; huge; vast; also, monstrous in character; inhuman; atrocious; fierce. [Obs.] "So immane a man." Chapman.

-- Im*mane"ly, adv. [Obs.]

{ Im"ma*nence (?), Im"ma*nen*cy (?), } n. The condition or quality of being immanent; inherence; an indwelling.

> [Clement] is mainly concerned in enforcing the immanence of God. Christ is everywhere presented by him as Deity indwelling in the world.

A. V. G. Allen.

Im"ma*nent (?), a. [L. immanens, p. pr. of immanere to remain in or near; pref. im- in + manere to remain: cf. F. immanent.] Remaining within; inherent; indwelling; abiding; intrinsic; internal or subjective; hence, limited in activity, agency, or effect, to the subject or associated acts; -- opposed to emanant, transitory, transitive, or objective.

> A cognition is an immanent act of mind.

Sir W. Hamilton.

> An immanent power in the life of the world.

Hare.

Im*man"i*fest (?), a. Not manifest. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Im*man"i*ty (?), n. [L. immanitas.] The state or quality of being immane; barbarity. [R.] Shak.

Im*man"tle (?), v. t. See Emmantle. [R.]

Im*man"u*el (?), n. [Heb. 'immn&?;l, fr. 'im with + n&?; us + l God.] God with us; -- an appellation of the Christ. Is. vii. 14. Matt. i. 23.

Im`mar*ces"ci*ble (?), a. [L. immarcescibilis; pref. im- not + marcescere to fade: cf. F. immarcescible.] Unfading; lasting. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Im`mar*ces"ci*bly, adv. Unfadingly. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Im*mar"gin*ate (?), a. (Bot.) Not having a distinctive margin or border. Grey.

Im*mar"tial (?), a. Not martial; unwarlike. [Obs.]

Im*mask" (?), v. t. To cover, as with a mask; to disguise or conceal. [R.] Shak.

Im*match"a*ble (?), a. Matchless; peerless. [Obs.] Holland.

Im`ma*te"ri*al (m`m*t"r*al), a. [Pref. im- not + material: cf. F. immatériel.] 1. Not consisting of matter; incorporeal; spiritual; disembodied.

> Angels are spirits immaterial and intellectual.

Hooker.

2. Of no substantial consequence; without weight or significance; unimportant; as, it is wholly immaterial whether he does so or not.

Syn. -- Unimportant; inconsequential; insignificant; inconsiderable; trifling.

Im`ma*te"ri*al*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. immatérialisme.] 1. The doctrine that immaterial substances or spiritual being exist, or are possible.

2. (Philos.) The doctrine that external bodies may be reduced to mind and ideas in a mind; any doctrine opposed to materialism or phenomenalism, esp. a system that maintains the immateriality of the soul; idealism; esp., Bishop Berkeley's theory of idealism.

Im`ma*te"ri*al*ist, n. [Cf. F. immatérialiste.] (Philos.) One who believes in or professes, immaterialism.

Im`ma*te`ri*al"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Immaterialities (#). [Cf. F. immatérialité.] The state or quality of being immaterial or incorporeal; as, the immateriality of the soul.

Im`ma*te"ri*al*ize (?), v. t. [Cf. F. immatérialiser.] To render immaterial or incorporeal.

> Immateralized spirits.

Glanvill.

Im`ma*te"ri*al*ly, adv. 1. In an immaterial manner; without matter or corporeal substance.

2. In an unimportant manner or degree.

Im`ma*te"ri*al*ness, n. The state or quality of being immaterial; immateriality.

Im`ma*te"ri*ate (?), a. Immaterial. [Obs.] Bacon.

Im`ma*ture" (?), a. [L. immaturus; pref. im- not + maturus mature, ripe. See Mature.] 1. Not mature; unripe; not arrived at perfection of full development; crude; unfinished; as, immature fruit; immature character; immature plans. "An ill-measured and immature counsel." Bacon.

2. Premature; untimely; too early; as, an immature death. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Im`ma*tured" (?), a. Immature.

Im`ma*ture"ly (?), adv. In an immature manner. Warburion.

Im`ma*ture"ness, n. The state or quality of being immature; immaturity. Boyle.

Im`ma*tu"ri*ty (?), n. [L. immaturitas: cf. F. immaturité.] The state or quality of being immature or not fully developed; unripeness; incompleteness.

> When the world has outgrown its intellectual immaturity.

Caird.

Im`me*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Pref. im- not + L. meabilis passable, fr. meare to pass.] Want of power to pass, or to permit passage; impassableness.

> Immeability of the juices.

Arbuthnot.

Im*meas`ur*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being immeasurable; immensurability.

Im*meas"ur*a*ble (?), a. [Pref. im- not + measurable: cf. F. measurable. Cf. Immensurable, Unmeasurable.] Incapable of being measured; indefinitely extensive; illimitable; immensurable; vast.

> Of depth immeasurable.

Milton.

Im*meas"ur*a*ble*ness, n. The state or quality of being immeasurable.

> Eternity and immeasurableness belong to thought alone.

F. W. Robertson.

Im*meas"ur*a*bly, adv. In an immeasurable manner or degree. "Immeasurably distant." Wordsworth.

Im*meas"ured (?), a. Immeasurable. [R.] Spenser.

Im`me*chan"ic*al (?), a. Not mechanical. [Obs.] Cheyne. -- Im"me*chan"ic*al*ly, adv. [Obs.]

Im*me"di*a*cy (?), n. The relation of freedom from the interventionof a medium; immediateness. Shak.

Im*me"di*ate (?), a. [F. immédiat. See In- not, and Mediate.] 1. Not separated in respect to place by anything intervening; proximate; close; as, immediate contact.

> You are the most immediate to our throne.

Shak.

2. Not deferred by an interval of time; present; instant. "Assemble we immediate council." Shak.

> Death . . . not yet inflicted, as he feared,
> By some immediate stroke.

Milton.

3. Acting with nothing interposed or between, or without the intervention of another object as a cause, means, or agency; acting, perceived, or produced, directly; as, an immediate cause.

> The immediate knowledge of the past is therefore impossible.

Sir. W. Hamilton.

Immediate amputation (Surg.), an amputation performed within the first few hours after an injury, and before the the effects of the shock have passed away.

Syn. -- Proximate; close; direct; next.

Im*me"di*ate*ly (?), adv. 1. In an immediate manner; without intervention of any other person or thing; proximately; directly; -- opposed to mediately; as, immediately contiguous.

> God's acceptance of it either immediately by himself, or mediately by the hands of the bishop.

South.

2. Without interval of time; without delay; promptly; instantly; at once.

> And Jesus . . . touched him, saying, I will; be thou clean. And immediately his leprosy was cleansed.

Matt. viii. 3.

3. As soon as. Cf. Directly, 8, Note.

Syn. -- Directly; instantly; quickly; forthwith; straightway; presently. See Directly.

Im*me"di*ate*ness, n. The quality or relations of being immediate in manner, place, or time; exemption from second or interventing causes. Bp. Hall.

Im*me"di*a*tism (?), n. Immediateness.

Im*med"i*ca*ble (?), a. [L. Immedicabilis. See In- not, and Medicable.] Not to be healed; incurable. "Wounds immedicable." Milton.

Im`me*lo"di*ous (?), a. Not melodious.

Im*mem"o*ra*ble (?), a. [L. immemorabilis; pref. im- not + memorabilis memorable: cf. F. immémorable. See Memorable.] Not memorable; not worth remembering. Johnson.

Im`me*mo"ri*al (?), a. [Pref. im- not + memorial: cf. F. immémorial.] Extending beyond the reach of memory, record, or tradition; indefinitely ancient; as, existing from time immemorial. "Immemorial elms." Tennyson. "Immemorial usage or custom." Sir M. Hale.

Time immemorial (Eng. Law.), a time antedating (legal) history, and beyond "legal memory" so called; formerly an indefinite time, but in 1276 this time was fixed by statute as the begining of the reign of Richard I. (1189). Proof of unbroken possession or use of any right since that date made it unnecessary to establish the original grant. In 1832 the plan of dating legal memory from a fixed time was abandoned and the principle substituted that rights which had been enjoyed for full twenty years (or as against the crown thirty years) should not be liable to impeachment merely by proving that they had not been enjoyed before.

Im`me*mo"ri*al*ly, adv. Beyond memory. Bentley.

Im*mense" (?), a. [L. immensus; pref. im- not + mensus, p. p. of metiri to measure: cf. F. immense. See Measure.] Immeasurable; unlimited. In commonest use: Very great; vast; huge. "Immense the power" Pope. "Immense and boundless ocean." Daniel.

> O Goodness infinite! Goodness immense!

Milton.

Syn. -- Infinite; immeasurable; illimitable; unbounded; unlimited; interminable; vast; prodigious; enormous; monstrous. See Enormous.

Im*mense"ly, adv. In immense manner or degree.

Im*mense"ness, n. The state of being immense.

Im*men"si*ble (?), a. [Immense + -ible.] Immeasurable. [Obs.] Davies.

Im*men"si*ty (?), n.; pl. Immensities (#). [L. immensitas: cf. F. immensité.] The state or quality of being immense; inlimited or immeasurable extension; infinity; vastness in extent or bulk; greatness.

> Lost in the wilds of vast immensity.

Blackmore.

> The immensity of the material system.

I. Taylor.

Im*men"sive (?), a. Huge. [Obs.] Herrick.

Im*men`su*ra*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being immensurable.

Im*men"su*ra*ble (?), a. [Pref. im- not + L. mensurabilis measurable: cf. F. immensurable. Cf. Immeasurable.] Immeasurable.

> What an immensurable space is the firmament.

Derham.

Im*men"su*rate (?), a. [Pref. im- not + mensurate.] Unmeasured; unlimited. [R.] W. Montagu.

Im*merge" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immerged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Immerging (?).] [L. immergere; pref. im- in + mergere to dip, plunge: cf. F. immerger. See Merge, and cf. Immerse.] To plungel into, under, or within anything especially a fuid; to dip; to immerse. See Immerse.

> We took . . . lukewarm water, and in it immerged a quantity of the leaves of senna.

Boyle.

> Their souls are immerged in matter.

Jer. Taylor.

Im*merge" (?), v. i. To dissapear by entering into any medium, as a star into the light of the sun. [R.]

Im*mer"it (?), n. Want of worth; demerit. [R.] Suckling.

Im*mer"it*ed, a. Unmerited. [Obs.] Charles I.

Im*mer"it*ous (?), a. [L. immeritus; pref. im- not + meritus, p. p. of merere, mereri, to deserve.] Undeserving. [Obs.] Milton.

Im*mers"a*ble (?), a. See Immersible.

Im*merse" (?), a. [L. immersus, p. p. of immergere. See Immerge.] Immersed; buried; hid; sunk. [Obs.] "Things immerse in matter." Bacon.

Im*merse", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immersed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Immersing.] 1. To plunge into anything that surrounds or covers, especially into a fluid; to dip; to sink; to bury; to immerge.

> Deep immersed beneath its whirling wave.

J Warton.

> More than a mile immersed within the wood.

Dryden.

2. To baptize by immersion.

3. To engage deeply; to engross the attention of; to involve; to overhelm.

> The queen immersed in such a trance.

Tennyson.

> It is impossible to have a lively hope in another life, and yet be deeply immersed inn the enjoyments of this.

Atterbury.

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Im*mersed" (?), p. p. & a. 1. Deeply plunged into anything, especially a fluid.

2. Deeply occupied; engrossed; entangled.

3. (Bot.) Growing wholly under water. Gray.

Im*mers"i*ble (?), a. [From Immerse.] Capable of being immersed.

Im*mers"i*ble, a. [Pref. im- not + L. mersus, p. p. of mergere to plunge.] Not capable of being immersed.

Im*mer"sion (?), n. [L. immersio; cf. F. immersion.] 1. The act of immersing, or the state of being immersed; a sinking within a fluid; a dipping; as, the immersion of Achilles in the Styx.

2. Submersion in water for the purpose of Christian baptism, as, practiced by the Baptists.

3. The state of being overhelmed or deeply absorbed; deep engagedness.

> Too deep an immersion in the affairs of life.

Atterbury.

4. (Astron.) The dissapearance of a celestail body, by passing either behind another, as in the occultation of a star, or into its shadow, as in the eclipse of a satellite; -- opposed to emersion.

Immersion lens, a microscopic objective of short focal distance designed to work with a drop of liquid, as oil, between the front lens and the slide, so that this lens is practically immersed.

Im*mer"sion*ist, n. (Eccl.) One who holds the doctrine that immersion is essential to Christian baptism.

Im*mesh" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immeshed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Immeshing.] [Pref. im- in + mesh. Cf. Inmesh.] To catch or entangle in, or as in, the meshes of a net. or in a web; to insnare.

Im`me*thod"ic*al (?), a. Not methodical; without method or systematic arrangement; without order or regularity; confused. Addison.

Syn. -- Irregular; confused; disoderly; unsystematic; desultory.

Im`me*thod"ic*al*ly, adv. Without method; confusedly; unsystematically.

Im`me*thod"ic*al*ness, n. Want of method.

Im*meth"od*ize (?), v. t. To render immethodical; to destroy the method of; to confuse. [R.]

Im*met"ric*al (&?;), a. Not metrical or rhythmical. [R.] Chapman.

Im*mew" (?), v. t. See Emmew.

Im"mi*grant (?), n. [L. immigrans, p. pr. of immigrare to go into: cf. F. immigrant. See Immigrate.] One who immigrates; one who comes to a country for the purpose of permanent residence; -- correlative of emigrant.

Syn. -- See Emigrant.

Im"mi*grate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immigrated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Immigrating (?).] [L. immigrare, immigratum, to immigrate; pref. im- in + migrare to migrate. See Migrate.] To come into a country of which one is not a native, for the purpose of permanent residence. See Emigrate.

Im"mi*gra"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. immigration.] The act of immigrating; the passing or coming into a country for the purpose of permanent residence.

> The immigrations of the Arabians into Europe.

T. Warton.

Im"mi*nence (?), n. [Cf. F. imminence, L. imminentia, See Imminent.] 1. The condition or quality of being imminent; a threatening, as of something about to happen. The imminence of any danger or distress. Fuller.

2. That which is imminent; impending evil or danger. "But dare all imminence." Shak.

Im"mi*nent (?), a. [L. imminens, p. pr. of imminere to project; pref. im- in + minere (in comp.) to jut, project. See Eminent.] 1. Threatening to occur immediately; near at hand; impending; -- said especially of misfortune or peril. "In danger imminent." Spenser.

2. Full of danger; threatening; menacing; perilous.

> Hairbreadth scapes i' the imminent deadly breach.

Shak.

3. (With upon) Bent upon; attentive to. [R.]

> Their eyes ever imminent upon worldly matters.

Milton.

Syn. -- Impending; threatening; near; at hand. -- Imminent, Impending, Threatening. Imminent is the strongest: it denotes that something is ready to fall or happen on the instant; as, in imminent danger of one's life. Impending denotes that something hangs suspended over us, and may so remain indefinitely; as, the impending evils of war. Threatening supposes some danger in prospect, but more remote; as, threatening indications for the future.

> Three times to-day
> You have defended me from imminent death.

Shak.

> No story I unfold of public woes,
> Nor bear advices of impending foes.

Pope.

> Fierce faces threatening war.

Milton.

Im"mi*nent*ly, adv. In an imminent manner.

Im*min"gle (?), v. t. To mingle; to mix; to unite; to blend. [R.] Thomson.

Im`mi*nu"tion (?), n. [L. imminutio, fr. imminuere, imminutum, to lessen; pref. im- in + minuere.] A lessening; diminution; decrease. [R.] Ray.

Im*mis"ci*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. immiscibilité.] Incapability of being mixed, or mingled.

Im*mis"ci*ble (?), a. [Pref. im- not + miscible: cf. F. immiscible.] Not capable of being mixed or mingled.

> A chaos of immiscible and conflicting particles.

Cudworth.

Im*mis"sion (?), n. [L. immissio: cf. F. immission. See Immit.] The act of immitting, or of sending or thrusting in; injection; -- the correlative of emission.

Im*mit" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Immiting.] [L. immittere, immissum; pref. im- in + mittere to send.] To send in; to inject; to infuse; -- the correlative of emit. [R.] Boyle.

Im*mit"i*ga*ble (?), a. [L. immitigabilis; fr. pref. im- not + mitigare to mitigate.] Not capable of being mitigated, softened, or appeased. Coleridge.

Im*mit"i*ga*bly (?), adv. In an immitigable manner.

Im*mix" (?), v. t. [Pref. in- in + mix.] To mix; to mingle. [R.]

> Amongst her tears immixing prayers meek.

Spenser.

Im*mix"a*ble (?), a. Not mixable. Bp. Wilkins.

Im*mixed" (?), a. [Pref. in- not + mixed, p. p. of mix.] Unmixed. [Obs.]

> How pure and immixed the design is.

Boyle.

Im*mix"ture (?), n. Freedom from mixture; purity. [R.] W. Montagu.

Im*mo"bile (?), a. [L. immobilis: cf. F. immobile. See Immobility.] Incapable of being moved; immovable; fixed; stable. Prof. Shedd.

Im`mo*bil"i*ty (?), n. [L. immobilitas, fr. immobilis immovable; pref. im- not + mobilis movable: cf. F. immobilité. See Mobile.] The condition or quality of being immobile; fixedness in place or state.

Im*mob"i*lize (?), v. t. [Pref. im- in + mobilize; cf. f. immobiliser.] To make immovable; in surgery, to make immovable (a naturally mobile part, as a joint) by the use of splints, or stiffened bandages.

Im*mo"ble (?), a. [Obs.] See Immobile.

Im*mod"er*a*cy (?), n. [From Immoderate.] Immoderateness. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Im*mod"er*an*cy (?), n. [L. immoderantia.] Immoderateness; excess. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Im*mod"er*ate (?), a. [L. immoderatus; pref. im- not + moderatus moderate. See Moderate.] Not moderate; exceeding just or usual and suitable bounds; excessive; extravagant; unreasonable; as, immoderate demands; immoderate grief; immoderate laughter.

> So every scope by the immoderate use
> Turns to restraint.

Shak.

Syn. -- Excessive; exorbitant; unreasonable; extravagant; intemperate; inordinate.

Im*mod"er*ate*ly, adv. In an immoderate manner; excessively.

Im*mod"er*ate*ness, n. The quality of being immoderate; excess; extravagance. Puller.

Im*mod`er*a"tion (?), n. [L. immoderatio: cf. F. imodération.] Want of moderation. Hallywell.

Im*mod"est (?), a. [F. immodeste, L. immodestus immoderate; pref. im- not + modestus modest. See Modest.] 1. Not limited to due bounds; immoderate.

2. Not modest; wanting in the reserve or restraint which decorum and decency require; indecent; indelicate; obscene; lewd; as, immodest persons, behavior, words, pictures, etc.

> Immodest deeds you hinder to be wrought,
> But we proscribe the least immodest thought.

Dryden.

Syn. -- Indecorous; indelicate; shameless; shameful; impudent; indecent; impure; unchaste; lewd; obscene.

Im*mod"est*ly, adv. In an immodest manner.

Im*mod"es*ty (?), n. [L. immodestia: cf. F. immodestie.] Want of modesty, delicacy, or decent reserve; indecency. "A piece of immodesty." Pope.

Im"mo*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immolated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Immolating.] [L. immolatus, p. p. of immolare to sacrifice, orig., to sprinkle a victim with sacrifical meal; pref. im- in + mola grits or grains of spelt coarsely ground and mixed with salt; also, mill. See Molar, Meal ground grain.] To sacrifice; to offer in sacrifice; to kill, as a sacrificial victim.

> Worshipers, who not only immolate to them [the deities] the lives of men, but . . . the virtue and honor of women.

Boyle.

Im`mo*la"tion (?), n. [L. immolatio: cf. F. immolation.] 1. The act of immolating, or the state of being immolated, or sacrificed. Sir. T. Browne.

2. That which is immolated; a sacrifice.

Im"mo*la`tor (?), n. [L.] One who offers in sacrifice; specifically, one of a sect of Russian fanatics who practice self-mutilation and sacrifice.

{ Im*mold", Im*mould" } (?), v. t. To mold into shape, or form. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.

Im*mo"ment (?), a. [See Immomentous.] Trifling. [R.] "Immoment toys." Shak.

Im`mo*men"tous (?), a. [Pref. im- not + momentous.] Not momentous; unimportant; insignificant. [R.] A. Seward.

Im*mor"al (?), a. [Pref. im- not + moral: cf. F. immoral.] Not moral; inconsistent with rectitude, purity, or good morals; contrary to conscience or the divine law; wicked; unjust; dishonest; vicious; licentious; as, an immoral man; an immoral deed.

Syn. -- Wicked; sinful; criminal; vicious; unjust; dishonest; depraved; impure; unchaste; profligate; dissolute; abandoned; licentious; lewd; obscene.

Im`mo*ral"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Immoralities (#). [Cf. F. immoralité.] 1. The state or quality of being immoral; vice.

> The root of all immorality.

Sir W. Temple.

2. An immoral act or practice.

> Luxury and sloth and then a great drove of heresies and immoralities broke loose among them.

Milton.

Im*mor"al*ly (?), adv. In an immoral manner; wickedly.

Im`mo*rig"er*ous (?), a. [Pref. im- not + morigerous.] Rude; uncivil; disobedient. [Obs.] -- Im`mo*rig"er*ous*ness, n. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Im*mor"tal (?), a. [L. immortalis; pref. im- not + mortalis mortal: cf. F. immortel. See Mortal, and cf. Immortelle.] 1. Not mortal; exempt from liability to die; undying; imperishable; lasting forever; having unlimited, or eternal, existance.

> Unto the King eternal, immortal, invisible.

1 Tim. i. 17.

> For my soul, what can it do to that,
> Being a thing immortal as itself?

Shak.

2. Connected with, or pertaining to immortality.

> I have immortal longings in me.

Shak.

3. Destined to live in all ages of this world; abiding; exempt from oblivion; imperishable; as, immortal fame.

> One of the few, immortal names,
> That were not born to die.

Halleck.

4. Great; excessive; grievous. [Obs.] Hayward.

Immortal flowers, immortelles; everlastings.

Syn. -- Eternal; everlasting; never-ending; ceaseless; perpetual; continual; enduring; endless; imperishable; incorruptible; deathless; undying.

Im*mor"tal (?), n. One who will never cease to be; one exempt from death, decay, or annihilation. Bunyan.

Im*mor"tal*ist, n. One who holds the doctrine of the immortality of the soul. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Im`mor*tal"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Immortalities (#). [L. immortalitas: cf. F. immortalité.] 1. The quality or state of being immortal; exemption from death and annihilation; unending existance; as, the immortality of the soul.

> This mortal must put on immortality.

1 Cor. xv. 53.

2. Exemption from oblivion; perpetuity; as, the immortality of fame.

Im*mor`tal*i*za"tion (?), n. The act of immortalizing, or state of being immortalized.

Im*mor"tal*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immortalized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Immortalizing (?).] [Cf. F. immortaliser.] 1. To render immortal; to cause to live or exist forever. S. Clarke.

2. To exempt from oblivion; to perpetuate in fame.

> Alexander had no Homer to immortalize his guilty name.

T. Dawes.

Im*mor"tal*ize, v. i. To become immortal. [R.]

Im*mor"tal*ly, adv. In an immortal manner.

Im`mor*telle" (?), n.; pl. Immortelles (#). [F. See Immortal.] (Bot.) A plant with a conspicuous, dry, unwithering involucre, as the species of Antennaria, Helichrysum, Gomphrena, etc. See Everlasting.

Im*mor`ti*fi*ca"tion (?), n. Failure to mortify the passions. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Im*mov"a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being immovable; fixedness; steadfastness; as, immovability of a heavy body; immovability of purpose.

Im*mov"a*ble (?), a. 1. Incapable of being moved; firmly fixed; fast; -- used of material things; as, an immovable foundation.

> Immovable, infixed, and frozen round.

Milton.

2. Steadfast; fixed; unalterable; unchangeable; -- used of the mind or will; as, an immovable purpose, or a man who remains immovable.

3. Not capable of being affected or moved in feeling or by sympathy; unimpressible; impassive. Dryden.

4. (Law.) Not liable to be removed; permanent in place or tenure; fixed; as, an immovable estate. See Immovable, n. Blackstone.

Immovable apparatus (Med.), an appliance, like the plaster of paris bandage, which keeps fractured parts firmly in place. -- Immovable feasts (Eccl.), feasts which occur on a certain day of the year and do not depend on the date of Easter; as, Christmas, the Epiphany, etc.

Im*mov"a*ble, n. 1. That which can not be moved.

2. pl. (Civil Law) Lands and things adherent thereto by nature, as trees; by the hand of man, as buildings and their accessories; by their destination, as seeds, plants, manure, etc.; or by the objects to which they are applied, as servitudes. Ayliffe. Bouvier.

Im*mov"a*ble*ness, n. Quality of being immovable.

Im*mov"a*bly, adv. In an immovable manner.

Im*mund" (?), a. [L. immundus; pref. im- not + mundus clean.] Unclean. [R.] Burton.

Im`mun*dic"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. immondicité, L. immunditia, immundities.] Uncleanness; filthiness. [R.] W. Montagu.

Im*mune" (?), a. [L. immunis. See Immunity.] Exempt; protected by inoculation. -- Im*mu"nize (#), v. t.

Im*mu"ni*ty (?), n.; pl. Immunities (#). [L. immunitas, fr. immunis free from a public service; pref. im- not + munis complaisant, obliging, cf. munus service, duty: cf. F. immunité. See Common, and cf. Mean, a.] 1. Freedom or exemption from any charge, duty, obligation, office, tax, imposition, penalty, or service; a particular privilege; as, the immunities of the free cities of Germany; the immunities of the clergy.

2. Freedom; exemption; as, immunity from error.

Im*mure" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Immured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Immuring.] [Pref. im- in + mure: cf. F. emmurer.] 1. To wall around; to surround with walls. [Obs.] Sandys.

2. To inclose whithin walls, or as within walls; hence, to shut up; to imprison; to incarcerate.

> Those tender babes
> Whom envy hath immured within your walls.

Shak.

> This huge convex of fire,
> Outrageous to devour, immures us round.

Milton.

Im*mure", n. A wall; an inclosure. [Obs.] Shak.

Im*mure"ment (?), n. The act of immuring, or the state of being immured; imprisonment.

Im*mu"sic*al (?), a. Inharmonious; unmusical; discordant. Bacon.

Im*mu`ta*bil"i*ty (?), n. [L. immutabilitas: cf. F. immutabilité.] The state or quality of being immutable; immutableness. Heb. vi. 17.

Im*mu"ta*ble (?), a. [L. immutabilis; pref. im- not + mutabilis mutable. See Mutable.] Not mutable; not capable or susceptible of change; unchangeable; unalterable.

> That by two immutable things, in which it was impossible for God to lie, we might have a strong consolation.

Heb. vi. 18.

> Immutable, immortal, infinite,
> Eternal King.

Milton.

-- Im*mu"ta*ble*ness, n. -- Im*mu"ta*bly, adv.

<! p. 733 !>

Im*mu"tate (m*m"tt), a. [L. immutatus, p. p. of immature.] Unchanged. [Obs.]

Im"mu*ta"tion (?), n. [L. immutatio, from immutare, immutatum, to change. See Immute.] Change; alteration; mutation. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Im*mute" (m*mt"), v. t. [L. immutare, immutatum; perf. im- in + mutare to change : cf. OF. immuter.] To change or alter. [Obs.] J. Salkeld.

Imp (mp), n. [OE. imp a graft, AS. impa; akin to Dan. ympe, Sw. ymp, prob. fr. LL. impotus, Gr. &?; engrafted, innate, fr. &?; to implant; &?; in + &?; to produce; akin to E. be. See 1st In-, Be.] 1. A shoot; a scion; a bud; a slip; a graft. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. An offspring; progeny; child; scion. [Obs.]

> The tender imp was weaned.

Fairfax.

3. A young or inferior devil; a little, malignant spirit; a puny demon; a contemptible evil worker.

> To mingle in the clamorous fray
> Of squabbling imps.

Beattie.

4. Something added to, or united with, another, to lengthen it out or repair it, -- as, an addition to a beehive; a feather inserted in a broken wing of a bird; a length of twisted hair in a fishing line. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Imp, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Imping.] [AS. impian to imp, ingraft, plant; akin to Dan. ympe, Sw. ympa, OHG. impfn, impitn, G. impfen. See Imp, n.] 1. To graft; to insert as a scion. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

2. (Falconry) To graft with new feathers, as a wing; to splice a broken feather. Hence, Fig.: To repair; to extend; to increase; to strengthen; to equip. [Archaic]

> Imp out our drooping country's broken wing.

Shak.

> Who lazily imp their wings with other men's plumes.

Fuller.

> Here no frail Muse shall imp her crippled wing.

Holmes.

> Help, ye tart satirists, to imp my rage
> With all the scorpions that should whip this age.

Cleveland.

Im*pa"ca*ble (?), a. [L. pref. im- not + pacare to quiet. See Pacate.] Not to be appeased or quieted. [Obs.] Spenser. -- Im*pa"ca*bly, adv.

Im*pack"ment (?), n. [Pref. im- in + pack.] The state of being closely surrounded, crowded, or pressed, as by ice. [R.] Kane.

Im*pact" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impacted; p. pr. & vb. n. Impacting.] [L. impactus, p. p. of impingere to push, strike against. See Impinge.] To drive close; to press firmly together: to wedge into a place. Woodward.

Im"pact (?), n. 1. Contact or impression by touch; collision; forcible contact; force communicated.

> The quarrel, by that impact driven.

Southey.

2. (Mech.) The single instantaneous stroke of a body in motion against another either in motion or at rest.

Im*pact"ed (?), a. Driven together or close.

Impacted fracture (Surg.), a fracture in which the fragments are driven into each other so as to be immovable.

Im*pac"tion (?), n. [L. impactio a striking : cf. F. impaction.] 1. (Surg.) The driving of one fragment of bone into another so that the fragments are not movable upon each other; as, impaction of the skull or of the hip.

2. An immovable packing; (Med.), a lodgment of something in a strait or passage of the body; as, impaction of the fetal head in the strait of the pelvis; impaction of food or feces in the intestines of man or beast.

Im*paint" (?), v. t. To paint; to adorn with colors. [R.] "To impaint his cause." Shak.

Im*pair" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impaired (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Impairing.] [Written also empair.] [OE. empeiren, enpeiren, OF. empeirier, empirier, F. empirer, LL. impejorare; L. pref. im- in + pejorare to make worse, fr. pejor worse. Cf. Appair.] To make worse; to diminish in quantity, value, excellence, or strength; to deteriorate; as, to impair health, character, the mind, value.

> Time sensibly all things impairs.

Roscommon.

> In years he seemed, but not impaired by years.

Pope.

Syn. -- To diminish; decrease; injure; weaken; enfeeble; debilitate; reduce; debase; deteriorate.

Im*pair", v. t. To grow worse; to deteriorate. Milton.

Im"pair (?), a. [F. impair uneven, L. impar; im- not + par equal.] Not fit or appropriate. [Obs.]

Im*pair" (?), n. Diminution; injury. [Obs.]

Im*pair"er (?), n. One who, or that which, impairs.

Im*pair"ment (?), n. [OE. enpeirement, OF. empirement.] The state of being impaired; injury. "The impairment of my health." Dryden.

Im*pal"a*ta*ble (?), a. Unpalatable. [R.]

Im*pale" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impaled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Impaling.] [See 2d Empale.] 1. To pierce with a pale; to put to death by fixing on a sharp stake. See Empale.

> Then with what life remains, impaled, and left
> To writhe at leisure round the bloody stake.

Addison.

2. To inclose, as with pales or stakes; to surround.

> Impale him with your weapons round about.

Shak.

> Impenetrable, impaled with circling fire.

Milton.

3. (Her.) To join, as two coats of arms on one shield, palewise; hence, to join in honorable mention.

> Ordered the admission of St. Patrick to the same to be matched and impaled with the blessed Virgin in the honor thereof.

Fuller.

Im*pale"ment (?), n. 1. The act of impaling, or the state of being impaled. Byron.

2. An inclosing by stakes or pales, or the space so inclosed. H. Brooke.

3. That which hedges in; inclosure. [R.] Milton.

4. (Her.) The division of a shield palewise, or by a vertical line, esp. for the purpose of putting side by side the arms of husband and wife. See Impale, 3.

Im*pal"la (?), n. (Zoöl.) The pallah deer of South Africa.

Im*pal"lid (?), v. t. To make pallid; to blanch. [Obs.] Feltham.

Im*palm" (?), v. t. To grasp with or hold in the hand. [R.] J. Barlow.

Im*pal`pa*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. impalpabilité.] The quality of being impalpable. Jortin.

Im*pal"pa*ble (?), a. [Pref. im- not + palpable: cf. F. impalpable.] 1. Not palpable; that cannot be felt; extremely fine, so that no grit can be perceived by touch. "Impalpable powder." Boyle.

2. Not material; intangible; incorporeal. "Impalpable, void, and bodiless." Holland.

3. Not apprehensible, or readily apprehensible, by the mind; unreal; as, impalpable distinctions.

Im*pal"pa*bly, adv. In an impalpable manner.

Im*pal"sy (?), v. t. To palsy; to paralyze; to deaden. [R.]

Im*pa"nate (?), a. [LL. impanatus, p. p. of impanare to impanate; L. pref. im- in + panis bread.] Embodied in bread, esp. in the bread of the eucharist. [Obs.] Cranmer.

Im*pa"nate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impanated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Impanating.] To embody in bread, esp. in the bread of the eucharist. [Obs.]

Im"pa*na"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. impanation. See Impanate, a.] (Eccl.) Embodiment in bread; the supposed real presence and union of Christ's material body and blood with the substance of the elements of the eucharist without a change in their nature; -- distinguished from transubstantiation, which supposes a miraculous change of the substance of the elements. It is akin to consubstantiation.

Im*pa"na*tor (?), n. [LL.] (Eccl.) One who holds the doctrine of impanation.

Im*pan"el (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impaneled (?) or Impanelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Impaneling or Impanelling.] [Pref. im- in + panel. Cf. Empanel.] [Written also empanel.] To enter in a list, or on a piece of parchment, called a panel; to form or enroll, as a list of jurors in a court of justice. Blackstone.

Im*pan"el*ment (?), n. The act or process of impaneling, or the state of being impaneled.

Im*par"a*dise (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imparadised (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Imparadising (?).] [Pref. im- + paradise: cf. F. emparadiser.] To put in a state like paradise; to make supremely happy. "Imparadised in one another's arms." Milton.

Im*par"al*leled (?), a. Unparalleled. [Obs.]

Im*par"don*a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. impardonnable.] Unpardonable. [Obs.] South.

Im*par`i*dig"i*tate (?), a. [L. impar unequal + digitus finger.] (Anat.) Having an odd number of fingers or toes, either one, three, or five, as in the horse, tapir, rhinoceros, etc.

Im*par"i*pin"nate (?), a. [L. impar unequal + E. pinnate.] (Bot.) Pinnate with a single terminal leaflet.

Im*par"i*syl*lab"ic (?), a. [L. impar unequal + E. syllabic: cf. F. imparisyllabique.] (Gram.) Not consisting of an equal number of syllables; as, an imparisyllabic noun, one which has not the same number of syllables in all the cases; as, lapis, lapidis; mens, mentis.

Im*par"i*ty (?), n. [Pref. im- + parity: cf. F. imparité.] 1. Inequality; disparity; disproportion; difference of degree, rank, excellence, number, etc. Milton.

2. Lack of comparison, correspondence, or suitableness; incongruity.

> In this region of merely intellectual notion we are at once encountered by the imparity of the object and the faculty employed upon it.

I. Taylor.

3. Indivisibility into equal parts; oddness. [R.]

Im*park" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imparked (?), p. pr. & vb. n. Imparking.] [Cf. Empark.] To inclose for a park; to sever from a common; hence, to inclose or shut up.

> They . . . impark them [the sheep] within hurdles.

Holland.

Im*parl" (?), v. i. [OF. emparler; pref. em- (L. in) + parler to speak. See In, prep., and Parley.] 1. To hold discourse; to parley. [Obs.] Sir. T. North.

2. (Law) To have time before pleading; to have delay for mutual adjustment. Blackstone.

Im*par"lance (?), n. [Cf. Emparlance, Parlance.] [Written also inparliance.] 1. Mutual discourse; conference. [Obs.]

2. (Law) (a) Time given to a party to talk or converse with his opponent, originally with the object of effecting, if possible, an amicable adjustment of the suit. The actual object, however, has long been merely to obtain further time to plead, or answer to the allegations of the opposite party. (b) Hence, the delay or continuance of a suit.

Imparlance and continuance by imparlance have been abolished in England. Wharton (Law Dict. ).

Im*par`son*ee" (?), a. [OF. empersone. See 1st In-, and Parson.] (Eng. Eccl. Law) Presented, instituted, and inducted into a rectory, and in full possession. -- n. A clergyman so inducted.

Im*part" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imparted; p. pr. & vb. n. Imparting.] [OF. impartir, empartir, L. impartire, impertire; pref. im- in + partire to part, divide, fr. pars, partis, part, share. See Part, n. ] 1. To bestow a share or portion of; to give, grant, or communicate; to allow another to partake in; as, to impart food to the poor; the sun imparts warmth.

> Well may he then to you his cares impart.

Dryden.

2. To obtain a share of; to partake of. [R.] Munday.

3. To communicate the knowledge of; to make known; to show by words or tokens; to tell; to disclose.

> Gentle lady,
> When I did first impart my love to you.

Shak.

Syn. -- To share; yield; confer; convey; grant; give; reveal; disclose; discover; divulge. See Communicate.

Im*part" (?), v. i. 1. To give a part or share.

> He that hath two coats, let him impart to him that hath none.

Luke iii. 11.

2. To hold a conference or consultation. Blackstone.

Im*part"ance (?), n. Impartation.

Im`par*ta"tion (?), n. The act of imparting, or the thing imparted.

> The necessity of this impartation.

I. Taylor.

Im*part"er (?), n. One who imparts.

Im*par"tial (?), a. [Pref. im- not + partial: cf. F. impartial.] Not partial; not favoring one more than another; treating all alike; unprejudiced; unbiased; disinterested; equitable; fair; just. Shak.

> Jove is impartial, and to both the same.

Dryden.

> A comprehensive and impartial view.

Macaulay.

Im*par"tial*ist, n. One who is impartial. [R.] Boyle.

Im*par`ti*al"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. impartialité.] The quality of being impartial; freedom from bias or favoritism; disinterestedness; equitableness; fairness; as, impartiality of judgment, of treatment, etc.

> Impartiality strips the mind of prejudice and passion.

South.

Im*par"tial*ly (?), a. In an impartial manner.

Im*par"tial*ness, n. Impartiality. Sir W. Temple.

Im*part`i*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being impartible; communicability. Blackstone.

Im*part`i*bil"i*ty, n. [Cf. F. impartibilité.] The quality of being incapable of division into parts; indivisibility. Holland.

Im*part"i*ble (?), a. [From Impart.] Capable of being imparted or communicated.

Im*part"i*ble, a. [Pref. im- not + partible: cf. F. impartible.] Not partible; not subject to partition; indivisible; as, an impartible estate. Blackstone.

Im*part"ment (?), n. The act of imparting, or that which is imparted, communicated, or disclosed. [R.]

> It beckons you to go away with it,
> As if it some impartment did desire
> To you alone.

Shak.

Im*pass"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. Unpassable.] Incapable of being passed; not admitting a passage; as, an impassable road, mountain, or gulf. Milton. -- Im*pass"a*ble*ness, n. - - Im*pass"a*bly, adv.

Im*pas`si*bil"i*ty (?), a. [L. impassibilitas: cf. F. impassibilité.] The quality or condition of being impassible; insusceptibility of injury from external things.

Im*pas"si*ble (?), a. [L. impassibilis; pref. im- not + passibilis passable: cf. F. impassible. See Passible.] Incapable of suffering; inaccessible to harm or pain; not to be touched or moved to passion or sympathy; unfeeling, or not showing feeling; without sensation. "Impassible to the critic." Sir W. Scott.

> Secure of death, I should contemn thy dart
> Though naked, and impassible depart.

Dryden.

Im*pas"si*ble*ness, n. Impassibility.

Im*pas"sion (?), v. t. [Pref. im- in + passion. Cf. Empassion, Impassionate, v.] To move or affect strongly with passion. [Archaic] Chapman.

Im*pas"sion*a*ble (?), a. Excitable; susceptible of strong emotion.

Im*pas"sion*ate (?), a. Strongly affected. Smart.

Im*pas"sion*ate (?), v. t. To affect powerfully; to arouse the passions of. Dr. H. More.

Im*pas"sion*ate (?), a. [Pref. im- not + passionate.] Without passion or feeling. Burton.

Im*pas"sioned (?), p. p. & a. Actuated or characterized by passion or zeal; showing warmth of feeling; ardent; animated; excited; as, an impassioned orator or discourse.

Im*pas"sive (?), a. Not susceptible of pain or suffering; apathetic; impassible; unmoved.

> Impassive as the marble in the quarry.

De Quincey.

> On the impassive ice the lightings play.

Pope.

-- Im*pas"sive*ly, adv. -- Im*pas"sive*ness, n.

Im`pas*siv"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being insusceptible of feeling, pain, or suffering; impassiveness.

Im`pas*ta"tion (?), n. [F. See Impaste.] The act of making into paste; that which is formed into a paste or mixture; specifically, a combination of different substances by means of cements.

Im*paste" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Impasting.] [Pref. im- in + paste: cf. It. impastare, OF. empaster, F. empâter. See 1st In- and Paste.] 1. To knead; to make into paste; to concrete. "Blood . . . baked and impasted." Shak.

2. (Paint.) To lay color on canvas by uniting them skillfully together. [R.] Cf. Impasto.

Im*past"ing, (Paint.) The laying on of colors to produce impasto.

Im*pas"to (?), n. [It. See Impaste.] (Paint.) The thickness of the layer or body of pigment applied by the painter to his canvas with especial reference to the juxtaposition of different colors and tints in forming a harmonious whole. Fairholt.

Im*pas"ture (?), v. t. To place in a pasture; to foster. [R.] T. Adams.

Im*pat"i*ble (?), a. [L. impatibilis; pref. im- not + patibilis supportable. See Patible.] 1. Not capable of being borne; impassible.

> A spirit, and so impatible of material fire.

Fuller.

Im*pa"tience (?) n. [OE. impacience, F. impatience, fr. L. impatientia.] The quality of being impatient; want of endurance of pain, suffering, opposition, or delay; eagerness for change, or for something expected; restlessness; chafing of spirit; fretfulness; passion; as, the impatience of a child or an invalid.

> I then, . . .
> Out of my grief and my impatience,
> Answered neglectingly.

Shak.

> With huge impatience he inly swelt
> More for great sorrow that he could not pass,
> Than for the burning torment which he felt.

Spenser.

<! p. 734 !>

Im*pa"tien*cy (m*p"shen*s), n. Impatience. [Obs.]

||Im*pa"ti*ens (-sh*nz), n. [L., impatient.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, several species of which have very beautiful flowers; -- so called because the elastic capsules burst when touched, and scatter the seeds with considerable force. Called also touch-me-not, jewelweed, and snapweed. I. Balsamina (sometimes called lady's slipper) is the common garden balsam.

Im*pa"tient (?), a. [OE. impacient, F. impatient, fr. L. impatiens; pref. im- not + patiens patient. See Patient.] 1. Not patient; not bearing with composure; intolerant; uneasy; fretful; restless, because of pain, delay, or opposition; eager for change, or for something expected; hasty; passionate; -- often followed by at, for, of, and under.

> A violent, sudden, and impatient necessity.

Jer. Taylor.

> Fame, impatient of extremes, decays
> Not more by envy than excess of praise.

Pope.

> The impatient man will not give himself time to be informed of the matter that lies before him.

Addison.

> Dryden was poor and impatient of poverty.

Macaulay.

2. Not to be borne; unendurable. [Obs.] Spenser.

3. Prompted by, or exhibiting, impatience; as, impatient speeches or replies. Shak.

Syn. -- Restless; uneasy; changeable; hot; eager; fretful; intolerant; passionate.

Im*pa"tient, n. One who is impatient. [R.]

Im*pa"tient*ly, adv. In an impatient manner.

Im*pat`ron*i*za"tion (?), n. Absolute seignory or possession; the act of investing with such possession. [R.] Cotgrave.

Im*pat"ron*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impatronized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Impatronizing (?).] To make lord or master; as, to impatronize one's self of a seigniory. [R.] Bacon.

Im*pave" (?), v. t. To pave. [Poetic]

> Impaved with rude fidelity
> Of art mosaic.

Wordsworth.

Im*pav"id (?), a. [L. impavidus. See In- not, and Pavid.] Fearless. -- Im*pav"id*ly, adv.

Im*pawn" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impawned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Impawning.] [Pref. im- + pawn: cf. Empawn.] To put in pawn; to pledge. Shak.

Im*peach" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impeached (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Impeaching.] [OE. empeechier to prevent, hinder, bar, F. empêcher, L. impedicare to entangle; pref. im- in + pedica fetter, fr. pes, pedis, foot. See Foot, and Appeach, Dispatch, Impede.] 1. To hinder; to impede; to prevent. [Obs.]

> These ungracious practices of his sons did impeach his journey to the Holy Land.

Sir J. Davies.

> A defluxion on my throat impeached my utterance.

Howell.

2. To charge with a crime or misdemeanor; to accuse; especially to charge (a public officer), before a competent tribunal, with misbehavior in office; to cite before a tribunal for judgment of official misconduct; to arraign; as, to impeach a judge. See Impeachment.

3. Hence, to charge with impropriety; to dishonor; to bring discredit on; to call in question; as, to impeach one's motives or conduct.

> And doth impeach the freedom of the state.

Shak.

4. (Law) To challenge or discredit the credibility of, as of a witness, or the validity of, as of commercial paper.

When used in law with reference to a witness, the term signifies, to discredit, to show or prove unreliable or unworthy of belief; when used in reference to the credit of witness, the term denotes, to impair, to lessen, to disparage, to destroy. The credit of a witness may be impeached by showing that he has made statements out of court contradictory to what he swears at the trial, or by showing that his reputation for veracity is bad, etc.

Syn. -- To accuse; arraign; censure; criminate; indict; impair; disparage; discredit. See Accuse.

Im*peach", n. Hindrance; impeachment. [Obs.]

Im*peach"a*ble (?), a. That may be impeached; liable to impeachment; chargeable with a crime.

> Owners of lands in fee simple are not impeachable for waste.

Z. Swift.

Im*peach"er (?), n. One who impeaches.

Im*peach"ment (?), n. [Cf. F. empêchement.] The act of impeaching, or the state of being impeached; as: (a) Hindrance; impediment; obstruction. [Obs.]

> Willing to march on to Calais,
> Without impeachment.

Shak.

(b) A calling to account; arraignment; especially, of a public officer for maladministration.

> The consequence of Coriolanus' impeachment had like to have been fatal to their state.

Swift.

(c) A calling in question as to purity of motives, rectitude of conduct, credibility, etc.; accusation; reproach; as, an impeachment of motives. Shak.

In England, it is the privilege or right of the House of Commons to impeach, and the right of the House of Lords to try and determine impeachments. In the United States, it is the right of the House of Representatives to impeach, and of the Senate to try and determine impeachments.

Articles of impeachment. See under Article. -- Impeachment of waste (Law), restraint from, or accountability for, injury; also, a suit for damages for injury. Abbott.

Im*pearl" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impearled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Impearling.] [Pref. im- in + pearl: cf. F. emperler.] 1. To form into pearls, or into that which resembles pearls. [Poetic]

> Dewdrops which the sun
> Impearls on every leaf and every flower.

Milton.

2. To decorate as with pearls or with anything resembling pearls. [Poetic]

> With morning dews impearled.

Mrs. Browning.

> The dews of the morning impearl every thorn.

R. Digby.

Im*pec`ca*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. impeccabilité.] The quality of being impeccable; exemption from sin, error, or offense.

> Infallibility and impeccability are two of his attributes.

Pope.

Im*pec"ca*ble (?), a. [L. impeccabilis; pref. im- not + peccare to err, to sin: cf. F. impeccable.] Not liable to sin; exempt from the possibility of doing wrong. -- n. One who is impeccable; esp., one of a sect of Gnostic heretics who asserted their sinlessness.

> God is infallible, impeccable, and absolutely perfect.

P. Skelton.

Im*pec"can*cy (?), n. Sinlessness. Bp. Hall.

Im*pec"cant (?), a. Sinless; impeccable. Byron.

Im`pe*cu`ni*os"i*ty (?), n. The state of being impecunious. Thackeray. Sir W. Scott.

Im"pe*cu"ni*ous (?), a. [L. im- not + pecunia money: cf. F. impécunieux.] Not having money; habitually without money; poor.

> An impecunious creature.

B. Jonson.

Im*pede" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impeded; p. pr. & vb. n. Impeding.] [L. impedire, lit., to entangle the feet; pref. im- in + pes, pedis, foot. See Foot, and cf. Impeach.] To hinder; to stop in progress; to obstruct; as, to impede the advance of troops.

> Whatever hinders or impedes
> The action of the nobler will.

Logfellow.

Im*ped"i*ble (?), a. Capable of being impeded or hindered. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Im*ped"i*ment (?), n. [L. impedimentum: cf. F. impediment.] That which impedes or hinders progress, motion, activity, or effect.

> Thus far into the bowels of the land
> Have we marched on without impediment.

Shak.

Impediment in speech, a defect which prevents distinct utterance.

Syn. -- Hindrance; obstruction; obstacle; difficulty; incumbrance. -- Impediment, Obstacle, Difficulty, Hindrance. An impediment literally strikes against our feet, checking our progress, and we remove it. An obstacle rises before us in our path, and we surmount or remove it. A difficulty sets before us something hard to be done, and we encounter it and overcome it. A hindrance holds us back for a time, but we break away from it.

> The eloquence of Demosthenes was to Philip of Macedon, a difficulty to be met with his best resources, an obstacle to his own ambition, and an impediment in his political career.

C. J. Smith.

Im*ped"i*ment, v. t. To impede. [R.] Bp. Reynolds.

Im*ped`i*men"tal (?), a. Of the nature of an impediment; hindering; obstructing; impeditive.

> Things so impedimental to success.

G. H. Lewes.

Im"pe*dite (?), a. [L. impeditus, p. p. See Impede.] Hindered; obstructed. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Im"pe*dite, v. t. To impede. [Obs.] Boyle.

Im"pe*di"tion (?), n. [L. impeditio.] A hindering; a hindrance. [Obs.] Baxier.

Im*ped"i*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. impéditif.] Causing hindrance; impeding. "Cumbersome, and impeditive of motion." Bp. Hall.

Im*pel" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impelled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Impelling.] [L. impellere; pref. im- in + pellere, pulsum, to drive. See Pulse a beat, and cf. Impulse.] To drive or urge forward or on; to press on; to incite to action or motion in any way.

> The surge impelled me on a craggy coast.

Pope.

Syn. -- To instigate; incite; induce; influence; force; drive; urge; actuate; move.

Im*pel"lent (?), a. [L. impellens, p. pr. of impellere.] Having the quality of impelling.

Im*pel"lent, n. An impelling power or force. Glanvill.

Im*pel"ler (?), n. One who, or that which, impels.

Im*pen" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impenned (?) and Impent (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Impenning.] To shut up or inclose, as in a pen. Feltham.

Im*pend" (?), v. t. [L. impendre; pref. im- in + pendre to weigh out, pay.] To pay. [Obs.] Fabyan.

Im*pend", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Impended; p. pr. & vb. n. Impending.] [L. impendre; pref. im- in + pendre to hang. See Pendant.] To hang over; to be suspended above; to threaten from near at hand; to menace; to be imminent. See Imminent.

> Destruction sure o'er all your heads impends.

Pope.

{ Im*pend"ence (?), Im*pend"en*cy (?), } n. The state of impending; also, that which impends. "Impendence of volcanic cloud." Ruskin.

Im*pend"ent (?), a. [L. impendens, p. pr. of impendre.] Impending; threatening.

> Impendent horrors, threatening hideous fall.

Milton.

Im*pend"ing, a. Hanging over; overhanging; suspended so as to menace; imminet; threatening.

> An impending brow.

Hawthorne.

> And nodding Ilion waits th' impending fall.

Pope.

Syn. -- Imminent; threatening. See Imminent.

Im*pen`e*tra*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. impénétrabilité.] 1. Quality of being impenetrable.

2. (Physics) That property in virtue of which two portions of matter can not at the same time occupy the same portion of space.

3. Insusceptibility of intellectual or emotional impression; obtuseness; stupidity; coldness.

Im*pen"e*tra*ble (?), a. [L. impenetrabilis; pref. im- not + penetrabilis penetrable: cf. F. impénétrable.] 1. Incapable of being penetrated or pierced; not admitting the passage of other bodies; not to be entered; impervious; as, an impenetrable shield.

> Highest woods impenetrable
> To star or sunlight.

Milton.

2. (Physics) Having the property of preventing any other substance from occupying the same space at the same time.

3. Inaccessible, as to knowledge, reason, sympathy, etc.; unimpressible; not to be moved by arguments or motives; as, an impenetrable mind, or heart.

> They will be credulous in all affairs of life, but impenetrable by a sermon of the gospel.

Jer. Taylor.

Im*pen"e*tra*ble*ness (?), n. The quality of being impenetrable; impenetrability.

Im*pen"e*tra*bly, adv. In an impenetrable manner or state; imperviously. "Impenetrably armed." Milton. "Impenetrably dull." Pope.

Im*pen"i*tence (?), n. [L. impenitentia: cf. F. impénitence.] The condition of being impenitent; failure or refusal to repent; hardness of heart.

> He will advance from one degree of wickedness and impenitence to another.

Rogers.

Im*pen"i*ten*cy (?), n. Impenitence. Milton.

Im*pen"i*tent (?), a. [L. impaenitens; pref. im- not + paenitens penitens: cf. F. impénitent. See Penitent.] Not penitent; not repenting of sin; not contrite; of a hard heart. "They . . . died impenitent." Milton. "A careless and impenitent heart." Bp. Hall.

Im*pen"i*tent, n. One who is not penitent. [R.]

Im*pen"i*tent*ly, adv. Without repentance.

Im*pen"nate (?), a. (Zoöl.) Characterized by short wings covered with feathers resembling scales, as the penguins. -- n. One of the Impennes.

||Im*pen"nes (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. pref. im- not + penna feather.] (Zoöl.) An order of birds, including only the penguins, in which the wings are without quills, and not suited for flight.

Im*pen"nous (?) a. [L. pref. im- not + penna wing.] (Zoöl.) Having no wings, as some insects.

Im*peo"ple (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impeopled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Impeopling (?).] [See Empeople.] To people; to give a population to. [Obs.]

> Thou hast helped to impeople hell.

Beaumont.

Im"pe*rant (?), a. [L. imperans, p. pr. of imperare to command.] Commanding. [R.] Baxter.

Im"pe*rate (?), a. [L. imperatus, p. p. of imperare to command.] Done by express direction; not involuntary; communded. [Obs.]

> Those imperate acts, wherein we see the empire of the soul.

Sir M. Hale.

Im*per`a*ti"val (?), a. (Gram.) Of or pertaining to the imperative mood.

Im*per"a*tive (?), a. [L. imperativus, fr. imperare to command; pref. im- in + parare to make ready, prepare: cf. F. impératif. See Perade, and cf. Empire.] 1. Expressive of command; containing positive command; authoritatively or absolutely directive; commanding; authoritative; as, imperative orders.

> The suit of kings are imperative.

Bp. Hall.

2. Not to be avoided or evaded; obligatory; binding; compulsory; as, an imperative duty or order.

3. (Gram.) Expressive of commund, entreaty, advice, or exhortation; as, the imperative mood.

Im*per"a*tive, n. (Gram.) The imperative mood; also, a verb in the imperative mood.

Im*per"a*tive*ly, adv. In an imperative manner.

||Im`pe*ra"tor (?), n. [L. See Emperor.] (Rom. Antiq.) A commander; a leader; an emperor; -- originally an appellation of honor by which Roman soldiers saluted their general after an important victory. Subsequently the title was conferred as a recognition of great military achievements by the senate, whence it carried wiht it some special privileges. After the downfall of the Republic it was assumed by Augustus and his successors, and came to have the meaning now attached to the word emperor.

Im*per`a*to"ri*al (?), a. [L. imperatorius.] 1. Commanding; imperative; authoritative.

2. Of or pertaining to the title or office of imperator. "Imperatorial laurels." C. Merivale.

Im*per`a*to"ri*an (?), a. Imperial. [R.] Gauden.

Im*per"a*to*ry (?), a. Imperative. [R.]

Im`per*ceiv"a*ble (?), a. Imperceptible. [R.] South. -- Im`per*ceiv"a*ble*ness, n. Sharp.

Im`per*ceived" (?), a. Not perceived. [Obs.]

Im`per*cep`ti*bil"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being imperceptible.

Im`per*cep"ti*ble (?), a. [Pref. im- not + perceptible: cf. F. imperceptible.] Not perceptible; not to be apprehended or cognized by the senses; not discernible by the mind; not easily apprehended.

> Almost imperceptible to the touch.

Dryden.

> Its operation is slow, and in some cases almost imperceptible.

Burke.

-- Im`per*cep"ti*ble*ness, n. -- Im`per*cep"ti*bly, adv.

> Their . . . subtilty and imperceptibleness.

Sir M. Hale.

Im`per*cep"tion (?), n. Want of perception.

Im`per*cep"tive (?), a. Unable to perceive.

> The imperceptive part of the soul.

Dr. H. More.

Im`per*cip"i*ent (?), a. Not perceiving, or not able to perceive. A. Baxter.

Im*per`di*bil"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being imperdible. [Obs.] Derham.

Im*per"di*ble (?), a. [Pref. im- not + L. perdere to destroy.] Not destructible. [Obs.] -- Im*per"di*bly, adv. [Obs.]

Im*per"fect (?), a. [L. imperfectus: pref. im- not + perfectus perfect: cf. F imparfait, whence OE. imparfit. See Perfect.] 1. Not perfect; not complete in all its parts; wanting a part; deective; deficient.

> Something he left imperfect in the state.

Shak.

> Why, then, your other senses grow imperfect.

Shak.

2. Wanting in some elementary organ that is essential to successful or normal activity.

> He . . . stammered like a child, or an amazed, imperfect person.

Jer. Taylor.

3. Not fulfilling its design; not realizing an ideal; not conformed to a standard or rule; not satisfying the taste or conscience; esthetically or morally defective.

> Nothing imperfect or deficient left
> Of all that he created.

Milton.

> Then say not man's imperfect, Heaven in fault;
> Say rather, man's as perfect as he ought.

Pope.

Imperfect arch, an arch of less than a semicircle; a skew arch. -- Imperfect cadence (Mus.), one not ending with the tonic, but with the dominant or some other chord; one not giving complete rest; a half close. -- Imperfect consonances (Mus.), chords like the third and sixth, whose ratios are less simple than those of the fifth and forth. -- Imperfect flower (Bot.), a flower wanting either stamens or pistils. Gray. -- Imperfect interval (Mus.), one a semitone less than perfect; as, an imperfect fifth. -- Imperfect number (Math.), a number either greater or less than the sum of its several divisors; in the former case, it is called also a defective number; in the latter, an abundant number. -- Imperfect obligations (Law), obligations as of charity or gratitude, which cannot be enforced by law. -- Imperfect power (Math.), a number which can not be produced by taking any whole number or vulgar fraction, as a factor, the number of times indicated by the power; thus, 9 is a perfect square, but an imperfect cube. -- Imperfect tense (Gram.), a tense expressing past time and incomplete action.

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Im*per"fect (?), n. (Gram.) The imperfect tense; or the form of a verb denoting the imperfect tense.

Im*per"fect, v. t. To make imperfect. [Obs.]

Im`per*fec`ti*bil"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being imperfectible. [R.]

Im`per*fec"ti*ble (?), a. Incapable of being made perfect. [R.]

Im`per*fec"tion (?), n. [L. imperfectio: cf. F. imperfection. See Imperfect, a.] The quality or condition of being imperfect; want of perfection; incompleteness; deficiency; fault or blemish.

> Sent to my account
> With all my imperfections on my head.

Shak.

Syn. -- Defect; deficiency; incompleteness; fault; failing; weakness; frailty; foible; blemish; vice.

Im*per"fect*ness, n. The state of being imperfect.

Im*per"fo*ra*ble (?), a. [See Imperforate.] Incapable of being perforated, or bored through.

||Im*per"fo*ra"ta (?), n. pl. [NL. See Imperforate.] (Zoöl.) A division of Foraminifera, including those in which the shell is not porous.

{ Im*per"fo*rate (?), Im*per"fo*ra"ted (?), } a. [L. pref. im- not + perforatus, p. p. of perforate to perforate. See Perforate.] Not perforated; having no opening or aperture. Sir J. Banks.

Im*per`fo*ra"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. imperforation.] The state of being without perforation.

Im*pe"ri*al (?), a. [OE. emperial, OF. emperial, F. impérial, fr. L. imperialis, fr. imperium command, sovereignty, empire. See Empire.] 1. Of or pertaining to an empire, or to an emperor; as, an imperial government; imperial authority or edict.

> The last
> That wore the imperial diadem of Rome.

Shak.

2. Belonging to, or suitable to, supreme authority, or one who wields it; royal; sovereign; supreme. "The imperial democracy of Athens." Mitford.

> Who, as Ulysses says, opinion crowns
> With an imperial voice.

Shak.

> To tame the proud, the fetter'd slave to free,
> These are imperial arts, and worthy thee.

Dryden.

> He sounds his imperial clarion along the whole line of battle.

E. Everett.

3. Of superior or unusual size or excellence; as, imperial paper; imperial tea, etc.

Imperial bushel, gallon, etc. See Bushel, Gallon, etc. -- Imperial chamber, the, the sovereign court of the old German empire. -- Imperial city, under the first German empire, a city having no head but the emperor. -- Imperial diet, an assembly of all the states of the German empire. -- Imperial drill. (Manuf.) See under 8th Drill. -- Imperial eagle. (Zoöl.) See Eagle. -- Imperial green. See Paris green, under Green. -- Imperial guard, the royal guard instituted by Napoleon I. - - Imperial weights and measures, the standards legalized by the British Parliament.

Im*pe"ri*al, n. [F. impériale: cf. Sp. imperial.]

1. The tuft of hair on a man's lower lip and chin; -- so called from the style of beard of Napoleon III.

2. An outside seat on a diligence. T. Hughes.

3. A luggage case on the top of a coach. Simmonds.

4. Anything of unusual size or excellence, as a large decanter, a kind of large photograph, a large sheet of drawing, printing, or writing paper, etc.

5. A gold coin of Russia worth ten rubles, or about eight dollars. McElrath.

6. A kind of fine cloth brought into England from Greece. or other Eastern countries, in the Middle Ages.

Im*pe"ri*al*ism (?), n. The power or character of an emperor; imperial authority; the spirit of empire.

> Roman imperialism had divided the world.

C. H. Pearson.

Im*pe"ri*al*ist, n. [Cf. F. impérialiste.] One who serves an emperor; one who favors imperialism.

Im*pe`ri*al"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Imperialities (&?;).

1. Imperial power.

2. An imperial right or privilegs. See Royalty.

> The late empress having, by ukases of grace, relinquished her imperialities on the private mines, viz., the tenths of the copper, iron, silver and gold.

W. Tooke.

Im*pe"ri*al*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imperialized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Imperializing (?).] To invest with imperial authority, character, or style; to bring to the form of an empire. Fuller.

Im*pe"ri*al*ly, adv. In an imperial manner.

Im*pe"ri*al*ly (?), n. Imperial power. [R.] Sheldon.

Im*per"il (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imperiled (?) or Imperilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Imperiling or Imperilling.] To bring into peril; to endanger.

Im*per"il*ment (?), n. The act of imperiling, or the state of being imperiled.

Im*pe"ri*ous (?), a. [L. imperiosus: cf. F. impérieux. See Imperial.] 1. Commanding; ascendant; imperial; lordly; majestic. [Obs.] "A vast and imperious mind." Tilloison.

> Therefore, great lords, be, as your titles witness,
> Imperious.

Shak.

2. Haughly; arrogant; overbearing; as, an imperious tyrant; an imperious manner.

> This imperious man will work us all
> From princes into pages.

Shak.

> His bold, contemptuous, and imperious spirit soon made him conspicuous.

Macaulay.

3. Imperative; urgent; compelling.

> Imperious need, which can not be withstood.

Dryden.

Syn. -- Dictatorial; haughty; domineering; overbearing; lordly; tyrannical; despotic; arrogant; imperative; authoritative; commanding; pressing. -- Imperious, Lordly, Domineering. One who is imperious exercises his authority in a manner highly offensive for its spirit and tone; one who is lordly assumes a lofty air in order to display his importance; one who is domineering gives orders in a way to make others feel their inferiority.

Im*pe"ri*ous*ly, adv. In an imperious manner.

Im*pe"ri*ous*ness, n. The quality or state of being imperious; arrogance; haughtiness.

> Imperiousness and severity is but an ill way of treating men who have reason of their own to guide them.

Locke.

Im*per`ish*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being imperishable: indstructibility. "The imperishability of the universe." Milman.

Im*per"ish*a*ble (?), a. [Pref. im- not + perishable: cf. F. impérissable.] Not perishable; not subject to decay; indestructible; enduring permanently; as, an imperishable monument; imperishable renown. -- Im*per"ish*a*ble*ness, n. -- Im*per"ish*a*bly, adv.

Im*per"i"wigged (?), a. Wearing a periwig.

{ Im*per"ma*nence (?), Im*per"ma*nen*cy (?), } n. lack of permanence.

Im*per"ma*nent (?), a. Not permanent.

Im*per`me*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Pref. im- not + permeability: cf. F. imperméabilité.] The quality of being impermeable.

Im*per"me*a*ble (?), a. [Pref. im- not + permeable: cf. F. imperméable, L. impermeabilis.] Not permeable; not permitting passage, as of a fluid. through its substance; impervious; impenetrable; as, India rubber is impermeable to water and to air. -- Im*per"me*a*ble*ness, n. -- Im*per"me*a*bly, adv.

Im`per*mis"si*ble (?), a. Not permissible.

Im`per*scru"ta*ble (?), a. [L. imperscrutabilis.] Not capable of being searched out; inscrutable. [Obs.] -- Im`per*scru"ta*ble*ness, n. [Obs.]

Im`per*sev"er*ant (?), a. Not persevering; fickle; thoughtless. [Obs.]

Im*per"son*al (?), a. [L. impersonalis; pref. im- not + personalis personal: cf. F. impersonnel. See Personal.] Not personal; not representing a person; not having personality.

> An almighty but impersonal power, called Fate.

Sir J. Stephen.

Impersonal verb (Gram.), a verb used with an indeterminate subject, commonly, in English, with the impersonal pronoun it; as, it rains; it snows; methinks (it seems to me). Many verbs which are not strictly impersonal are often used impersonally; as, it goes well with him.

Im*per"son*al, n. That which wants personality; specifically (Gram.), an impersonal verb.

Im*per`son*al"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being impersonal; want or absence of personality.

Im*per"son*al*ly (?), adv. In an impersonal manner.

Im*per"son*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impersonated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Impersonating.] 1. To invest with personality; to endow with the form of a living being.

2. To ascribe the qualities of a person to; to personify.

3. To assume, or to represent, the person or character of; to personate; as, he impersonated Macbeth.

> Benedict impersonated his age.

Milman.

{ Im*per`son*a"tion (?), Im`per*son`i*fi*ca"tion (?), } n. The act of impersonating; personification; investment with personality; representation in a personal form.

Im*per"son*a`tor (?), n. One who impersonates; an actor; a mimic.

Im*per`spi*cu"i*ty (?), n. Want of perspicuity or clearness; vagueness; ambiguity.

Im`per*spic"u*ous (?), a. Not perspicuous; not clear; obscure; vague; ambiguous.

Im`per*suad"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. Impersuasible.] Not to be persuaded; obstinate; unyielding; impersuasible. -- Im`per*suad"a*ble*ness, n.

Im`per*sua"si*ble (?), a. [Pref. im- not + persuasible: cf. OF. impersuasible.] Not persuasible; not to be moved by persuasion; inflexible; impersuadable. Dr. H. More. -- Im`per*sua`si*bil"i*ty (#), n.

Im*per"ti*nence (?), n. [Cf. F. impertinence. See Impertinent.] 1. The condition or quality of being impertinent; absence of pertinence, or of adaptedness; irrelevance; unfitness.

2. Conduct or language unbecoming the person, the society, or the circumstances; rudeness; incivility.

> We should avoid the vexation and impertinence of pedants who affect to talk in a language not to be understood.

Swift.

3. That which is impertinent; a thing out of place, or of no value.

> There are many subtile impertinences learned in schools.

Watts.

Im*per"ti*nen*cy (?), n. Impertinence. [R.]

> O, matter and impertinency mixed!
> Reason in madness!

Shak.

Im*per"ti*nent (?), a. [F., fr. L. impertinens, -entis; pref. im- not + pertinens. See Pertinent.] 1. Not pertinent; not pertaining to the matter in hand; having no bearing on the subject; not to the point; irrelevant; inapplicable.

> Things that are impertinent to us.

Tillotson.

> How impertinent that grief was which served no end!

Jer. Taylor.

2. Contrary to, or offending against, the rules of propriety or good breeding; guilty of, or prone to, rude, unbecoming, or uncivil words or actions; as, an impertient coxcomb; an impertient remark.

3. Trifing; inattentive; frivolous.

Syn. -- Rude; officious; intrusive; saucy; unmannerly; meddlesome; disrespectful; impudent; insolent. -- Impertinent, Officious, Rude. A person is officious who obtrudes his offices or assistance where they are not needed; he is impertinent when he intermeddles in things with which he has no concern. The former shows a want of tact, the latter a want of breeding, or, more commonly, a spirit of sheer impudence. A person is rude when he violates the proprieties of social life either from ignorance or wantonness. "An impertinent man will ask questions for the mere gratification of curiosity; a rude man will burst into the room of another, or push against his person, inviolant of all decorum; one who is officious is quite as unfortunate as he is troublesome; when he strives to serve, he has the misfortune to annoy." Crabb. See Impudence, and Insolent.

Im*per"ti*nent, n. An impertinent person. [R.]

Im*per"ti*nent*ly, adv. In an impertinent manner. "Not to betray myself impertinently." B. Jonson.

Im`per*tran`si*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being impertransible. [R.]

Im`per*tran"si*ble (?), a. [L. pref. im- not + pertransire to go through. See Per- and Transient.] Incapable of being passed through. [R.]

Im`per*turb`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being imperturbable.
[1913 Webster]

Im`per*turb"a*ble (?), a. [L. imperturbabilis; pref. im- not + perturbare to disturb: cf. F. imperturbable. See Perture.] Incapable of being disturbed or disconcerted; as, imperturbable gravity.

Im`per*turb"a*bly, adv. In an imperturbable manner; calmly. C. Bronté.

Im*per`tur*ba"tion (?), n. [L. imperturbatio.] Freedom from agitation of mind; calmness; quietude. W. Montagu.

Im`per*turbed" (?), a. Not perturbed.

Im*per`vi*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being imperviable.

Im*per"vi*a*ble (?), a. Not pervious; impervious. [R.] -- Im*per"vi*a*ble*ness, n. [R.]

Im*per"vi*ous (?), a. [L. impervius; pref. im- not + per through + via way. See Voyage.] Not pervious; not admitting of entrance or passage through; as, a substance impervious to water or air.

> This gulf impassable, impervious.

Milton.

> The minds of these zealots were absolutely impervious.

Macaulay.

Syn. -- Impassable; pathless; impenetrable; imperviable; impermeable.

-- Im*per"vi*ous*ly, adv. -- Im*per"vi*ous*ness, n.

Im"per*y (?), n. Empery. [Archaic] Joye.

Im*pest" (?), v. t. To affict with pestilence; to infect, as with plague. [Obs.]

Im*pes"ter (?), v. t. See Pester. [Obs.]

Im`pe*tig"i*nous (?), a. [L. impetiginous: cf. F. impétigineux.] Of the nature of, or pertaining to, impetigo.

||Im`pe*ti"go (?), n. [L., fr. impetere to attack.] (Med.) A cutaneous, pustular eruption, not attended with fever; usually, a kind of eczema with pustulation.

Im"pe*tra*ble (?) a. [L. impetrabilis: cf. F. impétrable. See Impetrate.] Capable of being obtained or moved by petition. [Obs.] Bailey.

Im"pe*trate (?), a. [L. impetratus, p. p. of impetrare to obtain; pref. im- in + patrare to bring to pass.] Obtained by entreaty. [Obs.] Ld. Herbert.

Im"pe*trate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impetrated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Impetrating (?).] To obtain by request or entreaty. Usher.

Im`pe*tra"tion (?), n. [L. impetratio: cf. F. impétration.] 1. The act of impetrating, or obtaining by petition or entreaty. [Obs.]

> In way of impertation procuring the removal or allevation of our crosses.

Barrow.

2. (Old Eng. Law) The obtaining of benefice from Rome by solicitation, which benefice belonged to the disposal of the king or other lay patron of the realm.

Im"pe*tra*tive (?), a. [L. impetrativus obtained by entreaty.] Of the nature of impetration; getting, or tending to get, by entreaty. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Im"pe*tra*to*ry (?), a. Containing or expressing entreaty. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Im*pet`u*os"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. impétuosité.] 1. The condition or quality of being impetuous; fury; violence.

2. Vehemence, or furiousnes of temper. Shak.

Im*pet"u*ous (?), a. [F. impetueux, L. impetuosus. See Impetus.] 1. Rushing with force and violence; moving with impetus; furious; forcible; violent; as, an impetuous wind; an impetuous torrent.

> Went pouring forward with impetuous speed.

Byron.

2. Vehement in feeling; hasty; passionate; violent; as, a man of impetuous temper.

> The people, on their holidays,
> Impetuous, insolent, unquenchable.

Milton.

Syn. -- Forcible; rapid; hasty; precipitate; furious; boisterous; violent; raging; fierce; passionate.

-- Im*pet"u*ous*ly, adv. -- Im*pet"u*ous*ness, n.

Im"pe*tus (?), n. [L., fr. impetere to rush upon, attack; pref. im- in + petere to fall upon, seek. See Petition.] 1. A property possessed by a moving body in virtue of its weight and its motion; the force with which any body is driven or impelled; momentum.

Momentum is the technical term, impetus its popular equivalent, yet differing from it as applied commonly to bodies moving or moved suddenly or violently, and indicating the origin and intensity of the motion, rather than its quantity or effectiveness.

2. Fig.: Impulse; incentive; vigor; force. Buckle.

3. (Gun.) The altitude through which a heavy body must fall to acquire a velocity equal to that with which a ball is discharged from a piece.

<! p. 736 !>

Im"pey*an pheas"ant (m"p*an fz"ant). [From Lady Impey, who attempted to naturalize the bird in England.] (Zoöl.) An Indian crested pheasant of the genus Lophophorus. Several species are known. Called also monaul, monal.

They are remarkable for the bright color and brilliant matallic hues of their plumage. The best known species (L. Impeyanus) has the neck of a brilliant metallic red, changing to golden yellow in certain lights.

Im"phee (m"f), n. (Bot.) The African sugar cane (Holcus saccharatus), -- resembling the sorghum, or Chinese sugar cane.

Im*pic"tured (m*pk"trd; 135), a. Pictured; impressed. [Obs.] Spenser.

Im*pierce" (m*prs"), v. t. [Pref. im- in + pierce. Cf. Empierce.] To pierce; to penetrate. [Obs.] Drayton.

Im*pierce"a*ble (-*b'l) a. Not capable of being pierced; impenetrable. [Obs.] Spenser.

Im*pi"e*ty (m*p"*t), n.; pl. Impieties (- tz). [L. impietas, fr. impius impious; cf. F. impiété. See Impious, Piety.] 1. The quality of being impious; want of piety; irreverence toward the Supreme Being; ungodliness; wickedness.

2. An impious act; an act of wickedness.

> Those impieties for the which they are now visited.

Shak.

Syn. -- Ungodliness; irreligion; unrighteousness; sinfulness; profaneness; wickedness; godlessness.

Im*pig"no*rate (m*pg"n*rt), v. t. [LL. impignoratus, p. pl of impignorare to pawn. See Pignoration.] To pledge or pawn. [Obs.] Laing.

Im*pig`no*ra"tion (-r"shn), n. [LL. impignoratio: cf. F. impignoration.] The act of pawning or pledging; the state of being pawned. [Obs.] Bailey.

Imp"ing (mp"ng), n. [See Imp to graft.] 1. The act or process of grafting or mending. [Archaic]

2. (Falconry) The process of repairing broken feathers or a deficient wing.

Im*pinge" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impinged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Impinging (?).] [L. impingere; pref. im- in + pangere to fix, strike; prob. akin to pacisci to agree, contract. See Pact, and cf. Impact.] To fall or dash against; to touch upon; to strike; to hit; to clash with; -- with on or upon.

> The cause of reflection is not the impinging of light on the solid or impervious parts of bodies.

Sir I. Newton.

> But, in the present order of things, not to be employed without impinging on God's justice.

Bp. Warburton.

Im*pinge"ment (?), n. The act of impinging.

Im*pin"gent (?), a. [L. impingens, p. pr.] Striking against or upon.

Im*pin"guate (?), v. t. [L. impinguatus, p. p. of impinguare to fatten; pref. im- in + pinguis fat.] To fatten; to make fat. [Obs.] Bacon.

Im`pin*gua"tion (?), n. The act of making fat, or the state of being fat or fattened. [Obs.]

Im"pi*ous (?), a. [L. impius; pref. im- not + pius piou. See Pious.] Not pious; wanting piety; irreligious; irreverent; ungodly; profane; wanting in reverence for the Supreme Being; as, an impious deed; impious language.

> When vice prevails, and impious men bear away,
> The post of honor is a private station.

Addison.

Syn. -- Impious, Irreligious, Profane. Irreligious is negative, impious and profane are positive. An indifferent man may be irreligious; a profane man is irreverent in speech and conduct; an impious man is wickedly and boldly defiant in the strongest sense. Profane also has the milder sense of secular. C. J. Smith.

-- Im"pi*ous*ly, adv. -- Im"pi*ous*ness, n.

Im"pire (?), n. See Umpire. [Obs.] Huloet.

Imp"ish (mp"sh), a. Having the qualities, or showing the characteristics, of an imp.

Imp"ish*ly, adv. In the manner of an imp.

Im*pit"e*ous (?), a. Pitiless; cruel. [Obs.]

Im*pla`ca*bil"i*ty (?), n. [L. implacabilitas: cf. F. implacabilité.] The quality or state of being implacable.

Im*pla"ca*ble (?), a. [L. implacabilis; pref. im- not + placabilis: cf. F. implacable. See Placable.] 1. Not placable; not to be appeased; incapable of being pacified; inexorable; as, an implacable prince.

> I see thou art implacable.

Milton.

> An object of implacable enmity.

Macaulay.

2. Incapable of being relieved or assuaged; inextinguishable. [R.]

> O! how I burn with implacable fire.

Spenser.

> Which wrought them pain
> Implacable, and many a dolorous groan.

Milton.

Syn. -- Unappeasable; inexorable; irreconcilable; unrelenting; relentless; unyielding.

Im*pla"ca*ble*ness (?), n. The quality of being implacable; implacability.

Im*pla"ca*bly, adv. In an implacable manner.

Im`pla*cen"tal (?), a. (Zoöl.) Without a placenta, as marsupials and monotremes. -- n. A mammal having no placenta.

||Im`pla*cen*ta"li*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See In- not, and Placental.] (Zoöl.) A primary division of the Mammalia, including the monotremes and marsupials, in which no placenta is formed.

Im*plant" (?) v. t. [imp. & p. p. Implanted; p. pr. & vb. n. Implanting.] [Pref. im- in + plant: cf. F. implanter.] To plant, or infix, for the purpose of growth; to fix deeply; to instill; to inculate; to introduce; as, to implant the seeds of virtue, or the principles of knowledge, in the minds of youth.

> Minds well implanted with solid . . . breeding.

Milton.

Im`plan*ta"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. implantation.] The act or process of implanting.

Im*plate" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Implated; p. pr. & vb. n. Implating.] To cover with plates; to sheathe; as, to implate a ship with iron.

Im*plau`si*bil"i*ty (?), n. Want of plausibility; the quality of being implausible.

Im*plau"si*ble (?), a. [Pref. im- not + plausible: cf. F. implausible.] Not plausible; not wearing the appearance of truth or credibility, and not likely to be believed. "Implausible harangues." Swift.

-- Im*plau"si*ble*ness, n. -- Im*plau"si*bly, adv.

Im*pleach" (?), v. t. To pleach; to interweave. [Obs.] Shak.

Im*plead" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impleaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Impleading.] [Cf. Emplead.] (Law) To institute and prosecute a suit against, in court; to sue or prosecute at law; hence, to accuse; to impeach.

Im*plead", v. i. To sue at law.

Im*plead"a*ble (?), a. Not admitting excuse, evasion, or plea; rigorous. [R.] T. Adams.

Im*plead"er (?), n. (Law) One who prosecutes or sues another.

Im*pleas"ing (&?;), a. Unpleasing; displeasing. [Obs.] Overbury.

Im*pledge" (?), v. t. To pledge. Sir W. Scott.

Im"ple*ment (m"pl*ment), n. [LL. implementum accomplishment, fr. L. implere, impletum, to fill up, finish, complete; pref. im- in + plere to fill. The word was perh. confused with OF. empleier, emploier, to employ, F. employer, whence E. employ. See Plenty.] That which fulfills or supplies a want or use; esp., an instrument, tool, or utensil, as supplying a requisite to an end; as, the implements of trade, of husbandry, or of war.

> Genius must have talent as its complement and implement.

Coleridge.

Im"ple*ment, v. t. 1. To accomplish; to fulfill. [R.]

> Revenge . . . executed and implemented by the hand of Vanbeest Brown.

Sir W. Scott.

2. To provide with an implement or implements; to cause to be fulfilled, satisfied, or carried out, by means of an implement or implements.

> The chief mechanical requisites of the barometer are implemented in such an instrument as the following.

Nichol.

3. (Scots Law) To fulfill or perform, as a contract or an engagement.

Im`ple*men"tal (?), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, implements or their use; mechanical.

Im*ple"tion (?), n. [L. impletio. See Implement.] 1. The act of filling, or the state of being full. Sir T. Browne.

2. That which fills up; filling. Coleridge.

Im"plex (?), a. [L. implexus, p. p. of implectere to infold; pref. im- in + plectere to plait: cf. F implexe.] Intricate; entangled; complicated; complex.

> The fable of every poem is . . . simple or implex. it is called simple when there is no change of fortune in it; implex, when the fortune of the chief actor changes from bad to good, or from good to bad.

Addison.

Im*plex"ion (?), n. [L. implexio.] Act of involving, or state of being involved; involution.

Im*pli"a*ble (?), a. Not pliable; inflexible; unyielding.

Im"pli*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Implicated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Implicating.] [L. implicatus, p. p. of implicare to involve; pref. im- in + plicare to fold. See Employ, Ply, and cf. Imply, Implicit.] 1. To infold; to fold together; to interweave.

> The meeting boughs and implicated leaves.

Shelley.

2. To bring into connection with; to involve; to connect; -- applied to persons, in an unfavorable sense; as, the evidence implicates many in this conspiracy; to be implicated in a crime, a discreditable transaction, a fault, etc.

Im`pli*ca"tion (?), n. [L. implicatio: cf. F. implication.] 1. The act of implicating, or the state of being implicated.

> Three principal causes of firmness are. the grossness, the quiet contact, and the implication of component parts.

Boyle.

2. An implying, or that which is implied, but not expressed; an inference, or something which may fairly be understood, though not expressed in words.

> Whatever things, therefore, it was asserted that the king might do, it was a necessary implication that there were other things which he could not do.

Hallam.

Im"pli*ca*tive (?), a. Tending to implicate.

Im"pli*ca*tive*ly, adv. By implication. Sir G. Buck.

Im*plic"it (?), a. [L. implicitus, p. p. of implicare to entwine, entangle, attach closely: cf. F. implicite. See Implicate.] 1. Infolded; entangled; complicated; involved. [Obs.] Milton.

> In his woolly fleece
> I cling implicit.

Pope.

2. Tacitly comprised; fairly to be understood, though not expressed in words; implied; as, an implicit contract or agreement. South.

3. Resting on another; trusting in the word or authority of another, without doubt or reserve; unquestioning; complete; as, implicit confidence; implicit obedience.

> Back again to implicit faith I fall.

Donne.

Implicit function. (Math.) See under Function.

Im*plic"it*ly (?), adv. 1. In an implicit manner; without reserve; with unreserved confidence.

> Not to dispute the methods of his providence, but humbly and implicitly to acquiesce in and adore them.

Atterbury.

2. By implication; impliedly; as, to deny the providence of God is implicitly to deny his existence. Bentley.

Im*plic"it*ness, n. State or quality of being implicit.

Im*plic"i*ty (?), n. Implicitness. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

Im*plied" (?), a. Virtually involved or included; involved in substance; inferential; tacitly conceded; -- the correlative of express, or expressed. See Imply.

Im*pli"ed*ly (?), adv. By implication or inference. Bp. Montagu.

Im*plod"ed (?), a. (Phon.) Formed by implosion. Ellis.

Im*plod"ent (?), n. (Phon.) An implosive sound. Ellis.

Im`plo*ra"tion (?), n. [L. imploratio: cf. OF. imploration. See Implore.] The act of imploring; earnest supplication. Bp. Hall.

Im"plo*ra`tor (?), n. One who implores. [Obs.]

> Mere implorators of unholy suits.

Shak.

Im*plor"a*to*ry (?), a. Supplicatory; entreating. [R.] Carlyle.

Im*plore" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Implored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Imploring.] [L. implorare; pref. im- in + plorare to cry aloud. See Deplore.] To call upon, or for, in supplication; to beseech; to pray to, or for, earnestly; to petition with urgency; to entreat; to beg; -- followed directly by the word expressing the thing sought, or the person from whom it is sought.

> Imploring all the gods that reign above.

Pope.

> I kneel, and then implore her blessing.

Shak.

Syn. -- To beseech; supplicate; crave; entreat; beg; solicit; petition; prey; request; adjure. See Beseech.

Im*plore", v. i. To entreat; to beg; to prey.

Im*plore", n. Imploration. [Obs.] Spencer.

Im*plor"er (?), n. One who implores.

Im*plor"ing, a. That implores; beseeching; entreating. -- Im*plor"ing*ly, adv.

Im*plo"sion (?), n. [Formed by substitution of pref. im- in for pref. ex- in explosion.] 1. A bursting inwards, as of a vessel from which the air has been exhausted; -- contrasted with explosion.

2. (Phon.) A sudden compression of the air in the mouth, simultaneously with and affecting the sound made by the closure of the organs in uttering p, t, or k, at the end of a syllable (see Guide to Pronunciation, §§159, 189); also, a similar compression made by an upward thrust of the larynx without any accompanying explosive action, as in the peculiar sound of b, d, and g, heard in Southern Germany. H. Sweet.

Im*plo"sive (?), a. (Phon.) Formed by implosion. -- n. An implosive sound, an implodent. -- Im*plo"sive*ly, adv. H. Sweet.

Im*plumed" (?), a. Not plumed; without plumes or feathers; featherless. [R.] Drayton.

Im*plunge" (?), v. t. To plunge. Fuller.

||Im*plu"vi*um (?), n. [L., fr. impluere to rain into; pref. im- in + pluere to rain.] (Arch.) In Roman dwellings, a cistern or tank, set in the atrium or peristyle to recieve the water from the roof, by means of the compluvium; generally made ornamental with flowers and works of art around its birm.

Im*ply" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Implied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Implying.] [From the same source as employ. See Employ, Ply, and cf. Implicate, Apply.] 1. To infold or involve; to wrap up. [Obs.] "His head in curls implied." Chapman.

2. To involve in substance or essence, or by fair inference, or by construction of law, when not include virtually; as, war implies fighting.

> Where a malicious act is proved, a malicious intention is implied.

Bp. Sherlock.

> When a man employs a laborer to work for him, . . . the act of hiring implies an obligation and a promise that he shall pay him a reasonable reward for his services.

Blackstone.

3. To refer, ascribe, or attribute. [Obs.]

> Whence might this distaste arise?

> If [from] neither your perverse and peevish will.
> To which I most imply it.

J. Webster.

Syn. -- To involve; include; comprise; import; mean; denote; signify; betoken. See Involve.

Im*poi"son (?), v. t. [Cf. Empoison.] To poison; to imbitter; to impair.

Im*poi"son*er (?), n. A poisoner. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Im*poi"son*ment (?), n. [Cf. Empoisonment.] The act of poisoning or impoisoning. [Obs.] Pope.

{ Im*po"lar*i*ly (?), Im*po"lar*ly (?), } adv. Not according to or in, the direction of the poles. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Im*pol"i*cy (?), n. The quality of being impolitic; inexpedience; unsuitableness to the end proposed; bads policy; as, the impolicy of fraud. Bp. Horsley.

Im`po*lite" (?), a. [L. impolitus unpolishied, pref. im- not + politus, p. p. of polire to polish, refine. See Polite.] Not polite; not of polished manners; wanting in good manners; discourteous; uncivil; rude. -- Im`po*lite"ly, adv. -- Im`po*lite"ness, n.

Im*pol"i*tic (?), a. [Pref. im- not + politic; cf. F. impolitique.] Not politic; contrary to, or wanting in, policy; unwise; imprudent; indiscreet; inexpedient; as, an impolitic ruler, law, or measure.

> The most unjust and impolitic of all things, unequal taxation.

Burke.

Syn. -- Indiscreet; inexpedient; undiplomatic.

<! p. 737 !>

Im`po*lit"i*cal (?), a. Impolitic. [Obs.] -- Im`po*lit"i*cal*ly, adv. [Obs.] Bacon.

Im*pol"i*tic*ly (?), adv. In an impolitic manner.

Im*pol"i*tic*ness, n. The quality of being impolitic.

Im*pon`der*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. impondérabilité.] The quality or state of being imponderable; imponderableness.

Im*pon"der*a*ble (?), a. [Pref. im- not + ponderable: cf. F. impondérable.] Not ponderable; without sensible or appreciable weight; incapable of being weighed.

Im*pon"der*a*ble, n. (Physics) An imponderable substance or body; specifically, in the plural, a name formerly applied to heat, light, electricity, and magnetism, regarded as subtile fluids destitute of weight but in modern science little used.

Im*pon"der*a*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being imponderable.

Im*pon"der*ous (?), a. Imponderable. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. -- Im*pon"der*ous*ness, n. [Obs.]

Im*pone" (?), v. t. [L. imponere, impositum, to place upon; pref. im- in + ponere to place. See Position.] To stake; to wager; to pledge. [Obs.]

> Against the which he has imponed, as I take it, six French rapiers and poniards.

Shak.

||Im*poo"fo (?), n. (Zoöl.) The eland. [Written also impoofoo.]

||Im*poon" (?), n. (Zoöl.) The duykerbok.

Im*poor" (?), v. t. To impoverish. [Obs.]

Im`po*ros"i*ty (?), n. [Perf. im- not + porosity: cf. F. imporosité.] The state or quality of being imporous; want of porosity; compactness. "The . . . imporosity betwixt the tangible parts." Bacon.

Im*por"ous (?), a. Destitute of pores; very close or compact in texture; solid. Sir T. Browne.

Im*port" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imported; p. pr. & vb. n. Importing.] [L. importare to bring in, to occasion, to cause; pref. im- in + portare to bear. Sense 3 comes through F. importer, from the Latin. See Port demeanor.] 1. To bring in from abroad; to introduce from without; especially, to bring (wares or merchandise) into a place or country from a foreign country, in the transactions of commerce; -- opposed to export. We import teas from China, coffee from Brasil, etc.

2. To carry or include, as meaning or intention; to imply; to signify.

> Every petition . . . doth . . . always import a multitude of speakers together.

Hooker.

3. To be of importance or consequence to; to have a bearing on; to concern.

> I have a motion much imports your good.

Shak.

> If I endure it, what imports it you?

Dryden.

Syn. -- To denote; mean; signify; imply; indicate; betoken; interest; concern.

Im*port", v. i. To signify; to purport; to be of moment. "For that . . . importeth to the work." Bacon.

Im"port (?), n. 1. Merchandise imported, or brought into a country from without its boundaries; -- generally in the plural, opposed to exports.

> I take the imports from, and not the exports to, these conquests, as the measure of these advantages which we derived from them.

Burke.

2. That which a word, phrase, or document contains as its signification or intention or interpretation of a word, action, event, and the like.

3. Importance; weight; consequence.

> Most serious design, and the great import.

Shak.

Im*port"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. importable. See Import.] Capable of being imported.

Im*port"a*ble, a. [L. importabilis; pref. im- not + portabilis bearable: cf. OF. importable. See Portable.] Not to be endured; insupportable; intolerable. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Im*port"a*ble*ness, n. [Obs.]

Im*por"tance (?), n. [F. importance. See Important.] 1. The quality or state of being important; consequence; weight; moment; significance.

> Thy own importance know,
> Nor bound thy narrow views to things below.

Pope.

2. Subject; matter. [Obs.]

> Upon importance of so slight and trivial a nature.

Shak.

3. Import; meaning; significance. [Obs.]

> The wisest beholder could not say if the importance were joy or sorrow.

Shak.

4. Importunity; solicitation. [Obs.]

> At our importance hither is he come.

Shak.

Im*por"tan*cy (?), n. Importance; significance; consequence; that which is important. [Obs.] Shak. "Careful to conceal importancies." Fuller.

Im*por"tant (?), a. [F. important. See Import, v. t.] 1. Full of, or burdened by, import; charged with great interests; restless; anxious. [Obs.]

> Thou hast strength as much
> As serves to execute a mind very important.

Chapman.

2. Carrying or possessing weight or consequence; of valuable content or bearing; significant; weighty.

> Things small as nothing . . .
> He makes important.

Shak.

3. Bearing on; forcible; driving. [Obs.]

> He fiercely at him flew,
> And with important outrage him assailed.

Spenser.

4. Importunate; pressing; urgent. [Obs.] Shak.

Syn. -- Weighty; momentous; significant; essential; necessary; considerable; influential; serious.

Im*por"tant*ly, adv. In an important manner.

Im`por*ta"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. importation. See Import, v. t.] 1. The act of carrying, conveying, or delivering. [R.]

2. The act or practice of importing, or bringing into a country or state; -- opposed to exportation.

3. That which is imported; commodities or wares introduced into a country from abroad.

Im*port"er (?), n. One who imports; the merchant who brings goods into a country or state; -- opposed to exporter.

Im*port"ing, a. Full of meaning. [Obs.] Shak.

Im*port"less, a. Void of meaning. [Obs.] Shak.

Im*por"tu*na*ble (?), a. Heavy; insupportable. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Im*por"tu*na*cy (?), n. [From Importunate.] The quality of being importunate; importunateness.

Im*por"tu*nate (?), a. [See Importune.] 1. Troublesomely urgent; unreasonably solicitous; overpressing in request or demand; urgent; teasing; as, an impotunate petitioner, curiosity. Whewell.

2. Hard to be borne; unendurable. [R.] Donne.

-- Im*por"tu*nate*ly, adv. -- Im*por"tu*nate*ness, n.

Im*por"tu*na`tor (?), n. One who importunes; an importuner. [Obs.] Sir E. Sandys.

Im`por*tune" (?), a. [F. importun, L. importunus; pref. im- not + a derivative from the root of portus harbor, importunus therefore orig. meaning, hard of access. See Port harbor, and cf. Importunate.] 1. Inopportune; unseasonable. [Obs.]

2. Troublesome; vexatious; persistent; urgent; hence, vexatious on account of untimely urgency or pertinacious solicitation. [Obs.]

> And their importune fates all satisfied.

Spenser.

> Of all other affections it [envy] is the most importune and continual.

Bacon.

Im`por*tune", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Importuned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Importuning.] [From Importune, a.: cf. F. importuner.] 1. To request or solicit, with urgency; to press with frequent, unreasonable, or troublesome application or pertinacity; hence, to tease; to irritate; to worry.

> Their ministers and residents here have perpetually importuned the court with unreasonable demands.

Swift.

2. To import; to signify. [Obs.] "It importunes death." Spenser.

Im`por*tune", v. i. To require; to demand. [Obs.]

> We shall write to you,
> As time and our concernings shall importune.

Shak.

Im`por*tune"ly, adv. In an importune manner. [Obs.]

Im`por*tun"er (?), n. One who importunes.

Im`por*tu"ni*ty (?), n.; pl. Importunities (#). [L. importunitas unsuitableness, rudeness: cf. F. importunité.] The quality of being importunate; pressing or pertinacious solicitation; urgent request; incessant or frequent application; troublesome pertinacity.

> O'ercome with importunity and tears.

Milton.

Im*por"tu*ous (?), a. [L. importuosus; pref. im- not + portuosus abounding in harbors, fr. portus harbor.] Without a port or harbor. [R.]

Im*pos"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. imposable.] Capable of being imposed or laid on. Hammond.

Im*pos"a*ble*ness, n. Quality of being imposable.

Im*pose" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imposed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Imposing.] [F. imposer; pref. im- in + poser to place. See Pose, v. t.] 1. To lay on; to set or place; to put; to deposit.

> Cakes of salt and barley [she] did impose
> Within a wicker basket.

Chapman.

2. To lay as a charge, burden, tax, duty, obligation, command, penalty, etc.; to enjoin; to levy; to inflict; as, to impose a toll or tribute.

> What fates impose, that men must needs abide.

Shak.

> Death is the penalty imposed.

Milton.

> Thou on the deep imposest nobler laws.

Waller.

3. (Eccl.) To lay on, as the hands, in the religious rites of confirmation and ordination.

4. (Print.) To arrange in proper order on a table of stone or metal and lock up in a chase for printing; -- said of columns or pages of type, forms, etc.

Im*pose", v. i. To practice tricks or deception.

To impose on or upon, to pass or put a trick on; to delude. "He imposes on himself, and mistakes words for things." Locke.

Im*pose", n. A command; injunction. [Obs.] Shak.

Im*pose"ment (?), n. Imposition. [Obs.]

Im*pos"er (?), n. One who imposes.

> The imposers of these oaths might repent.

Walton.

Im*pos"ing, a. 1. Laying as a duty; enjoining.

2. Adapted to impress forcibly; impressive; commanding; as, an imposing air; an imposing spectacle. "Large and imposing edifices." Bp. Hobart.

3. Deceiving; deluding; misleading.

Im*pos"ing, n. (Print.) The act of imposing the columns of a page, or the pages of a sheet. See Impose, v. t., 4.

Imposing stone (Print.), the stone on which the pages or columns of types are imposed or made into forms; - - called also imposing table.

Im*pos"ing*ly, adv. In an imposing manner.

Im*pos"ing*ness, n. The quality of being imposing.

Im`po*si"tion (?), n. [F., fr. L. impositio the application of a name to a thing. See Impone.] 1. The act of imposing, laying on, affixing, enjoining, inflicting, obtruding, and the like. "From imposition of strict laws." Milton.

> Made more solemn by the imposition of hands.

Hammond.

2. That which is imposed, levied, or enjoined; charge; burden; injunction; tax.

3. (Eng. Univ.) An extra exercise enjoined on students as a punishment. T. Warton.

4. An excessive, arbitrary, or unlawful exaction; hence, a trick or deception put on laid on others; cheating; fraud; delusion; imposture.

> Reputation is an idle and most false imposition.

Shak.

5. (Eccl.) The act of laying on the hands as a religious ceremoy, in ordination, confirmation, etc.

6. (Print.) The act or process of imosing pages or columns of type. See Impose, v. t., 4.

Syn. -- Deceit; fraud; imposture. See Deception.

Im*pos`si*bil"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Impossibilities (#). [L. impossibilitas: cf. F. impossibilité.] 1. The quality of being impossible; impracticability.

> They confound difficulty with impossibility.

South.

2. An impossible thing; that which can not be thought, done, or endured.

> Impossibilities! O, no, there's none.

Cowley.

3. Inability; helplessness. [R.] Latimer.

Logical impossibility, a condition or statement involving contradiction or absurdity; as, that a thing can be and not be at the same time. See Principle of Contradiction, under Contradiction.

Im*pos"si*ble (?), a. [F., fr. L. impossibilis; pref. im- not + possibilis possible. See Possible.] Not possible; incapable of being done, of existing, etc.; unattainable in the nature of things, or by means at command; insuperably difficult under the circumstances; absurd or impracticable; not feasible.

> With men this is impossible; but with God all things are possible.

Matt. xix. 26.

> Without faith it is impossible to please him.

Heb. xi. 6.

Impossible quantity (Math.), an imaginary quantity. See Imaginary.

Syn. -- See Impracticable.

Im*pos"si*ble, n. An impossibility. [Obs.]

> "Madam," quoth he, "this were an impossible!"

Chaucer.

Im*pos"si*bly, adv. Not possibly. Sir. T. North.

Im"post (?), n. [OF. impost, F. impot, LL. impostus, fr. L. impostus, p. p. of imponere to impose. See Impone.] 1. That which is imposed or levied; a tax, tribute, or duty; especially, a duty or tax laid by goverment on goods imported into a country.

> Even the ship money . . . Johnson could not pronounce to have been an unconstitutional impost.

Macaulay.

2. (Arch.) The top member of a pillar, pier, wall, etc., upon which the weight of an arch rests.

The impost is called continuous, if the moldings of the arch or architrave run down the jamb or pier without a break.

Syn. -- Tribute; excise; custom; duty; tax.

Im*post"hu*mate (?), v. t. [See Imposthume.] To apostemate; to form an imposthume or abscess. Arbuthnot.

Im*post"hu*mate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imposthumated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Imposthumating (?).] To affect with an imposthume or abscess.

Im*post"hu*mate (?), a. Imposthumated.

Im*post`hu*ma"tion (?), n. 1. The act of forming an abscess; state of being inflamed; suppuration.

2. An abscess; an imposthume. Coxe.

Im*post"hume (?), n. [A corruption of aposteme. See Aposteme.] A collection of pus or purulent matter in any part of an animal body; an abscess.

Im*post"hume, v. t. & i. Same as Imposthumate.

Im*pos"tor (?), n. [L. impostor a deceiver, fr. imponere to impose upon, deceive. See Impone.] One who imposes upon others; a person who assumes a character or title not his own, for the purpose of deception; a pretender. "The fraudulent impostor foul." Milton.

Syn. -- Deceiver; cheat; rogue. See Deceiver.

Im*pos"tor*ship, n. The condition, character, or practice of an impostor. Milton.

{ Im*pos"tress (?), Im*pos"trix (?), } n. [LL. impostrix. See Impostor.] A woman who imposes upon or deceives others. [R.] Fuller.

Im*pos"trous (?), n. Characterized by imposture; deceitful. "Impostrous pretense of knowledge." Grote.

Im*pos"tur*age (?), n. Imposture; cheating. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Im*pos"ture (?), n. [L. impostura: cf. F. imposture. See Impone.] The act or conduct of an impostor; deception practiced under a false or assumed character; fraud or imposition; cheating.

> From new legends
> And fill the world with follies and impostures.

Johnson.

Syn. -- Cheat; fraud; trick; imposition; delusion.

Im*pos"tured (?), a. Done by imposture. [Obs.]

Im*pos"tur*ous (?), a. Impostrous; deceitful.

> Strictness fales and impostrous.

Beau. & Fl.

Im*pos"tur*y (?), n. Imposture. [Obs.] Fuller.

{ Im"po*tence (?), Im"po*ten*cy (?), } n. [L. impotenia inability, poverty, want of moderation. See Impotent.] 1. The quality or condition of being impotent; want of strength or power, animal, intellectual, or moral; weakness; feebleness; inability; imbecility.

> Some were poor by impotency of nature; as young fatherless children, old decrepit persons, idiots, and cripples.

Hayward.

> O, impotence of mind in body strong!

Milton.

2. Want of self-restraint or self- control. [R.] Milton.

3. (Law & Med.) Want of procreative power; inability to copulate, or beget children; also, sometimes, sterility; barrenness.

Im"po*tent (?), a. [F. impotent, L. impotens, -entis; pref. im- not + potens potent, powerful. See Potent.] 1. Not potent; wanting power, strength. or vigor. whether physical, intellectual, or moral; deficient in capacity; destitute of force; weak; feeble; infirm.

> There sat a certain man at Lystra, impotent inhis feet.

Acts xiv. 8.

> O most lame and impotent conclusion!

Shak.

> Not slow to hear,
> Nor impotent to save.

Addison.

2. Wanting the power of self-restraint; incontrolled; ungovernable; violent.

> Impotent of tongue, her silence broke.

Dryden.

3. (Med.) Wanting the power of procreation; unable to copulate; also, sometimes, sterile; barren.

Im"po*tent, n. One who is impotent. [R.] Shak.

Im"po*tent*ly, adv. In an impotent manner.

Im*pound" (&?;), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Impounding.] To shut up or place in an inclosure called a pound; hence, to hold in the custody of a court; as, to impound stray cattle; to impound a document for safe keeping.

> But taken and impounded as a stray,
> The king of Scots.

Shak.

<! p. 738 !>

Im*pound"age (m*pound"j), n. 1. The act of impounding, or the state of being impounded.

2. The fee or fine for impounding.

Im*pound"er (?), n. One who impounds.

Im*pov"er*ish (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impoverished (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Impoverishing.] [OF. empovrir; pref. em- (L. in) + povre poor, F. pauvre; cf. OF. apovrir, F. appauvrir, where the prefix is a- , L. ad. Cf. Empoverish, and see Poor, and -ish.] 1. To make poor; to reduce to poverty or indigence; as, misfortune and disease impoverish families.

2. To exhaust the strength, richness, or fertility of; to make sterile; as, to impoverish land.

Im*pov"er*ish*er (?), n. One who, or that which, impoverishes.

Im*pov"er*ish*ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. empoverissement, and F. appauvrissement.] The act of impoverishing, or the state of being impoverished; reduction to poverty. Sir W. Scott.

Im*pow"er (?), v. t. See Empower.

Imp"-pole` (&?;), n. (Building) A pole for supporting a scaffold.

Im*prac`ti*ca*bil"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Impracticabilities (&?;). 1. The state or quality of being impracticable; infeasibility. Goldsmith.

2. An impracticable thing.

3. Intractableness; stubbornness.

Im*prac"ti*ca*ble (?), a. 1. Not practicable; incapable of being performed, or accomplished by the means employed, or at command; impossible; as, an impracticable undertaking.

2. Not to be overcome, persuaded, or controlled by any reasonable method; unmanageable; intractable; not capable of being easily dealt with; -- used in a general sense, as applied to a person or thing that is difficult to control or get along with.

> This though, impracticable heart
> Is governed by a dainty-fingered girl.

Rowe.

> Patriotic but loyal men went away disgusted afresh with the impracticable arrogance of a sovereign.

Palfrey.

3. Incapable of being used or availed of; as, an impracticable road; an impracticable method.

Syn. -- Impossible; infeasible. -- Impracticable, Impossible. A thing is impracticable when it can not be accomplished by any human means at present possessed; a thing is impossible when the laws of nature forbid it. The navigation of a river may now be impracticable, but not impossible, because the existing obstructions may yet be removed. "The barons exercised the most despotic authority over their vassals, and every scheme of public utility was rendered impracticable by their continued petty wars with each other." Mickle. "With men this is impossible, but with God all things are possible." Matt. xix. 26.

Im*prac"ti*ca*ble*ness, n. The state or quality of being impracticable; impracticability.

Im*prac"ti*ca*bly, adv. In an impracticable manner.

> Morality not impracticably rigid.

Johnson.

Im*prac"ti*cal (?), a. Not practical.

Im"pre*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imprecated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Imprecating (?).] [L. imprecatus, p. p. of imprecari to imprecate; pref. im- in, on + precari to pray. See Pray.] 1. To call down by prayer, as something hurtful or calamitous.

> Imprecate the vengeance of Heaven on the guilty empire.

Mickle.

2. To invoke evil upon; to curse; to swear at.

> In vain we blast the ministers of Fate,
> And the forlorn physicians imprecate.

Rochester.

Im`pre*ca"tion (?), n. [L. imprecatio: cf. F. imprécation.] The act of imprecating, or invoking evil upon any one; a prayer that a curse or calamity may fall on any one; a curse.

> Men cowered like slaves before such horrid imprecations.

Motley.

Syn. -- Malediction; curse; execration; anathema. See Malediction.

Im"pre*ca*to*ry (?), a. Of the nature of, or containing, imprecation; invoking evil; as, the imprecatory psalms.

Im`pre*ci"sion (?), n. Want of precision. [R.]

Im*pregn" (?), v. t. [Cf. F. impregner. See Impregnate.] To impregnate; to make fruitful. [Obs.]

> His pernicious words, impregned
> With reason.

Milton.

> Semele doth Bacchus bear
> Impregned of Jove.

Dr. H. More.

Im*preg`na*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being impregnable; invincibility.

Im*preg"na*ble (?), a. [F. imprenable; pref. im- not + prenable pregnable, fr. prendre to take, L. prehendere. See Comprehend, Get to obtain.] Not to be stormed, or taken by assault; incapable of being subdued; able to resist attack; unconquerable; as, an impregnable fortress; impregnable virtue.

> The man's affection remains wholly unconcerned and impregnable.

South.

-- Im*preg"na*ble*ness, n. -- Im*preg"na*bly, adv.

Im*preg"na*ble (?), a. [See Impregnate.] (Biol.) Capable of being impregnated, as the egg of an animal, or the ovule of a plant.

Im*preg"nant (?), n. [See Impregnate.] That which impregnates. [R.] Glanvill.

Im*preg"nant, a. [Pref. im- not + pregnant.] Not pregnant; unfertilized or infertile. [R.]

Im*preg"nate (m*prg"nt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impregnated (-n*td); p. pr. & vb. n. Impregnating (-n*tng).] [LL. impraegnatus, p. p. of impraegnare to impregnate, fr. L. pref. im- in + praegnans pregnant. See Pregnant.] 1. To make pregnant; to cause to conceive; to render prolific; to get with child or young.

2. (Biol.) To come into contact with (an ovum or egg) so as to cause impregnation; to fertilize; to fecundate.

3. To infuse an active principle into; to render fruitful or fertile in any way; to fertilize; to imbue.

4. To infuse particles of another substance into; to communicate the quality of another to; to cause to be filled, imbued, mixed, or furnished (with something); as, to impregnate India rubber with sulphur; clothing impregnated with contagion; rock impregnated with ore.

Im*preg"nate (m*prg"nt), v. i. To become pregnant. Addison.

Im*preg"nate (-nt), a. [LL. impraegnatus, p. p.] Impregnated; made prolific.

> The scorching ray
> Here pierceth not, impregnate with disease.

Byron.

Im`preg*na"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. imprégnation, LL. impraegnatio.] 1. The act of impregnating or the state of being impregnated; fecundation.

2. (Biol.) The fusion of a female germ cell (ovum) with a male germ cell (in animals, a spermatozoön) to form a single new cell endowed with the power of developing into a new individual; fertilization; fecundation.

In the broadest biological sense, impregnation, or sexual generation, consists simply in the coalescence of two similar masses of protoplasmic matter, either derived from different parts of the same organism or from two distinct organisms. From the single mass, which results from the fusion, or coalescence, of these two masses, a new organism develops.

3. That with which anything is impregnated. Derham.

4. Intimate mixture; infusion; saturation.

5. (Mining) An ore deposit, with indefinite boundaries, consisting of rock impregnated with ore. Raymond.

Im`pre*ju"di*cate (?), a. Not prejudged; unprejudiced; impartial. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Im*pre"na*ble (?), a. Impregnable. [Obs.]

Im*prep`a*ra"tion (?), n. Want of preparation. [Obs.] Hooker.

||Im*pre"sa (m*pr"s), n. [It. See Emprise, and cf. Impress, n., 4.] (Her.) A device on a shield or seal, or used as a bookplate or the like. [Written also imprese and impress.]

> My impresa to your lordship; a swain
> Flying to a laurel for shelter.

J. Webster.

||Im`pre*sa"ri*o (?), n.; pl. Impresarios (#). [It., from impresa enterprise.] The projector, manager, or conductor, of an opera or concert company.

Im`pre*scrip`ti*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. imprescriptibilité.] The quality of being imprescriptible.

Im`pre*scrip"ti*ble (?), a. [Pref. im- not + prescriptible: cf. F. imprescriptible.] 1. Not capable of being lost or impaired by neglect, by disuse, or by the claims of another founded on prescription.

> The right of navigation, fishing, and others that may be exercised on the sea, belonging to the right of mere ability, are imprescriptible.

Vattel (Trans. )

2. Not derived from, or dependent on, external authority; self-evidencing; obvious.

> The imprescriptible laws of the pure reason.

Colerridge.

Im`pre*scrip"ti*bly, adv. In an imprescriptible manner; obviously.

Im*prese" (?), n. A device. See Impresa.

> An imprese, as the Italians call it, is a device in picture with his motto or word, borne by noble or learned personages.

Camden.

Im*press" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impressed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Impressing.] [L. impressus, p. p. of imprimere to impress; pref. im- in, on + premere to press. See Press to squeeze, and cf. Imprint.] 1. To press, stamp, or print something in or upon; to mark by pressure, or as by pressure; to imprint (that which bears the impression).

> His heart, like an agate, with your print impressed.

Shak.

2. To produce by pressure, as a mark, stamp, image, etc.; to imprint (a mark or figure upon something).

3. Fig.: To fix deeply in the mind; to present forcibly to the attention, etc.; to imprint; to inculcate.

> Impress the motives of persuasion upon our own hearts till we feel the force of them.

I. Watts.

4. [See Imprest, Impress, n., 5.] To take by force for public service; as, to impress sailors or money.

> The second five thousand pounds impressed for the service of the sick and wounded prisoners.

Evelyn.

Im*press", v. i. To be impressed; to rest. [Obs.]

> Such fiendly thoughts in his heart impress.

Chaucer.

Im"press (?), n.; pl. Impresses (&?;). 1. The act of impressing or making.

2. A mark made by pressure; an indentation; imprint; the image or figure of anything, formed by pressure or as if by pressure; result produced by pressure or influence.

> The impresses of the insides of these shells.

Woodward.

> This weak impress of love is as a figure
> Trenched in ice.

Shak.

3. Characteristic; mark of distinction; stamp. South.

4. A device. See Impresa. Cussans.

> To describe . . . emblazoned shields,
> Impresses quaint.

Milton.

5. [See Imprest, Press to force into service.] The act of impressing, or taking by force for the public service; compulsion to serve; also, that which is impressed.

> Why such impress of shipwrights?

Shak.

Impress gang, a party of men, with an officer, employed to impress seamen for ships of war; a press gang. -- Impress money, a sum of money paid, immediately upon their entering service, to men who have been impressed.

Im*press`i*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being impressible; susceptibility.

Im*press"i*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. impressible.] Capable of being impressed; susceptible; sensitive. -- Im*press"i*ble*ness, n. -- Im*press"i*bly, adv.

Im*pres"sion (?), n. [F. impression, L. impressio.] 1. The act of impressing, or the state of being impressed; the communication of a stamp, mold, style, or character, by external force or by influence.

2. That which is impressed; stamp; mark; indentation; sensible result of an influence exerted from without.

> The stamp and clear impression of good sense.

Cowper.

> To shelter us from impressions of weather, we must spin, we must weave, we must build.

Barrow.

3. That which impresses, or exercises an effect, action, or agency; appearance; phenomenon. [Obs.]

> Portentous blaze of comets and impressions in the air.

Milton.

> A fiery impression falling from out of Heaven.

Holland.

4. Influence or effect on the senses or the intellect hence, interest, concern. Reid.

> His words impression left.

Milton.

> Such terrible impression made the dream.

Shak.

> I have a father's dear impression,
> And wish, before I fall into my grave,
> That I might see her married.

Ford.

5. An indistinct notion, remembrance, or belief.

6. Impressiveness; emphasis of delivery.

> Which must be read with an impression.

Milton.

7. (Print.) The pressure of the type on the paper, or the result of such pressure, as regards its appearance; as, a heavy impression; a clear, or a poor, impression; also, a single copy as the result of printing, or the whole edition printed at a given time.

> Ten impressions which his books have had.

Dryden.

8. In painting, the first coat of color, as the priming in house painting and the like. [R.]

9. (Engraving) A print on paper from a wood block, metal plate, or the like.

Proof impression, one of the early impressions taken from an engraving, before the plate or block is worn.

Im*pres`sion*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being impressionable.

Im*pres"sion*a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. impressionnable.] Liable or subject to impression; capable of being molded; susceptible; impressible.

> He was too impressionable; he had too much of the temperament of genius.

Motley.

> A pretty face and an impressionable disposition.

T. Hook.

Im*pres"sion*a*ble*ness, n. The quality of being impressionable.

Im*pres"sion*ism (?), n. [F. impressionnisme.] (Fine Arts) The theory or method of suggesting an effect or impression without elaboration of the details; -- a disignation of a recent fashion in painting and etching.

Im*pres"sion*ist, n. [F. impressionniste.] (Fine Arts) One who adheres to the theory or method of impressionism, so called.

Im*pres`sion*is"tic (?), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, impressionism.

Im*pres"sion*less, a. Having the quality of not being impressed or affected; not susceptible.

Im*press"ive (?), a. [Cf. F. impressif.] 1. Making, or tending to make, an impression; having power to impress; adapted to excite attention and feeling, to touch the sensibilities, or affect the conscience; as, an impressive discourse; an impressive scene.

2. Capable of being impressed. [Obs.] Drayton.

- Im*press"ive*ly, adv. -- Im*press"ive*ness, n.

Im*press"ment (?), n. The act of seizing for public use, or of impressing into public service; compulsion to serve; as, the impressment of provisions or of sailors.

> The great scandal of our naval service -- impressment -- died a protracted death.

J. H. Burton.

Im*press"or (?), n. [LL., a printer.] One who, or that which, impresses. Boyle.

Im*pres"sure (?), n. [Cf. OF. impressure, LL. impressura.] Dent; impression. [Obs.] Shak.

Im*prest" (&?;), v. t. [ imp. & p. p. Imprested; p. pr. & vb. n. Impresting.] [Pref. im- + prest: cf. It. imprestare. See Prest, n.] To advance on loan. Burke.

Im"prest (?), n. [Cf. It. impresto, imprestito, LL. impraestitum. See Imprest, v. t., and Impress compulsion to serve.] A kind of earnest money; loan; -- specifically, money advanced for some public service, as in enlistment. Burke.

> The clearing of their imprests for what little of their debts they have received.

Pepys.

{ Im*prev"a*lence (?), Im*prev"a*len*cy (?), } n. Want of prevalence. [Obs.]

Im`pre*vent`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being impreventable. [R.]

Im`pre*vent"a*ble (?), a. Not preventable; inevitable.

||Im`pri*ma"tur (?), n. [L., let it be printed.] (Law) A license to print or publish a book, paper, etc.; also, in countries subjected to the censorship of the press, approval of that which is published.

Im*prim"er*y (?), n. [F. imprimerie, fr. imprimer to imprint.] [Obs.] (a) A print; impression. (b) A printing establishment. (c) The art of printing.

Im*prim"ing (?), n. A beginning. [Obs.] "Their springings and imprimings." Sir H. Wotton.

||Im*pri"mis (?), adv. [L., for in primis among the first, chiefly; in in + primus first.] In the first place; first in order.

Im*print" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imptrinted; p. pr. & vb. n. Imprinting.] [OE. emprenten, F. empreint, p. p. of empreindre to imprint, fr. L. imprimere to impres, imprint. See 1st In-, Print, and cf. Impress.] 1. To impress; to mark by pressure; to indent; to stamp.

> And sees his num'rous herds imprint her sands.

Prior.

2. To stamp or mark, as letters on paper, by means of type, plates, stamps, or the like; to print the mark (figures, letters, etc., upon something).

> Nature imprints upon whate'er we see,
> That has a heart and life in it, "Be free."

Cowper.

3. To fix indelibly or permanently, as in the mind or memory; to impress.

> Ideas of those two different things distinctly imprinted on his mind.

Locke.

<! p. 739 !>

Im"print (?), n. [Cf. F. empreinte impress, stamp. See Imprint, v. t.] Whatever is impressed or imprinted; the impress or mark left by something; specifically, the name of the printer or publisher (usually) with the time and place of issue, in the title- page of a book, or on any printed sheet. "That imprint of their hands." Buckle.

Im*pris"on (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imprisoned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Imprisoning.] [OE. enprisonen, OF. enprisoner, F. emprisonner; pref. en- (L. in) + F. & OF. prison. See Prison.] 1. To put in prison or jail; To arrest and detain in custody; to confine.

> He imprisoned was in chains remediless.

Spenser.

2. To limit, restrain, or confine in any way.

> Try to imprison the resistless wind.

Dryden.

Syn. -- To incarcerate; confine; immure.

Im*pris"on*er (?), n. One who imprisons.

Im*pris"on ment (?), n. [OE. enprisonment; F. emprisonnement.] The act of imprisoning, or the state of being imprisoned; confinement; restraint.

> His sinews waxen weak and raw
> Through long imprisonment and hard constraint.

Spenser.

> Every confinement of the person is an imprisonment, whether it be in a common prison, or in a private house, or even by foreibly detaining one in the public streets.

Blackstone.

False imprisonment. (Law) See under False.

Syn. -- Incarceration; custody; confinement; durance; restraint.

Im*prob`a*bil"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Improbabilities (#). [Cf. F. improbabilité.] The quality or state of being improbable; unlikelihood; also, that which is improbable; an improbable event or result.

Im*prob"a*ble (?), a. [L. improbabilis; pref. im- not + probabilis probable: cf. F. improbable. See Probable.] Not probable; unlikely to be true; not to be expected under the circumstances or in the usual course of events; as, an improbable story or event.

> He . . . sent to Elutherius, then bishop of Rome, an improbable letter, as some of the contents discover.

Milton.

-- Im*prob"a*ble*ness, n. -- Im*prob"a*bly, adv.

Im"pro*bate (?), v. t. [L. improbatus, p. p. of improbare to disapprove; pref. im- not + probare to approve.] To disapprove of; to disallow. [Obs.]

Im`pro*ba"tion (?), n. [L. improbatio.] 1. The act of disapproving; disapprobation.

2. (Scots Law) The act by which falsehood and forgery are proved; an action brought for the purpose of having some instrument declared false or forged. Bell.

{ Im"pro*ba*tive (?), Im"pro*ba`to*ry (?) }, a. Implying, or tending to, improbation.

Im*prob"i*ty (?), n. [L. improbitas; pref. im- not + probitas probity: cf. F. improbité.] Lack of probity; want of integrity or rectitude; dishonesty.

> Persons . . . cast out for notorious improbity.

Hooker.

{ Im`pro*fi"cience (?), Im`pro*fi"cien*cy, } n. Want of proficiency. [R.] Bacon.

Im*prof"it*a*ble (?), a. [Pref. im- not + profitable: cf. F. improfitable.] Unprofitable. [Obs.]

Im`pro*gress"ive (?), a. Not progressive. De Quincey. -- Im"pro*gress"ive*ly, adv.

Im`pro*lif"ic (?), a. [Pref. im- not + prolific: cf. F. improlifique.] Not prolific. [Obs.] E. Waterhouse.

Im`pro*lif"ic*ate (?), v. t. [Pref. im- in + prolificate.] To impregnate. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Im*prompt" (?), a. Not ready. [R.] Sterne.

Im*promp"tu (?), adv. or a. [F. impromptu, fr. L. in promptu in readiness, at hand; in in + promptus visibility, readiness, from promptus visible, ready. See Prompt.] Offhand; without previous study; extemporaneous; extempore; as, an impromptu verse.

Im*promp"tu, n. 1. Something made or done offhand, at the moment, or without previous study; an extemporaneous composition, address, or remark.

2. (Mus.) A piece composed or played at first thought; a composition in the style of an extempore piece.

Im*prop"er (?), a. [F. impropre, L. improprius; pref. im- not + proprius proper. See Proper.] 1. Not proper; not suitable; not fitted to the circumstances, design, or end; unfit; not becoming; incongruous; inappropriate; indecent; as, an improper medicine; improper thought, behavior, language, dress.

> Follow'd his enemy king, and did him service,
> Improper for a slave.

Shak.

> And to their proper operation still,
> Ascribe all Good; to their improper, Ill.

Pope.

2. Not peculiar or appropriate to individuals; general; common. [Obs.]

> Not to be adorned with any art but such improper ones as nature is said to bestow, as singing and poetry.

J. Fletcher.

3. Not according to facts; inaccurate; erroneous.

Improper diphthong. See under Diphthong. -- Improper feud, an original feud, not earned by military service. Mozley & W. -- Improper fraction. See under Fraction.

Im*prop"er, v. t. To appropriate; to limit. [Obs.]

> He would in like manner improper and inclose the sunbeams to comfort the rich and not the poor.

Jewel.

Im*prop`er*a"tion (?), n. [L. improperare, improperatum, to taunt.] The act of upbraiding or taunting; a reproach; a taunt. [Obs.]

> Improperatios and terms of scurrility.

Sir T. Browne

||Im`pro*pe"ri*a (?), n. pl. [L., reproaches.] (Mus.) A series of antiphons and responses, expressing the sorrowful remonstrance of our Lord with his people; -- sung on the morning of the Good Friday in place of the usual daily Mass of the Roman ritual. Grove.

Im*prop"er*ly (?), adv. In an improper manner; not properly; unsuitably; unbecomingly.

Im*prop"er*ty (?), n. Impropriety. [Obs.]

Im`pro*pi"tious (?), a. Unpropitious; unfavorable. [Obs.] "Dreams were impropitious." Sir H. Wotton.

Im`pro*por"tion*a*ble (?), a. Not proportionable. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Im`pro*por"tion*ate (?), a. Not proportionate. [Obs.]

Im*pro"pri*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impropriated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Impropriating (?).] [Pref. im- in + L. propriatus, p. p. of propriare to appropriate. See Appropriate.] 1. To appropriate to one's self; to assume. [Obs.]

> To impropriate the thanks to himself.

Bacon.

2. (Eng. Eccl. Law) To place the profits of (ecclesiastical property) in the hands of a layman for care and disbursement.

Im*pro"pri*ate, v. i. To become an impropriator. [R.]

Im*pro"pri*ate (?), a. (Eng. Eccl. Law) Put into the hands of a layman; impropriated.

Im*pro`pri*a"tion (?), n. 1. The act of impropriating; as, the impropriation of property or tithes; also, that which is impropriated.

2. (Eng. Eccl. Law) (a) The act of putting an ecclesiastical benefice in the hands of a layman, or lay corporation. (b) A benefice in the hands of a layman, or of a lay corporation.

Im*pro"pri*a`tor (?), n. One who impropriates; specifically, a layman in possession of church property.

Im*pro`pri*a"trix (?), n.; pl. E. -trixes, L. -trices (&?;). A female impropriator.

Im`pro*pri"e*ty (?), n.; pl. Improprieties (#). [L. improprietas; cf. F. impropriété. See Improper.] 1. The quality of being improper; unfitness or unsuitableness to character, time place, or circumstances; as, impropriety of behavior or manners.

2. That which is improper; an unsuitable or improper act, or an inaccurate use of language.

> But every language has likewise its improprieties and absurdities.

Johnson.

> Many gross improprieties, however authorized by practice, ought to be discarded.

Swift.

Im`pros*per"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. improspérité.] Want of prosperity. [Obs.]

Im*pros"per*ous (?), a. [Pref. im- not + prosperous: cf. F. improspère, L. improsper.] Not prosperous. [Obs.] Dryden. - - Im*pros"per*ous*ly, adv. [Obs.] -- Im*pros"per*ous*ness, n. [Obs.]

Im*prov`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being improvable; improvableness.

Im*prov"a*ble (?), a. [From Improve.] 1. Capable of being improved; susceptible of improvement; admitting of being made better; capable of cultivation, or of being advanced in good qualities.

> Man is accommodated with moral principles, improvable by the exercise of his faculties.

Sir M. Hale.

> I have a fine spread of improvable lands.

Addison.

2. Capable of being used to advantage; profitable; serviceable; advantageous.

> The essays of weaker heads afford improvable hints to better.

Sir T. Browne.

-- Im*pro"a*ble*ness, n. -- Im*prov"a*bly, adv.

Im*prove" (?), v. t. [Pref. im- not + prove: cf. L. improbare, F. improuver.] 1. To disprove or make void; to refute. [Obs.]

> Neither can any of them make so strong a reason which another can not improve.

Tyndale.

2. To disapprove; to find fault with; to reprove; to censure; as, to improve negligence. [Obs.] Chapman.

> When he rehearsed his preachings and his doing unto the high apostles, they could improve nothing.

Tyndale.

Im*prove", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Improved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Improving.] [Pref. in- in + prove, in approve. See Approve, Prove.] 1. To make better; to increase the value or good qualities of; to ameliorate by care or cultivation; as, to improve land. Donne.

> I love not to improve the honor of the living by impairing that of the dead.

Denham.

2. To use or employ to good purpose; to make productive; to turn to profitable account; to utilize; as, to improve one's time; to improve his means. Shak.

> We shall especially honor God by improving diligently the talents which God hath committed to us.

Barrow.

> A hint that I do not remember to have seen opened and improved.

Addison.

> The court seldom fails to improve the opportunity.

Blackstone.

> How doth the little busy bee
> Improve each shining hour.

I. Watts.

> Those moments were diligently improved.

Gibbon.

> True policy, as well as good faith, in my opinion, binds us to improve the occasion.

Washington.

3. To advance or increase by use; to augment or add to; -- said with reference to what is bad. [R.]

> We all have, I fear, . . . not a little improved the wretched inheritance of our ancestors.

Bp. Porteus.

Syn. -- To better; meliorate; ameliorate; advance; heighten; mend; correct; rectify; amend; reform.

Im*prove", v. i. 1. To grow better; to advance or make progress in what is desirable; to make or show improvement; as, to improve in health.

> We take care to improve in our frugality and diligence.

Atterbury.

2. To advance or progress in bad qualities; to grow worse. "Domitian improved in cruelty." Milner.

3. To increase; to be enhanced; to rise in value; as, the price of cotton improves.

To improve on or upon, to make useful additions or amendments to, or changes in; to bring nearer to perfection; as, to improve on the mode of tillage.

Im*prove"ment (?), n. 1. The act of improving; advancement or growth; promotion in desirable qualities; progress toward what is better; melioration; as, the improvement of the mind, of land, roads, etc.

> I look upon your city as the best place of improvement.

South.

> Exercise is the chief source of improvement in all our faculties.

Blair.

2. The act of making profitable use or applicaton of anything, or the state of being profitably employed; a turning to good account; practical application, as of a doctrine, principle, or theory, stated in a discourse. "A good improvement of his reason." S. Clarke.

> I shall make some improvement of this doctrine.

Tillotson.

3. The state of being improved; betterment; advance; also, that which is improved; as, the new edition is an improvement on the old.

> The parts of Sinon, Camilla, and some few others, are improvements on the Greek poet.

Addison.

4. Increase; growth; progress; advance.

> There is a design of publishing the history of architecture, with its several improvements and decays.

Addison.

> Those vices which more particularly receive improvement by prosperity.

South.

5. pl. Valuable additions or betterments, as buildings, clearings, drains, fences, etc., on premises.

6. (Patent Laws) A useful addition to, or modification of, a machine, manufacture, or composition. Kent.

Im*prov"er (?), n. One who, or that which, improves.

Im`pro*vid"ed (?), a. Unforeseen; unexpected; not provided against; unprepared. [Obs.]

> All improvided for dread of death.

E. Hall.

Im*prov"i*dence (?), n. [L. improvidentia; OF. improvidence. Cf. Imprudence.] The quality of being improvident; want of foresight or thrift.

> The improvidence of my neighbor must not make me inhuman.

L'Estrange.

Im*prov"i*dent (?), a. [Pref. im- not + provident: cf. L. improvidus. See Provident, and cf. Imprudent.] Not provident; wanting foresight or forethought; not foreseeing or providing for the future; negligent; thoughtless; as, an improvident man.

> Improvident soldiers! had your watch been good,
> This sudden mischief never could have fallen.

Shak.

Syn. -- Inconsiderable; negligent; careless; shiftless; prodigal; wasteful.

Im*prov`i*den"tial*ly (?), adv. Improvidently. [R.]

Im*prov"i*dent*ly (?), adv. In a improvident manner. "Improvidently rash." Drayton.

Im*prov"ing (?), a. Tending to improve, beneficial; growing better. -- Im*prov"ing*ly, adv.

Improving lease (Scots Law), an extended lease to induce the tenant to make improvements on the premises.

Im*prov"i*sate (?), a. [See Improvise.] Unpremeditated; impromptu; extempore. [R.]

Im*prov"i*sate (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Improvisated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Improvisating (?).] To improvise; to extemporize.

Im*prov`i*sa"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. improvisation.] 1. The act or art of composing and rendering music, poetry, and the like, extemporaneously; as, improvisation on the organ.

2. That which is improvised; an impromptu.

Im`pro*vis"a*tize (?), v. t. & i. Same as Improvisate.

Im*prov"i*sa`tor (?), n. An improviser, or improvvisatore.

||Im`pro*vi`sa*to"re (?), n. See Improvvisatore.

{ Im*prov`i*sa*to"ri*al (?), Im*prov"i*sa*to*ry (?), } a. Of or pertaining to improvisation or extemporaneous composition.

||Im`pro*vi`sa*tri"ce (?), n. See Improvvisatrice.

Im`pro*vise" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Improvised (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Improvising.] [F. improviser, it. improvvisare, fr. improvviso unprovided, sudden, extempore, L. improvisus; pref. im- not + provisus foreseen, provided. See Proviso.] 1. To compose, recite, or sing extemporaneously, especially in verse; to extemporize; also, to play upon an instrument, or to act, extemporaneously.

2. To bring about, arrange, or make, on a sudden, or without previous preparation.

> Charles attempted to improvise a peace.

Motley.

3. To invent, or provide, offhand, or on the spur of the moment; as, he improvised a hammer out of a stone.

Im`pro*vise", v. i. To produce or render extemporaneous compositions, especially in verse or in music, without previous preparation; hence, to do anything offhand.

Im`pro*vis"er (?), n. One who improvises.

Im`pro*vi"sion (?), n. [Pref. im- not + provision.] Improvidence. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Im`pro*vi"so (?), a. [L. improvisus unforeseen; cf. It. improvviso.] Not prepared or mediated beforehand; extemporaneous. [Obs.] Jonhson.

||Im`prov*vi`sa*to"re (?), n.; pl. Improvvisatori (#). [It. See Improvise.] One who composes and sings or recites rhymes and short poems extemporaneously. [Written also improvisatore.]

||Im`prov*vi`sa*tri"ce (?), n.; pl. Improvvisatrici (#). [It. See Improvise.] A female improvvisatore. [Written also improvisatrice.]

Im*pru"dence (?), n. [L. imprudentia: cf. F. imprudence. Cf. Improvidence.] The quality or state of being imprudent; want to caution, circumspection, or a due regard to consequences; indiscretion; inconsideration; rashness; also, an imprudent act; as, he was guilty of an imprudence.

> His serenity was interrupted, perhaps, by his own imprudence.

Mickle.

Im*pru"dent (?), a. [L. imprudens; pref. im- not + prudens prudent: cf. F. imprudent. See Prudent, and cf. Improvident.] Not prudent; wanting in prudence or discretion; indiscreet; injudicious; not attentive to consequence; improper. -- Im*pru"dent*ly, adv.

> Her majesty took a great dislike at the imprudent behavior of many of the ministers and readers.

Strype.

<! p. 740 !>

Syn. -- Indiscreet; injudicious; incautious; ill-advised; unwise; heedless; careless; rash; negligent.

Im*pu"ber*al (m*p"br*al), a. Not having arrived at puberty; immature.

> In impuberal animals the cerebellum is, in proportion to the brain proper, greatly less than in adults.

Sir W. Hamilton.

Im*pu"ber*ty (-t), n. The condition of not having reached puberty, or the age of ability to reproduce one's species; want of age at which the marriage contract can be legally entered into.

Im"pu*dence (m"p*dens), n. [L. impudentia: cf. F. impudence. See Impudent.] The quality of being impudent; assurance, accompanied with a disregard of the presence or opinions of others; shamelessness; forwardness; want of modesty.

> Clear truths that their own evidence forces us to admit, or common experience makes it impudence to deny.

Locke.

> Where pride and impudence (in fashion knit)
> Usurp the chair of wit.

B. Jonson.

Syn. -- Shamelessness; audacity; insolence; effrontery; sauciness; impertinence; pertness; rudeness. -- Impudence, Effrontery, Sauciness. Impudence refers more especially to the feelings as manifested in action. Effrontery applies to some gross and public exhibition of shamelessness. Sauciness refers to a sudden pert outbreak of impudence, especially from an inferior. Impudence is an unblushing kind of impertinence, and may be manifested in words, tones, gestures, looks, etc. Effrontery rises still higher, and shows a total or shameless disregard of duty or decorum under the circumstances of the case. Sauciness discovers itself toward particular individuals, in certain relations; as in the case of servants who are saucy to their masters, or children who are saucy to their teachers. See Impertinent, and Insolent.

Im"pu*den*cy (?), n. Impudence. [Obs.] Burton.

> Audacious without impudency.

Shak.

Im"pu*dent (?), a. [L. impudens, -entis; pref. im- not + pudens ashamed, modest, p. pr. of pudere to feel shame: cf. F. impudent.] Bold, with contempt or disregard; unblushingly forward; impertinent; wanting modesty; shameless; saucy.

> More than impudent sauciness.

Shak.

> When we behold an angel, not to fear
> Is to be impudent.

Dryden.

Syn. -- Shameless; audacious; brazen; bold-faced; pert; immodest; rude; saucy; impertinent; insolent.

Im"pu*dent*ly, adv. In an impudent manner; with unbecoming assurance; shamelessly.

> At once assail
> With open mouths, and impudently rail.

Sandys.

Im`pu*dic"i*ty (?), n. [L. impudicus immodest; im- not + pudicus shamefaced, modest: cf. F. impudicité, L. impudicitia.] Immodesty. Sheldon.

Im*pugn" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impugned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Impugning.] [OE. impugnen, F. impugner, fr. L. impugnare; in on, against + pugnare to flight. See Pugnacious.] To attack by words or arguments; to contradict; to assail; to call in question; to make insinuations against; to gainsay; to oppose.

> The truth hereof I will not rashly impugn, or overboldly affirm.

Peacham.

Im*pugn"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being impugned; that may be gainsaid.

Im`pug*na"tion (?), n. [L. impugnatio: cf. OF. impugnation.] Act of impugning; opposition; attack. [Obs.]

> A perpetual impugnation and self- conflict.

Bp. Hall.

Im*pugn"er (?), n. One who impugns.

Im*pugn"ment (?), n. The act of impugning, or the state of being impugned. Ed. Rev.

Im*pu"is*sance (?), n. [Cf. F. impuissance.] Lack of power; inability. Bacon.

> Their own impuissance and weakness.

Holland.

Im*pu"is*sant (?), a. [F., fr. pref. im- not + puissant. See Puissant.] Weak; impotent; feeble.

Im"pulse (?), n. [L. impulsus, fr. impellere. See Impel.]

1. The act of impelling, or driving onward with sudden force; impulsion; especially, force so communicated as to produced motion suddenly, or immediately.

> All spontaneous animal motion is performed by mechanical impulse.

S. Clarke.

2. The effect of an impelling force; motion produced by a sudden or momentary force.

3. (Mech.) The action of a force during a very small interval of time; the effect of such action; as, the impulse of a sudden blow upon a hard elastic body.

4. A mental force which simply and directly urges to action; hasty inclination; sudden motive; momentary or transient influence of appetite or passion; propension; incitement; as, a man of good impulses; passion often gives a violent impulse to the will.

> These were my natural impulses for the undertaking.

Dryden.

Syn. -- Force; incentive; influence; motive; feeling; incitement; instigation.

Im*pulse" (?), v. t. [See Impel.] To impel; to incite. [Obs.] Pope.

Im*pul"sion (?), n. [L. impulsio: cf. F. impulsion. See Impel.]

1. The act of impelling or driving onward, or the state of being impelled; the sudden or momentary agency of a body in motion on another body; also, the impelling force, or impulse. "The impulsion of the air." Bacon.

2. Influence acting unexpectedly or temporarily on the mind; sudden motive or influence; impulse. "The impulsion of conscience." Clarendon. "Divine impulsion prompting." Milton.

Im*pul"sive (?), a. [Cf. F. impulsif.]

1. Having the power of driving or impelling; giving an impulse; moving; impellent.

> Poor men! poor papers! We and they
> Do some impulsive force obey.

Prior.

2. Actuated by impulse or by transient feelings.

> My heart, impulsive and wayward.

Longfellow.

3. (Mech.) Acting momentarily, or by impulse; not continuous; -- said of forces.

Im*pul"sive (?), n. That which impels or gives an impulse; an impelling agent. Sir W. Wotton.

Im*pul"sive*ly, adv. In an impulsive manner.

Im*pul"sive*ness, n. The quality of being impulsive.

Im*pul"sor (?), n. [L.] One who, or that which, impels; an inciter. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Im*punc"tate (?), a. Not punctate or dotted.

Im*punc"tu*al (?), a. [Pref. im- not + punctual: cf. F. imponctuel.] Not punctual. [R.]

Im*punc`tu*al"i*ty (?), n. Neglect of, or failure in, punctuality. [R.] A. Hamilton.

Im*pune" (?), a. [L. impunis.] Unpunished. [R.]

Im*pu"ni*bly (?), adv. Without punishment; with impunity. [Obs.] J. Ellis.

Im*pu"ni*ty (?), n. [L. impunitas, fr. impunis without punishment; pref. im- not + poena punishment: cf. F. impunité. See Pain.] Exemption or freedom from punishment, harm, or loss.

> Heaven, though slow to wrath,
> Is never with impunity defied.

Cowper.

> The impunity and also the recompense.

Holland.

Im`pu*ra"tion (?), n. Defilement; obscuration. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Im*pure" (?), a. [L. impurus; pref. im- not + purus pure: cf. F. impur. See Pure.]

1. Not pure; not clean; dirty; foul; filthy; containing something which is unclean or unwholesome; mixed or impregnated extraneous substances; adulterated; as, impure water or air; impure drugs, food, etc.

2. Defiled by sin or guilt; unholy; unhallowed; -- said of persons or things.

3. Unchaste; lewd; unclean; obscene; as, impure language or ideas. "Impure desires." Cowper.

4. (Script.) Not purified according to the ceremonial law of Moses; unclean.

5. (Language) Not accurate; not idiomatic; as, impure Latin; an impure style.

Im*pure", v. t. To defile; to pollute. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Im*pure"ly, adv. In an impure manner.

Im*pure"ness, n. The quality or condition of being impure; impurity. Milton.

Im*pu"ri*ty (?), n.; pl. Impurities (#). [L. impuritas: cf. F. impureté.]

1. The condition or quality of being impure in any sense; defilement; foulness; adulteration.

> Profaneness, impurity, or scandal, is not wit.

Buckminster.

2. That which is, or which renders anything, impure; foul matter, action, language, etc.; a foreign ingredient.

> Foul impurities reigned among the monkish clergy.

Atterbury.

3. (Script.) Want of ceremonial purity; defilement.

Im*pur"ple (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Impurpled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Impurpling (?).] [Pref. im- in + purple. Cf. Empurple.] To color or tinge with purple; to make red or reddish; to purple; as, a field impurpled with blood.

> Impurpled with celestial roses, smiled.

Milton.

> The silken fleece impurpled for the loom.

Pope.

Im*put`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being imputable; imputableness.

Im*put"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. imputable.]

1. That may be imputed; capable of being imputed; chargeable; ascribable; attributable; referable.

> A prince whose political vices, at least, were imputable to mental incapacity.

Prescott.

2. Accusable; culpable. [R.]

> The fault lies at his door, and she is no wise imputable.

Ayliffe.

Im*put"a*ble*ness, n. Quality of being imputable.

Im*put"a*bly, adv. By imputation.

Im`pu*ta"tion (?), [L. imputatio an account, a charge: cf. F. imputation.]

1. The act of imputing or charging; attribution; ascription; also, anything imputed or charged.

> Shylock. Antonio is a good man.
> Bassanio. Have you heard any imputation to the contrary?

Shak.

> If I had a suit to Master Shallow, I would humor his men with the imputation of being near their master.

Shak.

2. Charge or attribution of evil; censure; reproach; insinuation.

> Let us be careful to guard ourselves against these groundless imputation of our enemies.

Addison.

3. (Theol.) A setting of something to the account of; the attribution of personal guilt or personal righteousness of another; as, the imputation of the sin of Adam, or the righteousness of Christ.

4. Opinion; intimation; hint.

Im*put"a*tive (?), a. [L. imputativus: cf. F. imputatif.] Transferred by imputation; that may be imputed. -- Im*put"a*tive*ly, adv.

> Actual righteousness as well as imputative.

Bp. Warburton.

Im*pute" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Imputed; p. pr. & vb. n. Imputing.] [F. imputer, L. imputare to bring into the reckoning, charge, impute; pref. im- in + putare to reckon, think. See Putative.]

1. To charge; to ascribe; to attribute; to set to the account of; to charge to one as the author, responsible originator, or possessor; -- generally in a bad sense.

> Nor you, ye proud, impute to these the fault,
> If memory o'er their tomb no trophies raise.

Gray.

> One vice of a darker shade was imputed to him - - envy.

Macaulay.

2. (Theol.) To adjudge as one's own (the sin or righteousness) of another; as, the righteousness of Christ is imputed to us.

> It was imputed to him for righteousness.

Rom. iv. 22.

> They merit
> Imputed shall absolve them who renounce
> Their own, both righteous and unrighteous deeds.

Milton.

3. To take account of; to consider; to regard. [R.]

> If we impute this last humiliation as the cause of his death.

Gibbon.

Syn. -- To ascribe; attribute; charge; reckon; consider; imply; insinuate; refer. See Ascribe.

Im*put"er (?), n. One who imputes.

Im`pu*tres"ci*ble (?), a. [Pref. im- + putrescible: cf. F. imputrescible.] Not putrescible.

Im"righ (?), n. [Scot.; Gael. eun- bhrigh chicken soup.] A peculiar strong soup or broth, made in Scotland. [Written also imrich.]

In- (?). [See In, prep. Cf. Em-, En-.] A prefix from Eng. prep. in, also from Lat. prep. in, meaning in, into, on, among; as, inbred, inborn, inroad; incline, inject, intrude. In words from the Latin, in- regularly becomes il- before l, ir- before r, and im- before a labial; as, illusion, irruption, imblue, immigrate, impart. In- is sometimes used with an simple intensive force.

In- (?). [L. in-; akin to E. un-. See Un-.] An inseparable prefix, or particle, meaning not, non-, un- as, inactive, incapable, inapt. In- regularly becomes il- before l, ir- before r, and im- before a labial.

-in. A suffix. See the Note under - ine.

In, prep. [AS. in; akin to D. & G. in, Icel. , Sw. & Dan. i, OIr. & L. in, Gr. 'en. √197. Cf. 1st In-, Inn.] The specific signification of in is situation or place with respect to surrounding, environment, encompassment, etc. It is used with verbs signifying being, resting, or moving within limits, or within circumstances or conditions of any kind conceived of as limiting, confining, or investing, either wholly or in part. In its different applications, it approaches some of the meanings of, and sometimes is interchangeable with, within, into, on, at, of, and among. It is used: --

1. With reference to space or place; as, he lives in Boston; he traveled in Italy; castles in the air.

> The babe lying in a manger.

Luke ii. 16.

> Thy sun sets weeping in the lowly west.

Shak.

> Situated in the forty-first degree of latitude.

Gibbon.

> Matter for censure in every page.

Macaulay.

2. With reference to circumstances or conditions; as, he is in difficulties; she stood in a blaze of light. "Fettered in amorous chains." Shak.

> Wrapt in sweet sounds, as in bright veils.

Shelley.

3. With reference to a whole which includes or comprises the part spoken of; as, the first in his family; the first regiment in the army.

> Nine in ten of those who enter the ministry.

Swift.

4. With reference to physical surrounding, personal states, etc., abstractly denoted; as, I am in doubt; the room is in darkness; to live in fear.

> When shall we three meet again,
> In thunder, lightning, or in rain?

Shak.

5. With reference to character, reach, scope, or influence considered as establishing a limitation; as, to be in one's favor. "In sight of God's high throne." Milton.

> Sounds inharmonious in themselves, and harsh.

Cowper.

6. With reference to movement or tendency toward a certain limit or environment; -- sometimes equivalent to into; as, to put seed in the ground; to fall in love; to end in death; to put our trust in God.

> He would not plunge his brother in despair.

Addison.

> She had no jewels to deposit in their caskets.

Fielding.

7. With reference to a limit of time; as, in an hour; it happened in the last century; in all my life.

In as much as, or Inasmuch as, in the degree that; in like manner as; in consideration that; because that; since. See Synonym of Because, and cf. For as much as, under For, prep. -- In that, because; for the reason that. "Some things they do in that they are men . . . ; some things in that they are men misled and blinded with error." Hooker. -- In the name of, in behalf of; on the part of; by authority; as, it was done in the name of the people; -- often used in invocation, swearing, praying, and the like. -- To be in for it. (a) To be in favor of a thing; to be committed to a course. (b) To be unable to escape from a danger, penalty, etc. [Colloq.] -- To be (or keep) in with. (a) To be close or near; as, to keep a ship in with the land. (b) To be on terms of friendship, familiarity, or intimacy with; to secure and retain the favor of. [Colloq.]

Syn. -- Into; within; on; at. See At.

In, adv. 1. Not out; within; inside. In, the preposition, becomes an adverb by omission of its object, leaving it as the representative of an adverbial phrase, the context indicating what the omitted object is; as, he takes in the situation (i. e., he comprehends it in his mind); the Republicans were in (i. e., in office); in at one ear and out at the other (i. e., in or into the head); his side was in (i. e., in the turn at the bat); he came in (i. e., into the house).

> Their vacation . . . falls in so pat with ours.

Lamb.

The sails of a vessel are said, in nautical language, to be in when they are furled, or when stowed.

In certain cases in has an adjectival sense; as, the in train (i. e., the incoming train); compare up grade, down grade, undertow, afterthought, etc.

2. (Law) With privilege or possession; -- used to denote a holding, possession, or seisin; as, in by descent; in by purchase; in of the seisin of her husband. Burrill.

In and in breeding. See under Breeding. -- In and out (Naut.), through and through; -- said of a through bolt in a ship's side. Knight. -- To be in, to be at home; as, Mrs. A. is in. -- To come in. See under Come.

In, n. [Usually in the plural.] 1. One who is in office; -- the opposite of out.

2. A reëntrant angle; a nook or corner.

Ins and outs, nooks and corners; twists and turns.

> All the ins and outs of this neighborhood.

D. Jerrold.

<! p. 741 !>

In (?), v. t. To inclose; to take in; to harvest. [Obs.]

> He that ears my land spares my team and gives me leave to in the crop.

Shak.

In`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Pref. in- not + ability: cf. F. inhabileté. See Able, and cf. Unable.] The quality or state of being unable; lack of ability; want of sufficient power, strength, resources, or capacity.

> It is not from an inability to discover what they ought to do, that men err in practice.

Blair.

Syn. -- Impotence; incapacity; incompetence; weakness; powerlessness; incapability. See Disability.

In*a"ble (?), v. t. See Enable.

In*a"ble*ment (?), n. See Enablement. [Obs.]

In*ab"sti*nence (?), n. [Pref. in- not + abstinence: cf. F. inabstinence.] Want of abstinence; indulgence. [Obs.] "The inabstinence of Eve." Milton.

In`ab*stract"ed (?), a. Not abstracted.

In`a*bu"sive*ly (?), adv. Without abuse.

In`ac*cess`i*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. inaccessibilité.] The quality or state of being inaccessible; inaccessibleness. "The inaccessibility of the precipice." Bp. Butler.

In`ac*cess"i*ble (?), a. [L. inaccessibilis: cf. F. inaccessible. See In- not, and Accessible.] Not accessible; not to be reached, obtained, or approached; as, an inaccessible rock, fortress, document, prince, etc. -- In`ac*cess"i*ble*ness, n. -- In`ac*cess"i*bly, adv.

In`ac*cord"ant (?), a. Not accordant; discordant.

In*ac"cu*ra*cy (?), n.; pl. Inaccuracies (&?;).

1. The quality of being inaccurate; want of accuracy or exactness.

2. That which is inaccurate or incorrect; mistake; fault; defect; error; as, in inaccuracy in speech, copying, calculation, etc.

In*ac"cu*rate (?), a. Not accurate; not according to truth; inexact; incorrect; erroneous; as, in inaccurate man, narration, copy, judgment, calculation, etc.

> The expression is plainly inaccurate.

Bp. Hurd.

Syn. -- Inexact; incorrect; erroneous; faulty; imperfect; incomplete; defective.

In*ac"cu*rate*ly, adv. In an inaccurate manner; incorrectly; inexactly.

In`ac*quaint"ance (?), a. Want of acquaintance. Good.

In*ac`qui*es"cent (?), a. Not acquiescent or acquiescing.

In*ac"tion (?), n. [Pref. in. not + action: cf. inaction.] Want of action or activity; forbearance from labor; idleness; rest; inertness. Berkeley.

In*ac"tive (?), a. [Pref. in- not + active: cf. F. inactif.]

1. Not active; having no power to move; that does not or can not produce results; inert; as, matter is, of itself, inactive.

2. Not disposed to action or effort; not diligent or industrious; not busy; idle; as, an inactive officer.

3. (Chem. & Opt.) Not active; inert; esp., not exhibiting any action or activity on polarized light; optically neutral; -- said of isomeric forms of certain substances, in distinction from other forms which are optically active; as, racemic acid is an inactive tartaric acid.

Syn. -- Inert; dull; sluggish; idle; indolent; slothful; lazy. See Inert.

In*ac"tive*ly, adv. In an inactive manner. Locke.

In`ac*tiv"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. inactivité.]

1. The state or quality of being inactive; inertness; as, the inactivity of matter.

2. Idleness; habitual indisposition to action or exertion; want of energy; sluggishness.

> The gloomy inactivity of despair.

Cook.

In*ac"tose (?), n. (Chem.) A variety of sugar, found in certain plants. It is optically inactive.

In*ac"tu*ate (?), v. t. To put in action. [Obs.]

In*ac`tu*a"tion (?), n. Operation. [Obs.]

In*ad`ap*ta"tion (?), n. Want of adaptation; unsuitableness.

In*ad"e*qua*cy (?), n. [From Inadequate.] The quality or state of being inadequate or insufficient; defectiveness; insufficiency; inadequateness.

> The inadequacy and consequent inefficacy of the alleged causes.

Dr. T. Dwight.

In*ad"e*quate (?), a. [Pref. in- not + adequate: cf. F. inadéquat.] Not adequate; unequal to the purpose; insufficient; deficient; as, inadequate resources, power, conceptions, representations, etc. Dryden.

-- In*ad"e*quate*ly, adv. -- In*ad"e*quate*ness, n.

In*ad`e*qua"tion (?), n. Want of exact correspondence. [Obs.] Puller.

In`ad*her"ent (?), a. 1. Not adhering.

2. (Bot.) Free; not connected with the other organs.

In`ad*he"sion (?), n. Want of adhesion.

In`ad*mis`si*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. inadmissibilité.] The state or quality of being inadmissible, or not to be received.

In`ad*mis"si*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + admissible: cf. F. inadmissible.] Not admissible; not proper to be admitted, allowed, or received; as, inadmissible testimony; an inadmissible proposition, or explanation. -- In`ad*mis"si*bly, adv.

{ In`ad*vert"ence (?); pl. -ces (&?;), In`ad*vert"en*cy (?); pl. - cies (&?;), } n. [Cf. F. inadvertance.]

1. The quality of being inadvertent; lack of heedfulness or attentiveness; inattention; negligence; as, many mistakes proceed from inadvertence.

> Inadvertency, or want of attendance to the sense and intention of our prayers.

Jer. Taylor.

2. An effect of inattention; a result of carelessness; an oversight, mistake, or fault from negligence.

> The productions of a great genius, with many lapses an inadvertencies, are infinitely preferable to works of an inferior kind of author which are scrupulously exact.

Addison.

Syn. -- Inattention; heedlessness; carelessness; negligence; thoughtlessness. See Inattention.

In`ad*vert"ent (?), a. [Cf. F. inadvertant. See 2d In-, and Advert.] Not turning the mind to a matter; heedless; careless; negligent; inattentive.

> An inadvertent step may crush the snail
> That crawls at evening in the public path.

Cowper.

-- In`ad*vert"ent*ly, adv.

In`ad*vis"a*ble (?), a. Not advisable. -- In`ad*vis"a*ble*ness, n.

In*af`fa*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. inaffabilité.] Want of affability or sociability; reticence.

In*af"fa*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + affable.] Not affable; reserved in social intercourse.

In*af`fec*ta"tion (?), n. [Pref. in- not + affectation: cf. F. inaffectation.] Freedom from affectation; naturalness. [R.]

In`af*fect"ed (?), a. Unaffected. [Obs.] -- In`af*fect"ed*ly, adv. [Obs.]

In*aid"a*ble (?), a. Incapable of being assisted; helpless. [R.] Shak.

In*al`ien*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being inalienable.

In*al"ien*a*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + alienable: cf. F. inaliénable.] Incapable of being alienated, surrendered, or transferred to another; not alienable; as, in inalienable birthright.

In*al"ien*a*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being inalienable; inalienability.

In*al"ien*a*bly, adv. In a manner that forbids alienation; as, rights inalienably vested.

In*al`i*men"tal (?), a. Affording no aliment or nourishment. [Obs.] Bacon.

In*al`ter*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. inaltérabilité.] The quality of being unalterable or unchangeable; permanence.

In*al"ter*a*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + alterable: cf. F. inaltérable.] Not alterable; incapable of being altered or changed; unalterable. -- In*al"ter*a*ble*ness, n. -- In*al"ter*a*bly, adv.

In*a"mi*a*ble (?), a. Unamiable. [Obs.] -- In*a"mi*a*ble*ness, n. [Obs.]

In`a*mis"si*ble (?), a. [L. inamissibilis: cf. F. inamissible.] Incapable of being lost. [R.] Hammond. -- In`a*mis"si*ble*ness, n. [R.]

In*a`mo*ra"ta (?), n. [It. innamorata, fem., innamorato, masc., p. p. of innamorare to inspire with love. See Enamor.] A woman in love; a mistress. "The fair inamorata." Sherburne.

In*am"o*rate (?), a. Enamored. Chapman. -- In*am"o*rate*ly, adv. [R.]

||In*a`mo*ra"to (?), n.; pl. Inamoratos (#). [See Inamorata.] A male lover.

In`a*mov"a*ble (?), a. Not amovable or removable. [R.] Palgrave.

In"-and-in" (?), n. An old game played with four dice. In signified a doublet, or two dice alike; in-and-in, either two doubles, or the four dice alike.

In and in, a. & adv. Applied to breeding from a male and female of the same parentage. See under Breeding.

In*ane" (?), a. [L. inanis.] Without contents; empty; void of sense or intelligence; purposeless; pointless; characterless; useless. "Vague and inane instincts." I. Taylor. -- In*ane"ly, adv.

In*ane", n. That which is void or empty. [R.]

> The undistinguishable inane of infinite space.

Locke.

In*an"gu*lar (?), a. Not angular. [Obs.]

{ In`a*nil"o*quent (?), In`a*nil"o*quous (?), } a. [L. inanis empty + loqui to speak.] Given to talking inanely; loquacious; garrulous. [R.]

In*an"i*mate (?), v. t. [Pref. in- in (or intensively) + animate.] To animate. [Obs.] Donne.

In*an"i*mate (?), a. [L. inanimatus; pref. in- not + animatus animate.] Not animate; destitute of life or spirit; lifeless; dead; inactive; dull; as, stones and earth are inanimate substances.

> Grieving, if aught inanimate e'er grieves.

Byron.

Syn. -- Lifeless; dead; inert; inactive; dull; soulless; spiritless. See Lifeless.

In*an"i*ma`ted (?), a. Destitute of life; lacking animation; unanimated. Pope.

In*an"i*mate*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being inanimate.

> The deadness and inanimateness of the subject.

W. Montagu.

In*an`i*ma"tion (?), n. [See 2d Inanimate.] Want of animation; lifeless; dullness.

In*an`i*ma"tion, n. [See 1st Inanimate.] Infusion of life or vigor; animation; inspiration. [Obs.]

> The inanimation of Christ living and breathing within us.

Bp. Hall.

In`a*ni"ti*ate (?), v. t. To produce inanition in; to exhaust for want of nourishment. [R.]

In`a*ni`ti*a"tion (?), n. Inanition. [R.]

In`a*ni"tion (?), n. [F. inanition, L. inanitio emptiness, fr. inanire to empty, fr. inanis empty. Cf. Inane.] The condition of being inane; emptiness; want of fullness, as in the vessels of the body; hence, specifically, exhaustion from want of food, either from partial or complete starvation, or from a disorder of the digestive apparatus, producing the same result.

> Feeble from inanition, inert from weariness.

Landor.

> Repletion and inanition may both do harm in two contrary extremes.

Burton.

In*an"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Inanities (#). [L. inanitas, fr. inanis empty: cf. F. inanité. See Inane.]

1. Inanition; void space; vacuity; emptiness.

2. Want of seriousness; aimlessness; frivolity.

3. An inane, useless thing or pursuit; a vanity; a silly object; -- chiefly in pl.; as, the inanities of the world.

In*an"ther*ate (?), a. (Bot.) Not bearing anthers; -- said of sterile stamens.

||In an"tis (?). [L.] (Arch.) Between antæ; -- said of a portico in classical style, where columns are set between two antæ, forming the angles of the building. See Anta.

In*ap"a*thy (?), n. Sensibility; feeling; -- opposed to apathy. [R.]

In`ap*peal"a*ble (?), a. Not admitting of appeal; not appealable. Coleridge.

In`ap*peas"a*ble (?), a. Incapable of being appeased or satisfied; unappeasable.

In`ap*pel`la*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being inappellable; finality.

> The inappellability of the councils.

Coleridge.

In`ap*pel"la*ble (?), a. Inappealable; final.

{ In*ap"pe*tence (?), In*ap"pe*ten*cy (?), } n. [Pref. in- not + appetence: cf. F. inappétence.] Want of appetency; want of desire.

In*ap`pli*ca*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. inapplicabilité.] The quality of being inapplicable; unfitness; inapplicableness.

In*ap"pli*ca*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + applicable.] Not applicable; incapable of being applied; not adapted; not suitable; as, the argument is inapplicable to the case. J. S. Mill.

Syn. -- Unsuitable; unsuited; unadapted; inappropriate; inapposite; irrelevant.

-- In*ap"pli*ca*ble*ness, n. -- In*ap"pli*ca*bly, adv.

In*ap`pli*ca"tion (?), n. [Pref. in- not + application: cf. F. inapplication.] Want of application, attention, or diligence; negligence; indolence.

In*ap"po*site (?), a. Not apposite; not fit or suitable; not pertinent. -- In*ap"po*site*ly, adv.

In`ap*pre"ci*a*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + appreciable: cf. F. inappréciable.] Not appreciable; too small to be perceived; incapable of being duly valued or estimated. Hallam.

In`ap*pre"ci*a"tion (?), n. Want of appreciation.

In*ap`pre*hen"si*ble (?), a. [L. inapprehensibilis: cf. F. inappréhensible.] Not apprehensible; unintelligible; inconceivable. Milton.

In*ap`pre*hen"sion (?), n. Want of apprehension.

In*ap`pre*hen"sive (?), a. Not apprehensive; regardless; unconcerned. Jer. Taylor.

In`ap*proach"a*ble (?), a. Not approachable; unapproachable; inaccessible; unequaled. -- In`ap*proach"a*bly, adv.

In`ap*pro"pri*ate (?), a. Not instrument (to); not appropriate; unbecoming; unsuitable; not specially fitted; -- followed by to or for. -- In`ap*pro"pri*ate*ly, adv. -- In`ap*pro"pri*ate*ness, n.

In*apt" (?), a. [Pref. in- not + apt: cf. F. inapte. Cf. Inept.] Unapt; not apt; unsuitable; inept. -- In*apt"ly, adv. -- In*apt"ness, n.

In*apt"i*tude (?), n. [In- + aptitude: cf. F. inaptitude. Cf. Ineptitude.] Want of aptitude.

In*a"quate (?), a. [L. inaquatus, p. p. of inaquare to make into water; pref. in- in + aqua water.] Embodied in, or changed into, water. [Obs.] Cranmer.

In`a*qua"tion (?), n. The state of being inaquate. [Obs.] Bp. Gardiner.

In*ar"a*ble (?), a. Not arable. [R.]

In*arch" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inarched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inarching.] To graft by uniting, as a scion, to a stock, without separating either from its root before the union is complete; -- also called to graft by approach. P. Miler.

In*arch"ing, n. A method of ingrafting. See Inarch.

In`ar*tic"u*late (?), a. [L. inarticulatus; pref. in- not + articulatus articulate.]

1. Not uttered with articulation or intelligible distinctness, as speech or words.

> Music which is inarticulate poesy.

Dryden.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) Not jointed or articulated; having no distinct body segments; as, an inarticulate worm. (b) Without a hinge; -- said of an order (Inarticulata or Ecardines) of brachiopods.

3. Incapable of articulating. [R.]

> The poor earl, who is inarticulate with palsy.

Walpole.

In`ar*tic"u*la`ted (?), a. Not articulated; not jointed or connected by a joint.

In`ar*tic"u*late*ly (?), adv. In an inarticulate manner. Hammond.

In`ar*tic"u*late*ness, n. The state or quality of being inarticulate.

In`ar*tic`u*la"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. inarticulation.] Inarticulateness. Chesterfield.

In*ar`ti*fi"cial (?), a. [Pref. in- not + artificial: cf. F. inartificiel.] Not artificial; not made or elaborated by art; natural; simple; artless; as, an inartificial argument; an inartificial character. -- In*ar`ti*fi"cial*ly, adv. -- In*ar`ti*fi"cial*ness, n.

In`as*much" (?), adv. [In + as + much.] In like degree; in like manner; seeing that; considering that; since; -- followed by as. See In as much as, under In, prep.

> Inasmuch as ye did it not to one of the least of these, ye did it not to me.

Matt. xxv. 45.

Syn. -- Because; since; for; as. See Because.

In`at*ten"tion (?), n. [Pref. in- not + attention: cf. F. inattention.] Want of attention, or failure to pay attention; disregard; heedlessness; neglect.

> Novel lays attract our ravished ears;
> But old, the mind inattention hears.

Pope.

Syn. -- Inadvertence; heedlessness; negligence; carelessness; disregard; remissness; thoughtlessness; neglect. -- Inattention, Inadvertence. We miss seeing a thing through inadvertence when do not happen to look at it; through inattention when we give no heed to it, though directly before us. The latter is therefore the worse. Inadvertence may be an involuntary accident; inattention is culpable neglect. A versatile mind is often inadvertent; a careless or stupid one is inattentive.

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In`at*ten"tive (?), a. [Cf. F. inattentif.] Not attentive; not fixing the mind on an object; heedless; careless; negligent; regardless; as, an inattentive spectator or hearer; an inattentive habit. I. Watts.

Syn. -- Careless; heedless; regardless; thoughtless; negligent; remiss; inadvertent.

-- In`at*ten"tive*ly, adv. -- In`at*ten"tive*ness, n.

In*au`di*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being inaudible; inaudibleness.

In*au"di*ble (?), a. [L. inaudibilis; pref. in- not + audire to hear: cf. F. unaudible. See In- not, and Audible.] Not audible; incapable of being heard; silent. -- In*au"di*ble*ness, n. -- In*au"di*bly, adv.

In*au"gur (?), v. t. [Cf. F. inaugurer. See Inaugurate.] To inaugurate. [Obs.] Latimer.

In*au"gu*ral (?), a. [Cf. F. inaugural.] Pertaining to, or performed or pronounced at, an inauguration; as, an inaugural address; the inaugural exercises.

In*au"gu*ral, n. An inaugural address. [U.S.]

In*au"gu*rate (?), a. [L. inauguratus, p. p. of inaugurare to take omens from the flight of birds (before entering upon any important undertaking); hence, to consecrate, inaugurate, or install, with such divination; pref. in- in + augurare, augurari, to augur. See Augur.] Invested with office; inaugurated. Drayton.

In*au"gu*rate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inaugurated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inaugurating (?).]

1. To introduce or induct into an office with suitable ceremonies or solemnities; to invest with power or authority in a formal manner; to install; as, to inaugurate a president; to inaugurate a king. Milton.

2. To cause to begin, esp. with formality or solemn ceremony; hence, to set in motion, action, or progress; to initiate; -- used especially of something of dignity or worth or public concern; as, to inaugurate a new era of things, new methods, etc.

> As if kings did choose remarkable days to inaugurate their favors.

Sir H. Wotton.

3. To celebrate the completion of, or the first public use of; to dedicate, as a statue. [Colloq.]

4. To begin with good omens. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

In*au`gu*ra"tion (?), n. [L. inauguratio a beginning: cf. F. inauguration.]

1. The act of inuagurating, or inducting into office with solemnity; investiture by appropriate ceremonies.

> At his regal inauguration, his old father resigned the kingdom to him.

Sir T. Browne.

2. The formal beginning or initiation of any movement, course of action, etc.; as, the inauguration of a new system, a new condition, etc.

In*au"gu*ra`tor (?), n. One who inaugurates.

In*au"gu*ra*to*ry (?), a. Suitable for, or pertaining to, inauguration. Johnson.

In*au"rate (?), a. [L. inauratus, p. p. inaurare to gild; pref. in- in + aurum gold.] Covered with gold; gilded.

In*au"rate (?), v. t. To cover with gold; to gild.

In`au*ra"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. inauration.] The act or process of gilding or covering with gold.

In*aus"pi*cate (?), a. [L. inauspicatus; pref. in- not + auspicatus, p. p. auspicari. See Auspicate.] Inauspicious. [Obs.] Sir G. Buck.

In`aus*pi"cious (?), a. Not auspicious; ill-omened; unfortunate; unlucky; unfavorable. "Inauspicious stars." Shak. "Inauspicious love." Dryden.

-- In`aus*pi"cious*ly, adv. -- In`aus*pi"cious*ness, n.

In`au*thor"i*ta*tive (?), a. Without authority; not authoritative.

In"barge (?), v. t. & i. To embark; to go or put into a barge. [Obs.] Drayton.

In"beam`ing (?), n. Shining in. South.

In"be`ing (?), n. Inherence; inherent existence. I. Watts.

In*bind" (?), v. t. To inclose. [Obs.] Fairfax.

In"blown` (?), a. Blown in or into. [Obs.]

In"board` (?), a. & adv. 1. (Naut.) Inside the line of a vessel's bulwarks or hull; the opposite of outboard; as, an inboard cargo; haul the boom inboard.

2. (Mech.) From without inward; toward the inside; as, the inboard stroke of a steam engine piston, the inward or return stroke.

In"born` (?), a. Born in or with; implanted by nature; innate; as, inborn passions. Cowper.

Syn. -- Innate; inherent; natural.

{ In"break` (?), In"break`ing, } n. A breaking in; inroad; invasion.

In*breathe" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inbreathed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inbreathing.] To infuse by breathing; to inspire. Coleridge.

In"bred` (?), a. Bred within; innate; as, inbred worth. "Inbred sentiments." Burke.

In*breed" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inbred (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inbreeding.] [Cf. Imbreed.]

1. To produce or generate within. Bp. Reynolds.

> To inbreed and cherish . . . the seeds of virtue.

Milton.

2. To breed in and in. See under Breed, v. i.

In"burn`ing (?), a. Burning within.

> Her inburning wrath she gan abate.

Spenser.

In"burnt` (?), a. Burnt in; ineffaceable.

> Her inburnt, shamefaced thoughts.

P. Fletcher.

In"burst` (?), n. A bursting in or into.

Inc (?), n. A Japanese measure of length equal to about two and one twelfth yards. [Written also ink.]

In"ca (?), n. (a) An emperor or monarch of Peru before, or at the time of, the Spanish conquest; any member of this royal dynasty, reputed to have been descendants of the sun. (b) pl. The people governed by the Incas, now represented by the Quichua tribe.

Inca dove (Zoöl.), a small dove (Scardafella inca), native of Arizona, Lower California, and Mexico.

In*cage" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incaged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Incaging (?).] [Cf. Encage.] To confine in, or as in, a cage; to coop up. [Written also encage.] "Incaged birds." Shak.

In*cage"ment (?), n. Confinement in, or as in, cage. [Obs.] Shelton.

In*cal`cu*la*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being incalculable.

In*cal"cu*la*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + calculable: cf. F. incalculable.] Not capable of being calculated; beyond calculation; very great. -- In*cal"cu*la*ble*ness, n. -- In*cal"cu*la*bly, adv.

In`ca*les"cence (?), n. The state of being incalescent, or of growing warm. Sir T. Browne.

In`ca*les"cen*cy (?), n. Incalescence. Ray.

In`ca*les"cent (?), a. [L. incalescens, -entis, p. pr. of incalescere to grow hot. See 1st In-, and Calescence.] Growing warm; increasing in heat.

In*cam`er*a"tion (?), n. [Pref. in- in + L. camera chamber, LL., also, jurisdiction: cf. F. incamération, It. incamerazione.] (R. C. Ch.) The act or process of uniting lands, rights, or revenues, to the ecclesiastical chamber, i. e., to the pope's domain.

In"can (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Incas.

In`can*des"cence (?), n. [Cf. F. incandescence.] A white heat, or the glowing or luminous whiteness of a body caused by intense heat.

In`can*des"cent (?), a. [L. incandecens, -entis, p. pr. of incandescere to become warm or hot; pref. in- in + candescere to become of a glittering whiteness, to become red hot, incho. fr. candere to be of a glittering whiteness: cf. F. incandescent. See Candle.] White, glowing, or luminous, with intense heat; as, incandescent carbon or platinum; hence, clear; shining; brilliant.

> Holy Scripture become resplendent; or, as one might say, incandescent throughout.

I. Taylor.

Incandescent lamp or light (Elec.), a kind of lamp in which the light is produced by a thin filament of conducting material, usually carbon, contained in a vacuum, and heated to incandescence by an electric current, as in the Edison lamp; -- called also incandescence lamp, and glowlamp.

In`ca*nes"cent (?), a. [L. incanescens, p. pr. incanescere to become gray.] Becoming hoary or gray; canescent.

In*ca"nous (?), a. [L. incanus; pref. in- in + canus hoary.] (Bot.) Hoary with white pubescence.

In`can*ta"tion (?), n. [L. incantatio, fr. incantare to chant a magic formula over one: cf. F. incantation. See Enchant.]

1. The act or process of using formulas sung or spoken, with occult ceremonies, for the purpose of raising spirits, producing enchantment, or affecting other magical results; enchantment. "Mysterious ceremony and incantation." Burke.

2. A formula of words used as above.

In*cant"a*to*ry (?), a. Dealing by enchantment; magical. Sir T. Browne.

In*cant"ing, a. Enchanting. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.

In*can"ton (?), v. t. To unite to, or form into, a canton or separate community. Addison.

In*ca`pa*bil"i*ty (?), n. 1. The quality of being incapable; incapacity. Suckling.

2. (Law) Want of legal qualifications, or of legal power; as, incapability of holding an office.

In*ca"pa*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + capable: cf. F. incapable, L. incapabilis incomprehensible.]

1. Wanting in ability or qualification for the purpose or end in view; not large enough to contain or hold; deficient in physical strength, mental or moral power, etc.; not capable; as, incapable of holding a certain quantity of liquid; incapable of endurance, of comprehension, of perseverance, of reform, etc.

2. Not capable of being brought to do or perform, because morally strong or well disposed; -- used with reference to some evil; as, incapable of wrong, dishonesty, or falsehood.

3. Not in a state to receive; not receptive; not susceptible; not able to admit; as, incapable of pain, or pleasure; incapable of stain or injury.

4. (Law) Unqualified or disqualified, in a legal sense; as, a man under thirty-five years of age is incapable of holding the office of president of the United States; a person convicted on impeachment is thereby made incapable of holding an office of profit or honor under the government.

5. (Mil.) As a term of disgrace, sometimes annexed to a sentence when an officer has been cashiered and rendered incapable of serving his country.

Incapable is often used elliptically.

> Is not your father grown incapable of reasonable affairs?

Shak.

Syn. -- Incompetent; unfit; unable; insufficient; inadequate; deficient; disqualified. See Incompetent.

In*ca"pa*ble, n. One who is morally or mentally weak or inefficient; an imbecile; a simpleton.

In*ca"pa*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being incapable; incapability.

In*ca"pa*bly, adv. In an incapable manner.

In`ca*pa"cious (?), a. [Pref. in- not + capacious: cf. L. incapax incapable.] Not capacious; narrow; small; weak or foolish; as, an incapacious soul. Bp. Burnet. -- In`ca*pa"cious*ness, n.

In`ca*pac"i*tate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incapacitated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Incapacitating (?).] [Pref. in- not + capacitate.]

1. To deprive of capacity or natural power; to disable; to render incapable or unfit; to disqualify; as, his age incapacitated him for war.

2. (Law) To deprive of legal or constitutional requisites, or of ability or competency for the performance of certain civil acts; to disqualify.

> It absolutely incapacitated them from holding rank, office, function, or property.

Milman.

In`ca*pac`i*ta"tion (?), n. The act of incapacitating or state of being incapacitated; incapacity; disqualification. Burke.

In`ca*pac"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Incapacities (&?;). [Cf. F. incapacité.]

1. Want of capacity; lack of physical or intellectual power; inability.

2. (Law) Want of legal ability or competency to do, give, transmit, or receive something; inability; disqualification; as, the inacapacity of minors to make binding contracts, etc.

Syn. -- Inability; incapability; incompetency; unfitness; disqualification; disability.

In*cap"su*late (?), v. t. (Physiol.) To inclose completely, as in a membrane.

In*cap`su*la"tion (?), n. (Physiol.) The process of becoming, or the state or condition of being, incapsulated; as, incapsulation of the ovum in the uterus.

In*car"cer*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incarcerated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Incarcerating (?).] [Pref. in- in + L. carceratus, p. p. of carcerare to imprison, fr. carcer prison.]

1. To imprison; to confine in a jail or prison.

2. To confine; to shut up or inclose; to hem in.

Incarcerated hernia (Med.), hernia in which the constriction can not be easily reduced.

In*car"cer*ate (?), a. Imprisoned. Dr. H. More.

In*car`cer*a"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. incarcération.]

1. The act of confining, or the state of being confined; imprisonment. Glanvill.

2. (Med.) (a) Formerly, strangulation, as in hernia. (b) A constriction of the hernial sac, rendering it irreducible, but not great enough to cause strangulation.

In*car"cer*a`tor (?), n. One who incarcerates.

In*carn" (?), v. t. [Cf. F. incarner. See Incarnate.] To cover or invest with flesh. [R.] Wiseman.

In*carn", v. i. To develop flesh. [R.] Wiseman.

In*car"na*dine (?), a. [F. incarnadin, It. incarnatino; L. pref. in- in + caro, carnis, flesh. Cf. Carnation, Incarnate.] Flesh-colored; of a carnation or pale red color. [Obs.] Lovelace.

In*car"na*dine, v. t. To dye red or crimson.

> Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood
> Clean from my hand? No; this my hand will rather
> The multitudinous seas incarnadine,
> Making the green one red.

Shak.

In*car"nate (?), a. [Pref. in- not + carnate.] Not in the flesh; spiritual. [Obs.]

> I fear nothing . . . that devil carnate or incarnate can fairly do.

Richardson.

In*car"nate, a. [L. incarnatus, p. p. of incarnare to incarnate, pref. in- in + caro, carnis, flesh. See Carnal.]

1. Invested with flesh; embodied in a human nature and form; united with, or having, a human body.

> Here shalt thou sit incarnate.

Milton.

> He represents the emperor and his wife as two devils incarnate, sent into the world for the destruction of mankind.

Jortin.

2. Flesh-colored; rosy; red. [Obs.] Holland.

In*car"nate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incarnated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Incarnating (?).] To clothe with flesh; to embody in flesh; to invest, as spirits, ideals, etc., with a human from or nature.

> This essence to incarnate and imbrute,
> That to the height of deity aspired.

Milton.

In*car"nate, v. i. To form flesh; to granulate, as a wound. [R.]

> My uncle Toby's wound was nearly well -- 't was just beginning to incarnate.

Sterne.

In`car*na"tion (?), n. [F. incarnation, LL. incarnatio.]

1. The act of clothing with flesh, or the state of being so clothed; the act of taking, or being manifested in, a human body and nature.

2. (Theol.) The union of the second person of the Godhead with manhood in Christ.

3. An incarnate form; a personification; a manifestation; a reduction to apparent from; a striking exemplification in person or act.

> She is a new incarnation of some of the illustrious dead.

Jeffrey.

> The very incarnation of selfishness.

F. W. Robertson.

4. A rosy or red color; flesh color; carnation. [Obs.]

5. (Med.) The process of healing wounds and filling the part with new flesh; granulation.

In*car"na*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. incarnatif.] Causing new flesh to grow; healing; regenerative. -- n. An incarnative medicine.

In*car`ni*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [See Incarnation, and -fy.] The act of assuming, or state of being clothed with, flesh; incarnation.

In*case" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incased (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Incasing.] [F. encaisser; pref. en- (L. in) + caisse case. See Case a box, and cf. Encase, Enchase.] To inclose in a case; to inclose; to cover or surround with something solid.

> Rich plates of gold the folding doors incase.

Pope.

In*case"ment (?), n. [Cf. Casement.]

1. The act or process of inclosing with a case, or the state of being incased.

2. That which forms a case, covering, or inclosure.

In*cask" (?), v. t. To cover with a casque or as with a casque. Sherwood.

In*cas"tel*la`ted (?), a. Confined or inclosed in a castle.

In*cas"telled (?), a. (Far.) Hoofbound. Crabb.

In*cat`e*na"tion (?), n. [LL. incatenatio; L. pref. in- in + catena chain. See Enchain.] The act of linking together; enchaining. [R.] Goldsmith.

In*cau"tion (?), n. Want of caution. Pope.

In*cau"tious (?), a. [Pref. in- not + cautious: cf. L. incautus.] Not cautious; not circumspect; not attending to the circumstances on which safety and interest depend; heedless; careless; as, an incautious step; an incautious remark.

<! p. 743 !>

> You . . . incautious tread
> On fire with faithless embers overspread.

Francis.

> His rhetorical expressions may easily captivate any incautious reader.

Keill.

Syn. -- Unwary; indiscreet; inconsiderate; imprudent; impolitic; careless; heedless; thoughtless.

-- In*cau"tious*ly, adv. -- In*cau"tious*ness, n.

In"ca*va`ted (n"k*v`td), a. [L. incavatus, p. p. of incavare to make hollow: pref in- in + cavare to hollow out, fr. cavus hollow.] Made hollow; bent round or in.

In`ca*va"tion (n`k*v"shn), n. Act of making hollow; also, a hollow; an excavation; a depression.

In*caved" (n*kvd), a. [Pref. in- in + cave. Cf. Encave, Incavated.] Inclosed in a cave.

In*cav"erned (n*kv"rnd), a. Inclosed or shut up as in a cavern. Drayton.

In*ced"ing*ly (n*sd"ng*l), adv. [L. incedere to walk majestically.] Majestically. [R.] C. Bronté.

In`ce*leb"ri*ty (?), n. Want of celebrity or distinction; obscurity. [R.] Coleridge.

In*cend" (?), v. t. [L. incendere, incensum, to kindle, burn. See Incense to inflame.] To inflame; to excite. [Obs.] Marston.

In*cen"di*a*rism (?), n. [From Incendiary.] The act or practice of maliciously setting fires; arson.

In*cen"di*a*ry (?; 277), n.; pl. Incendiaries (#). [L. incendiarius: cf. F. incendiaire. See Incense to inflame.]

1. Any person who maliciously sets fire to a building or other valuable or other valuable property.

2. A person who excites or inflames factions, and promotes quarrels or sedition; an agitator; an exciter.

> Several cities . . . drove them out as incendiaries.

Bentley.

In*cen"di*a*ry, a. [L. incendiarius, fr. incendium a fire, conflagration: cf. F. incendiaire. See Incense to inflame.]

1. Of or pertaining to incendiarism, or the malicious burning of valuable property; as, incendiary material; as incendiary crime.

2. Tending to excite or inflame factions, sedition, or quarrel; inflammatory; seditious. Paley.

Incendiary shell, a bombshell. See Carcass, 4.

In*cen"di*ous (?), a. [L. incendiosus burning, hot.] Promoting faction or contention; seditious; inflammatory. [Obs.] Bacon. -- In*cen"di*ous*ly, adv. [Obs.]

In*cen"sant (?), a. [See Incense to anger.] (Her.) A modern term applied to animals (as a boar) when borne as raging, or with furious aspect.

In`cen*sa"tion (?), n. (R. C. Ch.) The offering of incense. [R.] Encyc. Brit.

In*cense" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incensed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Incensing.] [L. incensus, p. p. of incendere; pref. in- in + root of candere to glow. See Candle.]

1. To set on fire; to inflame; to kindle; to burn. [Obs.]

> Twelve Trojan princes wait on thee, and labor to incense
> Thy glorious heap of funeral.

Chapman.

2. To inflame with anger; to endkindle; to fire; to incite; to provoke; to heat; to madden.

> The people are incensed him.

Shak.

Syn. -- To enrage; exasperate; provoke; anger; irritate; heat; fire; instigate.

In"cense (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incensed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Incensing.] [LL. incensare: cf. F. encenser. See Incense, n.]

1. To offer incense to. See Incense. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. To perfume with, or as with, incense. "Incensed with wanton sweets." Marston.

In"cense (?), n. [OE. encens, F. encens, L. incensum, fr. incensus, p. p. of incendere to burn. See Incense to inflame.]

1. The perfume or odors exhaled from spices and gums when burned in celebrating religious rites or as an offering to some deity.

> A thick cloud of incense went up.

Ezek. viii. 11.

2. The materials used for the purpose of producing a perfume when burned, as fragrant gums, spices, frankincense, etc.

> Nadab and Abihu, the sons of Aaron, took either of them his censer, and put fire therein, and put incense thereon.

Lev. x. 1.

3. Also used figuratively.

> Or heap the shrine of luxury and pride,
> With incense kindled at the Muse's flame.

Gray.

Incense tree, the name of several balsamic trees of the genus Bursera (or Icica) mostly tropical American. The gum resin is used for incense. In Jamaica the Chrysobalanus Icaco, a tree related to the plums, is called incense tree. -- Incense wood, the fragrant wood of the tropical American tree Bursera heptaphylla.

In"cense-breath`ing (?), a. Breathing or exhaling incense. "Incense-breathing morn." Gray.

In*censed" (?), a. 1. Angered; enraged.

2. (Her.) Represented as enraged, as any wild creature depicted with fire issuing from mouth and eyes.

In*cense"ment (?), n. Fury; rage; heat; exasperation; as, implacable incensement. Shak.

In*cen"ser (?), n. One who instigates or incites.

In*cen"sion (?), n. [L. incensio. See Incense to inflame.] The act of kindling, or the state of being kindled or on fire. Bacon.

In*cen"sive (?), a. Tending to excite or provoke; inflammatory. Barrow.

In*cen"sor (?), n. [L.] A kindler of anger or enmity; an inciter.

In*cen"so*ry (?; 277), n.; pl. Incensories (#). [LL. incensorium: cf. F. encensoir. See 2d Incense, and cf. Censer.] The vessel in which incense is burned and offered; a censer; a thurible. [R.] Evelyn.

In*cen"sur*a*ble (?; 135), a. [Pref. in- not + censurable: cf. F. incensurable.] Not censurable. Dr. T. Dwight. -- In*cen"sur*a*bly, adv.

In*cen"ter (?), n. (Geom.) The center of the circle inscribed in a triangle.

In*cen"tive (?), a. [L. incentivus, from incinere to strike up or set the tune; pref. in- + canere to sing. See Enchant, Chant.]

1. Inciting; encouraging or moving; rousing to action; stimulative.

> Competency is the most incentive to industry.

Dr. H. More.

2. Serving to kindle or set on fire. [R.]

> Part incentive reed
> Provide, pernicious with one touch of fire.

Milton.

In*cen"tive, n. [L. incentivum.] That which moves or influences the mind, or operates on the passions; that which incites, or has a tendency to incite, to determination or action; that which prompts to good or ill; motive; spur; as, the love of money, and the desire of promotion, are two powerful incentives to action.

> The greatest obstacles, the greatest terrors that come in their way, are so far from making them quit the work they had begun, that they rather prove incentives to them to go on in it.

South.

Syn. -- Motive; spur; stimulus; incitement; encouragement; inducement; influence.

In*cen"tive*ly, adv. Incitingly; encouragingly.

In*cep"tion (?), n. [L. inceptio, fr. incipere to begin; pref. in- in + capere to take. See Capable.]

1. Beginning; commencement; initiation. Bacon.

> Marked with vivacity of inception, apathy of progress, and prematureness of decay.

Rawle.

2. Reception; a taking in. [R.] Poe.

In*cep"tive (?), a. Beginning; expressing or indicating beginning; as, an inceptive proposition; an inceptive verb, which expresses the beginning of action; -- called also inchoative. -- In*cep"tive*ly, adv.

In*cep"tive, n. An inceptive word, phrase, or clause.

In*cep"tor (?), n. [L.] 1. A beginner; one in the rudiments. Johnson.

2. One who is on the point of taking the degree of master of arts at an English university. Walton.

In`cer*a"tion (?), n. [L. incerare to smear with wax; pref. in- in + cerare to wax, fr. cera wax: cf. F. incération.] The act of smearing or covering with wax. B. Jonson.

In*cer"a*tive (?), a. Cleaving or sticking like wax. Cotgrave.

In*cer"tain (?), n. [Pref. in- not + certain: cf. F. incertain, L. incertus. See Certain.] Uncertain; doubtful; unsteady. -- In*cer"tain*ly, adv.

> Very questionable and of uncertain truth.

Sir T. Browne.

In*cer"tain*ty (?), n. Uncertainty. [Obs.] Shak.

In*cer"ti*tude (?), n. [Cf. F. incertitude, LL. incertitudo, fr. L. incertus. See Incertain.] Uncertainty; doubtfulness; doubt.

> The incertitude and instability of this life.

Holland.

> He fails . . . from mere incertitude or irresolution.

I. Taylor.

||In*cer"tum (?), a. Doubtful; not of definite form.

Opus incertum (Anc. Arch.), a kind of masonry employed in building walls, in which the stones were not squared nor laid in courses; rubblework.

In*ces"sa*ble (?), a. [L. incessabilis; pref. in- not + cessare to cease.] Unceasing; continual. [Obs.] Shelton. -- In*ces"sa*bly, adv. [Obs.]

In*ces"san*cy (?), n. [From Incessant.] The quality of being incessant; unintermitted continuance; unceasingness. Dr. T. Dwight.

In*ces"sant (?), a. [L. incessans, -antis; pref. in- not + cessare to cease: cf. F. incessant. See Cease.] Continuing or following without interruption; unceasing; unitermitted; uninterrupted; continual; as, incessant clamors; incessant pain, etc.

> Against the castle gate,
> . . . Which with incessant force and endless hate,
> They batter'd day and night and entrance did await.

Spenser.

Syn. -- Unceasing; uninterrupted; unintermitted; unremitting; ceaseless; continual; constant; perpetual.

In*ces"sant*ly, adv. Unceasingly; continually. Shak.

In*ces"sion (?), n. [L. incedere, incessum, to walk.] Motion on foot; progress in walking. [Obs.]

> The incession or local motion of animals.

Sir T. Browne.

In"cest (?), n. [F. inceste, L. incestum unchastity, incest, fr. incestus unchaste; pref. in- not + castus chaste. See Chaste.] The crime of cohabitation or sexual commerce between persons related within the degrees wherein marriage is prohibited by law. Shak.

Spiritual incest. (Eccl. Law) (a) The crime of cohabitation committed between persons who have a spiritual alliance by means of baptism or confirmation. (b) The act of a vicar, or other beneficiary, who holds two benefices, the one depending on the collation of the other.

In*cest"tu*ous (?; 135), a. [L. incestuosus: cf. F. incestueux.] Guilty of incest; involving, or pertaining to, the crime of incest; as, an incestuous person or connection. Shak.

> Ere you reach to this incestuous love,
> You must divine and human rights remove.

Dryden.

-- In*cest"tu*ous*ly, adv. -- In*cest"tu*ous*ness, n.

Inch (?), n. [Gael. inis.] An island; -- often used in the names of small islands off the coast of Scotland, as in Inchcolm, Inchkeith, etc. [Scot.]

Inch, n. [OE. inche, unche, AS. ynce, L. uncia the twelfth part, inch, ounce. See Ounce a weight.]

1. A measure of length, the twelfth part of a foot, commonly subdivided into halves, quarters, eights, sixteenths, etc., as among mechanics. It was also formerly divided into twelve parts, called lines, and originally into three parts, called barleycorns, its length supposed to have been determined from three grains of barley placed end to end lengthwise. It is also sometimes called a prime (′), composed of twelve seconds (′′), as in the duodecimal system of arithmetic.

> 12 seconds (′′) make 1 inch or prime. 12 inches or primes (′) make 1 foot.

B. Greenleaf.

The meter, the accepted scientific standard of length, equals 39.37 inches; the inch is equal to 2.54 centimeters. See Metric system, and Meter.

2. A small distance or degree, whether of time or space; hence, a critical moment.

> Beldame, I think we watched you at an inch.

Shak.

By inches, by slow degrees, gradually. -- Inch of candle. See under Candle. -- Inches of pressure, usually, the pressure indicated by so many inches of a mercury column, as on a steam gauge. -- Inch of water. See under Water. -- Miner's inch, (Hydraulic Mining), a unit for the measurement of water. See Inch of water, under Water.

Inch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inching.]

1. To drive by inches, or small degrees. [R.]

> He gets too far into the soldier's grace
> And inches out my master.

Dryden.

2. To deal out by inches; to give sparingly. [R.]

Inch, v. i. To advance or retire by inches or small degrees; to move slowly.

> With slow paces measures back the field,
> And inches to the walls.

Dryden.

Inch, a. Measuring an inch in any dimension, whether length, breadth, or thickness; -- used in composition; as, a two-inch cable; a four-inch plank.

Inch stuff, boards, etc., sawed one inch thick.

In*cham"ber (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inchambered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inchambering.] [Pref. in- in + chamber: cf. OF. enchambrer.] To lodge in a chamber. [R.] Sherwood.

In*change`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. Unchangeableness. [Obs.] Kenrick.

In*chant" (?), v. t. See Enchant.

In*char"i*ta*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. incharitable.] Uncharitable; unfeeling. [Obs.] Shak.

In*char"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. incharité.] Want of charity. [Obs.] Evelyn.

In*chase" (?), v. t. See Enchase.

In*chas"ti*ty (?), n. [Pref. in- not + chastity: cf. F. inchasteté.] Unchastity. [Obs.] Milton.

Inched (?), a. Having or measuring (so many) inches; as, a four-inched bridge. Shak.

In*chest" (?), v. t. To put into a chest.

Inch"i*pin (?), n. See Inchpin.

Inch"meal` (?), n. [See Meal a part, and cf. Piecemeal.] A piece an inch long.

By inchmeal, by small degrees; by inches. Shak.

Inch"meal`, adv. Little by little; gradually.

In"cho*ate (?), a. [L. inchoatus, better incohatus, p. p. of incohare to begin.] Recently, or just, begun; beginning; partially but not fully in existence or operation; existing in its elements; incomplete. -- In"cho*ate*ly, adv.

> Neither a substance perfect, nor a substance inchoate.

Raleigh.

In"cho*ate (?), v. t. To begin. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

In`cho*a"tion (?), n. [L. inchoatio, incohatio.] Act of beginning; commencement; inception.

> The setting on foot some of those arts, in those parts, would be looked on as the first inchoation of them.

Sir M. Hale.

> It is now in actual progress, from the rudest inchoation to the most elaborate finishing.

I. Taylor.

In*cho"a*tive (?; 277), a. [L. inchoativus, incohativus: cf. F. inchoatif.] Expressing or pertaining to a beginning; inceptive; as, an inchoative verb. "Some inchoative or imperfect rays." W. Montagu. -- n. An inchoative verb. See Inceptive.

Inch"pin (?), n. [Written also inchipin, inche-pinne, inne-pinne.] [Cf. Gael. inne, innidh, bowel, entrail.] The sweetbread of a deer. Cotgrave.

Inch"worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The larva of any geometrid moth. See Geometrid.

In*cic"u*ra*ble (?), a. [L. incicur not tame; pref. in- not + cicur name.] Untamable. [R.]

In*cide" (?), v. t. [L. incidere; pref. in- in + caedere to cut. See Concise, and cf. Incise.] To cut; to separate and remove; to resolve or break up, as by medicines. [Obs.] Arbuthnot.

In"ci*dence (?), n. [Cf. F. incidence.]

1. A falling on or upon; an incident; an event. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

2. (Physics) The direction in which a body, or a ray of light or heat, falls on any surface.

> In equal incidences there is a considerable inequality of refractions.

Sir I. Newton.

Angle of incidence, the angle which a ray of light, or the line of incidence of a body, falling on any surface, makes with a perpendicular to that surface; also formerly, the complement of this angle. -- Line of incidence, the line in the direction of which a surface is struck by a body, ray of light, and the like.

In"ci*den*cy (?), n. Incidence. [Obs.] Shak.

In"ci*dent (?), a. [L. incidens, -entis, p. pr. & of incidere to fall into or upon; pref. in- in, on + cadere to fall: cf. F. incident. See Cadence.]

1. Falling or striking upon, as a ray of light upon a reflecting surface.

2. Coming or happening accidentally; not in the usual course of things; not in connection with the main design; not according to expectation; casual; fortuitous.

> As the ordinary course of common affairs is disposed of by general laws, so likewise men's rarer incident necessities and utilities should be with special equity considered.

Hooker.

3. Liable to happen; apt to occur; befalling; hence, naturally happening or appertaining.

> All chances incident to man's frail life.

Milton.

> The studies incident to his profession.

Milward.

4. (Law) Dependent upon, or appertaining to, another thing, called the principal.

Incident proposition (Logic), a proposition subordinate to another, and introduced by who, which, whose, whom, etc.; as, Julius, whose surname was Cæsar, overcame Pompey. I. Watts.

In"ci*dent, n. [Cf. F. incident.] 1. That which falls out or takes place; an event; casualty; occurrence.

<! p. 744 !>

2. That which happens aside from the main design; an accidental or subordinate action or event.

> No person, no incident, in a play but must be of use to carry on the main design.

Dryden.

3. (Law) Something appertaining to, passing with, or depending on, another, called the principal. Tomlins.

Syn. -- Circumstance; event; fact; adventure; contingency; chance; accident; casualty. See Event.

In`ci*den"tal (?), a. Happening, as an occasional event, without regularity; coming without design; casual; accidental; hence, not of prime concern; subordinate; collateral; as, an incidental conversation; an incidental occurrence; incidental expenses.

> By some, religious duties . . . appear to be regarded . . . as an incidental business.

Rogers.

Syn. -- Accidental; casual; fortuitous; contingent; chance; collateral. See Accidental.

-- In`ci*den"tal*ly, adv. -- In`ci*den"tal*ness, n.

> I treat either or incidentally of colors.

Boyle.

In`ci*den"tal, n. An incident; that which is incidental; esp., in the plural, an aggregate of subordinate or incidental items not particularized; as, the expense of tuition and incidentals. Pope.

In"ci*dent*ly (?), adv. Incidentally. [Obs.]

In*cin"er*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being incinerated or reduced to ashes. Sir T. Browne.

In*cin"er*ate (?), [LL. incineratus, p. p. of incinerare to incinerate; L. pref. in- in + cinis, cineris, ashes.] Reduced to ashes by burning; thoroughly consumed. [Obs.] Bacon.

In*cin"er*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incinerated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Incinerating (?).] To burn to ashes; to consume; to burn. Bacon.

> It is the fire only that incinerates bodies.

Boyle.

In*cin`er*a"tion (?), n. [LL. incineratio: cf. F. incinération.] The act of incinerating, or the state of being incinerated; cremation.

> The phenix kind,
> Of whose incineration,
> There riseth a new creation.

Skelton.

{ In*cip"i*ence (?), In*cip"i*en*cy (?), } n. [L. incipientia.] Beginning; commencement; incipient state.

In*cip"i*ent (?), a. [L. incipiens, p. pr. of incipere to begin. See Inception.] Beginning to be, or to show itself; commencing; initial; as, the incipient stage of a fever; incipient light of day. -- In*cip"i*ent*ly, adv.

In*cir"cle (?), v. t. See Encircle.

In*cir"clet (?), n. [Cf. Encirclet.] A small circle. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

In*cir`cum*scrip"ti*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + circumscriptible: cf. LL. incircumscriptibilis.] Incapable of being circumscribed or limited. Cranmer.

In*cir`cum*scrip"tion (?), n. Condition or quality of being incircumscriptible or limitless. Jer. Taylor.

In*cir"cum*spect (?), a. [Pref. in- not + circumspect.] Not circumspect; heedless; careless; reckless; impolitic. Tyndale.

In*cir`cum*spec"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. incirconspection.] Want of circumspection. Sir T. Browne.

In*cise" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incised (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Incising.] [L. incisus, p. p. of incidere to incise: cf. F. inciser. See Incide.]

1. To cut in or into with a sharp instrument; to carve; to engrave.

> I on thy grave this epitaph incise.

T. Carew.

2. To cut, gash, or wound with a sharp instrument; to cut off.

In*cised" (?), a. 1. Cut in; carved; engraved.

2. (Bot.) Having deep and sharp notches, as a leaf or a petal.

In*cise"ly (?), adv. In an incised manner.

In*ci"sion (?), n. [L. incisio: cf. F. incision. See Incise.]

1. The act of incising, or cutting into a substance. Milton.

2. That which is produced by incising; the separation of the parts of any substance made by a cutting or pointed instrument; a cut; a gash.

3. Separation or solution of viscid matter by medicines. [Obs.]

In*ci"sive (?), a. [Cf. F. incisif.]

1. Having the quality of incising, cutting, or penetrating, as with a sharp instrument; cutting; hence, sharp; acute; sarcastic; biting. "An incisive, high voice." G. Eliot.

> And her incisive smile accrediting
> That treason of false witness in my blush.

Mrs. Browning.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the incisors; incisor; as, the incisive bones, the premaxillaries.

In*ci"sor (?; 277), n. [NL.] (Anat.) One of the teeth in front of the canines in either jaw; an incisive tooth. See Tooth.

In*ci"sor, a. Adapted for cutting; of or pertaining to the incisors; incisive; as, the incisor nerve; an incisor foramen; an incisor tooth.

In*ci"so*ry (?), a. Having the quality of cutting; incisor; incisive.

In*cis"ure (?; 277), n. [L. incisura: cf. F. incisure.] A cut; an incision; a gash. Derham.

In*cit"ant (?), a. [L. incitans, -antis, p. pr. of incitare. See Incite.] Inciting; stimulating.

In*cit"ant, n. That which incites; an inciting agent or cause; a stimulant. E. Darwin.

In`ci*ta"tion (?), n. [L. incitatio: cf. F. incitation.]

1. The act of inciting or moving to action.

2. That which incites to action; that which rouses or prompts; incitement; motive; incentive.

> The noblest incitation to honest attempts.

Tatler.

In*cit"a*tive (?), n. A provocative; an incitant; a stimulant. [R.] Jervas.

In*cite" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incited (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inciting.] [L. incitare; pref. in- in + citare to rouse, stir up: cf. F. inciter. See Cite.] To move to action; to stir up; to rouse; to spur or urge on.

> Anthiochus, when he incited Prusias to join in war, set before him the greatness of the Romans.

Bacon.

> No blown ambition doth our arms incite.

Shak.

Syn. -- Excite; stimulate; instigate; spur; goad; arouse; move; urge; rouse; provoke; encourage; prompt; animate. See Excite.

In*cite"ment (?), n. [Cf. F. incitement.]

1. The act of inciting.

2. That which incites the mind, or moves to action; motive; incentive; impulse. Burke.

> From the long records of a distant age,
> Derive incitements to renew thy rage.

Pope.

Syn. -- Motive; incentive; spur; stimulus; impulse; encouragement.

In*cit"er (?), n. One who, or that which, incites.

In*cit"ing*ly, adv. So as to incite or stimulate.

In*ci`to-mo"tor (?), a. [L. incitus incited + E. motor.] (Physiol.) Inciting to motion; -- applied to that action which, in the case of muscular motion, commences in the nerve centers, and excites the muscles to contraction. Opposed to excito-motor.

In*ci`to-mo"to*ry (?), a. (Physiol.) Incitomotor.

In*civ"il (?), a. [L. incivilis; pref. in- not + civilis civil: cf. F. incivil.] Uncivil; rude. [Obs.] Shak.

In`ci*vil"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Incivilities (#). [L. incivilitas: cf. F. incivilité.]

1. The quality or state of being uncivil; want of courtesy; rudeness of manner; impoliteness. Shak. Tillotson.

2. Any act of rudeness or ill breeding.

> Uncomely jests, loud talking and jeering, which, in civil account, are called indecencies and incivilities.

Jer. Taylor.

3. Want of civilization; a state of rudeness or barbarism. [R.] Sir W. Raleigh.

Syn. -- Impoliteness; uncourteousness; unmannerliness; disrespect; rudeness; discourtesy.

In*civ`i*li*za"tion (?), n. [Pref. in- not + civilization.] The state of being uncivilized; want of civilization; barbarism.

In*civ"il*ly (?), adv. Uncivilly. [Obs.] Shak.

In*civ"ism (?), n. [Pref. in- not + civism: cf. F. incivisme.] Want of civism; want of patriotism or love to one's country; unfriendliness to one's state or government. [R.] Macaulay.

In`cla*ma"tion (?), n. [L. inclamatio. See 1st In-, and Claim.] Exclamation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In*clasp" (?), v. t. [Pref. in- in + clasp. Cf. Enclasp.] To clasp within; to hold fast to; to embrace or encircle. [Written also enclasp.]

> The flattering ivy who did ever see
> Inclasp the huge trunk of an aged tree.

F. Beaumont.

In*clau"dent (?), a. Not closing or shutting.

In"cla*va`ted (?), a. [LL. inclavatus; L. pref. in- in + clavare to fasten with nails, fr. clavus nail.] Set; fast; fixed. Dr. John Smith.

In*clave" (?), a. [See Inclavated.] (Her.) Resembling a series of dovetails; -- said of a line of division, such as the border of an ordinary.

In"cle (?), n. Same as Inkle.

In*clem"en*cy (?), n.; pl. Inclemencies (#). [L. inclementia: cf. F. inclémence.]

1. The state or quality of being inclement; want of clemency; want of mildness of temper; unmercifulness; severity.

> The inclemency of the late pope.

Bp. Hall.

2. Physical severity or harshness (commonly in respect to the elements or weather); roughness; storminess; rigor; severe cold, wind, rain, or snow.

> The inclemencies of morning air.

Pope.

> The rude inclemency of wintry skies.

Cowper.

Syn. -- Harshness; severity; cruelty; rigor; roughness; storminess; boisterousness.

In*clem"ent (?), a. [L. inclemens; pref. in- not + clemens mild: cf. F. inclément. See Clement.]

1. Not clement; destitute of a mild and kind temper; void of tenderness; unmerciful; severe; harsh.

2. Physically severe or harsh (generally restricted to the elements or weather); rough; boisterous; stormy; rigorously cold, etc.; as, inclement weather. Cowper.

> The guard the wretched from the inclement sky.

Pope.

> Teach us further by what means to shun
> The inclement seasons, rain, ice, hail, and snow!

Milton.

In*clem"ent*ly, adv. In an inclement manner.

In*clin"a*ble (?), a. [L. inclinabilis. See Incline.]

1. Leaning; tending.

> Likely and inclinable to fall.

Bentley.

2. Having a propensity of will or feeling; leaning in disposition; disposed; propense; as, a mind inclinable to truth.

> Whatsoever other sins he may be inclinable to.

South.

> The very constitution of a multitude is not so inclinable to save as to destroy.

Fuller.

In*clin"a*ble*ness, n. The state or quality of being inclinable; inclination.

In`cli*na"tion (?), n. [L. inclinatio: cf. F. inclination.] 1. The act of inclining, or state of being inclined; a leaning; as, an inclination of the head.

2. A direction or tendency from the true vertical or horizontal direction; as, the inclination of a column, or of a road bed.

3. A tendency towards another body or point.

4. (Geom.) The angle made by two lines or planes; as, the inclination of the plane of the earth's equator to the plane of the ecliptic is about 23° 28′; the inclination of two rays of light.

5. A leaning or tendency of the mind, feelings, preferences, or will; propensity; a disposition more favorable to one thing than to another; favor; desire; love.

> A mere inclination to a thing is not properly a willing of that thing.

South.

> How dost thou find the inclination of the people?

Shak.

6. A person or thing loved or admired. Sir W. Temple.

7. (Pharm.) Decantation, or tipping for pouring.

Inclination compass, an inclinometer. - - Inclination of an orbit (Astron.), the angle which the orbit makes with the ecliptic. -- Inclination of the needle. See Dip of the needle, under Dip.

Syn. -- Bent; tendency; proneness; bias; proclivity; propensity; prepossession; predilection; attachment; desire; affection; love. See Bent, and cf. Disposition.

In*clin"a*to*ry (?; 277), a. Having the quality of leaning or inclining; as, the inclinatory needle. -- In*clin"a*to*ri*ly (#), adv. Sir T. Browne.

In*cline" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inclined (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inclining.] [OE. inclinen, enclinen, OF. encliner, incliner, F. incliner, L. inclinare; pref. in- in + clinare to bend, incline; akin to E. lean. See Lean to incline.]

1. To deviate from a line, direction, or course, toward an object; to lean; to tend; as, converging lines incline toward each other; a road inclines to the north or south.

2. Fig.: To lean or tend, in an intellectual or moral sense; to favor an opinion, a course of conduct, or a person; to have a propensity or inclination; to be disposed.

> Their hearts inclined to follow Abimelech.

Judges ix. 3.

> Power finds its balance, giddy motions cease
> In both the scales, and each inclines to peace.

Parnell.

3. To bow; to incline the head. Chaucer.

Syn. -- To lean; slope; slant; tend; bend.

In*cline", v. t. 1. To cause to deviate from a line, position, or direction; to give a leaning, bend, or slope to; as, incline the column or post to the east; incline your head to the right.

> Incline thine ear, O Lord, and hear.

Is. xxxvii. 17.

2. To impart a tendency or propensity to, as to the will or affections; to turn; to dispose; to influence.

> Incline my heart unto thy testimonies.

Ps. cxix. 36.

> Incline our hearts to keep this law.

Book of Com. Prayer.

3. To bend; to cause to stoop or bow; as, to incline the head or the body in acts of reverence or civility.

> With due respect my body I inclined.

Dryden.

In*cline", n. An inclined plane; an ascent or descent; a grade or gradient; a slope.

In*clined" (?), p. p. & a. 1. Having a leaning or tendency towards, or away from, a thing; disposed or moved by wish, desire, or judgment; as, a man inclined to virtue. "Each pensively inclined." Cowper.

2. (Math.) Making an angle with some line or plane; -- said of a line or plane.

3. (Bot.) Bent out of a perpendicular position, or into a curve with the convex side uppermost.

Inclined plane. (Mech.) (a) A plane that makes an oblique angle with the plane of the horizon; a sloping plane. When used to produce pressure, or as a means of moving bodies, it is one of the mechanical powers, so called. (b) (Railroad & Canal) An inclined portion of track, on which trains or boats are raised or lowered from one level to another.

In*clin"er (?), n. One who, or that which, inclines; specifically, an inclined dial.

In*clin"ing, a. (Bot.) Same as Inclined, 3.

In*clin"ing, n. 1. Inclination; disposition.

> On the first inclining towards sleep.

Burke.

2. Party or side chosen; a following.

> Both you of my inclining, and the rest.

Shak.

In`clin*nom"e*ter (?), n. [Incline + -meter.] (Magnetism) An apparatus to determine the inclination of the earth's magnetic force to the plane of the horizon; -- called also inclination compass, and dip circle.

In*clip" (?), v. t. To clasp; to inclose.

> Whate'er the ocean pales, or sky inclips.

Shak.

In*clois"ter (?), v. t. [Pref. in- in + cloister: cf. F. encloîtrer. Cf. Encloister.] To confine as in a cloister; to cloister. Lovelace.

In*close" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inclosed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inclosing.] [See Enclose, and cf. Include.] [Written also enclose.]

1. To surround; to shut in; to confine on all sides; to include; to shut up; to encompass; as, to inclose a fort or an army with troops; to inclose a town with walls.

> How many evils have inclosed me round!

Milton.

2. To put within a case, envelope, or the like; to fold (a thing) within another or into the same parcel; as, to inclose a letter or a bank note.

> The inclosed copies of the treaty.

Sir W. Temple.

3. To separate from common grounds by a fence; as, to inclose lands. Blackstone.

4. To put into harness; to harness. [Obs.]

> They went to coach and their horse inclose.

Chapman.

In*clos"er (?), n. One who, or that which, incloses; one who fences off land from common grounds.

In*clo"sure (?; 135), n. [See Inclose, Enclosure.] [Written also enclosure.]

1. The act of inclosing; the state of being inclosed, shut up, or encompassed; the separation of land from common ground by a fence.

2. That which is inclosed or placed within something; a thing contained; a space inclosed or fenced up.

> Within the inclosure there was a great store of houses.

Hakluyt.

3. That which incloses; a barrier or fence.

> Breaking our inclosures every morn.

W. Browne.

In*cloud" (?), v. t. To envelop as in clouds; to darken; to obscure. Milton.

<! p. 745 !>

In*clude" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Included; p. pr. & vb. n. Including.] [L. includere, inclusum; pref. in- in + claudere to shut. See Close, and cf. Enclose.]

1. To confine within; to hold; to contain; to shut up; to inclose; as, the shell of a nut includes the kernel; a pearl is included in a shell.

2. To comprehend or comprise, as a genus the species, the whole a part, an argument or reason the inference; to contain; to embrace; as, this volume of Shakespeare includes his sonnets; he was included in the invitation to the family; to and including page twenty-five.

> The whole included race, his purposed prey.

Milton.

> The loss of such a lord includes all harm.

Shak.

3. To conclude; to end; to terminate. [Obs.]

> Come, let us go; we will include all jars
> With triumphs, mirth, and rare solemnity.

Shak.

Syn. -- To contain; inclose; comprise; comprehend; embrace; involve.

In*clud"ed (?), a. Inclosed; confined.

Included stamens (Bot.), such as are shorter than the floral envelopes, or are concealed within them.

In*clud"i*ble (?), a. Capable of being included.

||In*clu"sa (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. inclusus, p. p. of includere to shut in.] (Zoöl.) A tribe of bivalve mollusks, characterized by the closed state of the mantle which envelops the body. The ship borer (Teredo navalis) is an example.

In*clu"sion (?), n. [L. inclusio: cf. F. inclusion. See Include.]

1. The act of including, or the state of being included; limitation; restriction; as, the lines of inclusion of his policy. Sir W. Temple.

2. (Min.) A foreign substance, either liquid or solid, usually of minute size, inclosed in the mass of a mineral.

In*clu"sive (?), a. [Cf. F. inclusif.]

1. Inclosing; encircling; surrounding.

> The inclusive verge
> Of golden metal that must round my brow.

Shak.

2. Comprehending the stated limit or extremes; as, from Monday to Saturday inclusive, that is, taking in both Monday and Saturday; -- opposed to exclusive.

In*clu"sive*ly, adv. In an inclusive manner.

In*coach" (?), v. t. To put a coach.

{ In`co*act" (?), In`co*act"ed (?), } a. [L. incoactus; pref. in- not + coactus forced. See Coact.] Not compelled; unconstrained. [Obs.] Coles.

In`co*ag"u*la*ble (?), a. Not coagulable.

In`co*a*les"cence (?), n. The state of not coalescing.

In*coct"ed (?), a. [Cf. Concoct.] Raw; indigestible. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In`co*er"ci*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + coercible: cf. F. incoercible.]

1. Not to be coerced; incapable of being compelled or forced.

2. (Physics) Not capable of being reduced to the form of a liquid by pressure; -- said of any gas above its critical point; -- also particularly of oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide, formerly regarded as incapable of liquefaction at any temperature or pressure.

3. (Physics) That can note be confined in, or excluded from, vessels, like ordinary fluids, gases, etc.; -- said of the imponderable fluids, heat, light, electricity, etc.

In`co*ex*ist"ence (?), n. The state of not coexisting. [Obs.] Locke.

In*cog" (?), adv. Incognito. [Colloq.]

> Depend upon it -- he'll remain incog.

Addison.

In*cog"i*ta*ble (?), a. [L. incogitabilis; pref. in- not + cogitabilis cogitable.] Not cogitable; inconceivable. Sir T. More.

{ In*cog"i*tance (?), In*cog"i*tan*cy (?), } n. [L. incogitantia.] Want of thought, or of the power of thinking; thoughtlessness; unreasonableness.

> 'T is folly and incogitancy to argue anything, one way or the other, from the designs of a sort of beings with whom we so little communicate.

Glanvill.

In*cog"i*tant (?), a. [L. incogitans; pref. in- not + cogitans, p. pr. of cogitare to think. See Cogitate.] Thoughtless; inconsiderate. [R.] Milton.

> Men are careless and incogitant.

J. Goodman.

In*cog"i*tant*ly, adv. In an incogitant manner.

In*cog"i*ta*tive (?), a. Not cogitative; not thinking; wanting the power of thought; as, a vegetable is an incogitative being. Locke.

In*cog`i*ta*tiv"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being incogitative; want of thought or of the power of thinking. Wollaston.

In*cog"ni*ta (?), n. [See Incognito.]

1. A woman who is unknown or in disguise.

2. The state of being in disguise; -- said of a woman.

In*cog"ni*tant (?), a. Ignorant. [Obs.]

In*cog"ni*to (?), a. or adv. [It. incognito, masc., incognita, fem., L. incognitus unknown; pref. in- not + cognitus known, p. p. of cognoscere: cf. F. incognito, fr. It. See Cognition.] Without being known; in disguise; in an assumed character, or under an assumed title; -- said esp. of great personages who sometimes adopt a disguise or an assumed character in order to avoid notice.

> 'T was long ago
> Since gods come down incognito.

Prior.

> The prince royal of Persia came thither incognito.

Tatler.

In*cog"ni*to, n.; pl. Incognitos (#). [See Incognito, a.]

1. One unknown or in disguise, or under an assumed character or name.

2. The assumption of disguise or of a feigned character; the state of being in disguise or not recognized.

> His incognito was endangered.

Sir W. Scott.

In*cog"ni*za*ble (?), a. Not cognizable; incapable of being recognized, known, or distinguished. H. Spenser.

> The Lettish race, not a primitive stock of the Slavi, but a distinct branch, now become incognizable.

Tooke.

In*cog"ni*zance (?), n. Failure to cognize, apprehended, or notice.

> This incognizance may be explained.

Sir W. Hamilton.

In*cog"ni*zant (?), a. Not cognizant; failing to apprehended or notice.

> Of the several operations themselves, as acts of volition, we are wholly incognizant.

Sir W. Hamilton.

In`cog*nos"ci*ble (?), a. Incognizable. -- In`cog*nos"ci*bil"i*ty (#), n.

{ In`co*her"ence (?), In`co*her"en*cy (?), } n. [Cf. F. incohérence.]

1. The quality or state of being incoherent; want of coherence; want of cohesion or adherence. Boyle.

2. Want of connection; incongruity; inconsistency; want of agreement or dependence of one part on another; as, the incoherence of arguments, facts, etc.

> Incoherences in matter, and suppositions without proofs, put handsomely together, are apt to pass for strong reason.

Locke.

3. That which is incoherent.

> Crude incoherencies . . . and nauseous tautologies.

South.

In`co*her"ent (?), a. [Pref. in- not + coherent: cf. F. incohérent.]

1. Not coherent; wanting cohesion; loose; unconnected; physically disconnected; not fixed to each; -- said of material substances. Woodward.

2. Wanting coherence or agreement; incongruous; inconsistent; having no dependence of one part on another; logically disconnected. "The same rambling, incoherent manner." Bp. Warburton.

In`co*her`en*tif"ic (?), a. [E. incoherent + L. facere to make.] Causing incoherence. [R.]

In`co*her"ent*ly (?), adv. In an incoherent manner; without due connection of parts.

In`co*her"ent*ness, n. Incoherence.

In`co*in"ci*dence (?), n. The quality of being incoincident; want of coincidence. [R.]

In`co*in"ci*dent (?), a. Not coincident; not agreeing in time, in place, or principle.

In`co*lu"mi*ty (?), n. [L. incolumitas, fr. incolumis uninjured, safe; perh. fr. in intens. + (doubtful) columis safe.] Safety; security. [Obs.] Howell.

In*com"ber (?), v. t. See Encumber.

In`com*bine" (?), v. i. To be incapable of combining; to disagree; to differ. [Obs.] Milton.

In`com*bus`ti*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. incombustilité.] The quality of being incombustible.

In`com*bus"ti*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + combustible: cf. F. incombustible.] Not combustible; not capable of being burned, decomposed, or consumed by fire; uninflammable; as, asbestus is an incombustible substance; carbon dioxide is an incombustible gas.

Incombustible cloth, a tissue of amianthus or asbestus; also, a fabric imbued with an incombustible substance.

-- In`com*bus"ti*ble*ness, n. -- In`com*bus"ti*bly, adv.

In"come (?), n. 1. A coming in; entrance; admittance; ingress; infusion. [Obs.] Shak.

> More abundant incomes of light and strength from God.

Bp. Rust.

> At mine income I louted low.

Drant.

2. That which is caused to enter; inspiration; influence; hence, courage or zeal imparted. [R.]

> I would then make in and steep
> My income in their blood.

Chapman.

3. That gain which proceeds from labor, business, property, or capital of any kind, as the produce of a farm, the rent of houses, the proceeds of professional business, the profits of commerce or of occupation, or the interest of money or stock in funds, etc.; revenue; receipts; salary; especially, the annual receipts of a private person, or a corporation, from property; as, a large income.

> No fields afford
> So large an income to the village lord.

Dryden.

4. (Physiol.) That which is taken into the body as food; the ingesta; -- sometimes restricted to the nutritive, or digestible, portion of the food. See Food. Opposed to output.

Income bond, a bond issued on the income of the corporation or company issuing it, and the interest of which is to be paid from the earnings of the company before any dividends are made to stockholders; -- issued chiefly or exclusively by railroad companies. -- Income tax, a tax upon a person's incomes, emoluments, profits, etc., or upon the excess beyond a certain amount.

Syn. -- Gain; profit; proceeds; salary; revenue; receipts; interest; emolument; produce.

In"com`er (?), n. 1. One who comes in.

> Outgoers and incomers.

Lew Wallace.

2. One who succeeds another, as a tenant of land, houses, etc. [Eng.]

In"com`ing, a. 1. Coming in; accruing.

> A full incoming profit on the product of his labor.

Burke.

2. Coming in, succeeding, or following, as occupant or possessor; as, in incoming tenant.

In"com`ing, n. 1. The act of coming in; arrival.

> The incomings and outgoings of the trains.

Dickens.

2. Income; gain. [R.]

> Many incomings are subject to great fluctuations.

Tooke.

In*com"i*ty (?), n. Want of comity; incivility; rudeness. [R.]

||In com*men"dam (?). [See Commendam.] (Law) See Commendam, and Partnership in Commendam, under Partnership.

In`com*men`su*ra*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. incommensurabilité.] The quality or state of being incommensurable. Reid.

In`com*men"su*ra*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + commensurable: cf. F. incommensurable.] Not commensurable; having no common measure or standard of comparison; as, quantities are incommensurable when no third quantity can be found that is an aliquot part of both; the side and diagonal of a square are incommensurable with each other; the diameter and circumference of a circle are incommensurable.

> They are quantities incommensurable.

Burke.

-- In`com*men"su*ra*ble*ness, n. -- In`com*men"su*ra*bly, adv.

In`com*men"su*ra*ble (?), n. One of two or more quantities which have no common measure.

In`com*men"su*rate (?), a. 1. Not commensurate; not admitting of a common measure; incommensurable.

2. Not of equal of sufficient measure or extent; not adequate; as, our means are incommensurate to our wants.

Syn. -- Inadequate; insufficient; disproportionate.

-- In`com*men"su*rate*ly, adv. -- In`com*men"su*rate*ness, n.

In`com*mis"ci*ble (?), a. [L. incommiscibilis; pref. in- not + commiscibilis that can be mingled.] Not commiscible; not mixable.

In`com*mix"ture (?; 135), n. A state of being unmixed; separateness. Sir T. Browne.

In*com"mo*date (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incommodated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Incommodating (?).] [L. incommodare. See Incommode.] To incommode. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In*com`mo*da"tion (?), n. The state of being incommoded; inconvenience. [Obs.]

In`com*mode" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incommoded; p. pr. & vb. n. Incommoding.] [F. incommoder, L. incommodare inconvenient; pref. in- not + commodus convenient. See Commodious.] To give inconvenience or trouble to; to disturb or molest; to discommode; to worry; to put out; as, we are incommoded by want of room.

Syn. -- To annoy; disturb; trouble; molest; disaccomodate; inconvenience; disquiet; vex; plague.

In`com*mode", n. An inconvenience. [R.] Strype.

In`com*mode"ment (?), n. The act of incommoded. [Obs.] Cheyne.

In`com*mo"di*ous (?), a. [Pref. in- not + commodious: cf. LL. incommodious, L. incommodus, F. incommode.] Tending to incommode; not commodious; not affording ease or advantage; unsuitable; giving trouble; inconvenient; annoying; as, an incommodious seat; an incommodious arrangement. -- In`com*mo"di*ous*ly, adv. -- In`com*mo"di*ous*ness, n.

In`com*mo"di*ty (?), n.; pl. Incommodities (#). [L. incommoditas: cf. F. incommodité. See Incommodious.] Inconvenience; trouble; annoyance; disadvantage; encumbrance. [Archaic] Bunyan.

> A great incommodity to the body.

Jer. Taylor.

> Buried him under a bulk of incommodities.

Hawthorne.

In`com*mu`ni*ca*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. incommunicabilité.] The quality or state of being incommunicable, or incapable of being imparted.

In`com*mu"ni*ca*ble (?), a. [L. incommunicabilis: cf. F. incommunicable. See In- not, and Communicable.] Not communicable; incapable of being communicated, shared, told, or imparted, to others.

> Health and understanding are incommunicable.

Southey.

> Those incommunicable relations of the divine love.

South.

-- In`com*mu"ni*ca*ble*ness, n. -- In`com*mu"ni*ca*bly, adv.

In`com*mu"ni*ca`ted (?), a. Not communicated or imparted. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

In`com*mu"ni*ca`ting, a. Having no communion or intercourse with each other. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

In`com*mu"ni*ca*tive (?), a. Not communicative; not free or apt to impart to others in conversation; reserved; silent; as, the messenger was incommunicative; hence, not disposed to hold fellowship or intercourse with others; exclusive.

> The Chinese . . . an incommunicative nation.

C. Buchanan.

-- In`com*mu"ni*ca*tive*ly, adv. -- In`com*mu"ni*ca*tive*ness, n. Lamb.

> His usual incommunicativeness.

G. Eliot.

In`com*mu`ta*bil"i*ty (?), n. [L. incommutabilitas: cf. F. incommutabilité.] The quality or state of being incommutable.

In`com*mut"a*ble (?), a. [L. incommutabilis: cf. F. incommutable. See In- not, and Commutable.] Not commutable; not capable of being exchanged with, or substituted for, another. Cudworth. -- In`com*mut"a*ble*ness, n. -- In`com*mut"a*bly, adv.

{ In`com*pact" (?), In`com*pact"ed, } a. Not compact; not having the parts firmly united; not solid; incoherent; loose; discrete. Boyle.

In*com"pa*ra*ble (?), a. [L. incomparabilis: cf. F. incomparable. See In- not, and Comparable.] Not comparable; admitting of no comparison with others; unapproachably eminent; without a peer or equal; matchless; peerless; transcendent.

> A merchant of incomparable wealth.

Shak.

> A new hypothesis . . . which hath the incomparable Sir Isaac Newton for a patron.

Bp. Warburton.

-- In*com"pa*ra*ble*ness, n. -- In*com"pa*ra*bly, adv.

> Delights incomparably all those corporeal things.

Bp. Wilkins.

In`com*pared" (?), a. Peerless; incomparable. [Obs.] Spenser.

In*com"pass (?), v. t. See Encompass.

In`com*pas"sion (?), n. [Pref. in- not + compassion: cf. F. incompassion.] Want of compassion or pity. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson.

In`com*pas"sion*ate (?), a. Not compassionate; void of pity or of tenderness; remorseless. -- In`com*pas"sion*ate*ly, adv. -- In`com*pas"sion*ate*ness, n.

In`com*pat`i*bil"i*ty (?), n.; pl. -ties (&?;). [Cf. F. incompatibilité.] The quality or state of being incompatible; inconsistency; irreconcilableness.

In`com*pat"i*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + compatible: cf. F. incompatible.] [It was formerly sometimes written incompetible.]

1. Not compatible; so differing as to be incapable of harmonious combination or coexistence; inconsistent in thought or being; irreconcilably disagreeing; as, persons of incompatible tempers; incompatible colors, desires, ambition.

> A strength and obduracy of character incompatible with his meek and innocent nature.

Southey.

<! p. 746 !>

2. (Chem.) Incapable of being together without mutual reaction or decomposition, as certain medicines.

Incompatible terms (Logic), terms which can not be combined in thought.

Syn. -- Inconsistent; incongruous; dissimilar; irreconcilable; unsuitable; disagreeing; inharmonious; discordant; repugnant; contradictory. See Inconsistent.

In`com*pat"i*ble (?), n. (Med. & Chem.) An incompatible substance; esp., in pl., things which can not be placed or used together because of a change of chemical composition or of opposing medicinal qualities; as, the incompatibles of iron.

In`com*pat"i*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being incompatible; incompatibility.

In`com*pat"i*bly, adv. In an incompatible manner; inconsistently; incongruously.

{ In*com"pe*tence (?), In*com"pe*tency (?), } n. [Cf. F. incompétence.]

1. The quality or state of being incompetent; want of physical, intellectual, or moral ability; insufficiency; inadequacy; as, the incompetency of a child for hard labor, or of an idiot for intellectual efforts. "Some inherent incompetency." Gladstone.

2. (Law) Want of competency or legal fitness; incapacity; disqualification, as of a person to be heard as a witness, or to act as a juror, or of a judge to try a cause.

Syn. -- Inability; insufficiency; inadequacy; disqualification; incapability; unfitness.

In*com"pe*tent (?), a. [L. incompetens: cf. F. incompétent. See In- not, and Competent.]

1. Not competent; wanting in adequate strength, power, capacity, means, qualifications, or the like; incapable; unable; inadequate; unfit.

> Incompetent to perform the duties of the place.

Macaulay.

2. (Law) Wanting the legal or constitutional qualifications; inadmissible; as, a person professedly wanting in religious belief is an incompetent witness in a court of law or equity; incompetent evidence.

> Richard III. had a resolution, out of hatred to his brethren, to disable their issues, upon false and incompetent pretexts, the one of attainder, the other of illegitimation.

Bacon.

3. Not lying within one's competency, capacity, or authorized power; not permissible.

Syn. -- Incapable; unable; inadequate; insufficient; inefficient; disqualified; unfit; improper. -- Incompetent, Incapable. Incompetent is a relative term, denoting a want of the requisite qualifications for performing a given act, service, etc.; incapable is absolute in its meaning, denoting want of power, either natural or moral. We speak of a man as incompetent to a certain task, of an incompetent judge, etc. We say of an idiot that he is incapable of learning to read; and of a man distinguished for his honor, that he is incapable of a mean action.

In*com"pe*tent*ly, adv. In an competent manner; inadequately; unsuitably.

In`com*pet`i*bil"i*ty (?), n. See Incompatibility.

In`com*pet"i*ble (?), a. See Incompatible.

In`com*plete" (?), a. [L. incompletus: cf. F. incomplet. See In- not, and Complete.]

1. Not complete; not filled up; not finished; not having all its parts, or not having them all adjusted; imperfect; defective.

> A most imperfect and incomplete divine.

Milton.

2. (Bot.) Wanting any of the usual floral organs; -- said of a flower.

Incomplete equation (Alg.), an equation some of whose terms are wanting; or one in which the coefficient of some one or more of the powers of the unknown quantity is equal to 0.

In`com*plete"ly, adv. In an incomplete manner.

In`com*plete"ness, n. The state of being incomplete; imperfectness; defectiveness. Boyle.

In`com*ple"tion (?), n. Want of completion; incompleteness. Smart.

In`com*plex" (?), a. [Pref. in- not + complex: cf. F. incomplexe.] Not complex; uncompounded; simple. Barrow.

In`com*pli"a*ble (?), a. Not compliable; not conformable.

In`com*pli"ance (?), n. 1. The quality or state of being incompliant; unyielding temper; obstinacy.

> Self-conceit produces peevishness and incompliance of humor in things lawful and indifferent.

Tillotson.

2. Refusal or failure to comply. Strype.

In`com*pli"ant (?), a. Not compliant; unyielding to request, solicitation, or command; stubborn. -- In`com*pli"ant*ly, adv.

In`com*posed" (?), a. Disordered; disturbed. [Obs.] Milton. -- In`com*po"sed*ly (#), adv. [Obs.] -- In`com*pos"ed*ness, n. [Obs.]

In`com*pos"ite (?), a. [L. incompositus. See Composite.] Not composite; uncompounded; simple.

Incomposite numbers. See Prime numbers, under Prime.

In`com*pos"si*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + compossible: cf. F. incompossible.] Not capable of joint existence; incompatible; inconsistent. [Obs.]

> Ambition and faith . . . are . . . incompossible.

Jer. Taylor.

-- In`com*pos`si*bil"i*ty (#), n. [Obs.]

In*com`pre*hense" (?), a. [L. incomprehensus.] Incomprehensible. [Obs.] "Incomprehense in virtue." Marston.

In*com`pre*hen`si*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. incompréhensibilité.] The quality of being incomprehensible, or beyond the reach of human intellect; incomprehensibleness; inconceivability; inexplicability.

> The constant, universal sense of all antiquity unanimously confessing an incomprehensibility in many of the articles of the Christian faith.

South.

In*com`pre*hen"si*ble (?), a. [L. incomprehensibilis: cf. F. incompréhensible. See In- not, and Comprehensible.]

1. Not capable of being contained within limits.

> An infinite and incomprehensible substance.

Hooker.

2. Not capable of being comprehended or understood; beyond the reach of the human intellect; inconceivable.

> And all her numbered stars that seem to roll
> Spaces incomprehensible.

Milton.

-- In*com`pre*hen"si*ble*ness, n. -- In*com`pre*hen"si*bly, adv.

In*com`pre*hen"sion (?), n. Want of comprehension or understanding. "These mazes and incomprehensions." Bacon.

In*com`pre*hen"sive (?), a. Not comprehensive; not capable of including or of understanding; not extensive; limited. -- In*com`pre*hen"sive*ly, a. Sir W. Hamilton. -- In*com`pre*hen"sive*ness, n. T. Warton.

In`com*press`i*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. incompressibilité.] The quality of being incompressible, or incapable of reduction in volume by pressure; -- formerly supposed to be a property of liquids.

> The incompressibility of water is not absolute.

Rees.

In`com*press"i*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + compressible: cf. F. incompressible.] Not compressible; incapable of being reduced by force or pressure into a smaller compass or volume; resisting compression; as, many liquids and solids appear to be almost incompressible. -- In`com*press"i*ble*ness, n.

In`com*put"a*ble (?), a. Not computable.

In`con*ceal"a*ble (?), a. Not concealable. "Inconcealable imperfections." Sir T. Browne.

In`con*ceiv`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being inconceivable; inconceivableness.

> The inconceivability of the Infinite.

Mansel.

In`con*ceiv"a*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + conceivable: cf. F. inconcevable.] Not conceivable; incapable of being conceived by the mind; not explicable by the human intellect, or by any known principles or agencies; incomprehensible; as, it is inconceivable to us how the will acts in producing muscular motion.

> It is inconceivable to me that a spiritual substance should represent an extended figure.

Locke.

-- In`con*ceiv"a*ble*ness, n. -- In`con*ceiv"a*bly, adv.

> The inconceivableness of a quality existing without any subject to possess it.

A. Tucker.

In`con*cep"ti*ble (?), a. Inconceivable. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

In`con*cern"ing (?), a. Unimportant; trifling. [Obs.] "Trifling and inconcerning matters." Fuller.

In`con*cinne" (?), a. [See Inconcinnous.] Dissimilar; incongruous; unsuitable. [Obs.] Cudworth.

In`con*cin"ni*ty (?), n. [L. inconcinnitas.] Want of concinnity or congruousness; unsuitableness.

> There is an inconcinnity in admitting these words.

Trench.

In`con*cin"nous (?), a. [L. inconcinnus. See In- not, and Concinnity.] Not concinnous; unsuitable; discordant. [Obs.] Cudworth.

In`con*clud"ent (?), a. Not inferring a conclusion or consequence; not conclusive. [Obs.]

In`con*clud"ing, a. Inferring no consequence. [Obs.]

In`con*clu"sive (?), a. Not conclusive; leading to no conclusion; not closing or settling a point in debate, or a doubtful question; as, evidence is inconclusive when it does not exhibit the truth of a disputed case in such a manner as to satisfy the mind, and put an end to debate or doubt.

> Arguments . . . inconclusive and impertinent.

South.

-- In`con*clu"sive*ly, adv. -- In`con*clu"sive*ness, n.

In`con*coct" (?), a. [L. pref. in- not + concoctus, p. p. of concoquere. See Concoct.] Inconcocted. [Obs.]

In`con*coct"ed, a. [Pref. in- not + concocted.] Imperfectly digested, matured, or ripened. [Obs.] Bacon.

In`con*coc"tion (?), n. The state of being undigested; unripeness; immaturity. [Obs.] Bacon.

In*con"crete (?), a. [L. inconcretus incorporeal.] Not concrete. [R.] L. Andrews.

In`con*cur"ring, a. Not concurring; disagreeing. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

In`con*cus"si*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + L. concussibilis that can be shaken. See Concussion.] Not concussible; that cannot be shaken.

{ In`con*den`sa*bil"i*ty (?), In`con*den`si*bil"i*ty (?), } n. The quality or state of being incondensable.

{ In`con*den"sa*ble (?), In`con*den"si*ble, } a. Not condensable; incapable of being made more dense or compact, or reduced to liquid form.

In"con*dite (?; 277), a. [L. inconditus; pref. in- not + conditus, p. p. of condere to put or join together. See Condition.] Badly put together; inartificial; rude; unpolished; irregular. "Carol incondite rhymes." J. Philips.

In`con*di"tion*al (?), a. [Pref. in- not + conditional: cf. F. inconditionnel.] Unconditional. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In`con*di"tion*ate (?), a. [Pref. in- not + conditionate: cf. F. inconditionné.] Not conditioned; not limited; absolute. [Obs.] Boyle.

In`con*form" (?), a. [Pref. in- not + conform.] Unconformable. [Obs.] Gauden.

In`con*form"a*ble (?), a. Unconformable. [Obs.]

In`con*form"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. inconformité.] Want of conformity; nonconformity. [Obs.]

In`con*fused" (?), a. Not confused; distinct. [Obs.]

In`con*fu"sion (?) n. Freedom from confusion; distinctness. [Obs.] Bacon.

In`con*fut"a*ble (?), a. Not confutable. -- In`con*fut"a*bly, adv. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

In`con*geal"a*ble (?), a. [L. incongelabilis. See Congeal.] Not congealable; incapable of being congealed. -- In`con*geal"a*ble*ness, n.

In`con*gen"ial (?), a. Not congenial; uncongenial. [R.] -- In`con*ge`ni*al"i*ty (#). [R.]

In*con"gru*ence (?), n. [L. incongruentia.] Want of congruence; incongruity. Boyle.

In*con"gru*ent (?), a. [L. incongruens. See In- not, and Congruent.] Incongruous. Sir T. Elyot.

In`con*gru"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Incongruities (#). [Pref. in- not + congruity: cf. F. incongruité.]

1. The quality or state of being incongruous; want of congruity; unsuitableness; inconsistency; impropriety.

> The fathers make use of this acknowledgment of the incongruity of images to the Deity, from thence to prove the incongruity of the worship of them.

Bp. Stillingfleet.

2. Disagreement of parts; want of symmetry or of harmony. [Obs.]

3. That which is incongruous; want of congruity.

In*con"gru*ous (?), a. [L. incongruus. See In- not, and Congruous.] Not congruous; reciprocally disagreeing; not capable of harmonizing or readily assimilating; inharmonious; inappropriate; unsuitable; not fitting; inconsistent; improper; as, an incongruous remark; incongruous behavior, action, dress, etc. "Incongruous mixtures of opinions." I. Taylor. "Made up of incongruous parts." Macaulay.

> Incongruous denotes that kind of absence of harmony or suitableness of which the taste and experience of men takes cognizance.

C. J. Smith.

Incongruous numbers (Arith.), two numbers, which, with respect to a third, are such that their difference can not be divided by it without a remainder, the two numbers being said to be incongruous with respect to the third; as, twenty and twenty-five are incongruous with respect to four.

Syn. -- Inconsistent; unsuitable; inharmonious; disagreeing; absurd; inappropriate; unfit; improper. See Inconsistent.

-- In*con"gru*ous*ly, adv. -- In*con"gru*ous*ness, n.

In`con*nect"ed (?), a. Not connected; disconnected. [R.] Bp. Warburton.

In`con*nec"tion (?), n. Disconnection.

In`con*nex"ed*ly (?), adv. [Pref. in- not + connexed (p. p. of connex) + - ly.] Not connectedly; without connection. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In*con"scion*a*ble (?), a. Unconscionable. [Obs.] Spenser.

In*con"scious (?), a. Unconscious. [Obs.]

In`con*sec"u*tive*ness (?), n. The state or quality of not being consecutive. J. H. Newman.

In*con"se*quence (?), n. [L. inconsequentia: cf. F. inconséquence.] The quality or state of being inconsequent; want of just or logical inference or argument; inconclusiveness. Bp. Stillingfleet.

> Strange, that you should not see the inconsequence of your own reasoning!

Bp. Hurd.

In*con"se*quent (?), a. [L. inconsequens: cf. F. inconséquent. See In- not, and Consequent.] Not following from the premises; not regularly inferred; invalid; not characterized by logical method; illogical; arbitrary; inconsistent; of no consequence.

> Loose and inconsequent conjectures.

Sir T. Browne.

In*con`se*quen"tial (?), a. Not regularly following from the premises; hence, irrelevant; unimportant; of no consequence. Chesterfield. -- In*con`se*quen"tial*ly (#), adv.

In*con`se*quen`ti*al"i*ty (?), n. The state of being inconsequential.

In*con"se*quent*ness (?), n. Inconsequence.

In`con*sid"er*a*ble (?), a. Not considerable; unworthy of consideration or notice; unimportant; small; trivial; as, an inconsiderable distance; an inconsiderable quantity, degree, value, or sum. "The baser scum and inconsiderable dregs of Rome." Stepney. -- In`con*sid"er*a*ble*ness, n. -- In`con*sid"er*a*bly, adv.

In`con*sid"er*a*cy (?), n. Inconsiderateness; thoughtlessness. [Obs.] Chesterfield.

In`con*sid"er*ate (?), a. [L. inconsideratus. See In- not, and Considerate.]

1. Not considerate; not attentive to safety or to propriety; not regarding the rights or feelings of others; hasty; careless; thoughtless; heedless; as, the young are generally inconsiderate; inconsiderate conduct.

> It is a very unhappy token of our corruption, that there should be any so inconsiderate among us as to sacrifice morality to politics.

Addison.

2. Inconsiderable. [Obs.] E. Terry.

Syn. -- Thoughtless; inattentive; inadvertent; heedless; negligent; improvident; careless; imprudent; indiscreet; incautious; injudicious; rash; hasty.

In`con*sid"er*ate*ly, adv. In an inconsiderate manner.

In`con*sid"er*ate*ness, n. The quality or state of being inconsiderate. Tillotson.

In`con*sid`er*a"tion (?), n. [L. inconsideratio: cf. F. inconsidération.] Want of due consideration; inattention to consequences; inconsiderateness.

> Blindness of mind, inconsideration, precipitation.

Jer. Taylor.

> Not gross, willful, deliberate, crimes; but rather the effects of inconsideration.

Sharp.

In`con*sist"ence (?), n. Inconsistency.

In`con*sist"en*cy (?), n.; pl. Inconsistencies (#). [Cf. F. inconsistance.]

1. The quality or state of being inconsistent; discordance in respect to sentiment or action; such contrariety between two things that both can not exist or be true together; disagreement; incompatibility.

> There is a perfect inconsistency between that which is of debt and that which is of free gift.

South.

2. Absurdity in argument ore narration; incoherence or irreconcilability in the parts of a statement, argument, or narration; that which is inconsistent.

> If a man would register all his opinions upon love, politics, religion, and learning, what a bundle of inconsistencies and contradictions would appear at last!

Swift.

3. Want of stability or uniformity; unsteadiness; changeableness; variableness.

> Mutability of temper, and inconsistency with ourselves, is the greatest weakness of human nature.

Addison.

In`con*sist"ent (?), a. [Pref. in- not + consistent: cf. F. inconsistant.]

1. Not consistent; showing inconsistency; irreconcilable; discordant; at variance, esp. as regards character, sentiment, or action; incompatible; incongruous; contradictory.

<! p. 747 !>

> Compositions of this nature . . . show that wisdom and virtue are far from being inconsistent with politeness and good humor.

Addison.

2. Not exhibiting uniformity of sentiment, steadiness to principle, etc.; unequal; fickle; changeable.

> Ah, how unjust to nature, and himself,
> Is thoughtless, thankless, inconsistent man.

Young.

Syn. -- Incompatible; incongruous; irreconcilable; discordant; repugnant; contradictory. -- Inconsistent, Incongruous, Incompatible. Things are incongruous when they are not suited to each other, so that their union is unbecoming; inconsistent when they are opposed to each other, so as render it improper or wrong; incompatible when they can not coexist, and it is therefore impossible to unite them. Habitual levity of mind is incongruous with the profession of a clergyman; it is inconsistent with his ordination vows; it is incompatible with his permanent usefulness. Incongruity attaches to the modes and qualities of things; incompatibility attaches to their essential attributes; inconsistency attaches to the actions, sentiments, etc., of men.

In`con*sist"ent*ly (?), adv. In an inconsistent manner.

In`con*sist"ent*ness, n. Inconsistency. [R.]

In`con*sist"ing (?), a. Inconsistent. [Obs.]

In`con*sol"a*ble (?), a. [L. inconsolabilis: cf. F. inconsolable. See In- not, and Console.] Not consolable; incapable of being consoled; grieved beyond susceptibility of comfort; disconsolate. Dryden.

> With inconsolable distress she griev'd,
> And from her cheek the rose of beauty fled.

Falconer.

-- In`con*sol"a*ble*ness, n. -- In`con*sol"a*bly, adv.

{ In*con"so*nance (?), In*con"so*nan*cy (?), } n. Want of consonance or harmony of sound, action, or thought; disagreement.

In*con"so*nant (?), a. [L. inconsonans. See In- not, and Consonant.] Not consonant or agreeing; inconsistent; discordant. -- In*con"so*nant*ly, adv.

In`con*spic"u*ous (?), a. [L. inconspicuus. See In- not, and Conspicuous.] Not conspicuous or noticeable; hardly discernible. -- In`con*spic"u*ous*ly, adv. -- In`con*spic"u*ous*ness, n. Boyle.

In*con"stance (?), n. [F. See Inconstancy.] Inconstancy. Chaucer.

In*con"stan*cy (?), n. [L. inconstantia.] The quality or state of being inconstant; want of constancy; mutability; fickleness; variableness.

> For unto knight there was no greater shame,
> Than lightness and inconstancie in love.

Spenser.

In*con"stant (?), a. [L. inconstans: cf. F. inconstant. See In- not, and Constant.] Not constant; not stable or uniform; subject to change of character, appearance, opinion, inclination, or purpose, etc.; not firm; unsteady; fickle; changeable; variable; -- said of persons or things; as, inconstant in love or friendship. "The inconstant moon." Shak.

> While we, inquiring phantoms of a day,
> Inconstant as the shadows we survey!

Boyse.

Syn. -- Mutable; fickle; volatile; unsteady; unstable; changeable; variable; wavering; fluctuating.

In*con"stant*ly, adv. In an inconstant manner.

In`con*sum"a*ble (?), a. Not consumable; incapable of being consumed, wasted, or spent. Paley. -- In`con*sum"a*bly, adv.

In`con*sum"mate (?), a. [L. inconsummatus. See In- not, and Consummate.] Not consummated; not finished; incomplete. Sir M. Hale. -- In`con*sum"mate*ness, n.

In`con*sump"ti*ble (?), a. [L. inconsumptibilis.] Inconsumable. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby.

In`con*tam"i*nate (?), a. [L. incontaminatus. See In- not, and not, and Contaminate.] Not contaminated; pure. Moore. -- In`con*tam"i*nate*ness, n.

In*con`ten*ta"tion (?), n. [See In- not, and Content.] Discontent. [Obs.] Goodwin.

In`con*test`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being incontestable.

In`con*test"a*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + contestable: cf. F. incontestable.] Not contestable; not to be disputed; that cannot be called in question or controverted; incontrovertible; indisputable; as, incontestable evidence, truth, or facts. Locke.

Syn. -- Incontrovertible; indisputable; irrefragable; undeniable; unquestionable; intuitable; certain.

-- In`con*test"a*ble*ness, n. -- In`con*test"a*bly, adv.

In`con*test"ed, a. Not contested. Addison.

In`con*tig"u*ous (?), a. [L. incontiguus that can not be touched. See In- not, and Contiguous.] Not contiguous; not adjoining or in contact; separate. Boyle. -- In`con*tig"u*ous*ly, adv.

{ In*con"ti*nence (?), In*con"ti*nen*cy (?), } n. [L. incontinentia: cf. F. incontinence.]

1. Incapacity to hold; hence, incapacity to hold back or restrain; the quality or state of being incontinent; want of continence; failure to restrain the passions or appetites; indulgence of lust; lewdness.

> That Satan tempt you not for your incontinency.

1 Cor. vii. 5.

> From the rash hand of bold incontinence.

Milton.

2. (Med.) The inability of any of the animal organs to restrain the natural evacuations, so that the discharges are involuntary; as, incontinence of urine.

In*con"ti*nent (?), a. [L. incontinens: cf. F. incontinent. See In- not, and Continent.]

1. Not continent; uncontrolled; not restraining the passions or appetites, particularly the sexual appetite; indulging unlawful lust; unchaste; lewd.

2. (Med.) Unable to restrain natural evacuations.

In*con"ti*nent, n. One who is unchaste. B. Jonson.

In*con"ti*nent, adv. [Cf. F. incontinent.] Incontinently; instantly; immediately. [Obs.]

> He says he will return incontinent.

Shak.

In*con"ti*nent*ly, adv. 1. In an incontinent manner; without restraint, or without due restraint; -- used esp. of the passions or appetites.

2. Immediately; at once; forthwith. [Archaic]

> Immediately he sent word to Athens that he would incontinently come hither with a host of men.

Golding.

In`con*tract"ed (?), a. Uncontracted. [Obs.] Blackwall.

In`con*trol"la*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + controllable: cf. F. incontrôlable.] Not controllable; uncontrollable. -- In`con*trol"la*bly, adv. South.

In*con`tro*ver`ti*bil"i*ty (?), n. The state or condition of being incontrovertible.

In*con`tro*ver"ti*ble (?), a. Not controvertible; too clear or certain to admit of dispute; indisputable. Sir T. Browne. -- In*con`tro*ver"ti*ble*ness, n. -- In*con`tro*ver"ti*bly, adv.

In`con*ven"ience (?), n. [L. inconvenientia inconsistency: cf. OF. inconvenience.]

1. The quality or condition of being inconvenient; want of convenience; unfitness; unsuitableness; inexpediency; awkwardness; as, the inconvenience of the arrangement.

> They plead against the inconvenience, not the unlawfulness, . . . of ceremonies in burial.

Hooker.

2. That which gives trouble, embarrassment, or uneasiness; disadvantage; anything that disturbs quiet, impedes prosperity, or increases the difficulty of action or success; as, one inconvenience of life is poverty.

> A place upon the top of Mount Athos above all clouds of rain, or other inconvenience.

Sir W. Raleigh.

> Man is liable to a great many inconveniences.

Tillotson.

Syn. -- Incommodiousness; awkwardness; disadvantage; disquiet; uneasiness; disturbance; annoyance.

In`con*ven"ience, v. t. To put to inconvenience; to incommode; as, to inconvenience a neighbor.

In`con*ven"ien*cy (?), n. Inconvenience.

In`con*ven"ient (?), a. [L. inconveniens unbefitting: cf. F. inconvénient. See In- not, and Convenient.]

1. Not becoming or suitable; unfit; inexpedient.

2. Not convenient; giving trouble, uneasiness, or annoyance; hindering progress or success; uncomfortable; disadvantageous; incommodious; inopportune; as, an inconvenient house, garment, arrangement, or time.

Syn. -- Unsuitable; uncomfortable; disaccommodating; awkward; unseasonable; inopportune; incommodious; disadvantageous; troublesome; cumbersome; embarrassing; objectionable.

In`con*ven"ient*ly, adv. In an inconvenient manner; incommodiously; unsuitably; unseasonably.

In`con*vers"a*ble (?), a. Incommunicative; unsocial; reserved. [Obs.]

In*con"ver*sant (?), a. Not conversant; not acquainted; not versed; unfamiliar.

In`con*vert"ed (?), a. Not turned or changed about. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

In`con*vert`i*bil"i*ty (?), n. [L. inconvertibilitas.] The quality or state of being inconvertible; not capable of being exchanged for, or converted into, something else; as, the inconvertibility of an irredeemable currency, or of lead, into gold.

In`con*vert"i*ble (?), a. [L. inconvertibilis: cf. F. inconvertible. See In- not, and Convertible.] Not convertible; not capable of being transmuted, changed into, or exchanged for, something else; as, one metal is inconvertible into another; bank notes are sometimes inconvertible into specie. Walsh.

In`con*vert"i*ble*ness, n. Inconvertibility.

In`con*vert"i*bly, adv. In an inconvertible manner.

In`con*vin"ci*ble (?), a. [L. inconvincibilis. See In- not, and Convince.] Not convincible; incapable of being convinced.

> None are so inconvincible as your half-witted people.

Gov. of the Tongue.

In`con*vin"ci*bly, adv. In a manner not admitting of being convinced.

In*co"ny (?), a. [Cf. Conny, Canny.] Unlearned; artless; pretty; delicate. [Obs.]

> Most sweet jests! most incony vulgar wit!

Shak.

In`co*ör"di*nate (?), a. Not coördinate.

In`co*ör`di*na"tion (?), n. Want of coördination; lack of harmonious adjustment or action.

Incoördination of muscular movement (Physiol.), irregularity in movements resulting from inharmonious action of the muscles in consequence of loss of voluntary control over them.

In*cor"o*nate (?), a. [Pref. in- in + coronate.] Crowned. [R.] Longfellow.

In*cor"po*ral (?), a. [L. incorporalis. See In- not, and Corporal, and cf. Incorporeal.] Immaterial; incorporeal; spiritual. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

In*cor`po*ral"i*ty (?), n. [L. incorporalitas: cf. F. incorporalité.] Incorporeality. [Obs.] Bailey.

In*cor"po*ral*ly (?), adv. Incorporeally. [Obs.]

In*cor"po*rate (?), a. [L. incorporatus. See In- not, and Corporate.]

1. Not consisting of matter; not having a material body; incorporeal; spiritual.

> Moses forbore to speak of angles, and things invisible, and incorporate.

Sir W. Raleigh.

2. Not incorporated; not existing as a corporation; as, an incorporate banking association.

In*cor"po*rate, a. [L. incorporatus, p. p. of incorporare to incorporate; pref. in- in + corporare to make into a body. See Corporate.] Corporate; incorporated; made one body, or united in one body; associated; mixed together; combined; embodied.

> As if our hands, our sides, voices, and minds
> Had been incorporate.

Shak.

> A fifteenth part of silver incorporate with gold.

Bacon.

In*cor"po*rate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incorporated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Incorporating (?).]

1. To form into a body; to combine, as different ingredients, into one consistent mass.

> By your leaves, you shall not stay alone,
> Till holy church incorporate two in one.

Shak.

2. To unite with a material body; to give a material form to; to embody.

> The idolaters, who worshiped their images as gods, supposed some spirit to be incorporated therein.

Bp. Stillingfleet.

3. To unite with, or introduce into, a mass already formed; as, to incorporate copper with silver; -- used with with and into.

4. To unite intimately; to blend; to assimilate; to combine into a structure or organization, whether material or mental; as, to incorporate provinces into the realm; to incorporate another's ideas into one's work.

> The Romans did not subdue a country to put the inhabitants to fire and sword, but to incorporate them into their own community.

Addison.

5. To form into a legal body, or body politic; to constitute into a corporation recognized by law, with special functions, rights, duties and liabilities; as, to incorporate a bank, a railroad company, a city or town, etc.

In*cor"po*rate (?), v. i. To unite in one body so as to make a part of it; to be mixed or blended; -- usually followed by with.

> Painters' colors and ashes do better incorporate will oil.

Bacon.

> He never suffers wrong so long to grow,
> And to incorporate with right so far
> As it might come to seem the same in show.

Daniel.

In*cor"po*ra`ted (?), a. United in one body; formed into a corporation; made a legal entity.

In*cor`po*ra"tion (?), n. [L. incorporatio: cf. F. incorporation.]

1. The act of incorporating, or the state of being incorporated.

2. The union of different ingredients in one mass; mixture; combination; synthesis.

3. The union of something with a body already existing; association; intimate union; assimilation; as, the incorporation of conquered countries into the Roman republic.

4. (Law) (a) The act of creating a corporation. (b) A body incorporated; a corporation.

In*cor"po*ra*tive (?), a. Incorporating or tending to incorporate; as, the incorporative languages (as of the Basques, North American Indians, etc. ) which run a whole phrase into one word.

> History demonstrates that incorporative unions are solid and permanent; but that a federal union is weak.

W. Belsham.

In*cor"po*ra`tor (?), n. One of a number of persons who gets a company incorporated; one of the original members of a corporation.

In`cor*po"re*al (?), a. [Pref. in- not + corporeal: cf. L. incorporeus. Cf. Incorporal.]

1. Not corporeal; not having a material body or form; not consisting of matter; immaterial.

> Thus incorporeal spirits to smaller forms
> Reduced their shapes immense.

Milton.

> Sense and perception must necessarily proceed from some incorporeal substance within us.

Bentley.

2. (Law) Existing only in contemplation of law; not capable of actual visible seizin or possession; not being an object of sense; intangible; -- opposed to corporeal.

Incorporeal hereditament. See under Hereditament.

Syn. -- Immaterial; unsubstantial; bodiless; spiritual.

In`cor*po"re*al*ism (?), n. Existence without a body or material form; immateriality. Cudworth.

In`cor*po"re*al*ist, n. One who believes in incorporealism. Cudworth.

In`cor*po`re*al"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being incorporeal or bodiless; immateriality; incorporealism. G. Eliot.

In`cor*po"re*al*ly (?), adv. In an incorporeal manner. Bacon.

In*cor`po*re"i*ty (?), n. [Pref. in- not + corporeity: cf. F. incorporéite.] The quality of being incorporeal; immateriality. Berkeley.

In*corpse" (?), v. t. To incorporate. [R.] Shak.

In`cor*rect" (?), a. [L. incorrectus: cf. F. incorrect. See In- not, and Correct.]

1. Not correct; not according to a copy or model, or to established rules; inaccurate; faulty.

> The piece, you think, is incorrect.

Pope.

2. Not in accordance with the truth; inaccurate; not exact; as, an incorrect statement or calculation.

3. Not accordant with duty or morality; not duly regulated or subordinated; unbecoming; improper; as, incorrect conduct.

> It shows a will most incorrect to heaven.

Shak.

> The wit of the last age was yet more incorrect than their language.

Dryden.

Syn. -- Inaccurate; erroneous; wrong; faulty.

In`cor*rec"tion (?), n. [Pref. in- not + correction: cf. F. incorrection.] Want of correction, restraint, or discipline. [Obs.] Arnway.

In`cor*rect"ly (?), adv. Not correctly; inaccurately; not exactly; as, a writing incorrectly copied; testimony incorrectly stated.

In`cor*rect"ness, n. The quality of being incorrect; want of conformity to truth or to a standard; inaccuracy; inexactness; as, incorrectness may consist in defect or in redundance.

{ In*cor`re*spond"ence (?), In*cor`re*spond"en*cy (?), } n. Want of correspondence; disagreement; disproportion. [R.]

In*cor`re*spond"ing, a. Not corresponding; disagreeing. [R.] Coleridge.

In*cor`ri*gi*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. incorrigibilité.] The state or quality of being incorrigible.

> The ingratitude, the incorrigibility, the strange perverseness . . . of mankind.

Barrow.

In*cor"ri*gi*ble (?), a. [L. incorrigibilis: cf. F. incorrigible. See In- not, and Corrigible.] Not corrigible; incapable of being corrected or amended; bad beyond correction; irreclaimable; as, incorrigible error. "Incorrigible fools." Dryden.

In*cor"ri*gi*ble (?), n. One who is incorrigible; especially, a hardened criminal; as, the perpetual imprisonment of incorrigibles.

<! p. 748 !>

In*cor"ri*gi*ble*ness (?), n. Incorrigibility. Dr. H. More.

In*cor"ri*gi*bly, adv. In an incorrigible manner.

In`cor*rod"i*ble (?), a. Incapable of being corroded, consumed, or eaten away.

In`cor*rupt" (?), a. [L. incorruptus. See In- not, and Corrupt.]

1. Not affected with corruption or decay; unimpaired; not marred or spoiled.

2. Not defiled or depraved; pure; sound; untainted; above the influence of bribes; upright; honest. Milton.

> Your Christian principles . . . which will preserve you incorrupt as individuals.

Bp. Hurd.

In`cor*rupt"ed (?), a. Uncorrupted. [Obs.]

> Breathed into their incorrupted breasts.

Sir J. Davies.

In`cor*rupt`i*bil"i*ty (?), n. [L. incorruptibilitas: cf. F. incorruptibilité.] The quality of being incorruptible; incapability of corruption. Holland.

In`cor*rupt"i*ble (?), a. [L. incorruptibilis: cf. F. incorruptible. See In- not, and Corrupt.]

1. Not corruptible; incapable of corruption, decay, or dissolution; as, gold is incorruptible.

> Our bodies shall be changed into incorruptible and immortal substances.

Wake.

2. Incapable of being bribed or morally corrupted; inflexibly just and upright.

In`cor*rupt"i*ble, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a religious sect which arose in Alexandria, in the reign of the Emperor Justinian, and which believed that the body of Christ was incorruptible, and that he suffered hunger, thirst, pain, only in appearance.

In`cor*rupt"i*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being incorruptible. Boyle.

In`cor*rupt"i*bly, adv. In an incorruptible manner.

In`cor*rup"tion (?), n. [L. incorruptio: cf. F. incorruption. See In- not, and Corruption.] The condition or quality of being incorrupt or incorruptible; absence of, or exemption from, corruption.

> It is sown in corruption; it is raised in incorruption.

1 Cor. xv. 42.

> The same preservation, or, rather, incorruption, we have observed in the flesh of turkeys, capons, etc.

Sir T. Browne.

In`cor*rupt"ive (?), a. [L. incorruptivus.] Incorruptible; not liable to decay. Akenside.

In`cor*rupt"ly (?), adv. Without corruption.

> To demean themselves incorruptly.

Milton.

In`cor*rupt"ness, n. 1. Freedom or exemption from decay or corruption.

2. Probity; integrity; honesty. Woodward.

In*cras"sate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incrassated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Incrassating.] [L. incrassatus, p. p. of incrassare; pref. in- in + crassus thick.] To make thick or thicker; to thicken; especially, in pharmacy, to thicken (a liquid) by the mixture of another substance, or by evaporating the thinner parts.

> Acids dissolve or attenuate; alkalies precipitate or incrassate.

Sir I. Newton.

> Liquors which time hath incrassated into jellies.

Sir T. Browne.

In*cras"sate, v. i. To become thick or thicker.

{ In*cras"sate (?), In*cras"sa*ted (?), } a. [L. incrassatus, p. p.]

1. Made thick or thicker; thickened; inspissated.

2. (Bot.) Thickened; becoming thicker. Martyn.

3. (Zoöl.) Swelled out on some particular part, as the antennæ of certain insects.

In`cras*sa"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. incrassation.]

1. The act or process of thickening or making thick; the process of becoming thick or thicker.

2. The state of being incrassated or made thick; inspissation. Sir T. Browne.

In*cras"sa*tive (?), a. Having the quality of thickening; tending to thicken. Harvey.

In*cras"sa*tive, n. A substance which has the power to thicken; formerly, a medicine supposed to thicken the humors. Harvey.

In*creas"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being increased. Sherwood. -- In*creas"a*ble*ness, n.

> An indefinite increasableness of some of our ideas.

Bp. Law.

In*crease" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Increased (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Increasing.] [OE. incresen, encresen, enrescen, OF. encreistre, fr. L. increscere; pref. in- in + crescere to grow. See Crescent, and cf. Decrease.]

1. To become greater or more in size, quantity, number, degree, value, intensity, power, authority, reputation, wealth; to grow; to augment; to advance; -- opposed to decrease.

> The waters increased and bare up the ark.

Gen. vii. 17.

> He must increase, but I must decrease.

John iii. 30.

> The heavens forbid
> But that our loves and comforts should increase,
> Even as our days do grow!

Shak.

2. To multiply by the production of young; to be fertile, fruitful, or prolific.

> Fishes are more numerous or increasing than beasts or birds, as appears by their numerous spawn.

Sir M. Hale.

3. (Astron.) To become more nearly full; to show more of the surface; to wax; as, the moon increases.

Increasing function (Math.), a function whose value increases when that of the variable increases, and decreases when the latter is diminished.

Syn. -- To enlarge; extend; multiply; expand; develop; heighten; amplify; raise; enhance; spread; aggravate; magnify; augment; advance. -- To Increase, Enlarge, Extend. Enlarge implies to make larger or broader in size. Extend marks the progress of enlargement so as to have wider boundaries. Increase denotes enlargement by growth and internal vitality, as in the case of plants. A kingdom is enlarged by the addition of new territories; the mind is enlarged by knowledge. A kingdom is extended when its boundaries are carried to a greater distance from the center. A man's riches, honors, knowledge, etc., are increased by accessions which are made from time to time.

In*crease" (?), v. t. To augment or make greater in bulk, quantity, extent, value, or amount, etc.; to add to; to extend; to lengthen; to enhance; to aggravate; as, to increase one's possessions, influence.

> I will increase the famine.

Ezek. v. 16.

> Make denials
> Increase your services.

Shak.

In"crease (?; 277), n. [OE. encres, encresse. See Increase, v. i.]

1. Addition or enlargement in size, extent, quantity, number, intensity, value, substance, etc.; augmentation; growth.

> As if increase of appetite had grown
> By what it fed on.

Shak.

> For things of tender kind for pleasure made
> Shoot up with swift increase, and sudden are decay'd.

Dryden.

2. That which is added to the original stock by augmentation or growth; produce; profit; interest.

> Take thou no usury of him, or increase.

Lev. xxv. 36.

> Let them not live to taste this land's increase.

Shak.

3. Progeny; issue; offspring.

> All the increase of thy house shall die in the flower of their age.

1 Sam. ii. 33.

4. Generation. [Obs.] "Organs of increase." Shak.

5. (Astron.) The period of increasing light, or luminous phase; the waxing; -- said of the moon.

> Seeds, hair, nails, hedges, and herbs will grow soonest if set or cut in the increase of the moon.

Bacon.

Increase twist, the twixt of a rifle groove in which the angle of twist increases from the breech to the muzzle.

Syn. -- Enlargement; extension; growth; development; increment; addition; accession; production.

In*crease"ful (?), a. Full of increase; abundant in produce. "Increaseful crops." [R.] Shak.

In*crease"ment (?), n. Increase. [R.] Bacon.

In*creas"er (?), n. One who, or that, increases.

In*creas"ing*ly, adv. More and more.

In`cre*ate" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Increated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Increating.] [Pref. in- in + create.] To create within. [R.]

{ In"cre*ate (?), In"cre*a`ted (?), } a. [L. increatus. See In- not, and Create.] Uncreated; self-existent. [R.]

> Bright effluence of bright essence increate.

Milton.

In*cred`i*bil"i*ty (?), n. [L. incredibilitas: cf. F. incrédibilité.]

1. The quality or state of being incredible; incredibleness. Dryden.

2. That which is incredible. Johnson.

In*cred"i*ble (?), a. [L. incredibilis: cf. OF. incredible. See In- not, and Credible.] Not credible; surpassing belief; too extraordinary and improbable to admit of belief; unlikely; marvelous; fabulous.

> Why should it be thought a thing incredible with you, that God should raise the dead?

Acts xxvi. 8.

In*cred"i*ble*ness, n. Incredibility.

In*cred"i*bly, adv. In an incredible manner.

In*cred"it*ed (?), a. Uncredited. [Obs.]

In`cre*du"li*ty (?), n. [L. incredulitas: cf. F. incrédulité.] The state or quality of being incredulous; a withholding or refusal of belief; skepticism; unbelief; disbelief.

> Of every species of incredulity, religious unbelief is the most irrational.

Buckminster.

In*cred"u*lous (?; 135), a. [L. incredulus. See In- not, and Credulous.]

1. Not credulous; indisposed to admit or accept that which is related as true, skeptical; unbelieving. Bacon.

> A fantastical incredulous fool.

Bp. Wilkins.

2. Indicating, or caused by, disbelief or incredulity. "An incredulous smile." Longfellow.

3. Incredible; not easy to be believed. [R.] Shak.

In*cred"u*lous*ly, adv. In an incredulous manner; with incredulity.

In*cred"u*lous*ness, n. Incredulity.

In*crem"a*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + L. cremabilis combustible, fr. cremare to burn.] Incapable of being burnt; incombustibe. Sir T. Browne.

In"cre*mate (?), v. t. [Pref. in- in + cremate.] To consume or reduce to ashes by burning, as a dead body; to cremate.

In`cre*ma"tion (?), n. Burning; esp., the act of burning a dead body; cremation.

In"cre*ment (?), n. [L. incrementum: cf. F. incrément. See Increase.]

1. The act or process of increasing; growth in bulk, guantity, number, value, or amount; augmentation; enlargement.

> The seminary that furnisheth matter for the formation and increment of animal and vegetable bodies.

Woodward.

> A nation, to be great, ought to be compressed in its increment by nations more civilized than itself.

Coleridge.

2. Matter added; increase; produce; production; -- opposed to decrement. "Large increment." J. Philips.

3. (Math.) The increase of a variable quantity or fraction from its present value to its next ascending value; the finite quantity, generally variable, by which a variable quantity is increased.

4. (Rhet.) An amplification without strict climax, as in the following passage:

> Finally, brethren, whatsoever things are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things are lovely, whatsoever things are of good report, . . . think on these things.

Phil. iv. 8.

Infinitesimal increment (Math.), an infinitesimally small variation considered in Differential Calculus. See Calculus. -- Method of increments (Math.), a calculus founded on the properties of the successive values of variable quantities and their differences or increments. It differs from the method of fluxions in treating these differences as finite, instead of infinitely small, and is equivalent to the calculus of finite differences.

In`cre*men"tal (?), a. (Biol.) Pertaining to, or resulting from, the process of growth; as, the incremental lines in the dentine of teeth.

In"cre*pate (?), v. t. [L. increpatus, p. p. of increpare to upbraid; pref. in- in, against + crepare to talk noisily.] To chide; to rebuke; to reprove. [Obs.]

In`cre*pa"tion (?), n. [L. increpatio.] A chiding; rebuke; reproof. [Obs.] Hammond.

In*cres"cent (?), a. [L. increscens, -entis, p. pr. of increscere. See Increase.]

1. Increasing; growing; augmenting; swelling; enlarging.

> Between the incresent and decrescent moon.

Tennyson.

2. (Her.) Increasing; on the increase; -- said of the moon represented as the new moon, with the points turned toward the dexter side.

In*crest" (?), v. t. To adorn with a crest. [R.] Drummond.

In*crim"i*nate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incriminated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Incriminating.] [LL. incriminatus, p. p. of incriminare; in- in + criminare, criminari, to accuse one of a crime. See Criminate.] To accuse; to charge with a crime or fault; to criminate.

In*crim`i*na"tion (?), n. The act of incriminating; crimination.

In*crim"i*na*to*ry (?), a. Of or pertaining to crimination; tending to incriminate; criminatory.

In`cru*en"tal (?), a. [L. incruentus. See In- not, and Cruentous.] Unbloody; not attended with blood; as, an incruental sacrifice. [Obs.] Brevint.

In*crust" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incrusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Incrusting.] [L. incrustare; pref. in- in + crustare to cover with a crust: cf. F. incruster. See Crust.] [Written also encrust.]

1. To cover or line with a crust, or hard coat; to form a crust on the surface of; as, iron incrusted with rust; a vessel incrusted with salt; a sweetmeat incrusted with sugar.

> And by the frost refin'd the whiter snow,
> Incrusted hard.

Thomson.

2. (Fine Arts) To inlay into, as a piece of carving or other ornamental object.

In*crus"tate (?), a. [L. incrustatus, p. p. See Incrust.] Incrusted. Bacon.

In*crus"tate (?), v. t. To incrust. [R.] Cheyne.

In`crus*ta"tion (?), n. [L. incrustatio: cf. F. incrustation. See Incrust.]

1. The act of incrusting, or the state of being incrusted.

2. A crust or hard coating of anything upon or within a body, as a deposit of lime, sediment, etc., from water on the inner surface of a steam boiler.

3. (Arch.) A covering or inlaying of marble, mosaic, etc., attached to the masonry by cramp irons or cement.

4. (Fine Arts) Anything inlaid or imbedded.

In*crust"ment (?), n. Incrustation. [R.]

In*crys"tal*li`za*ble (?), a. Not crystallizable; incapable of being formed into crystals.

In"cu*bate (?), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Incubated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Incubating (?).] [L. incubatus, p. p. incubare to lie on; pref. in- in, on + cubare to lie down. Cf. Cubit, Incumbent.] To sit, as on eggs for hatching; to brood; to brood upon, or keep warm, as eggs, for the purpose of hatching.

In`cu*ba"tion (?), n. [L. incubatio: cf. F. incubation.]

1. A sitting on eggs for the purpose of hatching young; a brooding on, or keeping warm, (eggs) to develop the life within, by any process. Ray.

2. (Med.) The development of a disease from its causes, or its period of incubation. (See below.)

3. A sleeping in a consecrated place for the purpose of dreaming oracular dreams. Tylor.

Period of incubation, or Stage of incubation (Med.), the period which elapses between exposure to the causes of a disease and the attack resulting from it; the time of development of the supposed germs or spores.

In"cu*ba*tive (?), a. Of or pertaining to incubation, or to the period of incubation.

In"cu*ba`tor (?), n. That which incubates, especially, an apparatus by means of which eggs are hatched by artificial heat.

In*cu"ba*to*ry (?), a. Serving for incubation.

In*cube" (?), v. t. To fix firmly, as in cube; to secure or place firmly. [Obs.] Milton.

In*cu"bi*ture (?; 135), n. [Cf. L. incubitus.] Incubation. [Obs.] J. Ellis.

In"cu*bous (?), a. [From L. incubare to lie on.] (Bot.) Having the leaves so placed that the upper part of each one covers the base of the leaf next above it, as in hepatic mosses of the genus Frullania. See Succubous.

In"cu*bus (?), n.; pl. E. Incubuses (#), L. Incubi (#). [L., the nightmare. Cf. Incubate.]

1. A demon; a fiend; a lascivious spirit, supposed to have sexual intercourse with women by night. Tylor.

> The devils who appeared in the female form were generally called succubi; those who appeared like men incubi, though this distinction was not always preserved.

Lecky.

2. (Med.) The nightmare. See Nightmare.

> Such as are troubled with incubus, or witch- ridden, as we call it.

Burton.

3. Any oppressive encumbrance or burden; anything that prevents the free use of the faculties.

> Debt and usury is the incubus which weighs most heavily on the agricultural resources of Turkey.

J. L. Farley.

In*cul"cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inculcated; p. pr. & vb. n. Inculcating (?).] [L. inculcatus, p. p. of inculcare to tread on; pref. in- in, on + calcare to tread, fr. calx the heel; perh. akin to E. heel. Cf. 2d Calk, Heel.] To teach and impress by frequent repetitions or admonitions; to urge on the mind; as, Christ inculcates on his followers humility.

> The most obvious and necessary duties of life they have not yet had authority enough to enforce and inculcate upon men's minds.

S. Clarke.

Syn. -- To instill; infuse; implant; engraft; impress.

In`cul*ca"tion (?), n. [L. inculcatio: cf. F. inculcation.] A teaching and impressing by frequent repetitions. Bp. Hall.

<! p. 749 !>

In*cul"ca*tor (?), n. [L.] One who inculcates. Boyle.

In*culk" (?). v. t. [Cf. F. inculquer. See Inculcate.] To inculcate. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

In*culp" (?), v. t. [Cf. inculper. See Inculpate.] To inculpate. [Obs.] Shelton.

In*cul"pa*ble (?), a. [L. inculpabilis: cf. F. incupable.] Faultless; blameless; innocent. South.

> An innocent and incupable piece of ignorance.

Killingbeck.

In*cul"pa*ble*ness, n. Blamelessness; faultlessness.

In*cul"pa*bly, adv. Blamelessly. South.

In*cul"pate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inculpated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inculpating (?).] [LL. inculpatus, p. p. of inculpare to blame; pref. in- in + culpa fault. See Culpable.] [A word of recent introduction.] To blame; to impute guilt to; to accuse; to involve or implicate in guilt.

> That risk could only exculpate her and not inculpate them -- the probabilities protected them so perfectly.

H. James.

In`cul*pa"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. inculpation.] Blame; censure; crimination. Jefferson.

In*cul"pa*to*ry (?), a. Imputing blame; criminatory; compromising; implicating.

In*cult" (?), a. [L. incultus; pref. in- not + cultus, p. p. of colere to cultivate: cf. F. inculte.] Untilled; uncultivated; crude; rude; uncivilized.

> Germany then, says Tacitus, was incult and horrid, now full of magnificent cities.

Burton.

> His style is diffuse and incult.

M. W. Shelley.

In*cul"ti*va`ted (?), a. Uncultivated. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.

In*cul`ti*va"tion (?), n. Want of cultivation. [Obs.] Berington.

In*cul"ture (?; 135), n. [Pref. in- not + culture: cf. F. inculture.] Want or neglect of cultivation or culture. [Obs.] Feltham.

In*cum"ben*cy (?), n.; pl. Incumbencies (#). [From Incumbent.]

1. The state of being incumbent; a lying or resting on something.

2. That which is physically incumbent; that which lies as a burden; a weight. Evelyn.

3. That which is morally incumbent, or is imposed, as a rule, a duty, obligation, or responsibility. "The incumbencies of a family." Donne.

4. The state of holding a benefice; the full possession and exercise of any office.

> These fines are only to be paid to the bishop during his incumbency.

Swift.

In*cum"bent (?), a. [L. incumbens, -entis, p. pr. of incumbere to lie down upon, press upon; pref. in- in, on + cumbere (in comp.); akin to cubare to lie down. See Incubate.]

1. Lying; resting; reclining; recumbent; superimposed; superincumbent.

> Two incumbent figures, gracefully leaning upon it.

Sir H. Wotton.

> To move the incumbent load they try.

Addison.

2. Lying, resting, or imposed, as a duty or obligation; obligatory; always with on or upon.

> All men, truly zealous, will perform those good works that are incumbent on all Christians.

Sprat.

3. (Bot.) Leaning or resting; -- said of anthers when lying on the inner side of the filament, or of cotyledons when the radicle lies against the back of one of them. Gray.

4. (Zoöl.) Bent downwards so that the ends touch, or rest on, something else; as, the incumbent toe of a bird.

In*cum"bent, n. A person who is in present possession of a benefice or of any office.

> The incumbent lieth at the mercy of his patron.

Swift.

In*cum"bent*ly, adv. In an incumbent manner; so as to be incumbent.

In*cum"ber (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incumbered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Incumbering.] See Encumber.

In`cum*bi"tion (?), n. Incubation. [R.] Sterne.

In*cum"brance (?), n. [See Encumbrance.] [Written also encumbrance.]

1. A burdensome and troublesome load; anything that impedes motion or action, or renders it difficult or laborious; clog; impediment; hindrance; check. Cowper.

2. (Law) A burden or charge upon property; a claim or lien upon an estate, which may diminish its value.

In*cum"bran*cer (?), n. (Law) One who holds an incumbrance, or some legal claim, lien, or charge on an estate. Kent.

In*cum"brous (?), a. [Cf. OF. encombros.] Cumbersome; troublesome. [Written also encombrous.] [Obs.] Chaucer.

||In`cu*nab"u*lum (?), n.; pl. Incunabula (#). [L. incunabula cradle, birthplace, origin. See 1st In-, and Cunabula.] A work of art or of human industry, of an early epoch; especially, a book printed before a. d. 1500.

In*cur" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incurred (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Incurring (?).] [L. incurrere to run into or toward; pref. in- in + currere to run. See Current.]

1. To meet or fall in with, as something inconvenient, harmful, or onerous; to put one's self in the way of; to expose one's self to; to become liable or subject to; to bring down upon one's self; to encounter; to contract; as, to incur debt, danger, displeasure, penalty, responsibility, etc.

> I know not what I shall incur to pass it,
> Having no warrant.

Shak.

2. To render liable or subject to; to occasion. [Obs.]

> Lest you incur me much more damage in my fame than you have done me pleasure in preserving my life.

Chapman.

In*cur", v. i. To pass; to enter. [Obs.]

> Light is discerned by itself because by itself it incurs into the eye.

South.

In*cur`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. incurabilité incurability, LL. incurabilitas negligence.] The state of being incurable; irremediableness. Harvey.

In*cur"a*ble (?), a. [F. incurable, L. incurabilis. See In- not, and Curable.]

1. Not capable of being cured; beyond the power of skill or medicine to remedy; as, an incurable disease.

> A scirrhus is not absolutely incurable.

Arbuthnot.

2. Not admitting or capable of remedy or correction; irremediable; remediless; as, incurable evils.

> Rancorous and incurable hostility.

Burke.

> They were laboring under a profound, and, as it might have seemed, an almost incurable ignorance.

Sir J. Stephen.

Syn. -- Irremediable; remediless; irrecoverable; irretrievable; irreparable; hopeless.

In*cur"a*ble, n. A person diseased beyond cure.

In*cur"a*ble*ness, n. The state of being incurable; incurability. Boyle.

In*cur"a*bly, adv. In a manner that renders cure impracticable or impossible; irremediably. "Incurably diseased." Bp. Hall. "Incurably wicked." Blair.

In*cu`ri*os"i*ty (?), n. [L. incuriositas: cf. F. incurosité.] Want of curiosity or interest; inattentiveness; indifference. Sir H. Wotton.

In*cu"ri*ous (?), a. [L. incuriosus: cf. F. incurieux. See In- not, and Curious.] Not curious or inquisitive; without care for or interest in; inattentive; careless; negligent; heedless.

> Carelessnesses and incurious deportments toward their children.

Jer. Taylor.

In*cu"ri*ous*ly, adv. In an curious manner.

In*cu"ri*ous*ness, n. Unconcernedness; incuriosity.

> Sordid incuriousness and slovenly neglect.

Bp. Hall.

In*cur"rence (?), n. [See Incur.] The act of incurring, bringing on, or subjecting one's self to (something troublesome or burdensome); as, the incurrence of guilt, debt, responsibility, etc.

In*cur"rent (?), a. [L. incurrens, p. pr. incurere, incursum, to run in; in- + currere to run.] (Zoöl.) Characterized by a current which flows inward; as, the incurrent orifice of lamellibranch Mollusca.

In*cur"sion (?), n. [L. incursio: cf. F. incursion. See Incur.]

1. A running into; hence, an entering into a territory with hostile intention; a temporary invasion; a predatory or harassing inroad; a raid.

> The Scythian, whose incursions wild
> Have wasted Sogdiana.

Milton.

> The incursions of the Goths disordered the affairs of the Roman Empire.

Arbuthnot.

2. Attack; occurrence. [Obs.]

> Sins of daily incursion.

South.

Syn. -- Invasion; inroad; raid; foray; sally; attack; onset; irruption. See Invasion.

In*cur"sive (?), a. Making an incursion; invasive; aggressive; hostile.

In*cur"tain (?), v. t. To curtain. [Obs.]

In*cur"vate (?), a. [L. incurvatus, p. p. of incurvare to crook; pref. in- in + curvus bent. See Curve, and cf. Incurve.] Curved; bent; crooked. Derham.

In*cur"vate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incurvated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Incurvating.] To turn from a straight line or course; to bend; to crook. Cheyne.

In`cur*va"tion (?), n. [L. incurvatio: cf. F. incurvation.]

1. The act of bending, or curving.

2. The state of being bent or curved; curvature.

> An incurvation of the rays.

Derham.

3. The act of bowing, or bending the body, in respect or reverence. "The incurvations of the knee." Bp. Hall.

In*curve" (n*kûv"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Incurved (-kûvd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Incurving.] [See Incurvate.] To bend; to curve; to make crooked.

In*curved" (n*kûvd"), a. [Pref. in- in + curved.] (Bot.) Bending gradually toward the axis or center, as branches or petals.

In*cur"vi*ty (n*kû"v*t), n. [From L. incurvus bent. See Incurvate.] A state of being bent or curved; incurvation; a bending inwards. Sir T. Browne.

||In"cus (?), n. [L., anvil.]

1. An anvil.

2. (Anat.) One of the small bones in the tympanum of the ear; the anvil bone. See Ear.

3. (Zoöl.) The central portion of the armature of the pharynx in the Rotifera.

In*cuse" (?), a. [See Incuse, v. t.] (Numismatics) Cut or stamped in, or hollowed out by engraving. "Irregular incuse square." Dr. W. Smith.

{ In*cuse" (?), In*cuss" (?), } v. t. [L. incussus, p. p. of incutere to strike. See 1st In-, and Concuss.] To form, or mold, by striking or stamping, as a coin or medal.

In*cute" (?), v. t. [See Incuse.] To strike or stamp in. [Obs.] Becon.

In*cyst" (?), v. t. See Encyst.

In*cyst"ed, a. See Encysted.

Ind (?), n. India. [Poetical] Shak. Milton.

In"da*gate (?), v. t. [L. indagatus, p. p. of indagare to seek.] To seek or search out. [Obs.]

In`da*ga"tion (?), n. [L. indagatio: cf. F. indagation.] Search; inquiry; investigation. [Obs.]

In"da*ga*tive (?), a. Searching; exploring; investigating. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

In"da*ga`tor (?), n. [L.] A searcher; an explorer; an investigator. [Obs.]

> Searched into by such skillful indagators of nature.

Boyle.

In*dam"age (?; 48), v. t. See Endamage. [R.]

In*dam"aged (?), a. Not damaged. [Obs.] Milton.

In*dart" (?), v. t. To pierce, as with a dart.

In"da*zol (?), n. [Indol + azote.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous compound, C7H6N2, analogous to indol, and produced from a diazo derivative of cinnamic acid.

Inde (?), a. Azure-colored; of a bright blue color. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

In*dear" (?), v. t. See Endear.

In*debt" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indebted; p. pr. & vb. n. Indebting.] [OE. endetten, F. endetter; pref. en- (L. in) + F. dette debt. See Debt.] To bring into debt; to place under obligation; -- chiefly used in the participle indebted.

> Thy fortune hath indebted thee to none.

Daniel.

In*debt"ed, a. 1. Brought into debt; being under obligation; held to payment or requital; beholden.

> By owing, owes not, but still pays, at once
> Indebted and discharged.

Milton.

2. Placed under obligation for something received, for which restitution or gratitude is due; as, we are indebted to our parents for their care of us in infancy; indebted to friends for help and encouragement. Cowper.

In*debt"ed*ness, n. 1. The state of being indebted.

2. The sum owed; debts, collectively.

In*debt"ment (?), n. [Cf. F. endettement.] Indebtedness. [R.] Bp. Hall.

In*de"cence (?), n. See Indecency. [Obs.] "An indecence of barbarity." Bp. Burnet.

In*de"cen*cy (?), n.; pl. Indecencies (#). [L. indecentia unseemliness: cf. F. indécence.]

1. The quality or state of being indecent; want of decency, modesty, or good manners; obscenity.

2. That which is indecent; an indecent word or act; an offense against delicacy.

> They who, by speech or writing, present to the ear or the eye of modesty any of the indecencies I allude to, are pests of society.

Beattie.

Syn. -- Indelicacy; indecorum; immodesty; impurity; obscenity. See Indecorum.

In*de"cent (?), a. [L. indecens unseemly, unbecoming: cf. F. indécent. See In- not, and Decent.] Not decent; unfit to be seen or heard; offensive to modesty and delicacy; as, indecent language. Cowper.

Syn. -- Unbecoming; indecorous; indelicate; unseemly; immodest; gross; shameful; impure; improper; obscene; filthy.

In*de"cent*ly, adv. In an indecent manner.

In`de*cid"u*ate (?), a. 1. Indeciduous.

2. (Anat.) Having no decidua; nondeciduate.

In`de*cid"u*ous (?), a. Not deciduous or falling, as the leaves of trees in autumn; lasting; evergreen; persistent; permanent; perennial.

> The indeciduous and unshaven locks of Apollo.

Sir T. Browne.

In*dec"i*ma*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + LL. decimare to tithe: cf. F. indécimable. See Decimate.] Not decimable, or liable to be decimated; not liable to the payment of tithes. Cowell.

In`de*ci"pher*a*ble (?), a. Not decipherable; incapable of being deciphered, explained, or solved. -- In`de*ci"pher*a*bly, adv.

In`de*ci"sion (?), n. [Pref. in- not + decision: cf. F. indécision.] Want of decision; want of settled purpose, or of firmness; indetermination; wavering of mind; irresolution; vacillation; hesitation.

> The term indecision . . . implies an idea very nicely different from irresolution; yet it has a tendency to produce it.

Shenstone.

> Indecision . . . is the natural accomplice of violence.

Burke.

In`de*ci"sive (?), a. [Cf. F. indécisif.]

1. Not decisive; not bringing to a final or ultimate issue; as, an indecisive battle, argument, answer.

> The campaign had everywhere been indecisive.

Macaulay.

2. Undetermined; prone to indecision; irresolute; unsettled; wavering; vacillating; hesitating; as, an indecisive state of mind; an indecisive character.

In`de*ci"sive*ly, adv. Without decision.

In`de*ci"sive*ness, n. The state of being indecisive; unsettled state.

In`de*clin"a*ble (?), a. [L. indeclinabilis: cf. F. indéclinable. See In- not, and Decline.] (Gram.) Not declinable; not varied by inflective terminations; as, nihil (nothing), in Latin, is an indeclinable noun. -- n. An indeclinable word.

In`de*clin"a*bly, adv. 1. Without variation.

2. (Gram.) Without variation of termination.

In*de`com*pos"a*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + decomposable: cf. F. indécomposable.] Not decomposable; incapable or difficult of decomposition; not resolvable into its constituents or elements.

In*de`com*pos"a*ble*ness, n. Incapableness of decomposition; stability; permanence; durability.

In`de*co"rous (?; 277), a. [L. indecorous. See In- not, and Decorous.] Not decorous; violating good manners; contrary to good breeding or etiquette; unbecoming; improper; out of place; as, indecorous conduct.

> It was useless and indecorous to attempt anything more by mere struggle.

Burke.

Syn. -- Unbecoming; unseemly; unbefitting; rude; coarse; impolite; uncivil; ill-bred.

In`de*co"rous*ly, adv. In an indecorous manner.

In`de*co"rous*ness, n. The quality of being indecorous; want of decorum.

In`de*co"rum (?), n. [Pref. in- not + decorum: cf. L. indecorous unbecoming.]

1. Want of decorum; impropriety of behavior; that in behavior or manners which violates the established rules of civility, custom, or etiquette; indecorousness.

2. An indecorous or unbecoming action. Young.

Syn. -- Indecorum is sometimes synonymous with indecency; but indecency, more frequently than indecorum, is applied to words or actions which refer to what nature and propriety require to be concealed or suppressed. Indecency is the stronger word; indecorum refers to any transgression of etiquette or civility, especially in public.

In*deed" (?), adv. [Prep. in + deed.] In reality; in truth; in fact; verily; truly; -- used in a variety of senses. Esp.: (a) Denoting emphasis; as, indeed it is so. (b) Denoting concession or admission; as, indeed, you are right. (c) Denoting surprise; as, indeed, is it you? Its meaning is not intrinsic or fixed, but depends largely on the form of expression which it accompanies.

<! p. 750 !>

> The carnal mind is enmity against God; for it is not subject to the law of God, neither indeed can be.

Rom. viii. 7.

> I were a beast indeed to do you wrong.

Dryden.

> There is, indeed, no great pleasure in visiting these magazines of war.

Addison.

In`de*fat`i*ga*bil"i*ty (n`d*ft`*g*bl"*t&y breve;), n. The state of being indefatigable.

In`de*fat"i*ga*ble (n`d*ft"*g*b'l), a. [L. indefatigabilis: cf. OF. indefatigable. See In- not, and Defatigable, and cf. Infatigable.] Incapable of being fatigued; not readily exhausted; unremitting in labor or effort; untiring; unwearying; not yielding to fatigue; as, indefatigable exertions, perseverance, application. "A constant, indefatigable attendance." South.

> Upborne with indefatigable wings.

Milton.

Syn. -- Unwearied; untiring; persevering; persistent.

In`de*fat"i*ga*ble*ness, n. Indefatigable quality; unweariedness; persistency. Parnell.

In`de*fat"i*ga*bly, adv. Without weariness; without yielding to fatigue; persistently. Dryden.

In`de*fat`i*ga"tion (?), n. Indefatigableness; unweariedness. [Obs.] J. Gregory.

In`de*fea`si*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being indefeasible.

In`de*fea`si*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + defeasible: cf. OF. indefaisable.] Not to be defeated; not defeasible; incapable of being annulled or made void; as, an indefeasible or title.

> That the king had a divine and an indefeasible right to the regal power.

Macaulay.

In`de*fect`i*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. indéfectibilité.] The quality of being indefectible. Barrow.

In`de*fect"i*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + defectible: cf. F. indéfectible.] Not defectible; unfailing; not liable to defect, failure, or decay.

> An indefectible treasure in the heavens.

Barrow.

> A state of indefectible virtue and happiness.

S. Clarke.

In`de*fect"ive (?), a. Not defective; perfect; complete. "Absolute, indefective obedience." South.

In`de*fei"si*ble (?), a. Indefeasible. [Obs.]

In`de*fen`si*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of not being defensible. Walsh.

In`de*fen"si*ble (?), [Pref. in- not + defensible: cf. OF. indefensible, indefensable.] Not defensible; not capable of being defended, maintained, vindicated, or justified; unjustifiable; untenable; as, an indefensible fortress, position, cause, etc.

> Men find that something can be said in favor of what, on the very proposal, they thought utterly indefensible.

Burke.

In`de*fen"si*bly, adv. In an indefensible manner.

In`de*fen"sive (?), a. Defenseless. [Obs.]

> The sword awes the indefensive villager.

Sir T. Herbert.

In`de*fi"cien*cy, n. The state or quality of not being deficient. [Obs.] Strype.

In`de*fi"cient (?), a. [L. indeficiens. See In- not, and Deficient.] Not deficient; full. [Obs.]

> Brighter than the sun, and indeficient as the light of heaven.

Jer. Taylor.

In`de*fin"a*ble (?), a. Incapable of being defined or described; inexplicable. Bp. Reynolds.

In`de*fin"a*bly, adv. In an indefinable manner.

In*def"i*nite (?), a. [L. indefinitus. See In- not, and Definite.]

1. Not definite; not limited, defined, or specified; not explicit; not determined or fixed upon; not precise; uncertain; vague; confused; obscure; as, an indefinite time, plan, etc.

> It were to be wished that . . . men would leave off that indefinite way of vouching, "the chymists say this," or "the chymists affirm that."

Boyle.

> The time of this last is left indefinite.

Dryden.

2. Having no determined or certain limits; large and unmeasured, though not infinite; unlimited; as, indefinite space; the indefinite extension of a straight line.

> Though it is not infinite, it may be indefinite; though it is not boundless in itself, it may be so to human comprehension.

Spectator.

3. Boundless; infinite. [R.]

> Indefinite and omnipresent God,
> Inhabiting eternity.

W. Thompson (1745).

4. (Bot.) Too numerous or variable to make a particular enumeration important; -- said of the parts of a flower, and the like. Also, indeterminate.

Indefinite article (Gram.), the word a or an, used with nouns to denote any one of a common or general class. -- Indefinite inflorescence. (Bot.) See Indeterminate inflorescence, under Indeterminate. -- Indefinite proposition (Logic), a statement whose subject is a common term, with nothing to indicate distribution or nondistribution; as, Man is mortal. -- Indefinite term (Logic), a negative term; as, the not- good.

Syn. -- Inexplicit; vague; uncertain; unsettled; indeterminate; loose; equivocal; inexact; approximate.

In*def"i*nite*ly, adv. In an indefinite manner or degree; without any settled limitation; vaguely; not with certainty or exactness; as, to use a word indefinitely.

> If the world be indefinitely extended, that is, so far as no human intellect can fancy any bound of it.

Ray.

In*def"i*nite*ness, n. The quality of being indefinite.

In`de*fin"i*tude (?), n. Indefiniteness; vagueness; also, number or quantity not limited by our understanding, though yet finite. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

In`de*his"cence (?), n. [Cf. F. indéhiscence.] (Bot.) The property or state of being indehiscent.

In`de*his"cent (?), a. [Pref. in- not + dehiscent: cf. F. indéhiscent.] (Bot.) Remaining closed at maturity, or not opening along regular lines, as the acorn, or a cocoanut.

In`de*lec"ta*ble (?), a. Not delectable; unpleasant; disagreeable. [R.] Richardson.

In`de*lib"er*ate (?), a. [L. indeliberatus. See In- not, and Deliberate.] Done without deliberation; unpremeditated. [Obs.] -- In`de*lib"er*ate*ly, adv. [Obs.]

In`de*lib"er*a`ted (?), a. Indeliberate. [Obs.]

In*del`i*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. indélébilité.] The quality of being indelible. Bp. Horsley.

In*del"i*ble (?), a. [L. indelebilis; pref. in- not + delebilis capable of being destroyed: cf. F. indélébile. See In- not, and Deleble.] [Formerly written also indeleble, which accords with the etymology of the word.]

1. That can not be removed, washed away, blotted out, or effaced; incapable of being canceled, lost, or forgotten; as, indelible characters; an indelible stain; an indelible impression on the memory.

2. That can not be annulled; indestructible. [R.]

> They are endued with indelible power from above.

Sprat.

Indelible colors, fast colors which do not fade or tarnish by exposure. -- Indelible ink, an ink not obliterated by washing; esp., a solution of silver nitrate.

Syn. -- Fixed; fast; permanent; ineffaceable.

-- In*del"i*ble*ness, n. -- In*del"i*bly, adv.

> Indelibly stamped and impressed.

J. Ellis.

In*del"i*ca*cy (?), n.; pl. Indelicacies (#). [From Indelicate.] The quality of being indelicate; want of delicacy, or of a nice sense of, or regard for, purity, propriety, or refinement in manners, language, etc.; rudeness; coarseness; also, that which is offensive to refined taste or purity of mind.

> The indelicacy of English comedy.

Blair.

> Your papers would be chargeable with worse than indelicacy; they would be immoral.

Addison.

In*del"i*cate (?), a. [Pref. in- not + delicate: cf. F. indélicat.] Not delicate; wanting delicacy; offensive to good manners, or to purity of mind; coarse; rude; as, an indelicate word or suggestion; indelicate behavior. Macaulay. -- In*del"i*cate*ly, adv.

Syn. -- Indecorous; unbecoming; unseemly; rude; coarse; broad; impolite; gross; indecent; offensive; improper; unchaste; impure; unrefined.

In*dem`ni*fi*ca"tion (?), n. 1. The act or process of indemnifying, preserving, or securing against loss, damage, or penalty; reimbursement of loss, damage, or penalty; the state of being indemnified.

> Indemnification is capable of some estimate; dignity has no standard.

Burke.

2. That which indemnifies.

> No reward with the name of an indemnification.

De Quincey.

In*dem"ni*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indemnified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Indemnifying (?).] [L. indemnis unhurt (in- not + damnum hurt, damage) + -fy. Cf. Damn, Damnify.]

1. To save harmless; to secure against loss or damage; to insure.

> The states must at last engage to the merchants here that they will indemnify them from all that shall fall out.

Sir W. Temple.

2. To make restitution or compensation for, as for that which is lost; to make whole; to reimburse; to compensate. Beattie.

In*dem"ni*ty (?), n.; pl. Indemnities (#). [L. indemnitas, fr. indemnis uninjured: cf. F. indemnité. See Indemnify.]

1. Security; insurance; exemption from loss or damage, past or to come; immunity from penalty, or the punishment of past offenses; amnesty.

> Having first obtained a promise of indemnity for the riot they had committed.

Sir W. Scott.

2. Indemnification, compensation, or remuneration for loss, damage, or injury sustained.

> They were told to expect, upon the fall of Walpole, a large and lucrative indemnity for their pretended wrongs.

Ld. Mahon.

Insurance is a contract of indemnity. Arnould. The owner of private property taken for public use is entitled to compensation or indemnity. Kent.

Act of indemnity (Law), an act or law passed in order to relieve persons, especially in an official station, from some penalty to which they are liable in consequence of acting illegally, or, in case of ministers, in consequence of exceeding the limits of their strict constitutional powers. These acts also sometimes provide compensation for losses or damage, either incurred in the service of the government, or resulting from some public measure.

In`de*mon`stra*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being indemonstrable.

In`de*mon"stra*ble (?), a. [L. indemonstrabilis. See In- not, and Demonstrable.] Incapable of being demonstrated. -- In`de*mon"stra*ble*ness, n.

In*den`i*za"tion (?), n. The act of naturalizing; endenization. [R.] Evelyn.

In*den"ize (?), v. t. To naturalize. [R.]

In*den"i*zen (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indenizened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Indenizening.] To invest with the privileges of a denizen; to naturalize. [R.]

> Words indenizened, and commonly used as English.

B. Jonson.

In*dent" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indented; p. pr. & vb. n. Indenting.] [OE. endenten to notch, fit in, OF. endenter, LL. indentare, fr. L. in + dens, dentis, tooth. See Tooth, and cf. Indenture.]

1. To notch; to jag; to cut into points like a row of teeth; as, to indent the edge of paper.

2. To dent; to stamp or to press in; to impress; as, indent a smooth surface with a hammer; to indent wax with a stamp.

3. [Cf. Indenture.] To bind out by indenture or contract; to indenture; to apprentice; as, to indent a young man to a shoemaker; to indent a servant.

4. (Print.) To begin (a line or lines) at a greater or less distance from the margin; as, to indent the first line of a paragraph one em; to indent the second paragraph two ems more than the first. See Indentation, and Indention.

5. (Mil.) To make an order upon; to draw upon, as for military stores. [India] Wilhelm.

In*dent", v. i. 1. To be cut, notched, or dented.

2. To crook or turn; to wind in and out; to zigzag.

3. To contract; to bargain or covenant. Shak.

> To indent and drive bargains with the Almighty.

South.

In*dent" (?), n. 1. A cut or notch in the margin of anything, or a recess like a notch. Shak.

2. A stamp; an impression. [Obs.]

3. A certificate, or intended certificate, issued by the government of the United States at the close of the Revolution, for the principal or interest of the public debt. D. Ramsay. A. Hamilton.

4. (Mil.) A requisition or order for supplies, sent to the commissariat of an army. [India] Wilhelm.

In`den*ta"tion (?), n. 1. The act of indenting or state of being indented.

2. A notch or recess, in the margin or border of anything; as, the indentations of a leaf, of the coast, etc.

3. A recess or sharp depression in any surface.

4. (Print.) (a) The act of beginning a line or series of lines at a little distance within the flush line of the column or page, as in the common way of beginning the first line of a paragraph. (b) The measure of the distance; as, an indentation of one em, or of two ems.

Hanging, or Reverse, indentation, indentation of all the lines of a paragraph except the first, which is a full line.

In*dent"ed (?), a. 1. Cut in the edge into points or inequalities, like teeth; jagged; notched; stamped in; dented on the surface.

2. Having an uneven, irregular border; sinuous; undulating. Milton. Shak.

3. (Her.) Notched like the part of a saw consisting of the teeth; serrated; as, an indented border or ordinary.

4. Bound out by an indenture; apprenticed; indentured; as, an indented servant.

5. (Zoöl.) Notched along the margin with a different color, as the feathers of some birds.

Indented line (Fort.), a line with alternate long and short faces, with salient and receding angles, each face giving a flanking fire along the front of the next.

In*dent"ed*ly, adv. With indentations.

In*dent"ing (?), n. Indentation; an impression like that made by a tooth.

In*den"tion (?), n. (Print.) Same as Indentation, 4.

In*dent"ment (?), n. Indenture. [Obs.]

In*den"ture (?; 135), n. [OE. endenture, OF. endenture, LL. indentura a deed in duplicate, with indented edges. See the Note below. See Indent.]

1. The act of indenting, or state of being indented.

2. (Law) A mutual agreement in writing between two or more parties, whereof each party has usually a counterpart or duplicate; sometimes in the pl., a short form for indentures of apprenticeship, the contract by which a youth is bound apprentice to a master.

> The law is the best expositor of the gospel; they are like a pair of indentures: they answer in every part.

C. Leslie.

Indentures were originally duplicates, laid together and indented by a notched cut or line, or else written on the same piece of parchment and separated by a notched line so that the two papers or parchments corresponded to each other. But indenting has gradually become a mere form, and is often neglected, while the writings or counterparts retain the name of indentures.

In*den"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indentured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Indenturing.]

1. To indent; to make hollows, notches, or wrinkles in; to furrow.

> Though age may creep on, and indenture the brow.

Woty.

2. To bind by indentures or written contract; as, to indenture an apprentice.

In*den"ture, v. i. To run or wind in and out; to be cut or notched; to indent. Heywood.

In`de*pend"ence (?), n. [Cf. F. indépendance.]

1. The state or quality of being independent; freedom from dependence; exemption from reliance on, or control by, others; self-subsistence or maintenance; direction of one's own affairs without interference.

> Let fortune do her worst, . . . as long as she never makes us lose our honesty and our independence.

Pope.

2. Sufficient means for a comfortable livelihood.

Declaration of Independence (Amer. Hist.), the declaration of the Congress of the Thirteen United States of America, on the 4th of July, 1776, by which they formally declared that these colonies were free and independent States, not subject to the government of Great Britain.

In`de*pend"en*cy, n. 1. Independence.

> "Give me," I cried (enough for me),
> "My bread, and independency!"

Pope.

2. (Eccl.) Doctrine and polity of the Independents.

In`de*pend"ent (?), a. [Pref. in- not + dependent: cf. F. indépendant.]

1. Not dependent; free; not subject to control by others; not relying on others; not subordinate; as, few men are wholly independent.

> A dry, but independent crust.

Cowper.

2. Affording a comfortable livelihood; as, an independent property.

3. Not subject to bias or influence; not obsequious; self-directing; as, a man of an independent mind.

4. Expressing or indicating the feeling of independence; free; easy; bold; unconstrained; as, an independent air or manner.

5. Separate from; exclusive; irrespective.

> That obligation in general, under which we conceive ourselves bound to obey a law, independent of those resources which the law provides for its own enforcement.

R. P. Ward.

6. (Eccl.) Belonging or pertaining to, or holding to the doctrines or methods of, the Independents.

7. (Math.) Not dependent upon another quantity in respect to value or rate of variation; -- said of quantities or functions.

8. (U. S. Politics) Not bound by party; exercising a free choice in voting with either or any party.

Independent company (Mil.), one not incorporated in any regiment. -- Independent seconds watch, a stop watch having a second hand driven by a separate set of wheels, springs, etc., for timing to a fraction of a second. -- Independent variable. (Math.) See Dependent variable, under Dependent.

Syn. -- Free; uncontrolled; separate; uncoerced; self- reliant; bold; unconstrained; unrestricted.

<! p. 751 !>

In`de*pend"ent (?), n. 1. (Eccl.) One who believes that an organized Christian church is complete in itself, competent to self- government, and independent of all ecclesiastical authority.

In England the name is often applied (commonly in the pl.) to the Congregationalists.

2. (Politics) One who does not acknowledge an obligation to support a party's candidate under all circumstances; one who exercises liberty in voting.

In`de*pend"ent*ism (?), n. Independency; the church system of Independents. Bp. Gauden.

In`de*pend"ent*ly, adv. In an independent manner; without control.

In`de*pos"a*ble (?), a. Incapable of being deposed. [R.]

> Princes indeposable by the pope.

Bp. Stillingfleet.

In*dep"ra*vate (?), a. [L. indepravatus.] Undepraved. [R.] Davies (Holy Roode).

In*dep"re*ca*ble (?), a. [L. indeprecabilis. See In- not, and Deprecate.] Incapable or undeserving of being deprecated. Cockeram.

In*dep`re*hen"si*ble (?), a. [L. indeprehensibilis. See In- not, and Deprehensible.] Incapable of being found out. Bp. Morton.

In`de*priv"a*ble (?), a. Incapable of being deprived, or of being taken away.

In`de*scrib"a*ble, a. Incapable of being described. -- In`de*scrib"a*bly, adv.

In`de*scrip"tive (?), a. Not descriptive.

In`de*sert" (?), n. Ill desert. [R.] Addison.

In*des"i*nent (?), a. [L. indesinens. See In- not, and Desinent.] Not ceasing; perpetual. [Obs.] Baxter. -- In*des"i*nent*ly, adv. [Obs.] Ray.

In`de*sir"a*ble (?), a. Undesirable.

In`de*struc`ti*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. indestructibilité.] The quality of being indestructible.

In`de*struc"ti*ble, a. [Pref. in- not + destructible: cf. F. indestructible.] Not destructible; incapable of decomposition or of being destroyed. -- In`de*struc"ti*ble*ness, n. -- In`de*struc"ti*bly, adv.

In`de*ter"mi*na*ble (?), a. [L. indeterminabilis: cf. F. indéterminable. See In- not, and Determine.] Not determinable; impossible to be determined; not to be definitely known, ascertained, defined, or limited. -- In`de*ter"mi*na*bly, adv.

In`de*ter"mi*na*ble, n. An indeterminable thing or quantity. Sir T. Browne.

In`de*ter"mi*nate (?), a. [L. indeterminatus.] Not determinate; not certain or fixed; indefinite; not precise; as, an indeterminate number of years. Paley.

Indeterminate analysis (Math.), that branch of analysis which has for its object the solution of indeterminate problems. -- Indeterminate coefficients (Math.), coefficients arbitrarily assumed for convenience of calculation, or to facilitate some artifice of analysis. Their values are subsequently determined. -- Indeterminate equation (Math.), an equation in which the unknown quantities admit of an infinite number of values, or sets of values. A group of equations is indeterminate when it contains more unknown quantities than there are equations. -- Indeterminate inflorescence (Bot.), a mode of inflorescence in which the flowers all arise from axillary buds, the terminal bud going on to grow and sometimes continuing the stem indefinitely; -- called also acropetal, botryose, centripetal, ∧ indefinite inflorescence. Gray. -- Indeterminate problem (Math.), a problem which admits of an infinite number of solutions, or one in which there are fewer imposed conditions than there are unknown or required results. -- Indeterminate quantity (Math.), a quantity which has no fixed value, but which may be varied in accordance with any proposed condition. -- Indeterminate series (Math.), a series whose terms proceed by the powers of an indeterminate quantity, sometimes also with indeterminate exponents, or indeterminate coefficients.

-- In`de*ter"mi*nate*ly adv. -- In`de*ter"mi*nate*ness, n.

In`de*ter`mi*na"tion (?), n. [Pref. in- not + determination: cf. indétermination.]

1. Want of determination; an unsettled or wavering state, as of the mind. Jer. Taylor.

2. Want of fixed or stated direction. Abp. Bramhall.

In`de*ter"mined (?), a. Undetermined.

In`de*vir"gin*ate (?), a. [See In- not, Devirginate.] Not devirginate. [Obs.] Chapman.

In*de*vote" (?), a. [L. indevotus: cf. F. indévot. Cf. Indevout.] Not devoted. [Obs.] Bentley. Clarendon.

In`de*vo"tion (?), n. [L. indevotio: cf. F. indévotion.] Want of devotion; impiety; irreligion. "An age of indevotion." Jer. Taylor.

In*de*vout" (?), a. [Pref. in- not + devout. Cf. Indevote.] Not devout. -- In*de*vout"ly, adv.

In*dew" (?), v. t. To indue. [Obs.] Spenser.

In"dex (?), n.; pl. E. Indexes (#), L. Indices (#)(&?;). [L.: cf. F. index. See Indicate, Diction.]

1. That which points out; that which shows, indicates, manifests, or discloses.

> Tastes are the indexes of the different qualities of plants.

Arbuthnot.

2. That which guides, points out, informs, or directs; a pointer or a hand that directs to anything, as the hand of a watch, a movable finger on a gauge, scale, or other graduated instrument. In printing, a sign [] used to direct particular attention to a note or paragraph; -- called also fist.

3. A table for facilitating reference to topics, names, and the like, in a book; -- usually alphabetical in arrangement, and printed at the end of the volume.

4. A prologue indicating what follows. [Obs.] Shak.

5. (Anat.) The second digit, that next to the pollex, in the manus, or hand; the forefinger; index finger.

6. (Math.) The figure or letter which shows the power or root of a quantity; the exponent. [In this sense the plural is always indices.]

Index error, the error in the reading of a mathematical instrument arising from the zero of the index not being in complete adjustment with that of the limb, or with its theoretically perfect position in the instrument; a correction to be applied to the instrument readings equal to the error of the zero adjustment. -- Index expurgatorius. [L.] See Index prohibitorius (below). -- Index finger. See Index, 5. -- Index glass, the mirror on the index of a quadrant, sextant, etc. -- Index hand, the pointer or hand of a clock, watch, or other registering machine; a hand that points to something. -- Index of a logarithm (Math.), the integral part of the logarithm, and always one less than the number of integral figures in the given number. It is also called the characteristic. -- Index of refraction, or Refractive index (Opt.), the number which expresses the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction. Thus the index of refraction for sulphur is 2, because, when light passes out of air into sulphur, the sine of the angle of incidence is double the sine of the angle of refraction. -- Index plate, a graduated circular plate, or one with circular rows of holes differently spaced; used in machines for graduating circles, cutting gear teeth, etc. -- Index prohibitorius [L.], or Prohibitory index (R. C. Ch.), a catalogue of books which are forbidden by the church to be read; the index expurgatorius [L.], or expurgatory index, is a catalogue of books from which passages marked as against faith or morals must be removed before Catholics can read them. These catalogues are published with additions, from time to time, by the Congregation of the Index, composed of cardinals, theologians, etc., under the sanction of the pope. Hook. -- Index rerum [L.], a tabulated and alphabetized notebook, for systematic preservation of items, quotations, etc.

In"dex (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indexed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Indexing.] To provide with an index or table of references; to put into an index; as, to index a book, or its contents.

In"dex*er (?), n. One who makes an index.

In*dex"ic*al (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or like, an index; having the form of an index.

In*dex"ic*al*ly, adv. In the manner of an index.

In`dex*ter"i*ty (?), n. [Pref. in- not + dexterity: cf. F. indextérité.] Want of dexterity or readiness, especially in the use of the hands; clumsiness; awkwardness. Harvey.

In"di*a (?), n. [See Indian.] A country in Southern Asia; the two peninsulas of Hither and Farther India; in a restricted sense, Hither India, or Hindostan.

India ink, a nearly black pigment brought chiefly from China, used for water colors. It is in rolls, or in square, and consists of lampblack or ivory black and animal glue. Called also China ink. The true India ink is sepia. See Sepia. -- India matting, floor matting made in China, India, etc., from grass and reeds; -- also called Canton, or China, matting. -- India paper, a variety of Chinese paper, of smooth but not glossy surface, used for printing from engravings, woodcuts, etc. -- India proof (Engraving), a proof impression from an engraved plate, taken on India paper. - - India rubber. See Caoutchouc. -- India-rubber tree (Bot.), any tree yielding caoutchouc, but especially the East Indian Ficus elastica, often cultivated for its large, shining, elliptical leaves.

In*di"a*dem, v. t. To place or set in a diadem, as a gem or gems.

In"di*a*man (?), n.; pl. Indiamen (&?;). A large vessel in the India trade. Macaulay.

In"di*an (?; 277), a. [From India, and this fr. Indus, the name of a river in Asia, L. Indus, Gr. &?;, OPers. Hindu, name of the land on the Indus, Skr. sindhu river, the Indus. Cf. Hindoo.]

1. Of or pertaining to India proper; also to the East Indies, or, sometimes, to the West Indies.

2. Of or pertaining to the aborigines, or Indians, of America; as, Indian wars; the Indian tomahawk.

3. Made of maize or Indian corn; as, Indian corn, Indian meal, Indian bread, and the like. [U.S.]

Indian bay (Bot.), a lauraceous tree (Persea Indica). -- Indian bean (Bot.), a name of the catalpa. -- Indian berry. (Bot.) Same as Cocculus indicus. -- Indian bread. (Bot.) Same as Cassava. -- Indian club, a wooden club, which is swung by the hand for gymnastic exercise. -- Indian cordage, cordage made of the fibers of cocoanut husk. -- Indian corn (Bot.), a plant of the genus Zea (Z. Mays); the maize, a native of America. See Corn, and Maize. -- Indian cress (Bot.), nasturtium. See Nasturtium, 2. -- Indian cucumber (Bot.), a plant of the genus Medeola (M. Virginica), a common in woods in the United States. The white rootstock has a taste like cucumbers. -- Indian currant (Bot.), a plant of the genus Symphoricarpus (S. vulgaris), bearing small red berries. -- Indian dye, the puccoon. -- Indian fig. (Bot.) (a) The banyan. See Banyan. (b) The prickly pear. -- Indian file, single file; arrangement of persons in a row following one after another, the usual way among Indians of traversing woods, especially when on the war path. -- Indian fire, a pyrotechnic composition of sulphur, niter, and realgar, burning with a brilliant white light. -- Indian grass (Bot.), a coarse, high grass (Chrysopogon nutans), common in the southern portions of the United States; wood grass. Gray. -- Indian hemp. (Bot.) (a) A plant of the genus Apocynum (A. cannabinum), having a milky juice, and a tough, fibrous bark, whence the name. The root it used in medicine and is both emetic and cathartic in properties. (b) The variety of common hemp (Cannabis Indica), from which hasheesh is obtained. -- Indian mallow (Bot.), the velvet leaf (Abutilon Avicennæ). See Abutilon. -- Indian meal, ground corn or maize. [U.S.] -- Indian millet (Bot.), a tall annual grass (Sorghum vulgare), having many varieties, among which are broom corn, Guinea corn, durra, and the Chinese sugar cane. It is called also Guinea corn. See Durra. -- Indian ox (Zoöl.), the zebu. - - Indian paint. See Bloodroot. -- Indian paper. See India paper, under India. -- Indian physic (Bot.), a plant of two species of the genus Gillenia (G. trifoliata, and G. stipulacea), common in the United States, the roots of which are used in medicine as a mild emetic; -- called also American ipecac, and bowman's root. Gray. -- Indian pink. (Bot.) (a) The Cypress vine (Ipomœa Quamoclit); -- so called in the West Indies. (b) See China pink, under China. -- Indian pipe (Bot.), a low, fleshy herb (Monotropa uniflora), growing in clusters in dark woods, and having scalelike leaves, and a solitary nodding flower. The whole plant is waxy white, but turns black in drying. -- Indian plantain (Bot.), a name given to several species of the genus Cacalia, tall herbs with composite white flowers, common through the United States in rich woods. Gray. -- Indian poke (Bot.), a plant usually known as the white hellebore (Veratrum viride). -- Indian pudding, a pudding of which the chief ingredients are Indian meal, milk, and molasses. -- Indian purple. (a) A dull purple color. (b) The pigment of the same name, intensely blue and black. -- Indian red. (a) A purplish red earth or pigment composed of a silicate of iron and alumina, with magnesia. It comes from the Persian Gulf. Called also Persian red. (b) See Almagra. -- Indian rice (Bot.), a reedlike water grass. See Rice. -- Indian shot (Bot.), a plant of the genus Canna (C. Indica). The hard black seeds are as large as swan shot. See Canna. -- Indian summer, in the United States, a period of warm and pleasant weather occurring late in autumn. See under Summer. -- Indian tobacco (Bot.), a species of Lobelia. See Lobelia. -- Indian turnip (Bot.), an American plant of the genus Arisæma. A. triphyllum has a wrinkled farinaceous root resembling a small turnip, but with a very acrid juice. See Jack in the Pulpit, and Wake-robin. -- Indian wheat, maize or Indian corn. -- Indian yellow. (a) An intense rich yellow color, deeper than gamboge but less pure than cadmium. (b) See Euxanthin.

In"di*an (?; 277), n. 1. A native or inhabitant of India.

2. One of the aboriginal inhabitants of America; -- so called originally from the supposed identity of America with India.

In`di*an*eer" (?), n. (Naut.) An Indiaman.

In"di*a rub"ber (?). See Caoutchouc.

In"dic*al (?), a. [From L. index, indicis, an index.] Indexical. [R.] Fuller.

In"di*can (?), n. [See Indigo.]

1. (Chem.) A glucoside obtained from woad (indigo plant) and other plants, as a yellow or light brown sirup. It has a nauseous bitter taste, and decomposes on drying. By the action of acids, ferments, etc., it breaks down into sugar and indigo. It is the source of natural indigo.

2. (Physiol. Chem.) An indigo-forming substance, found in urine, and other animal fluids, and convertible into red and blue indigo (urrhodin and uroglaucin). Chemically, it is indoxyl sulphate of potash, C8H6NSO4K, and is derived from the indol formed in the alimentary canal. Called also uroxanthin.

In"di*cant (?), a. [L. indicans, p. pr. indicare. See Indicate.] Serving to point out, as a remedy; indicating.

In"di*cant, n. That which indicates or points out; as, an indicant of the remedy for a disease.

In"di*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indicated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Indicating (?).] [L. indicatus, p. p. of indicare to indicate; pref. in- in + dicare to proclaim; akin to dicere to say. See Diction, and cf. Indict, Indite.]

1. To point out; to discover; to direct to a knowledge of; to show; to make known.

> That turns and turns to indicate
> From what point blows the weather.

Cowper.

2. (Med.) To show or manifest by symptoms; to point to as the proper remedies; as, great prostration of strength indicates the use of stimulants.

3. (Mach.) To investigate the condition or power of, as of steam engine, by means of an indicator.

Syn. -- To show; mark; signify; denote; discover; evidence; evince; manifest; declare; specify; explain; exhibit; present; reveal; disclose; display.

In"di*ca`ted (?), a. Shown; denoted; registered; measured.

Indicated power. See Indicated horse power, under Horse power.

In`di*ca"tion (?), n. [L. indicatio: cf. F. indication.]

1. Act of pointing out or indicating.

2. That which serves to indicate or point out; mark; token; sign; symptom; evidence.

> The frequent stops they make in the most convenient places are plain indications of their weariness.

Addison.

3. Discovery made; information. Bentley.

4. Explanation; display. [Obs.] Bacon.

5. (Med.) Any symptom or occurrence in a disease, which serves to direct to suitable remedies.

Syn. -- Proof; demonstration; sign; token; mark; evidence; signal.

In*dic"a*tive (?), a. [L. indicativus: cf. F. indicatif.]

1. Pointing out; bringing to notice; giving intimation or knowledge of something not visible or obvious.

> That truth is productive of utility, and utility indicative of truth, may be thus proved.

Bp. Warburton.

2. (Fine Arts) Suggestive; representing the whole by a part, as a fleet by a ship, a forest by a tree, etc.

Indicative mood (Gram.), that mood or form of the verb which indicates, that is, which simply affirms or denies or inquires; as, he writes; he is not writing; has the mail arrived?

In*dic"a*tive, n. (Gram.) The indicative mood.

In*dic"a*tive*ly, adv. In an indicative manner; in a way to show or signify.

In"di*ca`tor (n"d*k`tr), n. [L.: cf. F. indicateur.]

1. One who, or that which, shows or points out; as, a fare indicator in a street car.

2. (Mach.) A pressure gauge; a water gauge, as for a steam boiler; an apparatus or instrument for showing the working of a machine or moving part; as: (a) (Steam Engine) An instrument which draws a diagram showing the varying pressure in the cylinder of an engine or pump at every point of the stroke. It consists of a small cylinder communicating with the engine cylinder and fitted with a piston which the varying pressure drives upward more or less against the resistance of a spring. A lever imparts motion to a pencil which traces the diagram on a card wrapped around a vertical drum which is turned back and forth by a string connected with the piston rod of the engine. See Indicator card (below). (b) A telltale connected with a hoisting machine, to show, at the surface, the position of the cage in the shaft of a mine, etc.

<! p. 752 !>

3. (Mech.) The part of an instrument by which an effect is indicated, as an index or pointer.

4. (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genus Indicator and allied genera. See Honey guide, under Honey.

5. (Chem.) That which indicates the condition of acidity, alkalinity, or the deficiency, excess, or sufficiency of a standard reagent, by causing an appearance, disappearance, or change of color, as in titration or volumetric analysis.

The common indicators are litmus, tropæolin, phenol phthalein, potassic permanganate, etc.

Indicator card, the figure drawn by an engine indicator, by means of which the working of the engine can be investigated and its power calculated. The Illustration shows one form of indicator card, from a steam engine, together with scales by which the pressure of the steam above or below that of the atmosphere, corresponding to any position of the engine piston in its stroke, can be measured. Called also indicator diagram. - - Indicator telegraph, a telegraph in which the signals are the deflections of a magnetic needle, as in the trans- Atlantic system.

In"di*ca*to*ry (n"d*k*t*r; 277), a. Serving to show or make known; showing; indicative; signifying; implying.

In`di*ca"trix (?), n. [NL.] (Geom. of Three Dimensions) A certain conic section supposed to be drawn in the tangent plane to any surface, and used to determine the accidents of curvature of the surface at the point of contact. The curve is similar to the intersection of the surface with a parallel to the tangent plane and indefinitely near it. It is an ellipse when the curvature is synclastic, and an hyperbola when the curvature is anticlastic.

||In`di*ca"vit (?), n. [L., he has indicated.] (Eng. Law) A writ of prohibition against proceeding in the spiritual court in certain cases, when the suit belongs to the common-law courts. Wharton (Law Dict. ).

In"dice (?), n. [F. indice indication, index. See Index.] Index; indication. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

In"di*ces (?), n. pl. See Index.

||In*di"ci*a (?), n. pl. [L., pl. of indicium, fr. index an index.] (Law) Discriminating marks; signs; tokens; indications; appearances. Burrill.

In*dic"i*ble (?), a. [F.] Unspeakable. [Obs.]

In*dic"o*lite (?), n. [L. indicum indigo + -lite: cf. F. indicolithe.] (Min.) A variety of tourmaline of an indigo-blue color.

In*dict" (-dt"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indicted (- dt"d); p. pr. & vb. n. Indicting.] [OE. enditen. See Indite.]

1. To write; to compose; to dictate; to indite. [Obs.]

2. To appoint publicly or by authority; to proclaim or announce. [Obs.]

> I am told shall have no Lent indicted this year.

Evelyn.

3. (Law) To charge with a crime, in due form of law, by the finding or presentment of a grand jury; to find an indictment against; as, to indict a man for arson. It is the peculiar province of a grand jury to indict, as it is of a house of representatives to impeach.

In*dict"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being, or liable to be, indicted; subject to indictment; as, an indictable offender or offense.

In`dict*ee" (?), n. (Law) A person indicted.

In*dict"er (?), n. One who indicts.

In*dic"tion (?), n. [L. indictio: cf. F. indiction. See Indict, Indite.]

1. Declaration; proclamation; public notice or appointment. [Obs.] "Indiction of a war." Bacon.

> Secular princes did use to indict, or permit the indiction of, synods of bishops.

Jer. Taylor.

2. A cycle of fifteen years.

This mode of reckoning time is said to have been introduced by Constantine the Great, in connection with the payment of tribute. It was adopted at various times by the Greek emperors of Constantinople, the popes, and the parliaments of France. Through the influence of the popes, it was extensively used in the ecclesiastical chronology of the Middle Ages. The number of indictions was reckoned at first from 312 a. d., but since the twelfth century it has been reckoned from the birth of Christ. The papal indiction is the only one ever used at the present day. To find the indiction and year of the indiction by the first method, subtract 312 from the given year a. d., and divide by 15; by the second method, add 3 to the given year a. d., and the divide by 15. In either case, the quotient is the number of the current indiction, and the remainder the year of the indiction. See Cycle of indiction, under Cycle.

In*dic"tive (?), a. [L. indictivus. See Indict.] Proclaimed; declared; public. Kennet.

In*dict"ment (?), n. [Cf. Inditement.]

1. The act of indicting, or the state of being indicted.

2. (Law) The formal statement of an offense, as framed by the prosecuting authority of the State, and found by the grand jury.

To the validity of an indictment a finding by the grand jury is essential, while an information rests only on presentation by the prosecuting authority.

3. An accusation in general; a formal accusation.

Bill of indictment. See under Bill.

In*dict"or (?), n. (Law) One who indicts. Bacon.

In"dies (?), n. pl. A name designating the East Indies, also the West Indies.

> Our king has all the Indies in his arms.

Shak.

In*dif"fer*ence (?), n. [L. indifferentia similarity, want of difference: cf. F. indifférence.]

1. The quality or state of being indifferent, or not making a difference; want of sufficient importance to constitute a difference; absence of weight; insignificance.

2. Passableness; mediocrity.

3. Impartiality; freedom from prejudice, prepossession, or bias.

> He . . . is far from such indifference and equity as ought and must be in judges which he saith I assign.

Sir T. More.

4. Absence of anxiety or interest in respect to what is presented to the mind; unconcernedness; as, entire indifference to all that occurs.

> Indifference can not but be criminal, when it is conversant about objects which are so far from being of an indifferent nature, that they are highest importance.

Addison.

Syn. -- Carelessness; negligence; unconcern; apathy; insensibility; coldness; lukewarmness.

In*dif"fer*en*cy (?), n. Absence of interest in, or influence from, anything; unconcernedness; equilibrium; indifferentism; indifference. Gladstone.

> To give ourselves to a detestable indifferency or neutrality in this cause.

Fuller.

> Moral liberty . . . does not, after all, consist in a power of indifferency, or in a power of choosing without regard to motives.

Hazlitt.

In*dif"fer*ent (?), a. [F. indifférent, L. indifferens. See In- not, and Different.]

1. Not making a difference; having no influence or preponderating weight; involving no preference, concern, or attention; of no account; without significance or importance.

> Dangers are to me indifferent.

Shak.

> Everything in the world is indifferent but sin.

Jer. Taylor.

> His slightest and most indifferent acts . . . were odious in the clergyman's sight.

Hawthorne.

2. Neither particularly good, not very bad; of a middle state or quality; passable; mediocre.

> The staterooms are in indifferent order.

Sir W. Scott.

3. Not inclined to one side, party, or choice more than to another; neutral; impartial.

> Indifferent in his choice to sleep or die.

Addison.

4. Feeling no interest, anxiety, or care, respecting anything; unconcerned; inattentive; apathetic; heedless; as, to be indifferent to the welfare of one's family.

> It was a law of Solon, that any person who, in the civil commotions of the republic, remained neuter, or an indifferent spectator of the contending parties, should be condemned to perpetual banishment.

Addison.

5. (Law) Free from bias or prejudice; impartial; unbiased; disinterested.

> In choice of committees for ripening business for the counsel, it is better to choose indifferent persons than to make an indifferency by putting in those that are strong on both sides.

Bacon.

Indifferent tissue (Anat.), the primitive, embryonic, undifferentiated tissue, before conversion into connective, muscular, nervous, or other definite tissue.

In*dif"fer*ent, adv. To a moderate degree; passably; tolerably. [Obs.] "News indifferent good." Shak.

In*dif"fer*ent*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. indifférentisme.]

1. State of indifference; want of interest or earnestness; especially, a systematic apathy regarding what is true or false in religion or philosophy; agnosticism.

> The indifferentism which equalizes all religions and gives equal rights to truth and error.

Cardinal Manning.

2. (Metaph.) Same as Identism.

3. (R. C. Ch.) A heresy consisting in an unconcern for any particular creed, provided the morals be right and good. Gregory XVI.

In*dif"fer*ent*ist, n. One governed by indifferentism.

In*dif"fer*ent*ly, adv. In an indifferent manner; without distinction or preference; impartially; without concern, wish, affection, or aversion; tolerably; passably.

> That they may truly and indifferently minister justice, to the punishment of wickedness and vice, and to the maintenance of thy true religion, and virtue.

Book of Com. Prayer [Eng. Ed. ]

> Set honor in one eye and death i' the other,
> And I will look on both indifferently.

Shak.

> I hope it may indifferently entertain your lordship at an unbending hour.

Rowe.

In`di*ful"vin (?), n. [Indican + L. fulvus reddish yellow.] (Chem.) A reddish resinous substance, obtained from indican.

In`di*fus"cin (?), n. [Indican + L. fuscus dusky.] (Chem.) A brown amorphous powder, obtained from indican.

In"di*geen (?), n. Same as Indigene. Darwin.

In"di*gence (?), n. [L. indigentia: cf. F. indigence. See Indigent.] The condition of being indigent; want of estate, or means of comfortable subsistence; penury; poverty; as, helpless indigence. Cowper.

Syn. -- Poverty; penury; destitution; want; need; privation; lack. See Poverty.

In"di*gen*cy (?), n. Indigence.

> New indigencies founded upon new desires.

South.

In"di*gene (?), n. [L. indigena: cf. F. indigène. See Indigenous.] One born in a country; an aboriginal animal or plant; an autochthon. Evelyn. Tylor.

In*dig"e*nous (?), a. [L. indigenus, indigena, fr. OL. indu (fr. in in) + the root of L. gignere to beget, bear. See In, and Gender.]

1. Native; produced, growing, or living, naturally in a country or climate; not exotic; not imported.

> Negroes were all transported from Africa and are not indigenous or proper natives of America.

Sir T. Browne.

> In America, cotton, being indigenous, is cheap.

Lion Playas.

2. Native; inherent; innate.

> Joy and hope are emotions indigenous to the human mind.

I. Taylor.

In"di*gent (?), a. [L. indigent, L. indigens, p. p. of indigere to stand in need of, fr. OL. indu (fr. in- in) + L. egere to be needy, to need.]

1. Wanting; void; free; destitute; -- used with of. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. Destitute of property or means of comfortable subsistence; needy; poor; in want; necessitous.

> Indigent faint souls past corporal toil.

Shak.

> Charity consists in relieving the indigent.

Addison.

In"di*gent*ly, adv. In an indigent manner.

In`di*gest" (?), a. [L. indigestus unarranged. See Indigested.] Crude; unformed; unorganized; undigested. [Obs.] "A chaos rude and indigest." W. Browne. "Monsters and things indigest." Shak.

In`di*gest", n. Something indigested. [Obs.] Shak.

In`di*gest"ed, a. [Pref. in- not + digested.]

1. Not digested; undigested. "Indigested food." Dryden.

2. Not resolved; not regularly disposed and arranged; not methodical; crude; as, an indigested array of facts.

> In hot reformations . . . the whole is generally crude, harsh, and indigested.

Burke.

> This, like an indigested meteor, appeared and disappeared almost at the same time.

South.

3. (Med.) (a) Not in a state suitable for healing; -- said of wounds. (b) Not ripened or suppurated; -- said of an abscess or its contents.

4. Not softened by heat, hot water, or steam.

In`di*gest"ed*ness, n. The state or quality of being undigested; crudeness. Bp. Burnet.

In*di*gest`i*bil"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being indigestible; indigestibleness.

In`di*gest"i*ble (?), a. [L. indigestibilis: cf. F. indigestible. See In- not, and Digest.]

1. Not digestible; not readily soluble in the digestive juices; not easily convertible into products fitted for absorption.

2. Not digestible in the mind; distressful; intolerable; as, an indigestible simile. T. Warton.

-- In`di*gest"i*ble*ness, n. -- In`di*gest"i*bly, adv.

In`di*ges"tion (?; 106), n. [L. indigestio: cf. F. indigestion. See In- not, and Digest.] Lack of proper digestive action; a failure of the normal changes which food should undergo in the alimentary canal; dyspepsia; incomplete or difficult digestion.

In*dig"i*tate (?), v. i. [Pref. in- in + L. digitus finger.] To communicate ideas by the fingers; to show or compute by the fingers. [Obs.]

In*dig"i*tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indigitated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Indigitating (?).] To point out with the finger; to indicate. [Obs.]

> The depressing this finger, . . . in the right hand indigitates six hundred.

Sir T. Browne.

In*dig`i*ta"tion (?), n. The act of pointing out as with the finger; indication. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

In`di*glu"cin (?), n. [Indican + glucin.] (Chem.) The variety of sugar (glucose) obtained from the glucoside indican. It is unfermentable, but reduces Fehling's solution.

In*dign" (?), a. [L. indignus; pref. in- not + dignus worthy: cf. F. indigne. See Dignity.] Unworthy; undeserving; disgraceful; degrading. Chaucer.

> Counts it scorn to draw
> Comfort indign from any meaner thing.

Trench.

{ In*dig"nance (?), In*dig"nan*cy (?), } n. Indignation. [Obs.] Spenser.

In*dig"nant (?), a. [L. indignans, -antis, p. pr. of indignari to be indignant, disdain. See Indign.] Affected with indignation; wrathful; passionate; irate; feeling wrath, as when a person is exasperated by unworthy or unjust treatment, by a mean action, or by a degrading accusation.

> He strides indignant, and with haughty cries
> To single fight the fairy prince defies.

Tickell.

In*dig"nant*ly, adv. In an indignant manner.

In`dig*na"tion (?), n. [F. indignation, L. indignatio. See Indign.]

1. The feeling excited by that which is unworthy, base, or disgraceful; anger mingled with contempt, disgust, or abhorrence. Shak.

> Indignation expresses a strong and elevated disapprobation of mind, which is also inspired by something flagitious in the conduct of another.

Cogan.

> When Haman saw Mordecai in the king's gate, that he stood not up, nor moved for him, he was full of indignation against Mordecai.

Esther v. 9.

2. The effect of anger; punishment. Shak.

> Hide thyself . . . until the indignation be overpast.

Is. xxvi. 20.

Syn. -- Anger; ire wrath; fury; rage. See Anger.

In*dig"ni*fy (?), v. t. [L. indignus unworthy + -fy.] To treat disdainfully or with indignity; to contemn. [Obs.] Spenser.

In*dig"ni*ty (?), n.; pl. Indignities (#). [L. indignitas: cf. F. indignité. See Indign.] Any action toward another which manifests contempt for him; an offense against personal dignity; unmerited contemptuous treatment; contumely; incivility or injury, accompanied with insult.

> How might a prince of my great hopes forget
> So great indignities you laid upon me?

Shak.

> A person of so great place and worth constrained to endure so foul indignities.

Hooker.

In*dign"ly (?), adv. Unworthily. [Obs.]

In"di*go (?), n.; pl. Indigoes (#). [F. indigo, Sp. indigo, indico, L. indicum indigo, fr. Indicus Indian. See Indian.]

1. A kind of deep blue, one of the seven prismatic colors.

<! p. 753 !>

2. (Chem.) A blue dyestuff obtained from several plants belonging to very different genera and orders; as, the woad, Isatis tinctoria, Indigofera tinctoria, I. Anil, Nereum tinctorium, etc. It is a dark blue earthy substance, tasteless and odorless, with a copper-violet luster when rubbed. Indigo does not exist in the plants as such, but is obtained by decomposition of the glycoside indican.

Commercial indigo contains the essential coloring principle indigo blue or indigotine, with several other dyes; as, indigo red, indigo brown, etc., and various impurities. Indigo is insoluble in ordinary reagents, with the exception of strong sulphuric acid.

Chinese indigo (Bot.), Isatis indigotica, a kind of woad. -- Wild indigo (Bot.), the American herb Baptisia tinctoria which yields a poor quality of indigo, as do several other species of the same genus.

In"di*go (?), a. Having the color of, pertaining to, or derived from, indigo.

Indigo berry (Bot.), the fruit of the West Indian shrub Randia aculeata, used as a blue dye. -- Indigo bird (Zoöl.), a small North American finch (Cyanospiza cyanea). The male is indigo blue in color. Called also indigo bunting. -- Indigo blue. (a) The essential coloring material of commercial indigo, from which it is obtained as a dark blue earthy powder, with a reddish luster, C16H10N2O2, which may be crystallized by sublimation. Indigo blue is also made from artificial amido cinnamic acid, and from artificial isatine; and these methods are of great commercial importance. Called also indigotin. (b) A dark, dull blue color like the indigo of commerce. -- Indigo brown (Chem.), a brown resinous substance found in crude indigo. -- Indigo copper (Min.), covellite. -- Indigo green, a green obtained from indigo. -- Indigo plant (Bot.), a leguminous plant of several species (genus Indigofera), from which indigo is prepared. The different varieties are natives of Asia, Africa, and America. Several species are cultivated, of which the most important are the I. tinctoria, or common indigo plant, the I. Anil, a larger species, and the I. disperma. -- Indigo purple, a purple obtained from indigo. -- Indigo red, a dyestuff, isomeric with indigo blue, obtained from crude indigo as a dark brown amorphous powder. -- Indigo snake (Zoöl.), the gopher snake. -- Indigo white, a white crystalline powder obtained by reduction from indigo blue, and by oxidation easily changed back to it; -- called also indigogen. -- Indigo yellow, a substance obtained from indigo.

||In`di*gof"e*ra (?), n. [NL., from E. indigo + L. ferre to bear.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous plants having many species, mostly in tropical countries, several of them yielding indigo, esp. Indigofera tinctoria, and I. Anil.

In"di*go*gen (?), n. [Indigo + -gen.]

1. (Chem.) See Indigo white, under Indigo.

2. (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Indican, 2.

In`di*gom"e*ter (?), n. [Indigo + -meter.] An instrument for ascertaining the strength of an indigo solution, as in volumetric analysis. Ure.

In`di*gom"e*try (?), n. The art or method of determining the coloring power of indigo.

In`di*got"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. indigotique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, indigo; as, indigotic acid, which is also called anilic or nitrosalicylic acid.

In"di*go*tin (?), n. (Chem.) See Indigo blue, under Indigo.

In`dig*ru"bin (?), n. [Indigo + L. ruber red.] (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Urrhodin.

In`di*hu"min (?), n. [Indican + humin.] (Chem.) A brown amorphous substance resembling humin, and obtained from indican.

In*dil"a*to*ry (?), a. Not dilatory. [Obs.]

In*dil"i*gence (?), n. [L. indiligentia: cf. F. indiligence.] Want of diligence. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

In*dil"i*gent (?), a. [L. indiligens: cf. F. indiligent. See Diligent.] Not diligent; idle; slothful. [Obs.] Feltham. -- In*dil"i*gent*ly, adv. [Obs.]

In`di*min"ish*a*ble (?), a. Incapable of being diminished. [R.] Milton.

In"din (?), n. [From Indigo.] (Chem.) A dark red crystalline substance, isomeric with and resembling indigo blue, and obtained from isatide and dioxindol.

In`di*rect" (?), a. [Pref. in- not + direct: cf. F. indirect.]

1. Not direct; not straight or rectilinear; deviating from a direct line or course; circuitous; as, an indirect road.

2. Not tending to an aim, purpose, or result by the plainest course, or by obvious means, but obliquely or consequentially; by remote means; as, an indirect accusation, attack, answer, or proposal.

> By what bypaths and indirect, crooked ways
> I met this crown.

Shak.

3. Not straightforward or upright; unfair; dishonest; tending to mislead or deceive.

> Indirect dealing will be discovered one time or other.

Tillotson.

4. Not resulting directly from an act or cause, but more or less remotely connected with or growing out of it; as, indirect results, damages, or claims.

5. (Logic & Math.) Not reaching the end aimed at by the most plain and direct method; as, an indirect proof, demonstration, etc.

Indirect claims, claims for remote or consequential damage. Such claims were presented to and thrown out by the commissioners who arbitrated the damage inflicted on the United States by the Confederate States cruisers built and supplied by Great Britain. -- Indirect demonstration, a mode of demonstration in which proof is given by showing that any other supposition involves an absurdity (reductio ad absurdum), or an impossibility; thus, one quantity may be proved equal to another by showing that it can be neither greater nor less. -- Indirect discourse. (Gram.) See Direct discourse, under Direct. -- Indirect evidence, evidence or testimony which is circumstantial or inferential, but without witness; -- opposed to direct evidence. -- Indirect tax, a tax, such as customs, excises, etc., exacted directly from the merchant, but paid indirectly by the consumer in the higher price demanded for the articles of merchandise.

In`di*rect"ed, a. Not directed; aimless. [Obs.]

In`di*rec"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. indirection.] Oblique course or means; dishonest practices; indirectness. "By indirections find directions out." Shak.

In`di*rect"ly (?), adv. In an direct manner; not in a straight line or course; not in express terms; obliquely; not by direct means; hence, unfairly; wrongly.

> To tax it indirectly by taxing their expense.

A. Smith.

> Your crown and kingdom indirectly held.

Shak.

In`di*rect"ness, n. 1. The quality or state of being indirect; obliquity; deviousness; crookedness.

2. Deviation from an upright or straightforward course; unfairness; dishonesty. W. Montagu.

In`di*re"tin (?), n. [Indian + Gr. &?; resin.] (Chem.) A dark brown resinous substance obtained from indican.

In`di*ru"bin (?), n. [Indigo + L. ruber red.] (Chem.) A substance isomeric with, and resembling, indigo blue, and accompanying it as a side product, in its artificial production.

In`dis*cern"i*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + discernible: cf. F. indiscernable.] Not to be discerned; imperceptible; not discoverable or visible.

> Secret and indiscernible ways.

Jer. Taylor.

-- In`dis*cern"i*ble*ness, n. -- In`dis*cern"i*bly, adv.

{ In`dis*cerp`i*bil"i*ty (?), In`dis*cerp`ti*bil"i*ty (?) }, n. The state or quality of being indiscerpible. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

{ In`dis*cerp"i*ble (?), In`dis*cerp"ti*ble (?) }, a. Not discerpible; inseparable. [Obs.] Bp. Butler. -- In`dis*cerp"i*ble*ness, n., In`dis*cerp"ti*ble*ness, n. [Obs.] -- In`dis*cerp"ti*bly, adv. [Obs.]

In*dis"ci*plin*a*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + disciplinable: cf. F. indisciplinable.] Not disciplinable; undisciplinable. [R.]

In*dis"ci*pline (?), n. [L. indisplina: cf. F. indiscipline. See In- not, and Discipline.] Want of discipline or instruction. [R.]

In`dis*cov"er*a*ble (?), a. Not discoverable; undiscoverable. J. Conybeare.

In`dis*cov"er*y (?), n. Want of discovery. [Obs.]

In`dis*creet" (?), a. [OE. indiscret, F. indiscret, fr. L. indiscretus unseparated, indiscreet. See In- not, and Discreet, and cf. Indiscrete.] Not discreet; wanting in discretion.

> So drunken, and so indiscreet an officer.

Shak.

Syn. -- Imprudent; injudicious; inconsiderate; rash; hasty; incautious; heedless; undiscerning; foolish.

-- In`dis*creet"ly, adv. -- In`dis*creet"ness, n.

In`dis*crete" (?), a. [L. indiscretus unseparated. See Indiscreet.]

1. Indiscreet. [Obs.] Boyle.

2. Not discrete or separated; compact; homogenous.

> An indiscrete mass of confused matter.

Pownall.

In`dis*cre"tion (?), n. [Pref. in- not + discretion: cf. F. indiscrétion.]

1. The quality or state of being indiscreet; want of discretion; imprudence.

2. An indiscreet act; indiscreet behavior.

> Past indiscretion is a venial crime.

Cowper.

In`dis*crim"i*nate (?), a. Not discriminate; wanting discrimination; undistinguishing; not making any distinction; confused; promiscuous. "Blind or indiscriminate forgiveness." I. Taylor.

> The indiscriminate defense of right and wrong.

Junius.

-- In`dis*crim"i*nate*ly, adv. Cowper.

In`dis*crim"i*na`ting (?), a. Not discriminating. -- In`dis*crim"i*na`ting*ly, adv.

In`dis*crim`i*na"tion (?), n. Want of discrimination or distinction; impartiality. Jefferson.

In`dis*crim"i*na*tive (?), a. Making no distinction; not discriminating.

In`dis*cussed" (?), a. [Pref. in- not + discuss: cf. L. indiscussus.] Not discussed. [Obs.] Donne.

In`dis*pen`sa*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. indispensabilité.] Indispensableness.

In`dis*pen"sa*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + dispensable: cf. F. indispensable.]

1. Not dispensable; impossible to be omitted, remitted, or spared; absolutely necessary or requisite.

2. (Eccl.) Not admitting dispensation; not subject to release or exemption. [R.]

> The law was moral and indispensable.

Bp. Burnet.

3. Unavoidable; inevitable. [Obs.] Fuller.

In`dis*pen"sa*ble*ness, n. The state or quality of being indispensable, or absolutely necessary. S. Clarke.

In`dis*pen"sa*bly, adv. In an indispensable manner. "Indispensably necessary." Bp. Warburton.

In`dis*persed" (?), a. Not dispersed. [R.]

In`dis*pose" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indisposed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Indisposing.] [OE. indispos indisposed, feeble, or F. indisposé indisposed. See In- not, and Dispose.]

1. To render unfit or unsuited; to disqualify.

2. To disorder slightly as regards health; to make somewhat. Shak.

> It made him rather indisposed than sick.

Walton.

3. To disincline; to render averse or unfavorable; as, a love of pleasure indisposes the mind to severe study; the pride and selfishness of men indispose them to religious duties.

> The king was sufficiently indisposed towards the persons, or the principles, of Calvin's disciples.

Clarendon.

In`dis*pos"ed*ness (?), n. The condition or quality of being indisposed. [R.] Bp. Hall.

In*dis`po*si"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. indisposition.]

1. The state of being indisposed; disinclination; as, the indisposition of two substances to combine.

> A general indisposition towards believing.

Atterbury.

2. A slight disorder or illness.

> Rather as an indisposition in health than as any set sickness.

Hayward.

In*dis`pu*ta*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. indisputabilité.] Indisputableness.

In*dis"pu*ta*ble (?; 277), a. [Pref. in- not + disputable: cf. F. indisputable.] Not disputable; incontrovertible; too evident to admit of dispute.

Syn. -- Incontestable; unquestionable; incontrovertible; undeniable; irrefragable; certain; positive; undoubted; sure; infallible.

-- In*dis"pu*ta*ble*ness, n. -- In*dis"pu*ta*bly, adv.

In`dis*put"ed (?), a. Undisputed.

In*dis"si*pa*ble (?), a. Incapable o&?; being dissipated.

In*dis`so*lu*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. indissolubilité.] The quality or state of being indissoluble.

In*dis"so*lu*ble (?), a. [L. indissolubilis: cf. F. indissoluble. See In- not, and Dissoluble, and cf. Indissolvable.]

1. Not dissoluble; not capable of being dissolved, melted, or liquefied; insoluble; as, few substances are indissoluble by heat, but many are indissoluble in water. Boyle.

2. Incapable of being rightfully broken or dissolved; perpetually binding or obligatory; firm; stable, as, an indissoluble league or covenant.

> To the which my duties
> Are with a most indissoluble tie
> Forever knit.

Shak.

In*dis"so*lu*ble*ness, n. Indissolubility. Sir M. Hale.

In*dis"so*lu*bly, adv. In an indissoluble manner.

> On they move, indissolubly firm.

Milton.

In`dis*solv"a*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + dissolvable. Cf. Indissoluble.] Not dissolvable; incapable of being dissolved or separated; incapable of separation; perpetually firm and binding; indissoluble; as, an indissolvable bond of union. Bp. Warburton.

In`dis*solv"a*ble*ness, n. Indissolubleness.

In*dis"tan*cy (?), n. Want of distance or separation; nearness. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.

In`dis*tinct" (n`ds*tkt"), a. [L. indistinctus: cf. F. indistinct. See In- not, and Distinct.]

1. Not distinct or distinguishable; not separate in such a manner as to be perceptible by itself; as, the indistinct parts of a substance. "Indistinct as water is in water." Shak.

2. Obscure to the mind or senses; not clear; not definite; confused; imperfect; faint; as, indistinct vision; an indistinct sound; an indistinct idea or recollection.

> When we come to parts too small four our senses, our ideas of these little bodies become obscure and indistinct.

I. Watts.

> Their views, indeed, are indistinct and dim.

Cowper.

Syn. -- Undefined; indistinguishable; obscure; indefinite; vague; ambiguous; uncertain; confused.

In`dis*tinc"ti*ble (?), a. Indistinguishable. [Obs.] T. Warton.

In`dis*tinc"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. indistinction.] Want of distinction or distinguishableness; confusion; uncertainty; indiscrimination.

> The indistinction of many of the same name . . . hath made some doubt.

Sir T. Browne.

> An indistinction of all persons, or equality of all orders, is far from being agreeable to the will of God.

Sprat.

In`dis*tinc"tive (?), a. Having nothing distinctive; common. -- In`dis*tinc"tive*ness, n.

In`dis*tinct"ly (?), adv. In an indistinct manner; not clearly; confusedly; dimly; as, certain ideas are indistinctly comprehended.

> In its sides it was bounded distinctly, but on its ends confusedly and indistinctly.

Sir I. Newton.

In`dis*tinct"ness, n. The quality or condition of being indistinct; want of definiteness; dimness; confusion; as, the indistinctness of a picture, or of comprehension; indistinctness of vision.

In`dis*tin"guish*a*ble (?), a. Not distinguishable; not capable of being perceived, known, or discriminated as separate and distinct; hence, not capable of being perceived or known; as, in the distance the flagship was indisguishable; the two copies were indisguishable in form or color; the difference between them was indisguishable.

In`dis*tin"guish*a*bly, adv. In a indistinguishable manner. Sir W. Scott.

In`dis*tin"guished (?), a. Indistinct. [R.] "That indistinguished mass." Sir T. Browne.

In`dis*tin"guish*ing (?), a. Making no difference; indiscriminative; impartial; as, indistinguishing liberalities. [Obs.] Johnson.

In`dis*turb"ance (?), n. Freedom from disturbance; calmness; repose; apathy; indifference.

In*ditch" (?), v. t. To bury in, or cast into, a ditch. Bp. Hall.

In*dite" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indited; p. pr. & vb. n. Inditing.] [OE. enditen to indite, indict, OF. enditer to indicate, show, dictate, write, inform, and endicter to accuse; both fr. LL. indictare to show, to accuse, fr. L. indicere to proclaim, announce; pref. in- in + dicere to say. The word was influenced also by L. indicare to indicate, and by dictare to dictate. See Diction, and cf. Indict, Indicate, Dictate.]

1. To compose; to write; to be author of; to dictate; to prompt.

> My heart is inditing a good matter.

Ps. xlv. 1.

> Could a common grief have indited such expressions?

South.

> Hear how learned Greece her useful rules indites.

Pope.

2. To invite or ask. [Obs.]

> She will indite him to some supper.

Shak.

3. To indict; to accuse; to censure. [Obs.] Spenser.

In*dite", v. i. To compose; to write, as a poem.

> Wounded I sing, tormented I indite.

Herbert.

In*dite"ment (?), n. [Cf. Indictment.] The act of inditing. Craig.

In*dit"er (?), n. One who indites. Smart.

In"di*um (?), n. [NL. See Indigo.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element, discovered in certain ores of zinc, by means of its characteristic spectrum of two indigo blue lines; hence, its name. In appearance it resembles zinc, being white or lead gray, soft, malleable and easily fusible, but in its chemical relation it resembles aluminium or gallium. Symbol In. Atomic weight, 113.4.

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In`di*vert"i*ble (n`d*vrt"*b'l), a. Not to be diverted or turned aside. [R.] Lamb.

In`di*vid"a*ble (?), a. Indivisible. [R.] Shak.

In`di*vid"ed, a. Undivided. [R.] Bp. Patrick.

In`di*vid"u*al (?; 135), a. [L. individuus indivisible; pref. in- not + dividuus divisible, fr. dividere to divide: cf. F. individuel. See Divide.]

1. Not divided, or not to be divided; existing as one entity, or distinct being or object; single; one; as, an individual man, animal, or city.

> Mind has a being of its own, distinct from that of all other things, and is pure, unmingled, individual substance.

A. Tucker.

> United as one individual soul.

Milton.

2. Of or pertaining to one only; peculiar to, or characteristic of, a single person or thing; distinctive; as, individual traits of character; individual exertions; individual peculiarities.

In`di*vid"u*al, n. 1. A single person, animal, or thing of any kind; a thing or being incapable of separation or division, without losing its identity; especially, a human being; a person. Cowper.

> An object which is in the strict and primary sense one, and can not be logically divided, is called an individual.

Whately.

> That individuals die, his will ordains.

Dryden.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) An independent, or partially independent, zooid of a compound animal. (b) The product of a single egg, whether it remains a single animal or becomes compound by budding or fission.

In`di*vid"u*al*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. individualisme.]

1. The quality of being individual; individuality; personality.

2. An excessive or exclusive regard to one's personal interest; self-interest; selfishness.

> The selfishness of the small proprietor has been described by the best writers as individualism.

Ed. Rev.

In`di*vid`u*al*is"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to the individual or individualism. London Athenæum.

In`di*vid`u*al"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Individualities (#). [Cf. F. individualité.]

1. The quality or state of being individual or constituting an individual; separate or distinct existence; oneness; unity. Arbuthnot.

> They possess separate individualities.

H. Spencer.

2. The character or property appropriate or peculiar to an individual; that quality which distinguishes one person or thing from another; the sum of characteristic traits; distinctive character; as, he is a person of marked individuality.

In`di*vid`u*al*i*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. individualization.] The act of individualizing; the state of being individualized; individuation.

In`di*vid"u*al*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Individualized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Individualizing (?).] [Cf. F. individualiser.] To mark as an individual, or to distinguish from others by peculiar properties; to invest with individuality.

> The peculiarities which individualize and distinguish the humor of Addison.

N. Drake.

In`di*vid"u*al*i`zer (?), n. One who individualizes.

In`di*vid"u*al*ly, adv. 1. In an individual manner or relation; as individuals; separately; each by itself. "Individually or collectively." Burke.

> How should that subsist solitarily by itself which hath no substance, but individually the very same whereby others subsist with it?

Hooker.

2. In an inseparable manner; inseparably; incommunicably; indivisibly; as, individually the same.

> [Omniscience], an attribute individually proper to the Godhead.

Hakewill.

In`di*vid"u*ate (?), a. [See Individual.] Undivided. [Obs.]

In`di*vid"u*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Individuated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Individuating.] To distinguish from others of the species; to endow with individuality; to divide into individuals; to discriminate.

> The soul, as the prime individuating principle, and the said reserved portion of matter as an essential and radical part of the individuation, shall . . . make up and restore the same individual person.

South.

> Life is individuated into infinite numbers, that have their distinct sense and pleasure.

Dr. H. More.

In`di*vid`u*a"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. individuation.] The act of individuating or state of being individuated; individualization. H. Spencer.

In`di*vid"u*a`tor (?), n. One who, or that which, individuates. Sir K. Digby.

In`di*vi*du"i*ty (?), n. [L. individuitas.] Separate existence; individuality; oneness. Fuller.

In`di*vin"i*ty (?), n. [Pref. in- not + divinity: cf. F. indivinité.] Want or absence of divine power or of divinity. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In`di*vis`i*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. indivisibilité.] The state or property of being indivisible or inseparable; inseparability. Locke.

In`di*vis"i*ble (?), a. [L. indivisibilis: cf. F. indivisible. See In- not, and Divisible.]

1. Not divisible; incapable of being divided, separated, or broken; not separable into parts. "One indivisible point of time." Dryden.

2. (Math.) Not capable of exact division, as one quantity by another; incommensurable.

In`di*vis"i*ble, n. 1. That which is indivisible.

> By atom, nobody will imagine we intend to express a perfect indivisible, but only the least sort of natural bodies.

Digby.

2. (Geom.) An infinitely small quantity which is assumed to admit of no further division.

Method of indivisibles, a kind of calculus, formerly in use, in which lines were considered as made up of an infinite number of points; surfaces, as made up of an infinite number of lines; and volumes, as made up of an infinite number of surfaces.

In`di*vis"i*ble*ness (?), n. The state of being indivisible; indivisibility. W. Montagu.

In`di*vis"i*bly, adv. In an indivisible manner.

In`di*vi"sion (?), n. [Pref. in- not + division: cf. F. indivision, LL. indivisio.] A state of being not divided; oneness. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In"do- (?). [From L. Indus East Indian.] A prefix signifying Indian (i. e., East Indian); of or pertaining of India.

In`do*an"i*line (?), n. [Indigo + aniline.] (Chem.) Any one of a series of artificial blue dyes, in appearance resembling indigo, for which they are often used as substitutes.

In`do-Brit"on (?), n. [Indo- + Briton.] A person born in India, of mixed Indian and British blood; a half-caste. Malcom.

In`do-Chi*nese" (?), a. [Indo- + Chinese.] Of or pertaining to Indo-China (i. e., Farther India, or India beyond the Ganges).

In*doc`i*bil"i*ty (?), n. The state of being indocible; indocibleness; indocility.

In*doc"i*ble (?), a. [L. indocibilis. See In- not, and Docible.] Incapable of being taught, or not easily instructed; dull in intellect; intractable; unteachable; indocile. Bp. Hall. -- In*doc"i*ble*ness, n.

In*doc"ile (?), a. [L. indocilis: cf. F. indocile. See In- not, and Docile.] Not teachable; indisposed to be taught, trained, or disciplined; not easily instructed or governed; dull; intractable.

In`do*cil"i*ty (?), n. [L. indocilitas: cf. F. indocilité.] The quality or state of being indocile; dullness of intellect; unteachableness; intractableness.

> The stiffness and indocility of the Pharisees.

W. Montagu.

In*doc"tri*nate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indoctrinated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Indoctrinating.] [Pref. in- in + L. doctrina doctrine: cf. F. endoctriner.] To instruct in the rudiments or principles of learning, or of a branch of learning; to imbue with learning; to instruct in, or imbue with, principles or doctrines; to teach; -- often followed by in.

> A master that . . . took much delight in indoctrinating his young, unexperienced favorite.

Clarendon.

In*doc`tri*na"tion (?), n. The act of indoctrinating, or the condition of being indoctrinated; instruction in the rudiments and principles of any science or system of belief; information. Sir T. Browne.

In`do-Eng"lish (?), a. [Indo- + English.] Of or relating to the English who are born or reside in India; Anglo-Indian.

In`do-Eu`ro*pe"an (?), a. Aryan; - - applied to the languages of India and Europe which are derived from the prehistoric Aryan language; also, pertaining to the people or nations who speak these languages; as, the Indo-European or Aryan family.

> The common origin of the Indo-European nations.

Tylor.

In"do*gen (?), n. [Indigo + - gen.] (Chem.) A complex, nitrogenous radical, C8H5NO, regarded as the essential nucleus of indigo.

In"do*gen*ide (?), n. (Chem.) Any one of the derivatives of indogen, which contain that group as a nucleus.

In`do-Ger*man"ic (?), a. [Indo- + Germanic.]

1. Same as Aryan, and Indo- European.

2. Pertaining to or denoting the Teutonic family of languages as related to the Sanskrit, or derived from the ancient Aryan language.

In"do*in (?), n. (Chem.) A substance resembling indigo blue, obtained artificially from certain isatogen compounds.

In"dol (n"dl), n. [Indigo + -ol of phenol.] (Physiol. Chem.) A white, crystalline substance, C8H7N, obtained from blue indigo, and almost all indigo derivatives, by a process of reduction. It is also formed from albuminous matter, together with skatol, by putrefaction, and by fusion with caustic potash, and is present in human excrement, as well as in the intestinal canal of some herbivora.

In"do*lence (?), n. [L. indolentia freedom from pain: cf. F. indolence.]

1. Freedom from that which pains, or harasses, as toil, care, grief, etc. [Obs.]

> I have ease, if it may not rather be called indolence.

Bp. Hough.

2. The quality or condition of being indolent; inaction, or want of exertion of body or mind, proceeding from love of ease or aversion to toil; habitual idleness; indisposition to labor; laziness; sloth; inactivity.

> Life spent in indolence, and therefore sad.

Cowper.

> As there is a great truth wrapped up in "diligence," what a lie, on the other hand, lurks at the root of our present use of the word "indolence"! This is from "in" and "doleo," not to grieve; and indolence is thus a state in which we have no grief or pain; so that the word, as we now employ it, seems to affirm that indulgence in sloth and ease is that which would constitute for us the absence of all pain.

Trench.

In"do*len*cy (?), n. Indolence. [Obs.] Holland.

In"do*lent (?), a. [Pref. in- not + L. dolens, -entis, p. pr. of dolere to feel pain: cf. F. indolent. See Dolorous.]

1. Free from toil, pain, or trouble. [Obs.]

2. Indulging in ease; avoiding labor and exertion; habitually idle; lazy; inactive; as, an indolent man.

> To waste long nights in indolent repose.

Pope.

3. (Med.) Causing little or no pain or annoyance; as, an indolent tumor.

Syn. -- Idle; lazy; slothful; sluggish; listless; inactive; inert. See Idle.

In"do*lent*ly, adv. In an indolent manner.

> Calm and serene you indolently sit.

Addison.

||In"do*les (?), n. [L. Cf. Adolescence.] Natural disposition; natural quality or abilities.

In"do*lin (?), n. [See Indol.] (Chem.) A dark resinous substance, polymeric with indol, and obtained by the reduction of indigo white.

In*dom"a*ble (?), a. [L. indomabilis; pref. in- not + domabilis tamable.] Indomitable. [Obs.]

In*dom"i*ta*ble (?), a. [L. indomitabilis; pref. in- not + domitare, intens. fr. domare to tame. See Tame.] Not to be subdued; untamable; invincible; as, an indomitable will, courage, animal.

In*dom"ite (?), a. [L. indomitus.] Not tamed; untamed; savage; wild. [Obs.] J. Salkeld.

In*domp"ta*ble (?), a. [F. indomptable, L. indomitabilis.] Indomitable. [Obs.] Tooke.

In"door` (?), a. Done or being within doors; within a house or institution; domestic; as, indoor work.

In"doors` (?), adv. Within the house; -- usually separated, in doors.

In`do*phe"nol (?), n. [Indigo + phenol.] (Chem.) Any one of a series of artificial blue dyestuffs, resembling indigo in appearance, and obtained by the action of phenol on certain nitrogenous derivatives of quinone. Simple indophenol proper has not yet been isolated.

In*dors"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being indorsed; transferable; convertible.

In`dor*sa"tion (?), n. Indorsement. [Obs.]

In*dorse" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indorsed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Indorsing.] [LL. indorsare. See Endorse.] [Written also endorse.]

1. To cover the back of; to load or burden. [Obs.]

> Elephants indorsed with towers.

Milton.

2. To write upon the back or outside of a paper or letter, as a direction, heading, memorandum, or address.

3. (Law & Com.) To write one's name, alone or with other words, upon the back of (a paper), for the purpose of transferring it, or to secure the payment of a note, draft, or the like; to guarantee the payment, fulfillment, performance, or validity of, or to certify something upon the back of (a check, draft, writ, warrant of arrest, etc.).

4. To give one's name or support to; to sanction; to aid by approval; to approve; as, to indorse an opinion.

To indorse in blank, to write one's name on the back of a note or bill, leaving a blank to be filled by the holder.

In*dorsed" (?), a. (Her.) See Addorsed.

In`dor*see" (?), n. The person to whom a note or bill is indorsed, or assigned by indorsement.

In*dorse"ment (?), n. [From Indorse; cf. Endorsement.] [Written also endorsement.]

1. The act of writing on the back of a note, bill, or other written instrument.

2. That which is written on the back of a note, bill, or other paper, as a name, an order for, or a receipt of, payment, or the return of an officer, etc.; a writing, usually upon the back, but sometimes on the face, of a negotiable instrument, by which the property therein is assigned and transferred. Story. Byles. Burrill.

3. Sanction, support, or approval; as, the indorsement of a rumor, an opinion, a course, conduct.

Blank indorsement. See under Blank.

{ In*dors"er (?), In*dors"or (?), } n. The person who indorses. [Written also endorser.]

In*dow" (?), v. t. See Endow.

In*dow"ment (?), n. See Endowment.

In*dox"yl (?), n. [Indigo + hydroxyl.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous substance, C8H7NO, isomeric with oxindol, obtained as an oily liquid.

In`dox*yl"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to, or producing, indoxyl; as, indoxylic acid.

In"draught` (?), n. 1. An opening from the sea into the land; an inlet. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

2. A draught of air or flow of water setting inward.

In"drawn` (?), a. Drawn in.

In*drench" (?), v. t. To overwhelm with water; to drench; to drown. [Obs.] Shak.

{ In"dris (?), In"dri (?), } n. (Zoöl.) Any lemurine animal of the genus Indris.

Several species are known, all of them natives of Madagascar, as the diadem indris (I. diadema), which has a white ruff around the forehead; the woolly indris (I. laniger); and the short-tailed or black indris (I. brevicaudatus), which is black, varied with gray.

In*du"bi*ous (?), a. [L. indubius. See In- not, and Dubious.]

1. Not dubious or doubtful; certain.

2. Not doubting; unsuspecting. "Indubious confidence." Harvey.

In*du"bi*ta*ble (?), a. [L. indubitabilis: cf. F. indubitable. See In- not, and Dubitable.] Not dubitable or doubtful; too evident to admit of doubt; unquestionable; evident; apparently certain; as, an indubitable conclusion. -- n. That which is indubitable.

Syn. -- Unquestionable; evident; incontrovertible; incontestable; undeniable; irrefragable.

In*du"bi*ta*ble*ness, n. The state or quality of being indubitable.

In*du"bi*ta*bly, adv. Undoubtedly; unquestionably; in a manner to remove all doubt.

> Oracles indubitably clear and infallibly certain.

Barrow.

In*du"bi*tate (?), a. [L. indubitatus; pref. in- not + dubitatus, p. p. of dubitare to doubt.] Not questioned or doubtful; evident; certain. [Obs.] Bacon.

In*du"bi*tate (?), v. t. [L. indubitatus, p. p. of indubitare; pref. in- in + dubitare to doubt.] To bring into doubt; to cause to be doubted. [Obs.]

> To conceal, or indubitate, his exigency.

Sir T. Browne.

In*duce" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Induced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inducing (?).] [L. inducere, inductum; pref. in- in + ducere to lead. See Duke, and cf. Induct.]

1. To lead in; to introduce. [Obs.]

> The poet may be seen inducing his personages in the first Iliad.

Pope.

<! p. 755 !>

2. To draw on; to overspread. [A Latinism] Cowper.

3. To lead on; to influence; to prevail on; to incite; to move by persuasion or influence. Shak.

> He is not obliged by your offer to do it, . . . though he may be induced, persuaded, prevailed upon, tempted.

Paley.

> Let not the covetous desire of growing rich induce you to ruin your reputation.

Dryden.

4. To bring on; to effect; to cause; as, a fever induced by fatigue or exposure.

> Sour things induces a contraction in the nerves.

Bacon.

5. (Physics) To produce, or cause, by proximity without contact or transmission, as a particular electric or magnetic condition in a body, by the approach of another body in an opposite electric or magnetic state.

6. (Logic) To generalize or conclude as an inference from all the particulars; -- the opposite of deduce.

Syn. -- To move; instigate; urge; impel; incite; press; influence; actuate.

In*duce"ment (?), n. [From Induce.]

1. The act of inducing, or the state of being induced.

2. That which induces; a motive or consideration that leads one to action or induces one to act; as, reward is an inducement to toil. "Mark the inducement." Shak.

3. (Law) Matter stated by way of explanatory preamble or introduction to the main allegations of a pleading; a leading to.

Syn. -- Motive; reason; influence. See Motive.

In*du"cer (?), n. One who, or that which, induces or incites.

In*du"ci*ble (?), a. 1. Capable of being induced, caused, or made to take place.

2. Obtainable by induction; derivable; inferable.

In*duct" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inducted; p. pr. & vb. n. Inducting.] [L. inductus, p. p. of inducere. See Induce.]

1. To bring in; to introduce; to usher in.

> The independent orator inducting himself without further ceremony into the pulpit.

Sir W. Scott.

2. To introduce, as to a benefice or office; to put in actual possession of the temporal rights of an ecclesiastical living, or of any other office, with the customary forms and ceremonies.

> The prior, when inducted into that dignity, took an oath not to alienate any of their lands.

Bp. Burnet.

In*duc"te*ous (?), a. (Elec.) Rendered electro-polar by induction, or brought into the opposite electrical state by the influence of inductive bodies.

In*duc"tile (?), a. [Pref. in- not + ductile: cf. F. inductile.] Not ductile; incapable of being drawn into threads, as a metal; inelastic; tough.

In`duc*til"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being inductile.

In*duc"tion (?), n. [L. inductio: cf. F. induction. See Induct.]

1. The act or process of inducting or bringing in; introduction; entrance; beginning; commencement.

> I know not you; nor am I well pleased to make this time, as the affair now stands, the induction of your acquaintance.

Beau. & Fl.

> These promises are fair, the parties sure,
> And our induction dull of prosperous hope.

Shak.

2. An introduction or introductory scene, as to a play; a preface; a prologue. [Obs.]

> This is but an induction: I will draw
> The curtains of the tragedy hereafter.

Massinger.

3. (Philos.) The act or process of reasoning from a part to a whole, from particulars to generals, or from the individual to the universal; also, the result or inference so reached.

> Induction is an inference drawn from all the particulars.

Sir W. Hamilton.

> Induction is the process by which we conclude that what is true of certain individuals of a class, is true of the whole class, or that what is true at certain times will be true in similar circumstances at all times.

J. S. Mill.

4. The introduction of a clergyman into a benefice, or of an official into a office, with appropriate acts or ceremonies; the giving actual possession of an ecclesiastical living or its temporalities.

5. (Math.) A process of demonstration in which a general truth is gathered from an examination of particular cases, one of which is known to be true, the examination being so conducted that each case is made to depend on the preceding one; -- called also successive induction.

6. (Physics) The property by which one body, having electrical or magnetic polarity, causes or induces it in another body without direct contact; an impress of electrical or magnetic force or condition from one body on another without actual contact.

Electro-dynamic induction, the action by which a variable or interrupted current of electricity excites another current in a neighboring conductor forming a closed circuit. -- Electro-magnetic induction, the influence by which an electric current produces magnetic polarity in certain bodies near or around which it passes. -- Electro-static induction, the action by which a body possessing a charge of statical electricity develops a charge of statical electricity of the opposite character in a neighboring body. -- Induction coil, an apparatus producing induced currents of great intensity. It consists of a coil or helix of stout insulated copper wire, surrounded by another coil of very fine insulated wire, in which a momentary current is induced, when a current (as from a voltaic battery), passing through the inner coil, is made, broken, or varied. The inner coil has within it a core of soft iron, and is connected at its terminals with a condenser; -- called also inductorium, and Ruhmkorff's coil. -- Induction pipe, port, or valve, a pipe, passageway, or valve, for leading or admitting a fluid to a receiver, as steam to an engine cylinder, or water to a pump. -- Magnetic induction, the action by which magnetic polarity is developed in a body susceptible to magnetic effects when brought under the influence of a magnet. -- Magneto-electric induction, the influence by which a magnet excites electric currents in closed circuits.

Logical induction, (Philos.), an act or method of reasoning from all the parts separately to the whole which they constitute, or into which they may be united collectively; the operation of discovering and proving general propositions; the scientific method. -- Philosophical induction, the inference, or the act of inferring, that what has been observed or established in respect to a part, individual, or species, may, on the ground of analogy, be affirmed or received of the whole to which it belongs. This last is the inductive method of Bacon. It ascends from the parts to the whole, and forms, from the general analogy of nature, or special presumptions in the case, conclusions which have greater or less degrees of force, and which may be strengthened or weakened by subsequent experience and experiment. It relates to actual existences, as in physical science or the concerns of life. Logical induction is founded on the necessary laws of thought; philosophical induction, on the interpretation of the indications or analogy of nature.

Syn. -- Deduction. -- Induction, Deduction. In induction we observe a sufficient number of individual facts, and, on the ground of analogy, extend what is true of them to others of the same class, thus arriving at general principles or laws. This is the kind of reasoning in physical science. In deduction we begin with a general truth, which is already proven or provisionally assumed, and seek to connect it with some particular case by means of a middle term, or class of objects, known to be equally connected with both. Thus, we bring down the general into the particular, affirming of the latter the distinctive qualities of the former. This is the syllogistic method. By induction Franklin established the identity of lightning and electricity; by deduction he inferred that dwellings might be protected by lightning rods.

In*duc"tion*al (?), a. Pertaining to, or proceeding by, induction; inductive.

In*duct"ive (?), a. [LL. inductivus: cf. F. inductif. See Induce.]

1. Leading or drawing; persuasive; tempting; -- usually followed by to.

> A brutish vice,
> Inductive mainly to the sin of Eve.

Milton.

2. Tending to induce or cause. [R.]

> They may be . . . inductive of credibility.

Sir M. Hale.

3. Leading to inferences; proceeding by, derived from, or using, induction; as, inductive reasoning.

4. (Physics) (a) Operating by induction; as, an inductive electrical machine. (b) Facilitating induction; susceptible of being acted upon by induction; as, certain substances have a great inductive capacity.

Inductive embarrassment (Physics), the retardation in signaling on an electric wire, produced by lateral induction. -- Inductive philosophy or method. See Philosophical induction, under Induction. -- Inductive sciences, those sciences which admit of, and employ, the inductive method, as astronomy, botany, chemistry, etc.

In*duct"ive*ly, adv. By induction or inference.

In`duc*tom"e*ter (?), n. [Induction + -meter.] (Elec.) An instrument for measuring or ascertaining the degree or rate of electrical induction.

In*duct"or (?), n. [L., one who stirs up or rouses. See Induce.]

1. The person who inducts another into an office or benefice.

2. (Elec.) That portion of an electrical apparatus, in which is the inducing charge or current.

In`duc*to"ri*um (?), n.; pl. E. Inductoriums (#), L. Inductoria (#). [NL., fr. E. induction.] (Elec.) An induction coil.

{ In*duc"tric (?), In*duc"tric*al (?), } a. (Elec.) Acting by, or in a state of, induction; relating to electrical induction.

In*due" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indued (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Induing.] [Written also endue.] [L. induere to put on, clothe, fr. OL. indu (fr. in- in) + a root seen also in L. exuere to put off, divest, exuviae the skin of an animal, slough, induviae clothes. Cf. Endue to invest.]

1. To put on, as clothes; to draw on.

> The baron had indued a pair of jack boots.

Sir W. Scott.

2. To clothe; to invest; hence, to endow; to furnish; to supply with moral or mental qualities.

> Indu'd with robes of various hue she flies.

Dryden.

> Indued with intellectual sense and souls.

Shak.

In*due"ment (?), n. [From Indue; cf. Indument, Enduement.] The act of induing, or state of being indued; investment; endowment. W. Montagu.

In*dulge" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indulged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Indulging (?).] [L. indulgere to be kind or tender to one; cf. OIr. dilgud, equiv. to L. remissio, OIr. dligeth, equiv. to L. lex, Goth. dulgs debt.]

1. To be complacent toward; to give way to; not to oppose or restrain; (a) when said of a habit, desire, etc.: to give free course to; to give one's self up to; as, to indulge sloth, pride, selfishness, or inclinations; (b) when said of a person: to yield to the desire of; to gratify by compliance; to humor; to withhold restraint from; as, to indulge children in their caprices or willfulness; to indulge one's self with a rest or in pleasure.

> Hope in another life implies that we indulge ourselves in the gratifications of this very sparingly.

Atterbury.

2. To grant as by favor; to bestow in concession, or in compliance with a wish or request.

> Persuading us that something must be indulged to public manners.

Jer. Taylor.

> Yet, yet a moment, one dim ray of light
> Indulge, dread Chaos, and eternal Night!

Pope.

It is remarked by Johnson, that if the matter of indulgence is a single thing, it has with before it; if it is a habit, it has in; as, he indulged himself with a glass of wine or a new book; he indulges himself in idleness or intemperance. See Gratify.

In*dulge", v. i. To indulge one's self; to gratify one's tastes or desires; esp., to give one's self up (to); to practice a forbidden or questionable act without restraint; -- followed by in, but formerly, also, by to. "Willing to indulge in easy vices." Johnson.

In*dulge"ment (?), n. Indulgence. [R.] Wood.

In*dul"gence (?), n. [L. indulgentia: cf. F. indulgence.]

1. The act of indulging or humoring; the quality of being indulgent; forbearance of restrain or control.

> If I were a judge, that word indulgence should never issue from my lips.

Tooke.

> They err, that through indulgence to others, or fondness to any sin in themselves, substitute for repentance anything less.

Hammond.

2. An indulgent act; favor granted; gratification.

> If all these gracious indulgences are without any effect on us, we must perish in our own folly.

Rogers.

3. (R. C. Ch.) Remission of the temporal punishment due to sins, after the guilt of sin has been remitted by sincere repentance; absolution from the censures and public penances of the church. It is a payment of the debt of justice to God by the application of the merits of Christ and his saints to the contrite soul through the church. It is therefore believed to diminish or destroy for sins the punishment of purgatory.

In*dul"gence (?), v. t. To grant an indulgence to.

In*dul"gen*cy (?), n. Indulgence. Dryden.

In*dul"gent (?), a. [L. indulgens, -entis, p. pr. of indulgere: cf. F. indulgent. See Indulge.] Prone to indulge; yielding to the wishes, humor, or appetites of those under one's care; compliant; not opposing or restraining; tolerant; mild; favorable; not severe; as, an indulgent parent. Shak.

> The indulgent censure of posterity.

Waller.

> The feeble old, indulgent of their ease.

Dryden.

In`dul*gen"tial (?), a. Relating to the indulgences of the Roman Catholic Church. Brevint.

In*dul"gent*ly (?), adv. In an indulgent manner; mildly; favorably. Dryden.

In*dul"ger, n. One who indulges. W. Montagu.

In*dul"gi*ate (?), v. t. To indulge. [R.] Sandys.

In"du*line (?), n. [Perh. fr. indigo.] (Chem.) (a) Any one of a large series of aniline dyes, colored blue or violet, and represented by aniline violet. (b) A dark green amorphous dyestuff, produced by the oxidation of aniline in the presence of copper or vanadium salts; -- called also aniline black.

{ In*dult" (?), In*dul"to (?), } n. [L. indultum indulgence, favor, fr. indultus, p. p. of indulgere: cf. It. indulto, F. indult. See Indulge.]

1. A privilege or exemption; an indulgence; a dispensation granted by the pope.

2. (Spain) A duty levied on all importations.

In"du*ment (?), n. [L. indumentum a covering. See Indue, and cf. Induement.] (Zoöl.) Plumage; feathers.

In*du"pli*cate (?), a. (Bot.) (a) Having the edges bent abruptly toward the axis; -- said of the parts of the calyx or corolla in æstivation. (b) Having the edges rolled inward and then arranged about the axis without overlapping; - - said of leaves in vernation.

In*du"pli*ca*tive (?), a. (Bot.) (a) Having induplicate sepals or petals in æstivation. (b) Having induplicate leaves in vernation.

In*dur"ance (?), n. [Obs.] See Endurance.

In"du*rate (?), a. [L. induratus, p. p. of indurare to harden. See Endure.]

1. Hardened; not soft; indurated. Tyndale.

2. Without sensibility; unfeeling; obdurate.

In"du*rate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Indurated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Indurating (?).]

1. To make hard; as, extreme heat indurates clay; some fossils are indurated by exposure to the air.

2. To make unfeeling; to deprive of sensibility; to render obdurate.

In"du*rate, v. i. To grow hard; to harden, or become hard; as, clay indurates by drying, and by heat.

In"du*ra`ted (?), a. Hardened; as, indurated clay; an indurated heart. Goldsmith.

In`du*ra"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. induration, L. induratio hardness of heart.]

1. The act of hardening, or the process of growing hard.

2. State of being indurated, or of having become hard.

3. Hardness of character, manner, sensibility, etc.; obduracy; stiffness; want of pliancy or feeling.

> A certain induration of character had arisen from long habits of business.

Coleridge.

In*du"sial (?), a. [See Indusium.] Of, pertaining to, or containing, the petrified cases of the larvæ of certain insects.

Indusial limestone (Geol.), a fresh- water limestone, largely composed of the agglomerated cases of caddice worms, or larvæ of caddice flies (Phryganea). It is found in Miocene strata of Auvergne, France, and some other localities.

{ In*du"si*ate (?), In*du"si*a`ted (?), } a. (Bot.) Furnished with an indusium.

||In*du"si*um (?), n.; pl. Indusia (-). [L., an under garment, fr. induere to put on: cf. F. indusie the covering of the seed spots of ferns.] (Bot.) (a) A collection of hairs united so as to form a sort of cup, and inclosing the stigma of a flower. (b) The immediate covering of the fruit dots or sori in many ferns, usually a very thin scale attached by the middle or side to a veinlet. (c) A peculiar covering found in certain fungi.

In*dus"tri*al (?), a. [Cf. F. industriel, LL. industrialis. See Industry.] Consisting in industry; pertaining to industry, or the arts and products of industry; concerning those employed in labor, especially in manual labor, and their wages, duties, and rights.

> The great ideas of industrial development and economic social amelioration.

M. Arnold.

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Industrial exhibition, a public exhibition of the various industrial products of a country, or of various countries. -- Industrial school, a school for teaching one or more branches of industry; also, a school for educating neglected children, and training them to habits of industry.

In*dus"tri*al*ism (?), n. 1. Devotion to industrial pursuits; labor; industry. J. S. Mill.

2. The principles or policy applicable to industrial pursuits or organized labor.

> Industrialism must not confounded with industriousness.

H. Spencer.

In*dus"tri*al*ly, adv. With reference to industry.

In*dus"tri*ous (?), a. [L. industrius, industriosus: cf. F. industrieux. See Industry.]

1. Given to industry; characterized by diligence; constantly, regularly, or habitually occupied; busy; assiduous; not slothful or idle; -- commonly implying devotion to lawful and useful labor.

> Frugal and industrious men are commonly friendly to the established government.

Sir W. Temple.

2. Steadily and perseveringly active in a particular pursuit or aim; as, he was negligent in business, but industrious in pleasure; an industrious mischief maker.

> Industrious to seek out the truth of all things.

Spenser.

-- In*dus"tri*ous*ly, adv. -- In*dus"tri*ous*ness, n.

In"dus*try (?), n.; pl. Industries (#). [L. industria, cf. industrius diligent; of uncertain origin: cf. F. industrie.]

1. Habitual diligence in any employment or pursuit, either bodily or mental; steady attention to business; assiduity; -- opposed to sloth and idleness; as, industry pays debts, while idleness or despair will increase them.

> We are more industrious than our forefathers, because in the present times the funds destined for the maintenance of industry are much greater in proportion to those which are likely to be employed in the maintenance of idleness, than they were two or three centuries ago.

A. Smith.

2. Any department or branch of art, occupation, or business; especially, one which employs much labor and capital and is a distinct branch of trade; as, the sugar industry; the iron industry; the cotton industry.

3. (Polit. Econ.) Human exertion of any kind employed for the creation of value, and regarded by some as a species of capital or wealth; labor.

Syn. -- Diligence; assiduity; perseverance; activity; laboriousness; attention. See Diligence.

In*du"tive (?), a. [L. indutus, p. p. of induere to put on. See Indue.] (Bot.) Covered; -- applied to seeds which have the usual integumentary covering.

||In*du"vi*æ (?), n. pl. [L., clothes, fr. induere to put on. See Indue.] (Bot.) Persistent portions of a calyx or corolla; also, leaves which do not disarticulate from the stem, and hence remain for a long time.

In*du"vi*ate (?), a. (Bot.) Covered with induviæ, as the upper part of the trunk of a palm tree.

In"dwell` (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Indwelt (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Indwelling.] To dwell in; to abide within; to remain in possession.

> The Holy Ghost became a dove, not as a symbol, but as a constantly indwelt form.

Milman.

In"dwell`er (?) n. An inhabitant. Spenser.

In"dwell`ing, n. Residence within, as in the heart.

> The personal indwelling of the Spirit in believers.

South.

-ine (?; 104). 1. (Chem.) A suffix, indicating that those substances of whose names it is a part are basic, and alkaloidal in their nature.

All organic bases, and basic substances (especially nitrogenous substances), are systematically written with the termination -ine; as, quinine, morphine, guanidine, etc. All indifferent and neutral substances, as proteids, glycerides, glucosides, etc., should commonly be spelled with -in; as, gelatin, amygdalin, etc. This rue has no application to those numerous commercial or popular names with the termination -ine; as, gasoline, vaseline, etc.

2. (Organ. Chem.) A suffix, used to indicate hydrocarbons of the second degree of unsaturation; i. e., members of the acetyline series; as, hexine, heptine, etc.

In*earth" (?), v. t. To inter. [R.] Southey.

In*e"bri*ant (?), a. [L. inebrians, p. pr. of inebriare. See Inebriate.] Intoxicating.

In*e"bri*ant, n. Anything that intoxicates, as opium, alcohol, etc.; an intoxicant. Smart.

In*e"bri*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inebriated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inebriating (?).] [L. inebriatus, p. p. of inebriare; pref. in- in + ebriare to make drunk, fr. ebrius drunk. See Ebriety.]

1. To make drunk; to intoxicate.

> The cups
> That cheer but not inebriate.

Cowper.

2. Fig.: To disorder the senses of; to exhilarate or elate as if by spirituous drink; to deprive of sense and judgment; also, to stupefy.

> The inebriating effect of popular applause.

Macaulay.

In*e"bri*ate, v. i. To become drunk. [Obs.] Bacon.

In*e"bri*ate (?), a. [L. inebriatus, p. p.] Intoxicated; drunk; habitually given to drink; stupefied.

> Thus spake Peter, as a man inebriate and made drunken with the sweetness of this vision, not knowing what he said.

Udall.

In*e"bri*ate, n. One who is drunk or intoxicated; esp., an habitual drunkard; as, an asylum for inebriates.

> Some inebriates have their paroxysms of inebriety.

E. Darwin.

In*e`bri*a"tion (?), n. [L. inebriatio.] The condition of being inebriated; intoxication; figuratively, deprivation of sense and judgment by anything that exhilarates, as success. Sir T. Browne.

> Preserve him from the inebriation of prosperity.

Macaulay.

Syn. -- See Drunkenness.

In`e*bri"e*ty (?), n. [See Inebriate, Ebriety.] Drunkenness; inebriation. E. Darwin.

In*e"bri*ous (?), a. Intoxicated, or partially so; intoxicating. [R.] T. Brown.

In*ed"it*ed (?), a. Not edited; unpublished; as, an inedited manuscript. T. Warton.

||I`née" (?), n. [F.] An arrow poison, made from an apocynaceous plant (Strophanthus hispidus) of the Gaboon country; -- called also onaye.

In*ef`fa*bil"i*ty (?), n. [L. ineffabilitas: cf. F. ineffabilité.] The quality or state of being ineffable; ineffableness; unspeakableness.

In*ef"fa*ble (?), a. [L. ineffabilis: cf. F. ineffable. See In- not, and Effable, Fame.] Incapable of being expressed in words; unspeakable; unutterable; indescribable; as, the ineffable joys of heaven.

> Contentment with our lot . . . will diffuse ineffable contentment over the soul.

Beattie.

In*ef"fa*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being ineffable or unutterable; unspeakableness.

In*ef"fa*bly, adv. In a manner not to be expressed in words; unspeakably. Milton.

In`ef*face"a*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + effaceable: cf. F. ineffaçable.] Incapable of being effaced; indelible; ineradicable.

In`ef*face"a*bly, adv. So as not to be effaceable.

In`ef*fect"i*ble (?), a. Ineffectual; impracticable. [R.] Bp. Hall.

In`ef*fect"ive (?), a. [Pref. in- not + effective: cf. F. ineffectif.] Not effective; ineffectual; futile; inefficient; useless; as, an ineffective appeal.

> The word of God, without the spirit, [is] a dead and ineffective letter.

Jer. Taylor.

In`ef*fect"ive*ly, adv. In an ineffective manner; without effect; inefficiently; ineffectually.

In`ef*fect"ive*ness, n. Quality of being ineffective.

In`ef*fec"tu*al (?; 135), a. Not producing the proper effect; without effect; inefficient; weak; useless; futile; unavailing; as, an ineffectual attempt; an ineffectual expedient. Pope.

> The peony root has been much commended, . . . and yet has been by many found ineffectual.

Boyle.

Syn. -- Inefficient; useless; inefficacious; vain; fruitless; unavailing; futile. See Useless, Inefficacious.

In`ef*fec`tu*al"i*ty (?), n. Ineffectualness. [R.]

In`ef*fec"tu*al*ly, adv. Without effect; in vain.

> Hereford . . . had been besieged for about two months ineffectually by the Scots.

Ludlow.

In`ef*fec"tu*al*ness, n. Want of effect, or of power to produce it; inefficacy.

> The ineffectualness of some men's devotion.

Wake.

In*ef`fer*ves"cence (?), n. Want of effervescence. Kirwan.

In*ef`fer*ves"cent (?), a. Not effervescing, or not susceptible of effervescence; quiescent.

In*ef`fer*ves`ci*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being ineffervescible.

In*ef`fer*ves"ci*ble (?), a. Not capable or susceptible of effervescence.

In*ef`fi*ca"cious (?), a. [Pref. in- not + efficacious: cf. F. inefficace, L. inefficax.] Not efficacious; not having power to produce the effect desired; inadequate; incompetent; inefficient; impotent. Boyle.

> The authority of Parliament must become inefficacious . . . to restrain the growth of disorders.

Burke.

Ineffectual, says Johnson, rather denotes an actual failure, and inefficacious an habitual impotence to any effect. But the distinction is not always observed, nor can it be; for we can not always know whether means are inefficacious till experiment has proved them ineffectual. Inefficacious is therefore sometimes synonymous with ineffectual.

In*ef`fi*ca"cious*ly, adv. Without efficacy or effect.

In*ef`fi*ca"cious*ness, n. Want of effect, or of power to produce the effect; inefficacy.

In*ef"fi*ca*cy (?), n. [L. inefficacia. See In- not, and Efficacy.] Want of power to produce the desired or proper effect; inefficiency; ineffectualness; futility; uselessness; fruitlessness; as, the inefficacy of medicines or means.

> The seeming inefficacy of censures.

Bp. Hall.

> The inefficacy was soon proved, like that of many similar medicines.

James Gregory.

In`ef*fi"cien*cy (?), n. The quality of being inefficient; want of power or energy sufficient for the desired effect; inefficacy; incapacity; as, he was discharged from his position for inefficiency.

In`ef*fi"cient (?), a. 1. Not efficient; not producing the effect intended or desired; inefficacious; as, inefficient means or measures.

2. Incapable of, or indisposed to, effective action; habitually slack or remiss; effecting little or nothing; as, inefficient workmen; an inefficient administrator.

In`ef*fi"cient*ly, adv. In an inefficient manner.

In`e*lab"o*rate (?), a. [L. inelaboratus. See In- not, and Elaborate.] Not elaborate; not wrought with care; unpolished; crude; unfinished.

In`e*las"tic (?), a. Not elastic.

In`e*las*tic"i*ty (?), n. Want of elasticity.

{ In*el"e*gance (?), In*el"e*gan*cy (?), } n.; pl. Inelegances (#), Inelegancies (#). [L. inelegantia: cf. F. inélégance.]

1. The quality of being inelegant; want of elegance or grace; want of refinement, beauty, or polish in language, composition, or manners.

> The notorious inelegance of her figure.

T. Hook.

2. Anything inelegant; as, inelegance of style in literary composition.

In*el"e*gant (?), a. [L. inelegans: cf. F. inélégant. See In- not, and Elegant.] Not elegant; deficient in beauty, polish, refinement, grave, or ornament; wanting in anything which correct taste requires.

> What order so contrived as not to mix
> Tastes, not well joined, inelegant.

Milton.

> It renders style often obscure, always embarrassed and inelegant.

Blair.

In*el"e*gant*ly, adv. In an inelegant manner.

In*el`i*gi*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. inéligibilité.] The state or quality of being ineligible.

In*el"i*gi*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + eligible: cf. F. inéligible.] Not eligible; not qualified to be chosen for an office; not worthy to be chosen or preferred; not expedient or desirable. Burke.

In*el"li*gi*bly (?), adv. In an ineligible manner.

In*e"lo*quent (?), a. [L. ineloquens: cf. F. inéloquent. See In- not, and Eloquent.] Not eloquent; not fluent, graceful, or pathetic; not persuasive; as, ineloquent language.

> Nor are thy lips ungraceful, sire of men,
> Nor tongue ineloquent.

Milton.

In*e"lo*quent*ly, adv. Without eloquence.

In`e*luc"ta*ble (?), a. [L. ineluctabilis; pref. in- not + eluctabilis to be surmounted, fr. eluctari to struggle out of, to surmount: cf. F. inéluctable. See Eluctate.] Not to be overcome by struggling; irresistible; inevitable. Bp. Pearson.

> The ineluctable conditions of matter.

Hamerton.

In`e*lud"i*ble (?), a. Incapable of being eluded or evaded; unvoidable.

> Most pressing reasons and ineludible demonstrations.

Glanvill.

In*em"bry*o*nate (?), a. (Biol.) Not embryonate.

In`e*nar"ra*ble (?), a. [L. inenarrabilis; pref. in- not + enarrabilis that may be related; fr. enarrare to relate: cf. F. inénarrable. See Enarration.] Incapable of being narrated; indescribable; ineffable. [Obs.] "Inenarrable goodness." Bp. Fisher.

In*ept" (?), a. [L. ineptus; prefix. in- not + aptus apt, fit: cf. F. inepte. Cf. Inapt.]

1. Not apt or fit; unfit; unsuitable; improper; unbecoming.

> The Aristotelian philosophy is inept for new discoveries.

Glanvill.

2. Silly; useless; nonsensical; absurd; foolish.

> To view attention as a special act of intelligence, and to distinguish it from consciousness, is utterly inept.

Sir W. Hamilton.

In*ept"i*tude (?), n. [L. ineptitudo.]

1. The quality of being inept; unfitness; inaptitude; unsuitableness.

> That ineptitude for society, which is frequently the fault of us scholars.

Tatler.

2. Absurdity; nonsense; foolishness.

In*ept"ly, adv. Unfitly; unsuitably; awkwardly.

> None of them are made foolishly or ineptly.

Dr. H. More.

In*ept"ness, n. Unfitness; ineptitude.

> The feebleness and miserable ineptness of infancy.

Dr. H. More.

In*e"qua*ble (?), a. Unequable. [R.] Bailey.

In*e"qual (?), a. [L. inaequalis. See In- not, and Equal.] Unequal; uneven; various. [Obs.] Chaucer.

In`e*qual"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Inequalities (#). [L. inaequalitas.]

1. The quality of being unequal; difference, or want of equality, in any respect; lack of uniformity; disproportion; unevenness; disparity; diversity; as, an inequality in size, stature, numbers, power, distances, motions, rank, property, etc.

> There is so great an inequality in the length of our legs and arms as makes it impossible for us to walk on all four.

Ray.

> Notwithstanding which inequality of number, it was resolved in a council of war to fight the Dutch fleet.

Ludlow.

> Sympathy is rarely strong where there is a great inequality of condition.

Macaulay.

2. Unevenness; want of levelness; the alternate rising and falling of a surface; as, the inequalities of the surface of the earth, or of a marble slab, etc.

> The country is cut into so many hills and inequalities as renders it defensible.

Addison.

3. Variableness; changeableness; inconstancy; lack of smoothness or equability; deviation; unsteadiness, as of the weather, feelings, etc.

> Inequality of air is ever an enemy to health.

Bacon.

4. Disproportion to any office or purpose; inadequacy; competency; as, the inequality of terrestrial things to the wants of a rational soul. South.

5. (Alg.) An expression consisting of two unequal quantities, with the sign of inequality (> or <) between them; as, the inequality 2 < 3, or 4 > 1.

6. (Astron.) An irregularity, or a deviation, in the motion of a planet or satellite from its uniform mean motion; the amount of such deviation.

In`e*qua"tion (?), n. (Math.) An inequality.

In*e`qui*dis"tant (?), a. Not equally distant; not equidistant.

In*e`qui*lat"er*al (?), a. 1. Having unequal sides; unsymmetrical; unequal- sided.

2. (Zoöl.) Having the two ends unequal, as in the clam, quahaug, and most lamellibranch shells.

In*e`qui*lo"bate (?), a. [Pref. in- not + equi- + lobate.] (Biol.) Unequally lobed; cut into lobes of different shapes or sizes.

In*eq"ui*ta*ble (?), a. Not equitable; not just. Burke.

In*eq"ui*tate (?), v. t. [L. inequitatus, p. p. inequitare to ride over. See 1st In-, and Equitant.] To ride over or through. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

In*eq"ui*ty (?), n. Want of equity; injustice; wrong. "Some form of inequity." H. Spencer.

{ In*e"qui*valve (?), In*e`qui*val"vu*lar (?), } a. (Zoöl.) Having unequal valves, as the shell of an oyster.

In`e*rad"i*ca*ble (?), a. Incapable of being eradicated or rooted out.

> The bad seed thus sown was ineradicable.

Ld. Lytton.

In`e*rad"i*ca*bly, adv. So as not to be eradicable.

{ In`er*get"ic (?), In`er*get"ic*al (?), } a. [Pref. in- not + energetic, - ical.] Having no energy; sluggish. [R.] Boyle.

In`er*get"ic*al*ly, adv. Without energy. [R.]

{ In*erm" (?), In*er"mous (?), } a. (Bot.) Same as Inermis.

||In*er"mis (?), a. [L. inermis, inermus; pref. in- not + arma arms: cf. F. inerme.] (Bot.) Unarmed; destitute of prickles or thorns, as a leaf. Gray.

In*er`ra*bil"i*ty (?), n. Freedom or exemption from error; infallibility. Eikon Basilike.

In*er"ra*ble (?), a. [L. inerrabilis. See In- not, and Err.] Incapable of erring; infallible; unerring. "Inerabble and requisite conditions." Sir T. Browne. "Not an inerrable text." Gladstone.

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In*er"ra*ble*ness (n*r"r*b'l*ns), n. Exemption from error; inerrability; infallibility. Hammond.

In*er"ra*bly, adv. With security from error; infallibly; unerringly.

In*er"ran*cy (?), n. Exemption from error.

> The absolute inerrancy of the Bible.

The Century.

In`er*rat"ic (n`r*rt"k), a. Not erratic or wandering; fixed; settled; established.

In*err"ing*ly (?), adv. Without error, mistake, or deviation; unerringly. Glanvill.

In*ert" (?), a. [L. iners, inertis, unskilled, idle; pref. in- + ars art: cf. F. inerte. See Art.]

1. Destitute of the power of moving itself, or of active resistance to motion; as, matter is inert.

2. Indisposed to move or act; very slow to act; sluggish; dull; inactive; indolent; lifeless.

> The inert and desponding party of the court.

Macaulay.

> It present becomes extravagant, then imbecile, and at length utterly inert.

I. Taylor.

3. Not having or manifesting active properties; not affecting other substances when brought in contact with them; powerless for an expected or desired effect.

Syn. -- Inactive; dull; passive; indolent; sluggish; slothful; lazy; lifeless; irresolute; stupid; senseless; insensible. -- Inert, Inactive, Sluggish. A man may be inactive from mere want of stimulus to effort; but one who is inert has something in his constitution or his habits which operates like a weight holding him back from exertion. Sluggish is still stronger, implying some defect of temperament which directly impedes action. Inert and inactive are negative, sluggish is positive.

> Even the favored isles . . .
> Can boast but little virtue; and, inert
> Through plenty, lose in morals what they gain
> In manners -- victims of luxurious ease.

Cowper.

> Doomed to lose four months in inactive obscurity.

Johnson.

> Sluggish Idleness, the nurse of sin,
> Upon a slothful ass he chose to ride.

Spenser.

In*er"ti*a (?), n. [L., idleness, fr. iners idle. See Inert.]

1. (Physics) That property of matter by which it tends when at rest to remain so, and when in motion to continue in motion, and in the same straight line or direction, unless acted on by some external force; -- sometimes called vis inertiæ.

2. Inertness; indisposition to motion, exertion, or action; want of energy; sluggishness.

> Men . . . have immense irresolution and inertia.

Carlyle.

3. (Med.) Want of activity; sluggishness; -- said especially of the uterus, when, in labor, its contractions have nearly or wholly ceased.

Center of inertia. (Mech.) See under Center.

In*er"tion (?), n. Want of activity or exertion; inertness; quietude. [R.]

> These vicissitudes of exertion and inertion of the arterial system constitute the paroxysms of remittent fever.

E. Darwin.

In*ert"i*tude (?), n. [See Inert.] Inertness; inertia. [R.] Good.

In*ert"ly, adv. Without activity; sluggishly. Pope.

In*ert"ness, n. 1. Want of activity or exertion; habitual indisposition to action or motion; sluggishness; apathy; insensibility. Glanvill.

> Laziness and inertness of mind.

Burke.

2. Absence of the power of self-motion; inertia.

In*er"u*dite (?), a. [L. ineruditus. See In- not, and Erudite.] Not erudite; unlearned; ignorant.

In`es*cap"a*ble (?), a. Not escapable.

In*es"cate (?), v. t. [L. inescatus, p. p. of inescare; in- in + esca bait.] To allure; to lay a bait for. [Obs.]

> To inescate and beguile young women!

Burton.

In`es*ca"tion (?), n. [L. inescatio.] The act of baiting; allurement. [Obs.] Hallywell.

In`es*cutch"eon (?), n. (Her.) A small escutcheon borne within a shield.

||In` es"se (?). [L.] In being; actually existing; - - distinguished from in posse, or in potentia, which denote that a thing is not, but may be.

In`es*sen"tial (?), a. [Pref. in- not + essential: cf. F. inessentiel.]

1. Having no essence or being. H. Brooke.

> The womb of inessential Naught.

Shelley.

2. Not essential; unessential.

In*es"ti*ma*ble (?), a. [L. inaestimabilis: cf. F. inestimable. See In- not, and Estimate.] Incapable of being estimated or computed; especially, too valuable or excellent to be measured or fully appreciated; above all price; as, inestimable rights or privileges.

> But above all, for thine inestimable love.

Bk. of Com. Prayer.

> Science is too inestimable for expression by a money standard.

Lyon Playfair.

Syn. -- Incalculable; invaluable; priceless.

In*es"ti*ma*bly, adv. In a manner, or to a degree, above estimation; as, things inestimably excellent.

In`e*va"si*ble (?), a. Incapable of being evaded; inevitable; unavoidable.

In*ev"i*dence (?), n. [Cf. F. inévidence.] Want of evidence; obscurity. [Obs.] Barrow.

In*ev"i*dent (?), a. [Cf. F. inévident.] Not evident; not clear or obvious; obscure.

In*ev`i*ta*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. inévitabilité.] Impossibility to be avoided or shunned; inevitableness. Shelford.

In*ev"i*ta*ble (?), a. [L. inevitabilis: cf. F. inévitable. See In- not, and Evitable.]

1. Not evitable; incapable of being shunned; unavoidable; certain. "The inevitable hour." Gray.

> It was inevitable; it was necessary; it was planted in the nature of things.

Burke.

2. Irresistible. "Inevitable charms." Dryden.

In*ev"i*ta*ble*ness (?), n. The state of being unavoidable; certainty to happen. Prideaux.

In*ev"i*ta*bly, adv. Without possibility of escape or evasion; unavoidably; certainly.

> Inevitably thou shalt die.

Milton.

> How inevitably does immoderate laughter end in a sigh!

South.

In`ex*act" (?), a. [Pref. in- not + exact: cf. F. inexact.] Not exact; not precisely correct or true; inaccurate.

In`ex*act"i*tude (?), n. Inexactness; uncertainty; as, geographical inexactitude.

In`ex*act"ly, adv. In a manner not exact or precise; inaccurately. R. A. Proctor.

In`ex*act"ness, n. Incorrectness; want of exactness.

In`ex*cit`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being inexcitable; insusceptibility to excitement.

In`ex*cit"a*ble (?), a. [L. inexcitabilis from which one cannot be aroused. See In- not, and Excite.] Not susceptible of excitement; dull; lifeless; torpid.

In`ex*cus"a*ble (?), a. [L. inexcusabilis: cf. F. inexcusable. See Excuse.] Not excusable; not admitting excuse or justification; as, inexcusable folly.

> Therefore thou art inexcusable, O man, whosoever thou art that judgest; for wherein thou judgest another, thou condemnest thyself; for thou that judgest doest the same things.

Rom. ii. 1.

In`ex*cus"a*ble*ness, n. The quality of being inexcusable; enormity beyond forgiveness. South.

In`ex*cus"a*bly, adv. With a degree of guilt or folly beyond excuse or justification.

> Inexcusably obstinate and perverse.

Jortin.

In*ex"e*cra*ble (?), a. That can not be execrated enough. [R.]

In*ex"e*cu`ta*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + executable: cf. F. inexécutable.] Incapable of being executed or performed; impracticable; infeasible.

In*ex`e*cu"tion (?), n. [Pref. in- not + execution: cf. F. inexécution.] Neglect of execution; nonperformance; as, the inexecution of a treaty. Spence.

In`ex*er"tion (?), n. Want of exertion; want of effort; defect of action; indolence; laziness.

In`ex*hal"a*ble (?), a. Incapable of being exhaled. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In`ex*haust"ed (?), a. [Pref. in- not + exhausted: cf. F. inexhaustus.] Not exhausted; not emptied; not spent; not having lost all strength or resources; unexhausted. Dryden.

In`ex*haust"ed*ly, adv. Without exhaustion.

In`ex*haust`i*bil"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being inexhaustible; abundance.

In`ex*haust"i*ble (?), a. Incapable of being exhausted, emptied, or used up; unfailing; not to be wasted or spent; as, inexhaustible stores of provisions; an inexhaustible stock of elegant words. Dryden.

> An inexhaustible store of anecdotes.

Macaulay.

-- In`ex*haust"i*ble*ness, n. -- In`ex*haust"i*bly, adv.

In`ex*haust"ive (?), a. Inexhaustible. Thomson.

In`ex*ist" (?), v. i. [Pref. in- in + exist.] To exist within; to dwell within. [Obs.]

> Substances inexisting within the divine mind.

A. Tucker.

In`ex*ist"ant (?), a. [Cf. F. inexistant. See 1st Inexistent.] Inexistent; not existing. [Obs.] Gudworth.

In`ex*ist"ence (?), n. [Pref. in- in + existence.] [Obs.] (a) Inherence; subsistence. Bp. Hall. (b) That which exists within; a constituent. A. Tucker.

In`ex*ist"ence, n. [Pref. in- in + existence: cf. F. inexistence.] Want of being or existence.

In`ex*ist"ent (?), a. [Pref. in- in + existent: cf. F. inexistant.] Not having being; not existing.

In`ex*ist"ent, a. [Pref. in- in + existent.] Inherent; innate; indwelling. Boyle.

In*ex`o*ra*bil"i*ty (?), n. [L. inexorabilitas: cf. F. inexorabilité.] The quality of being inexorable, or unyielding to entreaty. Paley.

In*ex"o*ra*ble (?), a. [L. inexorabilis: cf. F. inexorable. See In- not, and Exorable, Adore.] Not to be persuaded or moved by entreaty or prayer; firm; determined; unyielding; unchangeable; inflexible; relentless; as, an inexorable prince or tyrant; an inexorable judge. "Inexorable equality of laws." Gibbon. "Death's inexorable doom." Dryden.

> You are more inhuman, more inexorable,
> O, ten times more than tigers of Hyrcania.

Shak.

In*ex"o*ra*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being inexorable. Chillingworth.

In*ex"o*ra*bly, adv. In an inexorable manner; inflexibly. "Inexorably firm." Thomson.

In`ex*pan"si*ble (?), a. Incapable of expansion, enlargement, or extension. Tyndall.

In`ex*pect"a*ble (?), a. Not to be expected or anticipated. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In"ex*pect"ant (?), a. Not expectant. C. Bronté.

In*ex`pec*ta"tion (?), n. Absence of expectation. Feltham.

In`ex*pect"ed (?), a. [Pref. in- not + expected: cf. L. inexspectatus.] Unexpected. [Obs.]

In`ex*pect"ed*ly, adv. Unexpectedly. [Obs.]

In`ex*pect"ed*ness, n. Unexpectedness. [Obs.]

{ In`ex*pe"di*ence (?), In`ex*pe"di*en*cy (?), } n. The quality or state of being inexpedient; want of fitness; unsuitableness to the end or object; impropriety; as, the inexpedience of some measures.

> It is not the rigor but the inexpediency of laws and acts of authority which makes them tyrannical.

Paley.

In`ex*pe"di*ent (?), a. Not expedient; not tending to promote a purpose; not tending to the end desired; inadvisable; unfit; improper; unsuitable to time and place; as, what is expedient at one time may be inexpedient at another.

> If it was not unlawful, yet it was highly inexpedient to use those ceremonies.

Bp. Burnet.

Syn. -- Unwise; impolitic; imprudent; indiscreet; unprofitable; inadvisable; disadvantageous.

In`ex*pe"di*ent*ly (?), adv. Not expediently; unfitly.

In`ex*pen"sive (?), a. Not expensive; cheap.

In`ex*pe"ri*ence (?), n. [L. inexperientia, cf. F. inexpérience. See In- not, and Experience.] Absence or want of experience; lack of personal and experimental knowledge; as, the inexperience of youth.

> Failings which are incident to youth and inexperience.

Dryden.

> Prejudice and self-sufficiency naturally proceed from inexperience of the world, and ignorance of mankind.

Addison.

In`ex*pe"ri*enced (?), a. Not having experience; unskilled. "Inexperienced youth." Cowper.

In`ex*pert" (?), a. [L. inexpertus inexperienced: cf. F. inexpert. See In- not, and Expert.]

1. Destitute of experience or of much experience. [Obs.] Milton.

2. Not expert; not skilled; destitute of knowledge or dexterity derived from practice. Akenside.

In`ex*pert"ness, n. Want of expertness or skill.

In*ex"pi*a*ble (?), a. [L. inexpiabilis: cf. F. inexpiable. See In- not, and Expiable.]

1. Admitting of no expiation, atonement, or satisfaction; as, an inexpiable crime or offense. Pomfret.

2. Incapable of being mollified or appeased; relentless; implacable. [Archaic] "Inexpiable hate." Milton.

> They are at inexpiable war with all establishments.

Burke.

In*ex"pi*a*ble*ness, n. Quality of being inexpiable.

In*ex"pi*a*bly, adv. In an inexpiable manner of degree; to a degree that admits of no atonement.

In*ex"pi*ate (?), a. [L. inexpiatus. See In- not, and Expiate.] Not appeased or placated. [Obs.]

> To rest inexpiate were much too rude a part.

Chapman.

In`ex*plain"a*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + explainable; cf. L. inexplanabilis.] Incapable of being explained; inexplicable.

In*ex"ple*a*bly (?), adv. [Cf. L. inexplebilis; pref. in- not + explere to fill up. See Expletion.] Insatiably. [Obs.] Sandys.

In*ex`pli*ca*bil"i*ty, n. [Cf. F. inexplicabilité.] The quality or state of being inexplicable. H. Spencer.

In*ex"pli*ca*ble (?), a. [L. inexplicabilis: cf. F. inexplicable. See In- not, and Explicable.] Not explicable; not explainable; incapable of being explained, interpreted, or accounted for; as, an inexplicable mystery. "An inexplicable scratching." Cowper.

> Their reason is disturbed; their views become vast and perplexed, to others inexplicable, to themselves uncertain.

Burke.

In*ex"pli*ca*ble*ness, n. A state of being inexplicable; inexplicability.

In*ex"pli*ca*bly, adv. In an inexplicable manner.

In`ex*plic"it (?), a. [L. inexplicitus: cf. F. inexplicite. See In- not, and Explicit.] Not explicit; not clearly stated; indefinite; vague.

In`ex*plor"a*ble (?), a. Incapable of being explored, searched out, or discovered. Sir G. Buck.

In`ex*plo"sive (?), a. Not explosive.

In`ex*po"sure (?; 135), n. A state of not being exposed.

In`ex*press"i*ble (?), a. Not capable of expression or utterance in language; ineffable; unspeakable; indescribable; unutterable; as, inexpressible grief or pleasure. "Inexpressible grandeur." Blair.

> In orbs
> Of circuit inexpressible they stood.

Milton.

In`ex*press"i*bles (?), n. pl. Breeches; trousers. [Colloq. or Slang] Ld. Lytton.

In`ex*press"i*bly, adv. In an inexpressible manner or degree; unspeakably; unutterably. Spectator.

In`ex*press"ive (?), a. 1. Inexpressible. [R.]

2. Without expression or meaning; not expressive; dull; unintelligent; as, an inexpressive countenance.

In`ex*press"ive*ness, n. The state or quality of being inexpressive.

In`ex*pug"na*ble (?), a. [L. inexpugnabilis: cf. F. inexpugnable. See In- not, and Expugnable.] Incapable of being subdued by force; impregnable; unconquerable. Burke.

> A fortress, inexpugnable by the arts of war.

Milman.

In`ex*pug"na*bly, adv. So as to be inexpugnable; in an inexpugnable manner. Dr. H. More.

In`ex*su"per*a*ble (?), a. [L. inexsuperabilis; pref. in- not + exsuperabilis that may be surmounted. See In- not, Ex-, and Superable.] Not capable of being passed over; insuperable; insurmountable.

In`ex*tend"ed (?), a. Not extended.

In`ex*ten"si*ble (?), a. Not capable of being extended; not elastic; as, inextensible fibers.

In`ex*ten"sion (?), n. Want of extension; unextended state.

In`ex*ter"mi*na*ble (?), a. [L. inexterminabilis. See In- not, and Exterminate.] Incapable of extermination. Rush.

In`ex*tinct" (?), a. [L. inextinctus, inexstinctus. See Extinct.] Not quenched; not extinct.

In`ex*tin"gui*ble (?), a. [L. inexstinguibilis: cf. F, inextinguible. See Inextinct.] Inextinguishable. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

In`ex*tin"guish*a*ble (?), a. Not capable of being extinguished; extinguishable; unquenchable; as, inextinguishable flame, light, thirst, desire, feuds. "Inextinguishable rage." Milton.

In`ex*tin"guish*a*bly, adv. So as not to be extinguished; in an inextinguishable manner.

In`ex*tir"pa*ble (?), a. [L. inexstirpabilis: cf. F. inextirpable. See In- not, and Extirpate.] Not capable of being extirpated or rooted out; ineradicable.

In*ex"tri*ca*ble (?), a. [L. inextricabilis: cf. F. inextricable. See In- not, and Extricate.]

1. Incapable of being extricated, untied, or disentangled; hopelessly intricate, confused, or obscure; as, an inextricable knot or difficulty; inextricable confusion.

> Lost in the wild, inextricable maze.

Blackmore.

2. Inevitable. [R.] "Fate inextricable." Milton.

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In*ex"tri*ca*ble*ness (?), n. The state of being inextricable.

In*ex"tri*ca*bly, adv. In an inextricable manner.

In*eye" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ineyed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ineyeing.] [Pref. in- in + eye.] To ingraft, as a tree or plant, by the insertion of a bud or eye; to inoculate.

> The arts of grafting and ineying.

J. Philips.

In*fab"ri*ca`ted (?), a. Not fabricated; unwrought; not artificial; natural. [Obs.]

In*fal"li*bil*ist (?), n. One who accepts or maintains the dogma of papal infallibility.

In*fal`li*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. infaillibilité.] The quality or state of being infallible, or exempt from error; inerrability.

> Infallibility is the highest perfection of the knowing faculty.

Tillotson.

Papal infallibility (R. C. Ch.), the dogma that the pope can not, when acting in his official character of supreme pontiff, err in defining a doctrine of Christian faith or rule of morals, to be held by the church. This was decreed by the Ecumenical Council at the Vatican, July 18, 1870.

In*fal"li*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + fallible: cf. F. infallible.]

1. Not fallible; not capable of erring; entirely exempt from liability to mistake; unerring; inerrable. Dryden.

2. Not liable to fail, deceive, or disappoint; indubitable; sure; certain; as, infallible evidence; infallible success; an infallible remedy.

> To whom also he showed himself alive, after his passion, by many infallible proofs.

Acts i. 3.

3. (R. C. Ch.) Incapable of error in defining doctrines touching faith or morals. See Papal infallibility, under Infallibility.

In*fal"li*ble*ness, n. The state or quality of being infallible; infallibility. Bp. Hall.

In*fal"li*bly, adv. In an infallible manner; certainly; unfailingly; unerringly. Blair.

In*fame" (?), v. t. [L. infamare, fr. infamis infamous: cf. F. infamer, It. infamare. See Infamous.] To defame; to make infamous. [Obs.] Milton.

> Livia is infamed for the poisoning of her husband.

Bacon.

In"fa*mize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infamized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Infamizing (?).] To make infamous; to defame. [R.] Coleridge.

In"fa*mous (?), a. [Pref. in- not + famous: cf. L. infamis. See Infamy.]

1. Of very bad report; having a reputation of the worst kind; held in abhorrence; guilty of something that exposes to infamy; base; notoriously vile; detestable; as, an infamous traitor; an infamous perjurer.

> False errant knight, infamous, and forsworn.

Spenser.

2. Causing or producing infamy; deserving detestation; scandalous to the last degree; as, an infamous act; infamous vices; infamous corruption. Macaulay.

3. (Law) Branded with infamy by conviction of a crime; as, at common law, an infamous person can not be a witness.

4. Having a bad name as being the place where an odious crime was committed, or as being associated with something detestable; hence, unlucky; perilous; dangerous. "Infamous woods." P. Fletcher.

> Infamous hills, and sandy perilous wilds.

Milton.

> The piny shade
> More infamous by cursed Lycaon made.

Dryden.

Syn. -- Detestable; odious; scandalous; disgraceful; base; vile; shameful; ignominious.

In"fa*mous*ly, adv. In an infamous manner or degree; scandalously; disgracefully; shamefully.

> The sealed fountain of royal bounty which had been infamously monopolized and huckstered.

Burke.

In"fa*mous*ness, n. The state or quality of being infamous; infamy.

In"fa*my (?), n.; pl. Infamies (#). [L. infamia, fr. infamis infamous; pref. in- not + fama fame: cf. F. infamie. See Fame.]

1. Total loss of reputation; public disgrace; dishonor; ignominy; indignity.

> The afflicted queen would not yield, and said she would not . . . submit to such infamy.

Bp. Burnet.

2. A quality which exposes to disgrace; extreme baseness or vileness; as, the infamy of an action.

3. (Law) That loss of character, or public disgrace, which a convict incurs, and by which he is at common law rendered incompetent as a witness.

In"fan*cy (?), n. [L. infantia: cf. F. enfance. See Infant.]

1. The state or period of being an infant; the first part of life; early childhood.

> The babe yet lies in smiling infancy.

Milton.

> Their love in early infancy began.

Dryden.

2. The first age of anything; the beginning or early period of existence; as, the infancy of an art.

> The infancy and the grandeur of Rome.

Arbuthnot.

3. (Law) The state or condition of one under age, or under the age of twenty-one years; nonage; minority.

In*fan"dous (?), a. [L. infandus; pref. in- not + fari to speak.] Too odious to be expressed or mentioned. [Obs.] Howell.

In*fang"thef (?), n. [AS. in-fangen- þeóf; in in, into + fangen taken (p. p. of fn to take) + þeóf thief.] (O. Eng. Law) The privilege granted to lords of certain manors to judge thieves taken within the seigniory of such lords. Cowell.

In"fant (?), n. [L. infans; pref. in- not + fari to speak: cf. F. enfant, whence OE. enfaunt. See Fame, and cf. Infante, Infanta.] 1. A child in the first period of life, beginning at his birth; a young babe; sometimes, a child several years of age.

> And tender cries of infants pierce the ear.

C. Pitt.

2. (Law) A person who is not of full age, or who has not attained the age of legal capacity; a person under the age of twenty-one years; a minor.

An infant under seven years of age is not penally responsible; between seven and fourteen years of age, he may be convicted of a malicious offense if malice be proved. He becomes of age on the day preceding his twenty-first birthday, previous to which time an infant has no capacity to contract.

3. Same as Infante. [Obs.] Spenser.

In"fant (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to infancy, or the first period of life; tender; not mature; as, infant strength.

2. Intended for young children; as, an infant school.

In"fant, v. t. [Cf. F. enfanter.] To bear or bring forth, as a child; hence, to produce, in general. [Obs.]

> This worthy motto, "No bishop, no king," is . . . infanted out of the same fears.

Milton.

||In*fan"ta (?), n. [Sp. & Pg., fem. of infante. See Infante.] A title borne by every one of the daughters of the kings of Spain and Portugal, except the eldest.

||In*fan"te (?), n. [Sp. & Pg. See Infant.] A title given to every one of sons of the kings of Spain and Portugal, except the eldest or heir apparent.

In"fant*hood (?), n. Infancy. [R.]

In*fan"ti*ci`dal (?), a. Of or pertaining to infanticide; engaged in, or guilty of, child murder.

In*fan"ti*cide (?), n. [L. infanticidium child murder; infans, -antis, child + caedere to kill: cf. F. infanticide. See Infant, and Homicide.] The murder of an infant born alive; the murder or killing of a newly born or young child; child murder.

In*fan"ti*cide, n. [L. infanticida: cf. F. infanticide.] One who commits the crime of infanticide; one who kills an infant.

In"fan*tile (?; 277), a. [L. infantilis: cf. F. infantile. See Infant.] Of or pertaining to infancy, or to an infant; similar to, or characteristic of, an infant; childish; as, infantile behavior.

In"fan*tine (?; 277), a. [Cf. F. enfantin.] Infantile; childish.

> A degree of credulity next infantine.

Burke.

In"fant*like` (?), a. Like an infant. Shak.

In"fant*ly, a. Like an infant. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

In"fan*try (?), n. [F. infanterie, It. infanteria, fr. infante infant, child, boy servant, foot soldier, fr. L. infans, - antis, child; foot soldiers being formerly the servants and followers of knights. See Infant.]

1. A body of children. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

2. (Mil.) A body of soldiers serving on foot; foot soldiers, in distinction from cavalry.

In*farce" (?), v. t. [L. infarcire: pref. in- in + farcire, fartum and farctum, to stuff, cram.] To stuff; to swell. [Obs.]

> The body is infarced with . . . watery humors.

Sir T. Elyot.

In*farc"tion (?), n. [See Infarce.] The act of stuffing or filling; an overloading and obstruction of any organ or vessel of the body; constipation.

In"fare` (?), n. [AS. infær entrance.] A house-warming; especially, a reception, party, or entertainment given by a newly married couple, or by the husband upon receiving the wife to his house. [Written also infair.] [Scot., & Local, U. S.]

In*fash"ion*a*ble, a. Unfashionable. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

In*fat"i*ga*ble (?), a. [L. infatigabilis: cf. F. infatigable.] Indefatigable. [Obs.] Daniel.

In*fat"u*ate (?; 135), a. [L. infatuatus, p. p. of infatuare to infatuate; pref. in- in + fatuus foolish. See Fatuous.] Infatuated. Bp. Hall.

In*fat"u*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infatuated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Infatuating.]

1. To make foolish; to affect with folly; to weaken the intellectual powers of, or to deprive of sound judgment.

> The judgment of God will be very visible in infatuating a people . . . ripe and prepared for destruction.

Clarendon.

2. To inspire with a foolish and extravagant passion; as, to be infatuated with gaming.

> The people are . . . infatuated with the notion.

Addison.

In*fat"u*a`ted (?), a. Overcome by some foolish passion or desire; affected by infatuation.

In*fat`u*a"tion (?), n. [LL. infatuatio: cf. F. infatuation.] The act of infatuating; the state of being infatuated; folly; that which infatuates.

> The infatuations of the sensual and frivolous part of mankind are amazing; but the infatuations of the learned and sophistical are incomparably more so.

I. Taylor.

> Such is the infatuation of self- love.

Blair.

In*faust" (?), a. [L. infaustus; pref. in- not + faustus fortunate, lucky.] Not favorable; unlucky; unpropitious; sinister. [R.] Ld. Lytton.

In*faust"ing (?), n. The act of making unlucky; misfortune; bad luck. [Obs.] Bacon.

In*fea`si*bil"i*ty (?), n. The state of being infeasible; impracticability.

In*fea"si*ble (?), a. Not capable of being done or accomplished; impracticable. Glanvill.

In*fea"si*ble*ness, n. The state of quality of being infeasible; infeasibility. W. Montagu.

In*fect" (?), a. [L. infectus: cf. F. infect. See Infect, v. t.] Infected. Cf. Enfect. [Obs.] Shak.

In*fect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infected; p. pr. & vb. n. Infecting.] [L. infectus, p. p. of inficere to put or dip into, to stain, infect; pref. in- in + facere to make; cf. F. infecter. See Fact.]

1. To taint with morbid matter or any pestilential or noxious substance or effluvium by which disease is produced; as, to infect a lancet; to infect an apartment.

2. To affect with infectious disease; to communicate infection to; as, infected with the plague.

> Them that were left alive being infected with this disease.

Sir T. North.

3. To communicate to or affect with, as qualities or emotions, esp. bad qualities; to corrupt; to contaminate; to taint by the communication of anything noxious or pernicious. Cowper.

> Infected Ston's daughters with like heat.

Milton.

4. (Law) To contaminate with illegality or to expose to penalty.

Syn. -- To poison; vitiate; pollute; defile.

In*fect"er (?), n. One who, or that which, infects.

In*fect"i*ble (?), a. Capable of being infected.

In*fec"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. infection, L. infectio a dyeing.]

1. The act or process of infecting.

> There was a strict order against coming to those pits, and that was only to prevent infection.

De Foe.

2. That which infects, or causes the communicated disease; any effluvium, miasm, or pestilential matter by which an infectious disease is caused.

> And that which was still worse, they that did thus break out spread the infection further by their wandering about with the distemper upon them.

De Foe.

3. The state of being infected; contamination by morbific particles; the result of infecting influence; a prevailing disease; epidemic.

> The danger was really very great, the infection being so very violent in London.

De Foe.

4. That which taints or corrupts morally; as, the infection of vicious principles.

> It was her chance to light
> Amidst the gross infections of those times.

Daniel.

5. (Law) Contamination by illegality, as in cases of contraband goods; implication.

6. Sympathetic communication of like qualities or emotions; influence.

> Through all her train the soft infection ran.

Pope.

> Mankind are gay or serious by infection.

Rambler.

Syn. -- Infection, Contagion. -- Infection is often used in a definite and limited sense of the transmission of affections without direct contact of individuals or immediate application or introduction of the morbific agent, in contradistinction to contagion, which then implies transmission by direct contact. Quain. See Contagious.

In*fec"tious (?), a. [Cf. F. infectieux.]

1. Having qualities that may infect; communicable or caused by infection; pestilential; epidemic; as, an infectious fever; infectious clothing; infectious air; infectious vices.

> Where the infectious pestilence.

Shak.

2. Corrupting, or tending to corrupt or contaminate; vitiating; demoralizing.

> It [the court] is necessary for the polishing of manners . . . but it is infectious even to the best morals to live always in it.

Dryden.

3. (Law) Contaminating with illegality; exposing to seizure and forfeiture.

> Contraband articles are said to be of an infectious nature.

Kent.

4. Capable of being easily diffused or spread; sympathetic; readily communicated; as, infectious mirth.

> The laughter was so genuine as to be infectious.

W. Black.

Syn. -- See Contagious.

In*fec"tious*ly, adv. In an infectious manner. Shak.

In*fec"tious*ness, n. The quality of being infectious.

In*fect"ive (?), a. [L. infectivus pertaining to dyeing.] Infectious. Beau. & Fl.

> True love . . . hath an infective power.

Sir P. Sidney.

In*fec"und (?), a. [L. infecundus: cf. F. infécond. See In- not, and Fecund.] Unfruitful; not producing young; barren; infertile. [Obs.] Evelyn.

In`fe*cun"di*ty (?), n. [L. infecunditas: cf. F. infécondité.] Want of fecundity or fruitfulness; barrenness; sterility; unproductiveness.

In`fe*cun"dous (?), a. [See Infecund.] Infertile; barren; unprofitable; unproductive. [Obs.] Glanvill.

In*fee"ble (?), v. t. See Enfeeble.

In`fe*lic"i*tous (?), a. Not felicitous; unhappy; unfortunate; not fortunate or appropriate in application; not well said, expressed, or done; as, an infelicitous condition; an infelicitous remark; an infelicitous description; infelicitous words.

In`fe*lic"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Infelicities (#). [L. infelicitas: cf. F. infélicité. See In- not, and Felicity.]

1. The state or quality of being infelicitous; unhappiness; misery; wretchedness; misfortune; want of suitableness or appropriateness. I. Watts.

> Whatever is the ignorance and infelicity of the present state, we were made wise and happy.

Glanvill.

2. That (as an act, word, expression, etc.) which is infelicitous; as, infelicities of speech.

In`fe*lo"ni*ous (?), a. Not felonious, malignant, or criminal. G. Eliot.

In"felt` (?), a. [Pref. in- in + felt.] Felt inwardly; heartfelt. [R.]

> The baron stood afar off, or knelt in submissive, acknowledged, infelt inferiority.

Milman.

In`feo*da"tion (?), n. (Law) See Infeudation.

In*feoff" (?), v. t. (Law) See Enfeoff.

In*feoff"ment (?), n. (Law) See Enfeoffment.

In*fer" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inferred (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inferring.] [L. inferre to bring into, bring forward, occasion, infer; pref. in- in + ferre to carry, bring: cf. F. inférer. See 1 st Bear.]

1. To bring on; to induce; to occasion. [Obs.] Harvey.

2. To offer, as violence. [Obs.] Spenser.

3. To bring forward, or employ as an argument; to adduce; to allege; to offer. [Obs.]

> Full well hath Clifford played the orator,
> Inferring arguments of mighty force.

Shak.

4. To derive by deduction or by induction; to conclude or surmise from facts or premises; to accept or derive, as a consequence, conclusion, or probability; to imply; as, I inferred his determination from his silence.

> To infer is nothing but by virtue of one proposition laid down as true, to draw in another as true.

Locke.

> Such opportunities always infer obligations.

Atterbury.

5. To show; to manifest; to prove. [Obs.]

> The first part is not the proof of the second, but rather contrariwise, the second inferreth well the first.

Sir T. More.

> This doth infer the zeal I had to see him.

Shak.

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In*fer"a*ble (n*fr"*b'l or n*fr"-; 277), a. Capable of being inferred or deduced from premises. [Written also inferrible.] H. Spencer.

> A sufficient argument . . . is inferable from these premises.

Burke.

In"fer*ence (?), n. [From Infer.]

1. The act or process of inferring by deduction or induction.

> Though it may chance to be right in the conclusions, it is yet unjust and mistaken in the method of inference.

Glanvill.

2. That which inferred; a truth or proposition drawn from another which is admitted or supposed to be true; a conclusion; a deduction. Milton.

> These inferences, or conclusions, are the effects of reasoning, and the three propositions, taken all together, are called syllogism, or argument.

I. Watts.

Syn. -- Conclusion; deduction; consequence. -- Inference, Conclusion. An inference is literally that which is brought in; and hence, a deduction or induction from premises, -- something which follows as certainly or probably true. A conclusion is stronger than an inference; it shuts us up to the result, and terminates inquiry. We infer what is particular or probable; we conclude what is certain. In a chain of reasoning we have many inferences, which lead to the ultimate conclusion. "An inference is a proposition which is perceived to be true, because of its connection with some known fact." "When something is simply affirmed to be true, it is called a proposition; after it has been found to be true by several reasons or arguments, it is called a conclusion." I. Taylor.

In`fer*en"tial (?), a. Deduced or deducible by inference. "Inferential proofs." J. S. Mill.

In`fer*en"tial*ly, adv. By way of inference.

||In*fe"ri*æ (?), n. pl. [L., fr. inferus underneath.] (Rom. Antiq.) Sacrifices offered to the souls of deceased heroes or friends.

In*fe"ri*or (?), a. [L., compar. of inferus that is below, underneath, the lower; akin to E. under: cf. F. inférieur. See Under.]

1. Lower in place, rank, excellence, etc.; less important or valuable; subordinate; underneath; beneath.

> A thousand inferior and particular propositions.

I. Watts.

> The body, or, as some love to call it, our inferior nature.

Burke.

> Whether they are equal or inferior to my other poems, an author is the most improper judge.

Dryden.

2. Poor or mediocre; as, an inferior quality of goods.

3. (Astron.) (a) Nearer the sun than the earth is; as, the inferior or interior planets; an inferior conjunction of Mercury or Venus. (b) Below the horizon; as, the inferior part of a meridian.

4. (Bot.) (a) Situated below some other organ; -- said of a calyx when free from the ovary, and therefore below it, or of an ovary with an adherent and therefore inferior calyx. (b) On the side of a flower which is next the bract; anterior.

5. (Min.) Junior or subordinate in rank; as, an inferior officer.

Inferior court (Law), a court subject to the jurisdiction of another court known as the superior, or higher, court. -- Inferior letter, Inferior figure (Print.), a small letter or figure standing at the bottom of the line (opposed to superior letter or figure), as in A2, Bn, 2 and n are inferior characters. -- Inferior tide, the tide corresponding to the moon's transit of the meridian, when below the horizon.

In*fe"ri*or, n. A person lower in station, rank, intellect, etc., than another.

> A great person gets more by obliging his inferior than by disdaining him.

South.

In*fe`ri*or"i*ty (?), [Cf. F. infériorité.] The state of being inferior; a lower state or condition; as, inferiority of rank, of talents, of age, of worth.

> A deep sense of our own great inferiority.

Boyle.

In*fe"ri*or*ly (?), adv. In an inferior manner, or on the inferior part.

In*fer"nal (?), a. [F. infernal, L. infernalis, fr. infernus that which lies beneath, the lower. See Inferior.]

1. Of or pertaining to or suitable for the lower regions, inhabited, according to the ancients, by the dead; pertaining to Pluto's realm of the dead, the Tartarus of the ancients.

> The Elysian fields, the infernal monarchy.

Garth.

2. Of or pertaining to, resembling, or inhabiting, hell; suitable for hell, or to the character of the inhabitants of hell; hellish; diabolical; as, infernal spirits, or conduct.

> The instruments or abettors in such infernal dealings.

Addison.

Infernal machine, a machine or apparatus maliciously designed to explode, and destroy life or property. - - Infernal stone (lapis infernalis), lunar caustic; formerly so called. The name was also applied to caustic potash.

Syn. -- Tartarean; Stygian; hellish; devilish; diabolical; satanic; fiendish; malicious.

In*fer"nal, n. An inhabitant of the infernal regions; also, the place itself. [Obs.] Drayton.

In*fer"nal*ly, adv. In an infernal manner; diabolically. "Infernally false." Bp. Hacket.

In`fe*ro*bran"chi*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Inferobranchiata.

In`fe*ro*bran`chi*a"ta (?), n. pl. [NL. See Inferobranchiate.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of marine gastropod mollusks, in which the gills are between the foot and the mantle.

In`fe*ro*bran"chi*ate (?), a. [L. inferus lower + E. branchiate.] (Zoöl.) Having the gills on the sides of the body, under the margin of the mantle; belonging to the Inferobranchiata.

In*fer"ri*ble (?), a. Inferable.

In*fer"tile (?), a. [L. infertilis: cf. F. infertile. See In- not, and Fertile.] Not fertile; not productive; barren; sterile; as, an infertile soil.

In*fer"tile*ly, adv. In an infertile manner.

In`fer*til"i*ty (?), n. [L. infertilitas: cf. F. infertilité.] The state or quality of being infertile; unproductiveness; barrenness.

> The infertility or noxiousness of the soil.

Sir M. Hale.

In*fest" (?), a. [L. infestus. See Infest, v. t.] Mischievous; hurtful; harassing. [Obs.] Spenser.

In*fest", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infested; p. pr. & vb. n. Infesting.] [L. infestare, fr. infestus disturbed, hostile, troublesome; in in, against + the root of defendere: cf. F. infester. See Defend.] To trouble greatly by numbers or by frequency of presence; to disturb; to annoy; to frequent and molest or harass; as, fleas infest dogs and cats; a sea infested with pirates.

> To poison vermin that infest his plants.

Cowper.

> These, said the genius, are envy, avarice, superstition, love, with the like cares and passions that infest human life.

Addison.

> And the cares, that infest the day,
> Shall fold their tents, like the Arabs,
> And as silently steal away.

Longfellow.

In`fes*ta"tion (?), n. [L. infestatio: cf. F. infestation.] The act of infesting or state of being infested; molestation; vexation; annoyance. Bacon.

> Free from the infestation of enemies.

Donne.

In*fest"er (?), n. One who, or that which, infests.

In*fest"ive (?), a. [L. infestivus. See In- not, and Festive.] Having no mirth; not festive or merry; dull; cheerless; gloomy; forlorn. [R.]

In`fes*tiv"i*ty (?), n. Want of festivity, cheerfulness, or mirth; dullness; cheerlessness. [R.]

In*fes"tu*ous (?; 135), a. [L. infestus. See Infest, a.] Mischievous; harmful; dangerous. [Obs.] "Infestuous as serpents." Bacon.

In`feu*da"tion (?), n. [LL. infeudatio, fr. infeudare to enfeoff: cf. F. inféodation. See Feud a fief.]

1. (Law) The act of putting one in possession of an estate in fee. Sir M. Hale.

2. The granting of tithes to laymen. Blackstone.

In*fib`u*la"tion (?), n. [L. infibulare, infibulatum, to clasp, buckle, or button together; pref. in- in + fibula clasp, buckle: cf. F. infibulation.]

1. The act of clasping, or fastening, as with a buckle or padlock.

2. The act of attaching a ring, clasp, or frame, to the genital organs in such a manner as to prevent copulation.

In"fi*del (?), a. [L. infidelis; pref. in- not + fidelis faithful, fr. fides faith: cf. F. infidèle. See Fidelity.] Not holding the faith; -- applied esp. to one who does not believe in the inspiration of the Scriptures, and the supernatural origin of Christianity.

> The infidel writer is a great enemy to society.

V. Knox.

In"fi*del, n. One who does not believe in the prevailing religious faith; especially, one who does not believe in the divine origin and authority of Christianity; a Mohammedan; a heathen; a freethinker.

Infidel is used by English writers to translate the equivalent word used Mohammedans in speaking of Christians and other disbelievers in Mohammedanism.

Syn. -- Infidel, Unbeliever, Freethinker, Deist, Atheist, Sceptic, Agnostic. An infidel, in common usage, is one who denies Christianity and the truth of the Scriptures. Some have endeavored to widen the sense of infidel so as to embrace atheism and every form of unbelief; but this use does not generally prevail. A freethinker is now only another name for an infidel. An unbeliever is not necessarily a disbeliever or infidel, because he may still be inquiring after evidence to satisfy his mind; the word, however, is more commonly used in the extreme sense. A deist believes in one God and a divine providence, but rejects revelation. An atheist denies the being of God. A sceptic is one whose faith in the credibility of evidence is weakened or destroyed, so that religion, to the same extent, has no practical hold on his mind. An agnostic remains in a state of suspended judgment, neither affirming nor denying the existence of a personal Deity.

In`fi*del"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Infidelities (&?;). [L. infidelitas: cf. F. infidélité.]

1. Want of faith or belief in some religious system; especially, a want of faith in, or disbelief of, the inspiration of the Scriptures, of the divine origin of Christianity.

> There is, indeed, no doubt but that vanity is one of the principal causes of infidelity.

V. Knox.

2. Unfaithfulness to the marriage vow or contract; violation of the marriage covenant by adultery.

3. Breach of trust; unfaithfulness to a charge, or to moral obligation; treachery; deceit; as, the infidelity of a servant. "The infidelity of friends." Sir W. Temple.

In*field" (?), v. t. To inclose, as a field. [R.]

In"field` (?), n. 1. Arable and manured land kept continually under crop; -- distinguished from outfield. [Scotland] Jamieson.

2. (Baseball) The diamond; -- opposed to outfield. See Diamond, n., 5.

In*file" (?), v. t. To arrange in a file or rank; to place in order. [Obs.] Holland.

In*film" (?), v. t. To cover with a film; to coat thinly; as, to infilm one metal with another in the process of gilding; to infilm the glass of a mirror. [R.]

In*fil"ter (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Infiltered; p. pr. & vb. n. Infiltering.] [Cf. Infiltrate.] To filter or sift in.

In*fil"trate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Infiltrated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Infiltrating (?).] [Pref. in- + filtrate: cf. F, s'infiltrer. Cf. Infilter.] To enter by penetrating the pores or interstices of a substance; to filter into or through something.

> The water infiltrates through the porous rock.

Addison.

In*fil"trate, v. t. To penetrate gradually; -- sometimes used reflexively. J. S. Mill.

In`fil*tra"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. infiltration.]

1. The act or process of infiltrating, as of water into a porous substance, or of a fluid into the cells of an organ or part of the body.

2. The substance which has entered the pores or cavities of a body. Addison.

> Calcareous infiltrations filling the cavities.

Kirwan.

Fatty infiltration. (Med.) See under Fatty. -- Infiltration gallery, a filter gallery.

In*fil"tra*tive (?), a. Of or pertaining to infiltration. Kane.

In"fi*nite (?), a. [L. infinitus: cf. F. infini. See In- not, and Finite.]

1. Unlimited or boundless, in time or space; as, infinite duration or distance.

> Whatever is finite, as finite, will admit of no comparative relation with infinity; for whatever is less than infinite is still infinitely distant from infinity; and lower than infinite distance the lowest or least can not sink.

H. Brooke.

2. Without limit in power, capacity, knowledge, or excellence; boundless; immeasurably or inconceivably great; perfect; as, the infinite wisdom and goodness of God; - - opposed to finite.

> Great is our Lord, and of great power; his understanding is infinite.

Ps. cxlvii. 5.

> O God, how infinite thou art!

I. Watts.

3. Indefinitely large or extensive; great; vast; immense; gigantic; prodigious.

> Infinite riches in a little room.

Marlowe.

> Which infinite calamity shall cause
> To human life.

Milton.

4. (Math.) Greater than any assignable quantity of the same kind; -- said of certain quantities.

5. (Mus.) Capable of endless repetition; -- said of certain forms of the canon, called also perpetual fugues, so constructed that their ends lead to their beginnings, and the performance may be incessantly repeated. Moore (Encyc. of Music).

Syn. -- Boundless; immeasurable; illimitable; interminable; limitless; unlimited; endless; eternal.

In"fi*nite, n. 1. That which is infinite; boundless space or duration; infinity; boundlessness.

> Not till the weight is heaved from off the air, and the thunders roll down the horizon, will the serene light of God flow upon us, and the blue infinite embrace us again.

J. Martineau.

2. (Math.) An infinite quantity or magnitude.

3. An infinity; an incalculable or very great number.

> Glittering chains, embroidered richly o'er
> With infinite of pearls and finest gold.

Fanshawe.

4. The Infinite Being; God; the Almighty.

In"fi*nite*ly, adv. 1. Without bounds or limits; beyond or below assignable limits; as, an infinitely large or infinitely small quantity.

2. Very; exceedingly; vastly; highly; extremely. "Infinitely pleased." Dryden.

In"fi*nite*ness, n. The state or quality of being infinite; infinity; greatness; immensity. Jer. Taylor.

In`fin*i*tes"i*mal (?), a. [Cf. F. infinitésimal, fr. infinitésime infinitely small, fr. L. infinitus. See Infinite, a.] Infinitely or indefinitely small; less than any assignable quantity or value; very small.

Infinitesimal calculus, the different and the integral calculus, when developed according to the method used by Leibnitz, who regarded the increments given to variables as infinitesimal.

In`fin*i*tes"i*mal, n. (Math.) An infinitely small quantity; that which is less than any assignable quantity.

In`fin*i*tes"i*mal*ly, adv. By infinitesimals; in infinitely small quantities; in an infinitesimal degree.

In*fin`i*ti"val (?), a. Pertaining to the infinite mood. "Infinitival stems." Fitzed. Hall.

In*fin"i*tive (?), n. [L. infinitivus: cf. F. infinitif. See Infinite.] Unlimited; not bounded or restricted; undefined.

Infinitive mood (Gram.), that form of the verb which merely names the action, and performs the office of a verbal noun. Some grammarians make two forms in English: (a) The simple form, as, speak, go, hear, before which to is commonly placed, as, to speak; to go; to hear. (b) The form of the imperfect participle, called the infinitive in -ing; as, going is as easy as standing.

With the auxiliary verbs may, can, must, might, could, would, and should, the simple infinitive is expressed without to; as, you may speak; they must hear, etc. The infinitive usually omits to with the verbs let, dare, do, bid, make, see, hear, need, etc.; as, let me go; you dare not tell; make him work; hear him talk, etc.

In Anglo-Saxon, the simple infinitive was not preceded by to (the sign of modern simple infinitive), but it had a dative form (sometimes called the gerundial infinitive) which was preceded by to, and was chiefly employed in expressing purpose. See Gerund, 2.

The gerundial ending (-anne) not only took the same form as the simple infinitive (-an), but it was confounded with the present participle in -ende, or -inde (later - inge).

In*fin"i*tive, n. (Gram.) An infinitive form of the verb; a verb in the infinitive mood; the infinitive mood.

In*fin"i*tive, adv. (Gram.) In the manner of an infinitive mood.

||In`fi*ni"to (?), a. [It.] (Mus.) Infinite; perpetual, as a canon whose end leads back to the beginning. See Infinite, a., 5.

In*fin"i*tude (?), n. 1. The quality or state of being infinite, or without limits; infiniteness.

2. Infinite extent; unlimited space; immensity; infinity. "I am who fill infinitude." Milton.

> As pleasing to the fancy, as speculations of eternity or infinitude are to the understanding.

Addison.

3. Boundless number; countless multitude. "An infinitude of distinctions." Addison.

In*fin"i*tu`ple (?), a. [Cf. Quadruple.] Multiplied an infinite number of times. [R.] Wollaston.

In*fin"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Infinities (#). [L. infinitas; pref. in- not + finis boundary, limit, end: cf. F. infinité. See Finite.]

1. Unlimited extent of time, space, or quantity; eternity; boundlessness; immensity. Sir T. More.

> There can not be more infinities than one; for one of them would limit the other.

Sir W. Raleigh.

2. Unlimited capacity, energy, excellence, or knowledge; as, the infinity of God and his perfections. Hooker.

3. Endless or indefinite number; great multitude; as an infinity of beauties. Broome.

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4. (Math.) A quantity greater than any assignable quantity of the same kind.

Mathematically considered, infinity is always a limit of a variable quantity, resulting from a particular supposition made upon the varying element which enters it. Davies & Peck (Math. Dict.).

5. (Geom.) That part of a line, or of a plane, or of space, which is infinitely distant. In modern geometry, parallel lines or planes are sometimes treated as lines or planes meeting at infinity.

Circle at infinity, an imaginary circle at infinity, through which, in geometry of three dimensions, every sphere is imagined to pass. -- Circular points at infinity. See under Circular.

In*firm" (n*frm"), a. [L. infirmus: cf. F. infirme. See In- not, and Firm, a.] 1. Not firm or sound; weak; feeble; as, an infirm body; an infirm constitution.

> A poor, infirm, weak, and despised old man.

Shak.

2. Weak of mind or will; irresolute; vacillating. "An infirm judgment." Burke.

> Infirm of purpose!

Shak.

3. Not solid or stable; insecure; precarious.

> He who fixes on false principles treads or infirm ground.

South.

Syn. -- Debilitated; sickly; feeble; decrepit; weak; enfeebled; irresolute; vacillating; imbecile.

In*firm", v. t. [L. infirmare : cf. F. infirmer.] To weaken; to enfeeble. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

In`fir*ma"ri*an (n`fr*m"r*an), n. A person dwelling in, or having charge of, an infirmary, esp. in a monastic institution.

In*firm"a*ry (n*frm"*r), n.; pl. Infirmaries (- rz). [Cf. OE. fermerie, OF. enfermerie, F. infirmerie, LL. infirmaria. See Infirm.] A hospital, or place where the infirm or sick are lodged and nursed gratuitously, or where out-patients are treated.

In*firm"a*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. infirmatif.] Weakening; annulling, or tending to make void. [Obs.]

In*firm"a*to*ry (?), n. An infirmary. [Obs.]

In*firm"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Infirmities (#). [L. infirmitas : cf. F. infirmite. See Infirm, a.] 1. The state of being infirm; feebleness; an imperfection or weakness; esp., an unsound, unhealthy, or debilitated state; a disease; a malady; as, infirmity of body or mind.

> 'T is the infirmity of his age.

Shak.

2. A personal frailty or failing; foible; eccentricity; a weakness or defect.

> Will you be cured of your infirmity ?

Shak.

> A friend should bear his friend's infirmities.

Shak.

> The house has also its infirmities.

Evelyn.

Syn. -- Debility; imbecility; weakness; feebleness; failing; foible; defect; disease; malady. See Debility.

In*firm"ly, adv. In an infirm manner.

In*firm"ness, n. Infirmity; feebleness. Boyle.

In*fix" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infixed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Infixing.] [L. infixus, p. p of infigere to infix; pref. in- in + figere to fix: cf. F. infixer. See Fix.] 1. To set; to fasten or fix by piercing or thrusting in; as, to infix a sting, spear, or dart. Shak.

> The fatal dart a ready passage found,
> And deep within her heart infixed the wound.

Dryden.

2. To implant or fix; to instill; to inculcate, as principles, thoughts, or instructions; as, to infix good principles in the mind, or ideas in the memory.

In"fix (?), n. Something infixed. [R.] Welsford.

In*flame" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inflamed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inflaming.] [OE. enflamen, OF. enflamer, F. enflammer, L. inflammare, inflammatum; pref. in- in + flammare to flame, fr. flamma flame. See Flame.] 1. To set on fire; to kindle; to cause to burn, flame, or glow.

> We should have made retreat
> By light of the inflamed fleet.

Chapman.

2. Fig.: To kindle or intensify, as passion or appetite; to excite to an excessive or unnatural action or heat; as, to inflame desire.

> Though more, it seems,
> Inflamed with lust than rage.

Milton.

> But, O inflame and fire our hearts.

Dryden.

3. To provoke to anger or rage; to exasperate; to irritate; to incense; to enrage.

> It will inflame you; it will make you mad.

Shak.

4. (Med.) To put in a state of inflammation; to produce morbid heat, congestion, or swelling, of; as, to inflame the eyes by overwork.

5. To exaggerate; to enlarge upon. [Obs.]

> A friend exaggerates a man's virtues, an enemy inflames his crimes.

Addison.

Syn. -- To provoke; fire; kindle; irritate; exasperate; incense; enrage; anger; excite; arouse.

In*flame", v. i. To grow morbidly hot, congested, or painful; to become angry or incensed. Wiseman.

In*flamed" (?), p. a. 1. Set on fire; enkindled; heated; congested; provoked; exasperated.

2. (Her.) Represented as burning, or as adorned with tongues of flame.

In*flam"er (?n-flm\'b6?r), n. The person or thing that inflames. Addison.

In*flam"ma*bil"l*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. inflammabilite.] Susceptibility of taking fire readily; the state or quality of being inflammable.

In*flam"ma*ble (?), a. [CF. F. inflammable.] 1. Capable of being easily set fire; easily enkindled; combustible; as, inflammable oils or spirits.

2. Excitable; irritable; irascible; easily provoked; as, an inflammable temper.

Inflammable air, the old chemical name for hydrogen.

In*flam"ma*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being inflammable; inflammability. Boyle.

In*flam"ma*bly (n*flm"m*bl), adv. In an inflammable manner.

In*flam*ma"tion (n*flm*m"shn), n. [L. inflammatio: cf. F. inflammation. See Inflame.] 1. The act of inflaming, kindling, or setting on fire; also, the state of being inflamed. "The inflammation of fat." Wilkins.

2. (Med.) A morbid condition of any part of the body, consisting in congestion of the blood vessels, with obstruction of the blood current, and growth of morbid tissue. It is manifested outwardly by redness and swelling, attended with heat and pain.

3. Violent excitement; heat; passion; animosity; turbulence; as, an inflammation of the mind, of the body politic, or of parties. Hooker.

In*flam"ma*tive (?), a. Inflammatory.

In*flam"ma*to*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. inflammatoire.] 1. Tending to inflame, kindle, or irritate.

2. Tending to excite anger, animosity, tumult, or sedition; seditious; as, inflammatory libels, writings, speeches, or publications. Burke.

3. (Med.) Accompanied with, or tending to cause, preternatural heat and excitement of arterial action; as, an inflammatory disease.

Inflammatory crust. (Med.) Same as Buffy coat, under Buffy. -- Inflammatory fever, a variety of fever due to inflammation.

In*flat"a*ble (?), a. That may be inflated.

In*flate" (?), p. a. [L. inflatus, p. p. of inflare to inflate; pref. in- in + flare to blow. See Blow to puff wind.] Blown in; inflated. Chaucer.

In*flate", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inflated; p. pr. & vb. n. Inflating.] 1. To swell or distend with air or gas; to dilate; to expand; to enlarge; as, to inflate a bladder; to inflate the lungs.

> When passion's tumults in the bosom rise,
> Inflate the features, and enrage the eyes.

J. Scott of Amwell.

2. Fig.: To swell; to puff up; to elate; as, to inflate one with pride or vanity.

> Inflate themselves with some insane delight.

Tennyson.

3. To cause to become unduly expanded or increased; as, to inflate the currency.

In*flate", v. i. To expand; to fill; to distend.

In*flat"ed (?), a. 1. Filled, as with air or gas; blown up; distended; as, a balloon inflated with gas.

2. Turgid; swelling; puffed up; bombastic; pompous; as, an inflated style.

> Inflated and astrut with self- conceit.

Cowper.

3. (Bot.) Hollow and distended, as a perianth, corolla, nectary, or pericarp. Martyn.

4. Distended or enlarged fictitiously; as, inflated prices, etc.

In*flat"er (?), n. One who, or that which, inflates; as, the inflaters of the stock exchange.

In*flat"ing*ly, adv. In a manner tending to inflate.

In*fla"tion (?), n. [L. inflatio: cf. F. inflation.] 1. The act or process of inflating, or the state of being inflated, as with air or gas; distention; expansion; enlargement. Boyle.

2. The state of being puffed up, as with pride; conceit; vanity. B. Jonson.

3. Undue expansion or increase, from overissue; -- said of currency. [U.S.]

In*fla"tion*ist, n. One who favors an increased or very large issue of paper money. [U.S.]

||In*fla"tus (?), n. [L. See Inflate, v. t.] A blowing or breathing into; inflation; inspiration.

> The divine breath that blows the nostrils out
> To ineffable inflatus.

Mrs. Browning.

In*flect" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inflected; p. pr. & vb. n. Inflecting.] [L. inflectere, inflexum; pref. in- in + flectere to bend. See Flexible, and cf. Inflex.] 1. To turn from a direct line or course; to bend; to incline, to deflect; to curve; to bow.

> Are they [the rays of the sun] not reflected, refracted, and inflected by one and the same principle ?

Sir I. Newton.

2. (Gram.) To vary, as a noun or a verb in its terminations; to decline, as a noun or adjective, or to conjugate, as a verb.

3. To modulate, as the voice.

In*flect"ed, a. 1. Bent; turned; deflected.

2. (Gram.) Having inflections; capable of, or subject to, inflection; inflective.

Inflected cycloid (Geom.), a prolate cycloid. See Cycloid.

In*flec"tion (?), n. [L. inflexio : cf. F. inflexion. See Inflect.] [Written also inflecxion.] 1. The act of inflecting, or the state of being inflected.

2. A bend; a fold; a curve; a turn; a twist.

3. A slide, modulation, or accent of the voice; as, the rising and the falling inflection.

4. (Gram.) The variation or change which words undergo to mark case, gender, number, comparison, tense, person, mood, voice, etc.

5. (Mus.) (a) Any change or modification in the pitch or tone of the voice. (b) A departure from the monotone, or reciting note, in chanting.

6. (Opt.) Same as Diffraction.

Point of inflection (Geom.), the point on opposite sides of which a curve bends in contrary ways.

In*flec"tion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to inflection; having, or characterized by, inflection. Max Müller.

In*flect"ive (?), a. 1. Capable of, or pertaining to, inflection; deflecting; as, the inflective quality of the air. Derham.

2. (Gram.) Inflectional; characterized by variation, or change in form, to mark case, tense, etc.; subject to inflection.

Inflective language (Philol.), a language like the Greek or Latin, consisting largely of stems with variable terminations or suffixes which were once independent words. English is both agglutinative, as, manlike, headache, and inflective, as, he, his, him. Cf. Agglutinative.

In*flesh" (?), v. t. To incarnate.

In*flex" (?), v. t. [Cf. Flex, Inflect.] To bend; to cause to become curved; to make crooked; to deflect. J. Philips.

In*flexed" (?), a. 1. Turned; bent. Feltham.

2. (Bot.) Bent or turned abruptly inwards, or toward the axis, as the petals of a flower.

In*flex"i*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. inflexibilité.] The quality or state of being inflexible, or not capable of being bent or changed; unyielding stiffness; inflexibleness; rigidity; firmness of will or purpose; unbending pertinacity; steadfastness; resoluteness; unchangeableness; obstinacy.

> The inflexibility of mechanism.

A. Baxter.

> That grave inflexibility of soul.

Churchill.

> The purity and inflexibility of their faith.

T. Warton.

In*flex"i*ble (?), a. [L. inflexiblis: cf. F. inflexible. See In- not, and Flexible.] 1. Not capable of being bent; stiff; rigid; firm; unyielding.

2. Firm in will or purpose; not to be turned, changed, or altered; resolute; determined; unyieding; inexorable; stubborn.

> "Inflexibleas steel."

Miltom.

> A man of upright and inflexible temper . . . can overcome all private fear.

Addison.

3. Incapable of change; unalterable; immutable.

> The nature of things is inflexible.

I. Watts.

Syn. -- -- Unbending; unyielding; rigid; inexorable; pertinacious; obstinate; stubborn; unrelenting.

In*flex"i*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being inflexible; inflexibility; rigidity; firmness.

In*flex"i*bly, adv. In an inflexible manner.

In*flex"ion (?), n. Inflection.

In*flex"ive (?), a. 1. Inflective.

> "Inflexive endings."

W. E. Jelf.

2. Inflexible. [R.] "Foes inflexive." Chapman.

In*flex"ure (?), n. An inflection; a bend or fold. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

In*flict" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inflicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Inflicting.] [L. inflictus, p. p. of infligere to strike on, to inflict; pref. in- in, on + fligere to strike. Cf. Flail.] To give, cause, or produce by striking, or as if by striking; to apply forcibly; to lay or impose; to send; to cause to bear, feel, or suffer; as, to inflict blows; to inflict a wound with a dagger; to inflict severe pain by ingratitude; to inflict punishment on an offender; to inflict the penalty of death on a criminal.

> What heart could wish, what hand inflict, this dire disgrace?

Drygen.

> The persecution and the pain
> That man inflicts on all inferior kinds.

Cowper.

In*flict"er (?), n. One who inflicts.

> God is the sole and immediate inflicter of such strokes.

South.

In*flic"tion (?), n. [L. inflictio: cf. F. infliction.] 1. The act of inflicting or imposing; as, the infliction of torment, or of punishment.

2. That which is inflicted or imposed, as punishment, disgrace, calamity, etc.

> His severest inflictions are in themselves acts of justice and righteousness.

Rogers.

In*flict"ive (?), a. [Cf. F. inflictif.] Causing infliction; acting as an infliction. Whitehead.

In`flo*res"cence (?), n. [L. inflorescens, p. pr. of inflorescere to begin to blossom; pref. in- in + florescere to begin to blossom: cf. F. inflorescence. See Florescent.] 1. A flowering; the putting forth and unfolding of blossoms.

2. (Bot.) (a) The mode of flowering, or the general arrangement and disposition of the flowers with reference to the axis, and to each other. (b) An axis on which all the buds are flower buds.

> Inflorescence affords an excellent characteristic mark in distinguishing the species of plants.

Milne.

Centrifugal inflorescence, determinate inflorescence. -- Centripetal inflorescence, indeterminate inflorescence. See under Determinate, and Indeterminate.

In*flow" (?), v. i. To flow in. Wiseman.

In"flu*ence (n"fl*ens), n. [F. influence, fr. L. influens, -entis, p. pr. See Influent, and cf. Influenza.] 1. A flowing in or upon; influx. [Obs.]

> God hath his influence into the very essence of all things.

Hooker.

2. Hence, in general, the bringing about of an effect, physical or moral, by a gradual process; controlling power quietly exerted; agency, force, or tendency of any kind which affects, modifies, or sways; as, the influence which the sun exerts on animal and vegetable life; the influence of education on the mind; the influence, according to astrologers, of the stars over affairs.

> Astrologers call the evil influences of the stars, evil aspects.

Bacon.

> Canst thou bind the sweet influences of Pleiades, or loose the bands of Orion?

Job xxxviii. 31.

> She said : "Ah, dearest lord! what evil star
> On you hath frown'd, and poured, his influence bad?"

Spenser.

3. Power or authority arising from elevated station, excelence of character or intellect, wealth, etc.; reputation; acknowledged ascendency; as, he is a man of influence in the community.

> Such influence hath your excellency.

Sir P. Sidney.

4. (Elec.) Induction.

Syn. -- Control; persuasion; ascendency; sway; power; authority; supremacy; mastery; management; restraint; character; reputation; prestige.

In"flu*ence, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Influenced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Influencing (?).] To control or move by power, physical or moral; to affect by gentle action; to exert an influence upon; to modify, bias, or sway; to move; to persuade; to induce.

> These experiments succeed after the same manner in vacuo as in the open air, and therefore are not influenced by the weight or pressure of the atmosphere.

Sir I. Newton.

> This standing revelation . . . is sufficient to influence their faith and practice, if they attend.

Attebury.

> The principle which influenced their obedience has lost its efficacy.

Rogers.

<! p. 761 !>

In"flu*en*cer (n"fl*en*sr), n. One who, or that which, influences.

In"flu*en*cive (-sv), a. Tending to influence; influential.

In"flu*ent (-ent), a. [L. influens, -entis, p. pr. of influere, influxum, to flow in; pref. in- in + fluere to flow. See Fluid.] 1. Flowing in. "With influent tide." Cowper. "Influent odors." Mrs. Browning.

2. Exerting influence; influential. [Obs.]

> I find no office by name assigned unto Dr. Cox, who was virtually influent upon all, and most active.

Fuller.

In`flu*en"tial (n`fl*n"shal), a. [See Influence.] Exerting or possessing influence or power; potent; efficacious; effective; strong; having authority or ascendency; as, an influential man, station, argument, etc.

> A very influential Gascon prefix.

Earle.

In`flu*en"tial*ly, adv. In an influential manner.

In`flu*en"za (?), n. [It. influenza influence, an epidemic formerly attributed by astrologers to the influence of the heavenly bodies, influenza. See Influence.] (Med.) An epidemic affection characterized by acute nasal catarrh, or by inflammation of the throat or the bronchi, and usually accompanied by fever.

In"flux` (?), n. [L. influxus, fr. influere, influxum, to flow in: cf. F. influx. See Influent.] 1. The act of flowing in; as, an influx of light.

2. A coming in; infusion; intromission; introduction; importation in abundance; also, that which flows or comes in; as, a great influx of goods into a country, or an influx of gold and silver.

> The influx of food into the Celtic region, however, was far from keeping pace with the influx of consumers.

Macaulau.

> The general influx of Greek into modern languages.

Earle.

3. Influence; power. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

In*flux"ion (?), n. [L. influxio : cf. F. influxion.] A flowing in; infusion. [R.] Bacon.

In*flux"ious (?), a. Influential. [Obs.]

In*flux"ive (?), a. Having a tendency to flow in; having influence; influential. [R.] Holdsworth.

In*flux"ive*ly, adv. By influxion. [R.]

In*fold" (?n-f?ld\'b6), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infolded; p. pr. & vb. n. Infolding.] [Pref. in- in + fold.] [Written also enfold.] 1. To wrap up or cover with folds; to envelop; to inwrap; to inclose; to involve.

> Gilded tombs do worms infold.

Shak.

> Infold his limbs in bands.

Blackmore.

2. To clasp with the arms; to embrace.

> Noble Banquo, . . . let me infold thee,
> And hold thee to my heart.

Shak.

In*fold"ment (?), n. The act of infolding; the state of being infolded.

In*fo"li*ate (?), v. t. [Pref. in- in + L. folium leaf.] To cover or overspread with, or as with, leaves. [R.] Howell.

In*form" (?), a. [L. informis; pref. in- not + forma form, shape: cf. F. informe] Without regular form; shapeless; ugly; deformed. Cotton.

In*form", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Informed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Informing.] [OE. enformen, OF. enformer, F. informer. L. informare; pref. in- in + formare to form, share, fr. forma form. See Form.] 1. To give form or share to; to give vital or organizing power to; to give life to; to imbue and actuate with vitality; to animate; to mold; to figure; to fashion. "The informing Word." Coleridge.

> Let others better mold the running mass
> Of metals, and inform the breathing brass.

Dryden.

> Breath informs this fleeting frame.

Prior.

> Breathes in our soul, informs our mortal part.

Pope.

2. To communicate knowledge to; to make known to; to acquaint; to advise; to instruct; to tell; to notify; to enlighten; -- usually followed by of.

> For he would learn their business secretly,
> And then inform his master hastily.

Spenser.

> I am informed thoroughly of the cause.

Shak.

3. To communicate a knowledge of facts to, by way of accusation; to warn against anybody.

> Tertullus . . . informed the governor against Paul.

Acts xxiv. 1.

Syn. -- To acquaint; apprise; tell; teach; instruct; enlighten; animate; fashion.

In*form", v. t. 1. To take form; to become visible or manifest; to appear. [Obs.]

> It is the bloody business which informs
> Thus to mine eyes.

Shak.

2. To give intelligence or information; to tell. Shak.

> He might either teach in the same manner, or inform how he had been taught.

Monthly Rev.

To inform against, to communicate facts by way of accusation against; to denounce; as, two persons came to the magistrate, and informed against A.

In*form"al (?), a. [Pref. in- not + formal.] 1. Not in the regular, usual, or established form; not according to official, conventional, prescribed, or customary forms or rules; irregular; hence, without ceremony; as, an informal writing, proceeding, or visit.

2. Deranged in mind; out of one's senses. [Obs.]

> These poor informal women.

Shak.

In`for*mal"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Informalities (&?;). 1. The state of being informal; want of regular, prescribed, or customary form; as, the informality of legal proceedings.

2. An informal, unconventional, or unofficial act or proceeding; something which is not in proper or prescribed form or does not conform to the established rule.

In*form"al*ly (?), adv. In an informal manner.

In*form"ant (?), n. [L. informans, -antis, p. pr. of informare. See Inform, v. t.] 1. One who, or that which, informs, animates, or vivifies. [Obs.] Glanvill.

2. One who imparts information or instruction.

3. One who offers an accusation; an informer. See Informer. [Obs. or R.]

> It was the last evidence of the kind; the informant
> was hanged.

Burke.

In`for*ma"tion (?), n. [F., fr. L. informatio representation, conception. See Inform, v. t.] 1. The act of informing, or communicating knowledge or intelligence.

> The active informations of the intellect.

South.

2. News, advice, or knowledge, communicated by others or obtained by personal study and investigation; intelligence; knowledge derived from reading, observation, or instruction.

> Larger opportunities of information.

Rogers.

> He should get some information in the subject he intends to handle.

Swift.

3. (Law) A proceeding in the nature of a prosecution for some offense against the government, instituted and prosecuted, really or nominally, by some authorized public officer on behalf of the government. It differs from an indictment in criminal cases chiefly in not being based on the finding of a grand jury. See Indictment.

In*form"a*tive (?), a. Having power to inform, animate, or vivify. Dr. H. More.

In*form"a*to*ry (?), a. Full of, or conveying, information; instructive. [R.] London Spectator.

In*formed" (?n-f?rmd\'b6), a. Unformed or ill-formed; deformed; shapeless. [Obs.] Spenser.

Informed stars. See under Unformed.

In*form"er (?), n. [From Inform, v.] 1. One who informs, animates, or inspires. [Obs.] Thomson.

> Nature, informer of the poet's art.

Pope.

2. One who informs, or imparts knowledge or news.

3. (Law) One who informs a magistrate of violations of law; one who informs against another for violation of some law or penal statute.

Common informer (Law), one who habitually gives information of the violation of penal statutes, with a view to a prosecution therefor. Bouvier. Wharton.

In*for"mi*da*ble (?), a. [L. informidabilis. See In- not, and Formidable.] Not formidable; not to be feared or dreaded. [Obs.] "Foe not informidable." Milton.

In*form"i*ty (?), n. [L. informitas. See Inform, a.] Want of regular form; shapelessness. [Obs.]

In*form"ous (?), a. [See Inform, a.] Of irregular form; shapeless. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In*for"tu*nate (?), a. [L. infortunatus.] Unlucky; unfortunate. [Obs.] Shak.

> "A most infortunate chance."

Howell.

-- In*for"tu*nate*ly, adv. [Obs.]

In*for"tune (?), n. [L. infortunium. See In- not, and Fortune.] Misfortune. [Obs.] Chaucer.

In*for"tuned (?), a. Unfortunate. [Obs.]

> I, woeful wretch and infortuned wight.

Chaucer.

In*found" (?), v. t. [L. infundere to pour in. See Infuse.] To pour in; to infuse. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

||In*"fra (?), adv. [L. Cf. Inferior.] Below; beneath; under; after; -- often used as a prefix.

In`fra-ax"il*la*ry (?), a. [Infra + axillary.] (Bot.) Situated below the axil, as a bud.

In`fra*bran"chi*al (?), a. [Infra + branchial.] (Zoöl.) Below the gills; -- applied to the ventral portion of the pallial chamber in the lamellibranchs.

In`fra*cla*vic"u*lar (?), a. [Infra + clavicular.] (Anat.) Below the clavicle; as, the infraclavicular fossa.

In*fract" (?n-frkt\'b6), a. [L. infractus; pref. in- not + fractus. p. p. of frangere to break.] Not broken or fractured; unharmed; whole. [Obs.] Chapman.

In*fract", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Infracting.] [L. infractus, p. p. of of infringere. See Infringe.] To break; to infringe. [R.] Thomson.

In*fract"i*ble (?), a. Capable of being broken.[R.]

In*frac"tion (?), n. [L. infractio: cf. F. infraction.] The act of infracting or breaking; breach; violation; nonobservance; infringement; as, an infraction of a treaty, compact, rule, or law. I. Watts.

In*fract"or (?), n. [Cf. F. infracteur.] One who infracts or infringes; a violator; a breaker.

In*fra"grant (?), a. Not fragrant.

In`fra*hy"oid (?), a. [Infra + hyoid.] (Anat.) Same as Hyosternal (a).

In`fra*la"bi*al (?), a. (Zoöl.) Below the lower lip; -- said of certain scales of reptiles and fishes.

In`fra*lap*sa"ri*an (?), n. [Infra + lapse: cf. F. infralapsaire. See Lapse.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of that class of Calvinists who consider the decree of election as contemplating the apostasy as past and the elect as being at the time of election in a fallen and guilty state; -- opposed to Supralapsarian. The former considered the election of grace as a remedy for an existing evil; the latter regarded the fall as a part of God's original purpose in regard to men.

In`fra*lap*sa"ri*an, a. (Theol.) Of or pertaining to the Infralapsarians, or to their doctrine.

In`fra*lap*sa"ri*an*ism (?), n. (Theor.) The doctrine, belief, or principles of the Infralapsarians.

In`fra*mar"gin*al (?), a. [Infra + marginal.] Below the margin; submarginal; as, an inframarginal convolution of the brain.

In`fra*max"il*la*ry (?), a. [Infra + maxillary.] (Anat.) (a) Under the lower jaw; submaxillary; as, the inframaxillary nerve. (b) Of or pertaining to the lower iaw.

In`fra*me"di*an (?), a. [Infra + median.] (Zoölogical Geog.) Of or pertaining to the interval or zone along the sea bottom, at the depth of between fifty and one hundred fathoms. E. Forbes.

In`fra*mun"dane (?), a. [Infra + mundane.] Lying or situated beneath the world.

In*fran"chise (?), v. t. See Enfranchise.

In*fran`gi*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being infrangible; infrangibleness.

In*fran"gi*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + grangible: cf. F. infrangible.] 1. Not capable of being broken or separated into parts; as, infrangible atoms.

> [He] link'd their fetlocks with a golden band
> Infrangible.

Pope.

2. Not to be infringed or violated.

In*fran"gi*ble*ness, n. The state or quality of being infrangible; infrangibility.

In`fra*oc"u*lar (?), a. [Infra + ocular.] (Zoöl.) Situated below the eyes, as the antenna of certain insects.

In`fra*or"bit*al (?), a. [Infra + orbital.] (Anat.) Below the orbit; as, the infraorbital foramen; the infraorbital nerve.

In`fra*pose" (?), v. t. [Infra + pose.] To place under or beneath. [R.]

In`fra*po*si"tion (?), n. [Infra + position.] A situation or position beneath. Kane.

In`fra*scap"u*lar (?), a. [Infra + scapular.] (Anat.) Beneath the scapula, or shoulder blade; subscapular.

In`fra*spi"nal (?), a. [Infra + spinal.] (Anat.) (a) Below the vertebral column, subvertebral. (b) Below the spine; infraspinate; infraspinous.

{ In`fra*spi"nate (?), In`fra*spi*nous (?), } a. [Infra + spinate, spinous.] (Anat.) Below the spine; infraspinal; esp., below the spine of the scapula; as, the infraspinous fossa; the infraspinate muscle.

In`fra*sta*pe"di*al (?), a. [Infra + stapedial.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a part of the columella of the ear, which in many animals projects below the connection with the stapes. -- n. The infrastapedial part of the columella.

In`fra*ster"nal (?), a. [Infra + sternal.] (Anat.) Below the sternum; as, the infrasternal depression, or pit of the stomach.

In`fra*tem"po*ral (?), a. [Infra + temporal.] (Anat.) Below the temple; below the temporal bone.

In`fra*ter"ri*to"ri*al (?), a. [Infra + territorial.] Within the territory of a state. Story.

In`fra*troch"le*ar (?), a. [Infra + trochlear.] (Anat.) Below a trochlea, or pulley; -- applied esp. to one of the subdivisions of the trigeminal nerve.

{ In*fre"quence (?), In*fre"quen*cy (?), } n. [L. infrequentia scantiness : cf. F. infrequence.] 1. The state of rarely occuring; uncommonness; rareness; as, the infrequence of his visits.

2. The state of not being frequented; solitude; isolation; retirement; seclusion. [R.]

> The solitude and infrequency of the place.

Bp. Hall.

In*fre"quent (?), a. [L. infrequens : cf. F. infrequent. See In- not, and Frequent.] Seldom happening or occurring; rare; uncommon; unusual.

> The act whereof is at this day infrequent or out of use
> among all sorts of men.

Sir T. Elyot.

In*fre"quent*ly (?), adv. Not frequently; rarely.

In*frig"i*date (?), v. t. [L. infrigidatus, p. p. of infrigidare to chill. See 1st In-, and Frigid.] To chill; to make cold; to cool. [Obs.] Boyle.

In*frig`i*da"tion (?), n. [L. infrigidatio.] The act of chilling or causing to become cold; a chilling; coldness; congelation. [Obs.] Boyle.

In*fringe" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infringed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Infringing (?).] [L. infringere; pref. in- in + frangere to break. See Fraction, and cf. Infract .] 1. To break; to violate; to transgress; to neglect to fulfill or obey; as, to infringe a law or contract.

> If the first that did the edict infringe,
> Had answered for his deed.

Shak.

> The peace . . . was infringed by Appius Claudius.

Golding.

2. To hinder; to destroy; as, to infringe efficacy; to infringe delight or power. [Obs.] Hooker.

In*fringe", v. i. 1. To break, violate, or transgress some contract, rule, or law; to injure; to offend.

2. To encroach; to trespass; -- followed by on or upon; as, to infringe upon the rights of another.

In*fringe"ment (?), n. 1. The act of infringing; breach; violation; nonfulfillment; as, the infringement of a treaty, compact, law, or constitution.

> The punishing of this infringement is proper to that
> jurisdiction against which the contempt is.

Clarendon.

2. An encroachment on a patent, copyright, or other special privilege; a trespass.

In*frin"ger (?), n. One who infringes or violates; a violator. Strype.

In*fruc"tu*ose" (?), a. [L. infructuosus. See In- not, and Fruit.] Not producing fruit; unfruitful; unprofitable. [R.] T. Adams.

In*fru"gal (?), a. Not frugal; wasteful; as, an infrugal expense of time. J. Goodman.

In`fru*gif"er*ous (?), a. Not bearing fruit; not fructiferous.

In`fu*cate (?), v. t. [L. infucatus painted; pref. in- in + fucare to paint, dye. See Fucate.] To stain; to paint; to daub.

In`fu*ca"tion (?), n. The act of painting or staining, especially of painting the face.

||In"fu*la (?), n.; pl. Infule (#). [L.] A sort of fillet worn by dignitaries, priests, and others among the ancient Romans. It was generally white.

In"fu*mate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infumated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Infumating.] [L. infumatus, p. p. of infumare to infumate; pref. in- in + fumare to smoke, fr. fumus smoke.] To dry by exposing to smoke; to expose to smoke.

In"fu*ma`ted (?), a. (Zoöl.) Clouded; having a cloudy appearance.

In`fu*ma"tion (?), n. Act of drying in smoke.

In*fumed" (?), a. Dried in smoke; smoked.

<! p. 762 !>

{ In`fun*dib"u*lar (?), In`fun*dib"u*late (?), } a. [See Infundibulum.] Having the form of a funnel; pertaining to an infundibulum.

Infundibulate Bryozoa (Zoöl.), a group of marine Bryozoa having a circular arrangement of the tentacles upon the disk.

In`fun*dib"u*li*form (?), a. [L. infundibulum funnel + -form: cf. F. infundibuliforme.] 1. Having the form of a funnel or cone; funnel-shaped.

2. (Bot.) Same as Funnelform.

||In`fun*dib"u*lum (?), n.; pl. L. Infundibula (#), E. Infundibulums (#). [L., a funnel, from infundere to pour in or into. See Infuse.] 1. (Anat.) A funnel-shaped or dilated organ or part; as, the infundibulum of the brain, a hollow, conical process, connecting the floor of the third ventricle with the pituitary body; the infundibula of the lungs, the enlarged terminations of the bronchial tubes.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) A central cavity in the Ctenophora, into which the gastric sac leads. (b) The siphon of Cephalopoda. See Cephalopoda.

In*fu"ner*al (?), v. t. To inter with funeral rites; to bury. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.

In`fur*ca"tion (?), n. [Pref. in- in + L. furca fork.] A forked expansion or divergence; a bifurcation; a branching. Craig.

In*fu"ri*ate (?), a. [It. infuriato, p. p. of infuriare. See Infuriate, v. t.] Enraged; raging; furiously angry; infuriated. Milton.

> Inflamed beyond the most infuriate wrath.

Thomson.

In*fu"ri*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infuriated (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Infuriating] [It. infuriato, p. p. of infuriare; pref. in- (L. in) + furia fury, L. furia. See Fury.] To render furious; to enrage; to exasperate.

> Those curls of entangled snakes with which Erinys is said to have infuriated Athemas and Ino.

Dr. H. More.

In*fu"ri*a`ted (?), a. Enraged; furious.

In*fus"cate (?), v. t. [L. infuscatus, p. p. of infuscare; pref. in- in + fuscare to make dark, fr. fuscus dark.] To darken; to make black; to obscure.

In*fus"ca*ted (?), a. (Zoöl.) Darkened with a blackish tinge.

In`fus*ca"tion (?), n. The act of darkening, or state of being dark; darkness; obscurity. Johnson.

In*fuse" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Infused (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Infusing.] [L. infusus, p. p. of infundere to pour in or into; pref. in- in + fundere to pour: cf. F. infuser. See Found to cast.] 1. To pour in, as a liquid; to pour (into or upon); to shed.

> That strong Circean liquor cease to infuse.

Denham.

2. To instill, as principles or qualities; to introduce.

> That souls of animals infuse themselves Into the trunks of men.

Shak.

> Why should he desire to have qualities infused into his son which himself never possessed?

Swift.

3. To inspire; to inspirit or animate; to fill; -- followed by with.

> Infuse his breast with magnanimity.

Shak.

> Infusing him with self and vain conceit.

Shak.

4. To steep in water or other fluid without boiling, for the propose of extracting medicinal qualities; to soak.

> One scruple of dried leaves is infused in ten ounces of warm water.

Coxe.

5. To make an infusion with, as an ingredient; to tincture; to saturate. [R.] Bacon.

In*fuse, n. Infusion. [Obs.] Spenser.

In*fus"er (?), n. One who, or that which, infuses.

In*fu`si*bil"i*ty (?), n. [From Infuse.] Capability of being infused, poured in, or instilled.

In*fu`si*bil"i*ty, n. [Pref. in- not + fusibility: cf. F. infusibilité.] Incapability or difficulty of being fused, melted, or dissolved; as, the infusibility of carbon.

In*fu"si*ble (?), a. [From Infuse, v.] Capable of being infused.

> Doctrines being infusible into all.

Hammond.

In*fu"si*ble, a. [Pref. in- not + fusible: cf. F. infusible.] Not fusible; incapable or difficult of fusion, or of being dissolved or melted. Sir T. Browne.

> The best crucibles are made of Limoges earth, which seems absolutely infusible.

Lavoisier (Trans. ).

In*fu"si*ble*ness, n. Infusibility.

In*fu"sion (?), n. [L. infusio a pouring in: cf. F. infusion. See Infuse, v. t.] 1. The act of infusing, pouring in, or instilling; instillation; as, the infusion of good principles into the mind; the infusion of ardor or zeal.

> Our language has received innumerable elegancies and improvements from that infusion of Hebraisms.

Addison.

2. That which is infused; suggestion; inspiration.

> His folly and his wisdom are of his own growth, not the echo or infusion of other men.

Swift.

3. The act of plunging or dipping into a fluid; immersion. [Obs.] "Baptism by infusion." Jortin.

4. (Pharmacy) (a) The act or process of steeping or soaking any substance in water in order to extract its virtues. (b) The liquid extract obtained by this process.

> Sips meek infusion of a milder herb.

Cowper.

In*fu"sion*ism (?), n. The doctrine that the soul is preexistent to the body, and is infused into it at conception or birth; -- opposed to traducianism and creationism.

In*fu"sive (?), a. Having the power of infusion; inspiring; influencing.

> The infusive force of Spirit on man.

Thomson.

||In`fu*so"ri*a (?), n. pl. [NL.; -- so called because found in infusions which are left exposed to the air for a time. See Infuse.] (Zoöl.) One of the classes of Protozoa, including a large number of species, all of minute size.

They are found in all seas, lakes, ponds, and streams, as well as in infusions of organic matter exposed to the air. They are distinguished by having vibrating lashes or cilia, with which they obtain their food and swim about. They are devided into the orders Flagellata, Ciliata, and Tentaculifera. See these words in the Vocabulary.

Formely the term Infusoria was applied to all microscopic organisms found in water, including many minute plants, belonging to the diatoms, as well as minute animals belonging to various classes, as the Rotifera, which are worms; and the Rhizopoda, which constitute a distinct class of Protozoa. Fossil Infusoria are mostly the siliceous shells of diatoms; sometimes they are siliceous skeletons of Radiolaria, or the calcareous shells of Foraminifera.

In`fu*so"ri*al (?), a. (Zoöl.) Belonging to the Infusoria; composed of, or containing, Infusoria; as, infusorial earth.

Infusorial earth (Geol.), a deposit of fine, usually white, siliceous material, composed mainly of the shells of the microscopic plants called diatoms. It is used in polishing powder, and in the manufacture of dynamite.

In`fu*so"ri*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Infusoria.

In*fu"so*ry (?), a. (Zoöl.) Infusorial.

In*fu"so*ry (?), n.; pl. Infusories (&?;). (Zoöl.) One of the Infusoria; -- usually in the pl.

-ing (?). 1. [For OE. -and, - end, -ind, AS. -ende; akin to Goth. -and-, L. -ant-, -ent-, Gr. &?;.] A suffix used to from present participles; as, singing, playing.

2. [OE. -ing, AS. -ing, - ung.] A suffix used to form nouns from verbs, and signifying the act of; the result of the act; as, riding, dying, feeling. It has also a secondary collective force; as, shipping, clothing.

The Old English ending of the present participle and verbal noun became confused, both becoming -ing.

3. [AS. -ing.] A suffix formerly used to form diminutives; as, lording, farthing.

Ing (?), n. [AS. ing.] A pasture or meadow; generally one lying low, near a river. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

In`gan*na"tion (?), n. [LL. ingannare to decieve.] Cheat; deception. [Obs.] Sir T. Brown.

In"gate` (&?;), n. 1. Entrance; ingress. [Obs.]

> Which hath in charge the ingate of the year.

Spenser.

2. (Founding) The aperture in a mold for pouring in the metal; the gate. Simmonds.

In"gath`er*ing (?), n. The act or business of gathering or collecting anything; especially, the gathering of the fruits of the earth; harvest.

> Thou shalt keep . . . the feast of ingathering.

Ex. xxii. 16.

In*gel"a*ble (?), a. Not congealable.

In*gem"i*nate (?), a. [L. ingeminatus, p. p.] Redoubled; repeated. Jer. Taylor.

In*gem"i*nate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ingeminated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ingeminating (?).] [L. ingeminatus, p. p. of ingeminare to double; pref. in- in + geminare. See Geminate.] To redouble or repeat; to reiterate. Clarendon.

> . . . She yet ingeminates
> The last of sounds, and what she hears relates.

Sandys.

In*gem`i*na"tion (?), n. Repetition; reduplication; reiteration. De Quincey.

> That Sacred ingemination, Amen, Amen.

Featley.

> Happiness with an echo or ingemination.

Holdsworth.

||In*ge"na (?), n. (Zoöl.) The gorilla.

In*gen"der (?), v. t. See Engender.

In*gen`er*a*bil"l*ty (?), n. Incapacity of being engendered or produced. Cudworth.

In*gen"er*a*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + generable: cf. F. ingenerable.] Incapable of being engendered or produced; original. Holland.

In*gen"er*a*bly, adv. In an ingenerable manner.

In*gen"er*ate (?), a. [L. ingeneratus, p. p. of ingenerare. See engender] Generated within; inborn; innate; as, ingenerate powers of body. W. Wotton.

> Those virtues were rather feigned and affected . . . than true qualities ingenerate in his judgment.

Bacon.

In*gen"er*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ingenerat (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ingenerating (?).] To generate or produce within; to beget; to engender; to occasion; to cause. Mede.

> Those noble habits are ingenerated in the soul.

Sir M. Hale.

In*gen`er*a"tion (?), n. Act of ingenerating.

In*ge"ni*ate (?), v. t. & i. [See Ingenious.] To invent; to contrive. [Obs.] Daniel.

In"ge*nie (?), n. [Obs.] See Ingeny.

In*ge`ni*os"i*ty (?), n. [LL. ingeniositas.] Ingenuity; skill; cunning. [Obs.] Cudworth.

In*gen"ious (?), a. [L. ingeniosus, fr. ingenium innate or natural quality, natural capacity, genius: cf. F. ingénieux. See Engine.] 1. Possessed of genius, or the faculty of invention; skillful or promp to invent; having an aptitude to contrive, or to form new combinations; as, an ingenious author, mechanic.

> A man . . . very wise and ingenious in feats of war.

Hakluyt.

> Thou, king, send out
> For torturers ingenious.

Shak.

> The more ingenious men are, the more apt are they to trouble themselves.

Sir W. Temple.

2. Proceeding from, pertaining to, or characterized by, genius or ingenuity; of curious design, structure, or mechanism; as, an ingenious model, or machine; an ingenious scheme, contrivance, etc.

> Thus men go wrong with an ingenious skill.

Cowper.

3. Witty; shrewd; adroit; keen; sagacious; as, an ingenious reply.

4. Mental; intellectual. [Obs.]

> A course of learning and ingenious studies.

Shak.

In*gen"ious*ly (?), adv. In an ingenious manner; with ingenuity; skillfully; wittily; cleverly.

> "Too ingeniously politic."

Sir W. Temple.

In*gen"ious*ness, n. The quality or state of being ingenious; ingenuity.

{ In*gen"ite, In*gen"it } (?), a. [L. ingenitus, p. p. of ingignere to instill by birth or nature; pref. in- + gignere to beget.] Innate; inborn; inbred; inherent; native; ingenerate. [Obs.]

> It is natural or ingenite, which comes by some defect of the organs and overmuch brain.

Burton.

In`ge*nu"i*ty (?), n. [L. ingenuitas ingenuousness: cf. F. ingénuité. See Ingenuous.] 1. The quality or power of ready invention; quickness or acuteness in forming new combinations; ingeniousness; skill in devising or combining.

> All the means which human ingenuity has contrived.

Blair.

2. Curiousness, or cleverness in design or contrivance; as, the ingenuity of a plan, or of mechanism.

> He gives . . .
> To artist ingenuity and skill.

Cowper.

3. Openness of heart; ingenuousness. [Obs.]

> The stings and remorses of natural ingenuity, a principle that men scarcely ever shake off, as long as they carry anything of human nature about them.

South.

Syn. -- Inventiveness; ingeniousness; skill; cunning; cleverness; genius. -- Ingenuity, Cleverness. Ingenuity is a form of genius, and cleverness of talent. The former implies invention, the letter a peculiar dexterity and readiness of execution. Sir James Mackintosh remarks that the English overdo in the use of the word clever and cleverness, applying them loosely to almost every form of intellectual ability.

In*gen"u*ous (?), a. [L. ingenuus inborn, innate, freeborn, noble, frank; pref. in- in + the root of gignere to beget. See Genius, and cf. Ingenious.] 1. Of honorable extraction; freeborn; noble; as, ingenuous blood of birth.

2. Noble; generous; magnanimous; honorable; upright; high-minded; as, an ingenuous ardor or zeal.

> If an ingenuous detestation of falsehood be but carefully and early instilled, that is the true and genuine method to obviate dishonesty.

Locke.

3. Free from reserve, disguise, equivocation, or dissimulation; open; frank; as, an ingenuous man; an ingenuous declaration, confession, etc.

> Sensible in myself . . . what a burden it is for me, who would be ingenuous, to be loaded with courtesies which he hath not the least hope to requite or deserve.

Fuller.

4. Ingenious. [Obs.] Shak.

(Formerly) printers did not discriminate between . . . ingenuous and ingenious, and these words were used or rather printed interchangeably almost to the beginning of the eighteenth century. G. P. Marsh.

Syn. -- Open; frank; unreserved; artless; plain; sincere; candid; fair; noble; generous. -- Ingenuous, Open, Frank. One who is open speaks out at once what is uppermost in his mind; one who is frank does it from a natural boldness, or dislike of self-restraint; one who is ingenuous is actuated by a native simplicity and artlessness, which make him willing to confess faults, and make known his sentiments without reserve. See Candid.

In*gen"u*ous*ly, adv. In an ingenuous manner; openly; fairly; candidly; artlessly.

> Being required to explain himself, he ingenuously confessed.

Ludlow.

In*gen"u*ous*ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being ingenuous; openness of heart; frankness.

2. Ingenuity. [Obs.] Fuller.

In"ge*ny (?), n. [L. ingenium. See Ingenious.] Natural gift or talent; ability; wit; ingenuity. [Obs.] [Written also ingenie.] Becon.

In*ger"mi*nate (?), v. t. To cause to germinate.

In*gest" (?), v. t. [L. ingenium, p. p. of ingerere to put in; pref. in- in + gerere to bear.] To take into, or as into, the stomach or alimentary canal. Sir T. Browne.

||In*ges"ta (?), n. pl. [NL. See Ingest.] (Physiol.) That which is introduced into the body by the stomach or alimentary canal; -- opposed to egesta.

In*ges"tion (?), n. [L. ingestio: cf. F. ingestion.] (Physiol.) The act of taking or putting into the stomach; as, the ingestion of milk or other food.

||In*ghal"la (?), n. (Zoöl.) The reedbuck of South Africa. [Written also ingali.]

In*girt" (?), v. t. [See Ingirt.] To encircle; to gird; to engirt.

> The wreath is ivy that ingirts our beams.

Drayton.

In*girt", a. Surrounded; encircled. Fenton.

In"gle ("g'l), n. [Gael. & Ir. aingeali fire; cf. L. igniculusi spark, dim. of ignis fire. Cf. Ignite.] Flame; blaze; a fire; a fireplace. [Obs. or Scot.] Burns.

Ingle nook, the chimney corner. -- Ingle side, Ingle cheek, the fireside.

In"gle, n. [Written also engle, enghle: cf. Gael. & Ir. aingeal an angel. Cf. Engle.] A paramour; a favourite; a sweetheart; an engle. [Obs.] Toone.

<! p. 763 !>

In"gle (?), v. t. To cajole or coax; to wheedle. See Engle. [Obs.]

In*glo"bate (?), a. In the form of a globe or sphere; -- applied to nebulous matter collected into a sphere by the force of gravitation.

In*globe" (?), v. t. To infix, as in a globe; to fix or secure firmly. [Obs.] Milton.

In*glo"ri*ous (?), a. [L. inglorious; pref. in- not + gloria glory, fame: cf. F. inglorieux. See Glory.]

1. Not glorious; not bringing honor or glory; not accompanied with fame, honor, or celebrity; obscure; humble; as, an inglorious life of ease. Shak.

> My next desire is, void of care and strife,
> To lead a soft, secure, inglorious life.

Dryden.

> Some mute inglorious Milton here may rest.

Gray.

2. Shameful; disgraceful; ignominious; as, inglorious flight, defeat, etc.

> Inglorious shelter in an alien land.

J. Philips.

In*glo"ri*ous*ly, adv. In an inglorious manner; dishonorably; with shame; ignominiously; obscurely.

In*glo"ri*ous*ness, n. The state of being inglorious.

In*glut" (?), v. t. To glut. [R.] Ascham.

In*glu"vi*al (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the ingluvies or crop of birds.

||In*glu"vi*es (?), n. [L.] (Anat.) The crop, or craw, of birds.

In*glu"vi*ous (?), a. Gluttonous. [Obs.] Blount.

In"-go`ing (?), n. The act of going in; entrance.

In"-go`ing, a. Going; entering, as upon an office or a possession; as, an in-going tenant.

In*gorge" (?), v. t. & i. See Engorge. Milton.

In"got (?), n. [Prob. from AS. in in + geótan to pour: cf. F. linglot, LL. lingotus a mass of gold or silver, extended in the manner of a tongue, and G. einguss, LG. & OE. ingot ingot, a mold for casting metals in. See Found to cast, and cf. Linget, Lingot, Nugget.]

1. That in which metal is cast; a mold. [Obs.]

> And from the fire he took up his matter
> And in the ingot put it with merry cheer.

Chaucer.

2. A bar or wedge of steel, gold, or other malleable metal, cast in a mold; a mass of unwrought cast metal.

> Wrought ingots from Besoara's mine.

Sir W. Jones.

Ingot mold, a box or mold in which ingots are cast. -- Ingot iron. See Decarbonized steel, under Decarbonize.

In*grace" (?), v. t. [Pref. in- in + grace.] To ingratiate. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.

In*gra"cious (?), a. [Pref. in- not + gracious.] Ungracious; unkind. [Obs.] Holland.

In*graff" (?), v. t. See Ingraft. [Obs.]

In*graft" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ingrafted; p. pr. & vb. n. Ingrafting.] [Written also engraft.]

1. To insert, as a scion of one tree, shrub, or plant in another for propagation; as, to ingraft a peach scion on a plum tree; figuratively, to insert or introduce in such a way as to make a part of something.

> This fellow would ingraft a foreign name
> Upon our stock.

Dryden.

> A custom . . . ingrafted into the monarchy of Rome.

Burke.

2. To subject to the process of grafting; to furnish with grafts or scions; to graft; as, to ingraft a tree.

In*graft"er (?), n. A person who ingrafts.

In*graft"ment (?), n. 1. The act of ingrafting.

2. The thing ingrafted; a scion.

In"grain` (?; 277), a. [Pref. in- in + grain kermes. See Engrain, Grain.]

1. Dyed with grain, or kermes. [Obs.]

2. Dyed before manufacture, -- said of the material of a textile fabric; hence, in general, thoroughly inwrought; forming an essential part of the substance.

Ingrain carpet, a double or two-ply carpet. -- Triple ingrain carpet, a three- ply carpet.

In"grain`, n. An ingrain fabric, as a carpet.

In"grain` (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ingrained (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ingraining.] [Written also engrain.]

1. To dye with or in grain or kermes.

2. To dye in the grain, or before manufacture.

3. To work into the natural texture or into the mental or moral constitution of; to stain; to saturate; to imbue; to infix deeply.

> Our fields ingrained with blood.

Daniel.

> Cruelty and jealousy seem to be ingrained in a man who has these vices at all.

Helps.

In*grap"ple (?), v. t. & i. To seize; to clutch; to grapple. [Obs.] Drayton.

In"grate` (?; 277), a. [L. ingratus. See Ingrateful.] Ingrateful. [Obs. or Poetic] Bacon.

In"grate`, n. An ungrateful person. Milton.

In"grate`ful (?), a. [L. ingratus ingrateful (pref. in- not + gratus beloved, dear, grateful) + -ful: cf. F. ingrat. See Grateful.]

1. Ungrateful; thankless; unappreciative. Milton.

> He proved extremely false and ingrateful to me.

Atterbury.

2. Unpleasing to the sense; distasteful; offensive.

> He gives . . . no ingrateful food.

Milton.

-- In"grate`ful*ly, adv. -- In"grate`ful*ness, n.

In"grate`ly (?), adv. Ungratefully. [Obs.]

In*gra"ti*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ingratiated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ingratiating (?).] [Pref. in- in + L. gratia. See Grace.]

1. To introduce or commend to the favor of another; to bring into favor; to insinuate; -- used reflexively, and followed by with before the person whose favor is sought.

> Lysimachus . . . ingratiated himself both with Philip and his pupil.

Budgell.

2. To recommend; to render easy or agreeable; -- followed by to. [Obs.] Dr. J. Scott.

> What difficulty would it [the love of Christ] not ingratiate to us?

Hammond.

In*gra"ti*ate, v. i. To gain favor. [R.] Sir W. Temple.

In*grat"i*tude (?), n. [F. ingratitude, L. ingratitudo. See Ingrate.] Want of gratitude; insensibility to, forgetfulness of, or ill return for, kindness or favors received; unthankfulness; ungratefulness.

> Ingratitude, thou marble-hearted fiend.

Shak.

> Ingratitude is abhorred both by God and man.

L'Estrange.

In*grave" (?), v. t. To engrave. [R.] "Whose gleaming rind ingrav'n." Tennyson.

In*grave", v. t. [Pref. in- in + grave. Cf. Engrave.] To bury. [Obs.] Heywood.

In*grav"i*date (?), v. t. [L. ingravidatus, p. p. of ingravidare to impregnate. See 1st In-, and Gravidated.] To impregnate. [Obs.] Fuller.

In*grav`i*da"tion (?), n. The state of being pregnant or impregnated. [Obs.]

In*great" (?), v. t. To make great; to enlarge; to magnify. [Obs.] Fotherby.

{ In*gre"di*ence (?), In*gre"di*en*cy (?), } n. [See Ingredient.]

1. Entrance; ingress. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

2. The quality or state of being an ingredient or component part. Boyle.

In*gre"di*ent (?), n. [F. ingrédient, L. ingrediens, -entis, entering into, p. pr. of ingredi, p. p. ingressus, to go into, to enter; pref. in- in + gradi to walk, go. See Grade.] That which enters into a compound, or is a component part of any combination or mixture; an element; a constituent.

> By way of analysis we may proceed from compounds to ingredients.

Sir I. Newton.

> Water is the chief ingredient in all the animal fluids and solids.

Arbuthnot.

In*gre"di*ent, a. Entering as, or forming, an ingredient or component part.

> Acts where no sin is ingredient.

Jer. Taylor.

In"gress (?), n. [L. ingressus, fr. ingredi. See Ingredient.]

1. The act of entering; entrance; as, the ingress of air into the lungs.

2. Power or liberty of entrance or access; means of entering; as, all ingress was prohibited.

3. (Astron.) The entrance of the moon into the shadow of the earth in eclipses, the sun's entrance into a sign, etc.

In"gress (?), v. i. To go in; to enter. [R.]

In*gres"sion (?), n. [L. ingressio: cf. F. ingression.] Act of entering; entrance. Sir K. Digby.

In*grieve (?), v. t. To render more grievous; to aggravate. [Obs.] Sir P. Sidney.

In*groove" (?), v. t. To groove in; to join in or with a groove. Tennyson.

In*gross" (?), v. t. See Engross.

In"grow`ing (?), a. Growing or appearing to grow into some other substance.

Ingrowing nail, one whose edges are becoming imbedded in the adjacent flesh.

In"growth` (?), n. A growth or development inward. J. LeConte.

||In"guen (?), n. [L. inguen, inguinis.] (Anat.) The groin.

In*guilt"y (?), a. Not guilty. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In"gui*nal (?), a. [L. inguinalis, fr. inguen, inguinis, the groin: cf. F. inguinal.] (Astron. & Med.) Of or pertaining to, or in the region of, the inguen or groin; as, an inguinal canal or ligament; inguinal hernia.

Inguinal ring. See Abdominal ring, under Abdominal.

In*gulf" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ingulfed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ingulfing.] [Cf. Engulf.] [Written also engulf.] To swallow up or overwhelm in, or as in, a gulf; to cast into a gulf. See Engulf.

> A river large . . .
> Passed underneath ingulfed.

Milton.

In*gulf"ment (?), n. The act of ingulfing, or the state of being ingulfed.

In*gur"gi*tate (?), v. t. [L. ingurgitatus, p. p. of ingurgitare to pour in; pref. in- in + gurges whirlpool, gulf.]

1. To swallow, devour, or drink greedily or in large quantity; to guzzle. Cleveland.

2. To swallow up, as in a gulf. Fotherby.

In*gur"gi*tate, v. i. To guzzle; to swill. Burton.

In*gur`gi*ta"tion (?), n. [L. ingurgitatio: cf. F. ingurgitation.] The act of swallowing greedily or immoderately; that which is so swallowed. E. Darwin.

> He drowned his stomach and senses with a large draught and ingurgitation of wine.

Bacon.

In*gust"a*ble (?), a. [L. ingustabilis. See Gustable.] Tasteless; insipid. Sir T. Browne.

In*hab"ile (?), a. [L. inhabilis: cf. F. inhabile. See In- not, and Habile, and cf. Unable.]

1. Not apt or fit; unfit; not convenient; inappropriate; unsuitable; as, inhabile matter. [Obs.]

2. Unskilled; unready; awkward; incompetent; unqualified; -- said of persons. [Obs.] See Unable.

In`ha*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. inhabileté, inhabilité. See Inability.] Unsuitableness; unaptness; unfitness; inability. [Obs.] Barrow.

In*hab"it (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inhabited; p. pr. & vb. n. Inhabiting.] [OE. enhabiten, OF. enhabiter, L. inhabitare; pref. in- in + habitare to dwell. See Habit.] To live or dwell in; to occupy, as a place of settled residence; as, wild beasts inhabit the forest; men inhabit cities and houses.

> The high and lofty One, that inhabiteth eternity.

Is. lvii. 15.

> O, who would inhabit
> This bleak world alone?

Moore.

In*hab"it, v. i. To have residence in a place; to dwell; to live; to abide. [Archaic or Poetic] Shak.

> They say wild beasts inhabit here.

Waller.

In*hab"it*a*ble (?), a. [L. inhabitabilis. See Inhabit.] Capable of being inhabited; habitable.

> Systems of inhabitable planets.

Locke.

In*hab"it*a*ble, a. [L. inhabitabilis: cf. F. inhabitable. See In- not, and Habitable.] Not habitable; not suitable to be inhabited. [Obs.]

> The frozen ridges of the Alps
> Or other ground inhabitable.

Shak.

{ In*hab"it*ance (?), In*hab"it*an*cy (?), } n. 1. The act of inhabiting, or the state of being inhabited; the condition of an inhabitant; residence; occupancy.

> Ruins yet resting in the wild moors testify a former inhabitance.

Carew.

2. (Law) The state of having legal right to claim the privileges of a recognized inhabitant; especially, the right to support in case of poverty, acquired by residence in a town; habitancy.

In*hab"it*ant (?), n. [L. inhabitans, -antis, p. pr. of inhabitare.]

1. One who dwells or resides permanently in a place, as distinguished from a transient lodger or visitor; as, an inhabitant of a house, a town, a city, county, or state. "Frail inhabitants of earth." Cowper.

> In this place, they report that they saw inhabitants which were very fair and fat people.

Abp. Abbot.

2. (Law) One who has a legal settlement in a town, city, or parish; a permanent resident.

In*hab"i*tate (?), v. t. To inhabit. [Obs.]

In*hab`i*ta"tion (?), n. [L. inhabitatio a dwelling.]

1. The act of inhabiting, or the state of being inhabited; indwelling.

> The inhabitation of the Holy Ghost.

Bp. Pearson.

2. Abode; place of dwelling; residence. [Obs.] Milton.

3. Population; inhabitants. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

> The beginning of nations and of the world's inhabitation.

Sir W. Raleigh.

In*hab"it*a*tive*ness (?), n. (Phrenol.) A tendency or propensity to permanent residence in a place or abode; love of home and country.

In*hab"it*ed, a. Uninhabited. [Obs.] Brathwait.

In*hab"it*er (?), n. An inhabitant. [R.] Derham.

In*hab"it*ive*ness (?), n. (Phrenol.) See Inhabitativeness.

> What the phrenologists call inhabitiveness.

Lowell.

In*hab"it*ress, n. A female inhabitant. [R.]

In*hal"ant (?), a. [Cf. F. inhalant.] Inhaling; used for inhaling.

In*hal"ant (?), n. An apparatus also called an inhaler (which see); that which is to be inhaled.

In`ha*la"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. inhalation.] The act of inhaling; also, that which is inhaled.

In*hale" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inhaled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inhaling.] [L. inhalare to breathe upon; pref. in- in + halare to breathe: cf. F. inhaler. Cf. Exhale.] To breathe or draw into the lungs; to inspire; as, to inhale air; -- opposed to exhale.

> Martin was walking forth to inhale the fresh breeze of the evening.

Arbuthnot.

In*hal"ent (?), a. Used for inhaling; as, the inhalent end of a duct. Dana.

In*hal"er (?), n. 1. One who inhales.

2. An apparatus for inhaling any vapor or volatile substance, as ether or chloroform, for medicinal purposes.

3. A contrivance to filter, as air, in order to protect the lungs from inhaling damp or cold air, noxious gases, dust, etc.; also, the respiratory apparatus for divers.

In*hance" (?), v. t. See Enhance.

{ In`har*mon"ic (?), In`har*mon"ic*al (?), } a. Not harmonic; inharmonious; discordant; dissonant.

In`har*mo"ni*ous (?), a. [Pref. in- not + harmonious: cf. F. inharmonieux.]

1. Not harmonious; unmusical; discordant; dissonant.

> Sounds inharmonious in themselves and harsh.

Cowper.

2. Conflicting; jarring; not in harmony.

In`har*mo"ni*ous*ly, adv. Without harmony.

In`har*mo"ni*ous*ness, n. The quality of being inharmonious; want of harmony; discord.

> The inharmoniousness of a verse.

A. Tucker.

In*har"mo*ny (?), n. Want of harmony.

{ In"haul` (?), In"haul`er (?) }, n. (Naut.) A rope used to draw in the jib boom, or flying jib boom.

In*hearse" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inhearsed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inhearsing.] To put in, or as in, a hearse or coffin. Shak.

In*here" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inhered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inhering.] [L. inhaerere; pref. in- in + haerere to stick, hang. See Hesitate.] To be inherent; to stick (in); to be fixed or permanently incorporated with something; to cleave (to); to belong, as attributes or qualities.

> They do but inhere in the subject that supports them.

Digby.

{ In*her"ence (?), In*her"en*cy (?), } n. [Cf. F. inhérence.] The state of inhering; permanent existence in something; innateness; inseparable and essential connection. Jer. Taylor.

In*her"ent (?), a. [L. inhaerens, -entis, p. pr. of inhaerere: cf. F. inhérent. See Inhere.] Permanently existing in something; inseparably attached or connected; naturally pertaining to; innate; inalienable; as, polarity is an inherent quality of the magnet; the inherent right of men to life, liberty, and protection. "A most inherent baseness." Shak.

> The sore disease which seems inherent in civilization.

Southey.

Syn. -- Innate; inborn; native; natural; inbred; inwrought; inseparable; essential; indispensable.

In*her"ent*ly, adv. By inherence; inseparably.

> Matter hath inherently and essentially such an internal energy.

Bentley.

In*her"it (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inherited; p. pr. & vb. n. Inheriting.] [OE. enheriten to inherit, to give a heritage to, OF. enheriter to appoint as an heir, L. inhereditare; pref. in- in + hereditare to inherit, fr. heres heir. See Heir.]

1. (Law) To take by descent from an ancestor; to take by inheritance; to take as heir on the death of an ancestor or other person to whose estate one succeeds; to receive as a right or title descendible by law from an ancestor at his decease; as, the heir inherits the land or real estate of his father; the eldest son of a nobleman inherits his father's title; the eldest son of a king inherits the crown.

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2. To receive or take by birth; to have by nature; to derive or acquire from ancestors, as mental or physical qualities; as, he inherits a strong constitution, a tendency to disease, etc.

> Prince Harry is valiant; for the cold blood he did naturally inherit of his father he hath . . . manured . . . with good store of fertile sherris.

Shak.

3. To come into possession of; to possess; to own; to enjoy as a possession.

> But the meek shall inherit the earth.

Ps. xxxvii. 11.

> To bury so much gold under a tree,
> And never after to inherit it.

Shak.

4. To put in possession of. [R.] Shak.

In*her"it (?), v. i. To take or hold a possession, property, estate, or rights by inheritance.

> Thou shalt not inherit our father's house.

Judg. xi. 2.

In*her`it*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being inheritable or descendible to heirs. Jefferson.

In*her"it*a*ble (?), a. 1. Capable of being inherited; transmissible or descendible; as, an inheritable estate or title. Blackstone.

2. Capable of being transmitted from parent to child; as, inheritable qualities or infirmities.

3. [Cf. OF. enheritable, inheritable.] Capable of taking by inheritance, or of receiving by descent; capable of succeeding to, as an heir.

> By attainder . . . the blood of the person attainted is so corrupted as to be rendered no longer inheritable.

Blackstone.

> The eldest daughter of the king is also alone inheritable to the crown on failure of issue male.

Blackstone.

Inheritable blood, blood or relationship by which a person becomes qualified to be an heir, or to transmit possessions by inheritance.

In*her"it*a*bly, adv. By inheritance. Sherwood.

In*her"it*ance (?), n. [Cf. OF. enheritance.]

1. The act or state of inheriting; as, the inheritance of an estate; the inheritance of mental or physical qualities.

2. That which is or may be inherited; that which is derived by an heir from an ancestor or other person; a heritage; a possession which passes by descent.

> When the man dies, let the inheritance
> Descend unto the daughter.

Shak.

3. A permanent or valuable possession or blessing, esp. one received by gift or without purchase; a benefaction.

> To an inheritance incorruptible, and undefiled, and that fadeth not away.

1 Pet. i. 4.

4. Possession; ownership; acquisition. "The inheritance of their loves." Shak.

> To you th' inheritance belongs by right
> Of brother's praise; to you eke 'longs his love.

Spenser.

5. (Biol.) Transmission and reception by animal or plant generation.

6. (Law) A perpetual or continuing right which a man and his heirs have to an estate; an estate which a man has by descent as heir to another, or which he may transmit to another as his heir; an estate derived from an ancestor to an heir in course of law. Blackstone.

The word inheritance (used simply) is mostly confined to the title to land and tenements by a descent. Mozley & W.

> Men are not proprietors of what they have, merely for themselves; their children have a title to part of it which comes to be wholly theirs when death has put an end to their parents' use of it; and this we call inheritance.

Locke.

In*her"it*or (?), n. One who inherits; an heir.

> Born inheritors of the dignity.

Milton.

In*her"it*ress (?), n. A heiress. Milman.

In*her"it*rix (?), n. Same as Inheritress. Shak.

In*herse" (?), v. t. [Obs.] See Inhearse.

In*he"sion (?), n. [L. inhaesio. See Inhere.] The state of existing, of being inherent, in something; inherence. A. Baxter.

> Constant inhesion and habitual abode.

South.

In`hi*a"tion (?), n. [L. inhiatio, fr. inhiare to gape; pref. in- + hiare to gape.] A gaping after; eager desire; craving. [R.] Bp. Hall.

In*hib"it (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inhibited; p. pr. & vb. n. Inhibiting.] [L. inhibitus, p. p. of inhibere; pref. in- in + habere to have, hold. See Habit.]

1. To check; to hold back; to restrain; to hinder.

> Their motions also are excited or inhibited . . . by the objects without them.

Bentley.

2. To forbid; to prohibit; to interdict.

> All men were inhibited, by proclamation, at the dissolution, so much as to mention a Parliament.

Clarendon.

> Burial may not be inhibited or denied to any one.

Ayliffe.

In`hi*bi"tion (?), n. [L. inhibitio: cf. F. inhibition.]

1. The act of inhibiting, or the state of being inhibited; restraint; prohibition; embargo.

2. (Physiol.) A stopping or checking of an already present action; a restraining of the function of an organ, or an agent, as a digestive fluid or ferment, etc.; as, the inhibition of the respiratory center by the pneumogastric nerve; the inhibition of reflexes, etc.

3. (Law) A writ from a higher court forbidding an inferior judge from further proceedings in a cause before; esp., a writ issuing from a higher ecclesiastical court to an inferior one, on appeal. Cowell.

In*hib"i*tor (?), n. [NL.] That which causes inhibitory action; esp., an inhibitory nerve.

In*hib"i*to*ry (?), a. [LL. inhibitorius: cf. F. inhibitoire.] Of or pertaining to, or producing, inhibition; consisting in inhibition; tending or serving to inhibit; as, the inhibitory action of the pneumogastric on the respiratory center.

> I would not have you consider these criticisms as inhibitory.

Lamb.

Inhibitory nerves (Physiol.), those nerves which modify, inhibit, or suppress a motor or secretory act already in progress.

In*hib"i*to*ry-mo"tor (?), a. (Physiol.) A term applied to certain nerve centers which govern or restrain subsidiary centers, from which motor impressions issue. McKendrick.

In*hive" (?), v. t. To place in a hive; to hive.

In*hold" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inheld (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inholding.] To have inherent; to contain in itself; to possess. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

In*hold"er, n. An inhabitant. [Obs.] Spenser.

In*hoop" (?), v. t. To inclose in a hoop, or as in a hoop. [R.] Shak.

In*hos"pi*ta*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + hospitable: cf. L. inhospitalis.]

1. Not hospitable; not disposed to show hospitality to strangers or guests; as, an inhospitable person or people.

> Have you no touch of pity, that the poor
> Stand starved at your inhospitable door?

Cowper.

2. Affording no shelter or sustenance; barren; desert; bleak; cheerless; wild. "Inhospitable wastes." Blair.

-- In*hos"pi*ta*ble*ness, n. -- In*hos"pi*ta*bly, adv.

In*hos`pi*tal"i*ty (?), n. [L. inhospitalitas: cf. F. inhospitalité. See In- not, and Hospitality.] The quality or state of being inhospitable; inhospitableness; lack of hospitality. Bp. Hall.

In*hu"man (?), a. [L. inhumanus: cf. F. inhumain. See In- not, and Human.]

1. Destitute of the kindness and tenderness that belong to a human being; cruel; barbarous; savage; unfeeling; as, an inhuman person or people.

2. Characterized by, or attended with, cruelty; as, an inhuman act or punishment.

Syn. -- Cruel; unfeeling; pitiless; merciless; savage; barbarous; brutal; ferocious; ruthless; fiendish.

In`hu*man"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Inhumanities (#). [L. inhumanitas: cf. F. inhumanité.] The quality or state of being inhuman; cruelty; barbarity.

> Man's inhumanity to man
> Makes countless thousands mourn.

Burns.

In*hu"man*ly (?), adv. In an inhuman manner; cruelly; barbarously.

In*hu"mate (?), v. t. [L. inhumatus, p. p. of inhumare to inhume; pref. in- in + humare to cover with earth. See Humation, and cf. Inhume.] To inhume; to bury; to inter. Hedge.

In`hu*ma"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. inhumation.]

1. The act of inhuming or burying; interment.

2. (Old Chem.) The act of burying vessels in warm earth in order to expose their contents to a steady moderate heat; the state of being thus exposed.

3. (Med.) Arenation.

In*hume" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inhumed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inhuming.] [Cf. F. inhumer. See Inhumate.]

1. To deposit, as a dead body, in the earth; to bury; to inter.

> Weeping they bear the mangled heaps of slain,
> Inhume the natives in their native plain.

Pope.

2. To bury or place in warm earth for chemical or medicinal purposes.

||In"i*a (?), n. (Zoöl.) A South American freshwater dolphin (Inia Boliviensis). It is ten or twelve feet long, and has a hairy snout.

In"i*al (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the inion.

In`im*ag"i*na*ble (?), a. Unimaginable; inconceivable. [R.] Bp. Pearson.

In*im"i*cal (?; 277), a. [L. inimicalis, fr. inimicus unfriendly, hostile; pref. in- not + amicus friendly. See Amity.]

1. Having the disposition or temper of an enemy; unfriendly; unfavorable; -- chiefly applied to private, as hostile is to public, enmity.

2. Opposed in tendency, influence, or effects; antagonistic; inconsistent; incompatible; adverse; repugnant.

> We are at war with a system, which, by its essence, is inimical to all other governments.

Burke.

In*im`i*cal"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being inimical or hostile; hostility; unfriendliness. [R.]

In*im"i*cal*ly (?), adv. In an inimical manner.

In*im`i*ci"tious (?), a. [L. inimicitia enmity. See Inimical.] Inimical; unfriendly. [R.] Sterne.

In*im"i*cous (?), a. [L. inimicus.] Inimical; hurtful. [Obs.] Evelyn.

In*im`i*ta*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being inimitable; inimitableness. Norris.

In*im"i*ta*ble (?), a. [L. inimitabilis: cf. F. inimitable. See In- not, and Imitable.] Not capable of being imitated, copied, or counterfeited; beyond imitation; surpassingly excellent; matchless; unrivaled; exceptional; unique; as, an inimitable style; inimitable eloquence. "Inimitable force." Dryden.

> Performing such inimitable feats.

Cowper.

-- In*im"i*ta*ble*ness, n. -- In*im"i*ta*bly, adv.

||In"i*on (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'ini`on the back of the head.] (Anat.) The external occipital protuberance of the skull.

In*iq"ui*tous (?), a. [From Iniquity.] Characterized by iniquity; unjust; wicked; as, an iniquitous bargain; an iniquitous proceeding.

> Demagogues . . . bribed to this iniquitous service.

Burke.

Syn. -- Wicked; wrong; unjust; unrighteous; nefarious; criminal. -- Iniquitous, Wicked, Nefarious. Wicked is the generic term. Iniquitous is stronger, denoting a violation of the rights of others, usually by fraud or circumvention. Nefarious is still stronger, implying a breach of the most sacred obligations, and points more directly to the intrinsic badness of the deed.

In*iq"ui*tous*ly, adv. In an iniquitous manner; unjustly; wickedly.

In*iq"ui*ty (?), n.; pl. Iniquities (#). [OE. iniquitee, F. iniquité, L. iniquitas, inequality, unfairness, injustice. See Iniquous.]

1. Absence of, or deviation from, just dealing; want of rectitude or uprightness; gross injustice; unrighteousness; wickedness; as, the iniquity of bribery; the iniquity of an unjust judge.

> Till the world from his perfection fell
> Into all filth and foul iniquity.

Spenser.

2. An iniquitous act or thing; a deed of injustice or unrighteousness; a sin; a crime. Milton.

> Your iniquities have separated between you and your God.

Is. lix. 2.

3. A character or personification in the old English moralities, or moral dramas, having the name sometimes of one vice and sometimes of another. See Vice.

> Acts old Iniquity, and in the fit
> Of miming gets the opinion of a wit.

B. Jonson.

In*i"quous (?), a. [L. iniquus; pref. in- not + aequus. See Equal.] Iniquitous. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In*ir"ri*ta*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + irritable: cf. F. inirritable.] Not irritable; esp. (Physiol.), incapable of being stimulated to action, as a muscle. -- In*ir`ri*ta*bil"i*ty (#), n.

In*ir"ri*ta*tive (?), a. Not accompanied with excitement; as, an inirritative fever. E. Darwin.

In*isle" (?), v. t. [Cf. Enisled.] To form into an island; to surround. [Obs.] Drayton.

In*i"tial (?), a. [L. initialis, from initium a going in, entrance, beginning, fr. inire to go into, to enter, begin; pref. in- in + ire to go: cf. F. initial. See Issue, and cf. Commence.]

1. Of or pertaining to the beginning; marking the commencement; incipient; commencing; as, the initial symptoms of a disease.

2. Placed at the beginning; standing at the head, as of a list or series; as, the initial letters of a name.

In*i"tial, n. The first letter of a word or a name.

In*i"tial, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Initialed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Initialing.] To put an initial to; to mark with an initial of initials. [R.]

In*i"tial*ly, adv. In an initial or incipient manner or degree; at the beginning. Barrow.

In*i"ti*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Initiated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Initiating (?).] [L. initiatus, p. p. of initiare to begin, fr. initium beginning. See Initial.]

1. To introduce by a first act; to make a beginning with; to set afoot; to originate; to commence; to begin or enter upon.

> How are changes of this sort to be initiated?

I. Taylor.

2. To acquaint with the beginnings; to instruct in the rudiments or principles; to introduce.

> Providence would only initiate mankind into the useful knowledge of her treasures, leaving the rest to employ our industry.

Dr. H. More.

> To initiate his pupil into any part of learning, an ordinary skill in the governor is enough.

Locke.

3. To introduce into a society or organization; to confer membership on; especially, to admit to a secret order with mysterious rites or ceremonies.

> The Athenians believed that he who was initiated and instructed in the mysteries would obtain celestial honor after death.

Bp. Warburton.

> He was initiated into half a dozen clubs before he was one and twenty.

Spectator.

In*i"ti*ate, v. i. To do the first act; to perform the first rite; to take the initiative. [R.] Pope.

In*i"ti*ate (?), a. [L. initiatus, p. p.]

1. Unpracticed; untried; new. [Obs.] "The initiate fear that wants hard use." Shak.

2. Begun; commenced; introduced to, or instructed in, the rudiments; newly admitted.

> To rise in science as in bliss,
> Initiate in the secrets of the skies.

Young.

Initiate tenant by courtesy (Law), said of a husband who becomes such in his wife's estate of inheritance by the birth of a child, but whose estate is not consummated till the death of the wife. Mozley & W.

In*i"ti*ate, n. One who is, or is to be, initiated.

In*i`ti*a"tion (?), n. [L. initiatio: cf. F. initiation.]

1. The act of initiating, or the process of being initiated or introduced; as, initiation into a society, into business, literature, etc. "The initiation of courses of events." Pope.

2. The form or ceremony by which a person is introduced into any society; mode of entrance into an organized body; especially, the rite of admission into a secret society or order.

> Silence is the first thing that is taught us at our initiation into sacred mysteries.

Broome.

In*i"ti*a*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. initiatif.] Serving to initiate; inceptive; initiatory; introductory; preliminary.

In*i"ti*a*tive, n. [Cf. F. initiative.]

1. An introductory step or movement; an act which originates or begins.

> The undeveloped initiatives of good things to come.

I. Taylor.

2. The right or power to introduce a new measure or course of action, as in legislation; as, the initiative in respect to revenue bills is in the House of Representatives.

In*i"ti*a`tor (?), n. [L.] One who initiates.

In*i"ti*a*to*ry (?), a. 1. Suitable for an introduction or beginning; introductory; prefatory; as, an initiatory step. Bp. Hall.

2. Tending or serving to initiate; introducing by instruction, or by the use and application of symbols or ceremonies; elementary; rudimentary.

> Some initiatory treatises in the law.

Herbert.

> Two initiatory rites of the same general import can not exist together.

J. M. Mason.

In*i"ti*a*to*ry, n. An introductory act or rite. [R.]

In*i"tion (?), n. [Cf. OF. inition. See Initial.] Initiation; beginning. [Obs.] Sir R. Naunton.

In*ject" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Injected; p. pr. & vb. n. Injecting.] [L. injectus, p. p. of inicere, injicere, to throw in; pref. in- in + jacere to throw: cf. F. injecter. See Jet a shooting forth.]

1. To throw in; to dart in; to force in; as, to inject cold water into a condenser; to inject a medicinal liquid into a cavity of the body; to inject morphine with a hypodermic syringe.

2. Fig.: To throw; to offer; to propose; to instill.

> Cæsar also, then hatching tyranny, injected the same scrupulous demurs.

Milton.

3. To cast or throw; -- with on. [R.]

> And mound inject on mound.

Pope.

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4. (Anat.) To fill (a vessel, cavity, or tissue) with a fluid or other substance; as, to inject the blood vessels.

In*jec"tion (?), n. [L. injectio : cf. F. injection.] 1. The act of injecting or throwing in; -- applied particularly to the forcible throwing in of a liquid, or aëriform body, by means of a syringe, pump, etc.

2. That which is injected; especially, a liquid medicine thrown into a cavity of the body by a syringe or pipe; a clyster; an enema. Mayne.

3. (Anat.) (a) The act or process of filling vessels, cavities, or tissues with a fluid or other substance. (b) A specimen prepared by injection.

4. (Steam Eng.) (a) The act of throwing cold water into a condenser to produce a vacuum. (b) The cold water thrown into a condenser.

Injection cock, or Injection valve (Steam Eng.), the cock or valve through which cold water is admitted into a condenser. -- Injection condenser. See under Condenser. -- Injection pipe, the pipe through which cold water is through into the condenser of a steam engine.

In*ject"or (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, injects.

2. (Mach.) A contrivance for forcing feed water into a steam boiler by the direct action of the steam upon the water. The water is driven into the boiler by the impulse of a jet of the steam which becomes condensed as soon as it strikes the stream of cold water it impels; -- also called Giffard's injector, from the inventor.

In*jel"ly (?), v. t. To place in jelly. [R.]

In*join" (?), v. t. [Obs.] See Enjoin.

In*joint (?), v. t. [Pref. in- in + joint.] To join; to unite. [R.] Shak.

In*joint, v. t. [Pref. in- in + joint.] To disjoint; to separate. [Obs.] Holland.

In`ju*cun"di*ty (?), n. [L. injucunditas. See In- not, and Jocund.] Unpleasantness; disagreeableness. [Obs.] Cockeram.

In*ju"di*ca*ble (?), a. Not cognizable by a judge. [Obs.] Bailey.

In`ju*di"cial (?), a. Not according to the forms of law; not judicial. [R.]

In`ju*di"cious (?), a. [Pref. in- not + judicious; cf. F. injudicieux.] 1. Not judicious; wanting in sound judgment; undiscerning; indiscreet; unwise; as, an injudicious adviser.

> An injudicious biographer who undertook to be his editor and the protector of his memory.

A. Murphy.

2. Not according to sound judgment or discretion; unwise; as, an injudicious measure.

Syn. -- Indiscreet; inconsiderate; undiscerning; incautious; unwise; rash; hasty; imprudent.

In`ju*di"cious*ly, adv. In an injudicious manner.

In`ju*di"cious*ness, n. The quality of being injudicious; want of sound judgment; indiscretion. Whitlock.

In*junc"tion (?), n. [L. injunctio, fr. injungere, injunctum, to join into, to enjoin. See Enjoin.] 1. The act of enjoining; the act of directing, commanding, or prohibiting.

2. That which is enjoined; an order; a mandate; a decree; a command; a precept; a direction.

> For still they knew, and ought to have still remembered,
> The high injunction, not to taste that fruit.

Milton.

> Necessary as the injunctions of lawful authority.

South.

3. (Law) A writ or process, granted by a court of equity, and, in some cases, under statutes, by a court of law, whereby a party is required to do or to refrain from doing certain acts, according to the exigency of the writ.

It is more generally used as a preventive than as a restorative process, although by no means confined to the former. Wharton. Daniell. Story.

In"jure (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Injured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Injuring.] [L. injuriari, fr. injuria injury, perh. through F. injurier to insult, in OF. also, to injure; or perhaps fr. E. injury, or F. injure injury. See Injury.] To do harm to; to impair the excellence and value of; to hurt; to damage; -- used in a variety of senses; as: (a) To hurt or wound, as the person; to impair soundness, as of health. (b) To damage or lessen the value of, as goods or estate. (c) To slander, tarnish, or impair, as reputation or character. (d) To impair or diminish, as happiness or virtue. (e) To give pain to, as the sensibilities or the feelings; to grieve; to annoy. (f) To impair, as the intellect or mind.

> When have I injured thee? when done thee wrong?

Shak.

Syn. -- To damage; mar; spoil; harm; sully; wrong; maltreat; abuse; insult; affront; dishonor.

In"jur*er (?), n. One who injures or wrongs.

||In*ju"ri*a (?), n.; pl. Injurie (#). [L.] (Law) Injury; invasion of another's rights.

In*ju"ri*ous (?), a. [L. injuriousus, injurius; cf. F. injurieux. See Injury.] 1. Not just; wrongful; iniquitous; culpable. [Obs.] Milton.

> Till the injurious Roman did extort
> This tribute from us, we were free.

Shak.

2. Causing injury or harm; hurtful; harmful; detrimental; mischievous; as, acts injurious to health, credit, reputation, property, etc.

> Without being injurious to the memory of our English Pindar.

Dryden.

Syn. -- Harmful; hurtful; pernicious; mischievous; baneful; deleterious; noxious; ruinous; detrimental.

In*ju"ri*ous*ly, adv. In an injurious or hurtful manner; wrongfully; hurtfully; mischievously.

In*ju"ri*ous*ness, n. The quality of being injurious or hurtful; harmfulness; injury.

In"ju*ry (?), n.; pl. Injuries (#). [OE. injurie, L. injuria, fr. injurius injurious, wrongful, unjust; pref. in- not + jus, juris, right, law, justice: cf. F. injure. See Just, a.] Any damage or hurt done to a person or thing; detriment to, or violation of, the person, character, feelings, rights, property, or interests of an individual; that which injures, or occasions wrong, loss, damage, or detriment; harm; hurt; loss; mischief; wrong; evil; as, his health was impaired by a severe injury; slander is an injury to the character.

> For he that doeth injury shall receive that that he did evil.

Wyclif(Col. iii. 25).

> Many times we do injury to a cause by dwelling on trifling arguments.

I. Watts.

> Riot ascends above their loftiest towers,
> And injury and outrage.

Milton.

Injury in morals and jurisprudence is the intentional doing of wrong. Fleming.

Syn. -- Harm; hurt; damage; loss; impairment; detriment; wrong; evil; injustice.

In*jus"tice (?), n. [F. injustice, L. injustitia. See In- not, and Justice, and cf. Unjust.] 1. Want of justice and equity; violation of the rights of another or others; iniquity; wrong; unfairness; imposition.

> If this people [the Athenians] resembled Nero in their extravagance, much more did they resemble and even exceed him in cruelty and injustice.

Burke.

2. An unjust act or deed; a sin; a crime; a wrong.

> Cunning men can be guilty of a thousand injustices without being discovered, or at least without being punished.

Swift.

Ink (k), n. (Mach.) The step, or socket, in which the lower end of a millstone spindle runs.

Ink, n. [OE. enke, inke, OF. enque, F. encre, L. encaustum the purple red ink with which the Roman emperors signed their edicts, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; burnt in, encaustic, fr. &?; to burn in. See Encaustic, Caustic.] 1. A fluid, or a viscous material or preparation of various kinds (commonly black or colored), used in writing or printing.

> Make there a prick with ink.

Chaucer.

> Deformed monsters, foul and black as ink.

Spenser.

2. A pigment. See India ink, under India.

Ordinarily, black ink is made from nutgalls and a solution of some salt of iron, and consists essentially of a tannate or gallate of iron; sometimes indigo sulphate, or other coloring matter, is added. Other black inks contain potassium chromate, and extract of logwood, salts of vanadium, etc. Blue ink is usually a solution of Prussian blue. Red ink was formerly made from carmine (cochineal), Brazil wood, etc., but potassium eosin is now used. Also red, blue, violet, and yellow inks are largely made from aniline dyes. Indelible ink is usually a weak solution of silver nitrate, but carbon in the form of lampblack or India ink, salts of molybdenum, vanadium, etc., are also used. Sympathetic inks may be made of milk, salts of cobalt, etc. See Sympathetic ink (below).

Copying ink, a peculiar ink used for writings of which copies by impression are to be taken. -- Ink bag (Zoöl.), an ink sac. - - Ink berry. (Bot.) (a) A shrub of the Holly family (Ilex glabra), found in sandy grounds along the coast from New England to Florida, and producing a small black berry. (b) The West Indian indigo berry. See Indigo. -- Ink plant (Bot.), a New Zealand shrub (Coriaria thymifolia), the berries of which yield a juice which forms an ink. -- Ink powder, a powder from which ink is made by solution. -- Ink sac (Zoöl.), an organ, found in most cephalopods, containing an inky fluid which can be ejected from a duct opening at the base of the siphon. The fluid serves to cloud the water, and enable these animals to escape from their enemies. See Illust. of Dibranchiata. -- Printer's ink, or Printing ink. See under Printing. - - Sympathetic ink, a writing fluid of such a nature that what is written remains invisible till the action of a reagent on the characters makes it visible.

Ink, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inked (kt); p. pr. & vb. n. Inking.] To put ink upon; to supply with ink; to blacken, color, or daub with ink.

Ink"er (?), n. One who, or that which, inks; especially, in printing, the pad or roller which inks the type.

Ink"fish` (?), n. A cuttlefish. See Cuttlefish.

Ink"horn` (?), n. [Ink + horn; cf. F. cornet à encre, G. dintenhorn.] A small bottle of horn or other material formerly used for holding ink; an inkstand; a portable case for writing materials. "With a writer's inkhorn by his side." Ezek. ix. 2.

> From his pocket the notary drew his papers and inkhorn.

Longfellow.

Ink"horn", a. Learned; pedantic; affected. [Obs.] "Inkhorn terms." Bale.

Ink"horn`ism (?), n. Pedantry. Sir T. Wilson.

Ink"i*ness (?), n. [From Inky.] The state or quality of being inky; blackness.

Ink"ing, a. Supplying or covering with ink.

Inking roller, a somewhat elastic roller, used to spread ink over forms of type, copperplates, etc. -- Inking trough or table, a trough or table from which the inking roller receives its ink.

In"kle (?), n. [Prob.the same word as lingle, the first l being mistaken for the definite article in French. See Lingle.] A kind of tape or braid. Shak.

In"kle, v. t. [OE. inklen to hint; cf. Dan. ymte to whisper.] To guess. [Prov. Eng.] "She inkled what it was." R. D. Blackmore.

In"kling (?), n. A hint; an intimation.

> The least inkling or glimpse of this island.

Bacon.

> They had some inkling of secret messages.

Clarendon.

In"knee` (?), n. Same as Knock- knee.

In"kneed` (?), a. See Knock- kneed.

In*knot" (?), v. t. To fasten or bind, as with a knot; to knot together. Fuller.

Ink"stand` (?), n. A small vessel for holding ink, to dip the pen into; also, a device for holding ink and writing materials.

Ink"stone" (?), n. A kind of stone containing native vitriol or sulphate of iron, used in making ink.

Ink"y (?), a. Consisting of, or resembling, ink; soiled with ink; black. "Inky blots." Shak. "Its inky blackness." Boyle.

In*lace" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inlaced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inlacing (?).] [Pref. in- + lace: cf. OE. enlacen to entangle, involve, OF. enlacier, F. enlacer. See Lace, and cf. Enlace.] To work in, as lace; to embellish with work resembling lace; also, to lace or enlace. P. Fletcher.

In"la*ga"tion (?), n. [Law L. inlagatio, fr. inlagare to restore to law. See In, and Law.] (Old Eng. Law) The restitution of an outlawed person to the protection of the law; inlawing. Bouvier.

In*laid" (?), p. p. of Inlay.

In"land (?), a. 1. Within the land; more or less remote from the ocean or from open water; interior; as, an inland town. "This wide inland sea." Spenser.

> From inland regions to the distant main.

Cowper.

2. Limited to the land, or to inland routes; within the seashore boundary; not passing on, or over, the sea; as, inland transportation, commerce, navigation, etc.

3. Confined to a country or state; domestic; not foreign; as, an inland bill of exchange. See Exchange.

In"land, n. The interior part of a country. Shak.

In"land, adv. Into, or towards, the interior, away from the coast. Cook.

> The greatest waves of population have rolled inland from the east.

S. Turner.

In"land*er (?), n. One who lives in the interior of a country, or at a distance from the sea. Sir T. Browne.

In"land*ish, a. Inland. [Obs.] T. Reeve(1657)

In*lap"i*date (?), v. t. [Pref. in- in + L. lapis, lapidis, stone.] To convert into a stony substance; to petrify. [R.] Bacon.

In*lard" (?), v. t. See Enlard.

In*law" (?), v. t. [In + law. Cf. Inlagation.] (Old Eng. Law) To clear of outlawry or attainder; to place under the protection of the law. Burrill.

In*lay" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inlaied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inlaying.] To lay within; hence, to insert, as pieces of pearl, ivory, choice woods, or the like, in a groundwork of some other material; to form an ornamental surface; to diversify or adorn with insertions.

> Look, how the floor of heaven
> Is thick inlaid with patines of bright gold.

Shak.

> But these things are . . . borrowed by the monks to inlay their story.

Milton.

In"lay` (?), n. Matter or pieces of wood, ivory, etc., inlaid, or prepared for inlaying; that which is inserted or inlaid for ornament or variety.

> Crocus and hyacinth with rich inlay
> Broidered the ground.

Milton.

> The sloping of the moonlit sward
> Was damask work, and deep inlay
> Of braided blooms.

Tennyson.

In*lay"er (?), n. One who inlays, or whose occupation it is to inlay.

In*league" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inleagued (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inleaguing (?).] To ally, or form an alliance with; to unite; to combine.

> With a willingness inleague our blood
> With his, for purchase of full growth in friendship.

Ford.

In*lea"guer (?), v. t. To beleaguer. Holland.

In"let (?), n. 1. A passage by which an inclosed place may be entered; a place of ingress; entrance.

> Doors and windows, inlets of men and of light.

Sir H. Wotton.

2. A bay or recess, as in the shore of a sea, lake, or large river; a narrow strip of water running into the land or between islands.

3. That which is let in or inlaid; an inserted material.

Inlet is also used adjectively, as in inlet pipe, inlet valve, etc.

In*light"en (?), v. t. See Enlighten.

In*list" (?), v. t. See Enlist.

In*live" (?), v. t. To animate. [R.] B. Jonson.

In*lock" (?), v. t. To lock in, or inclose.

||In lo"co (?). [L.] In the place; in the proper or natural place.

In*lu"mine (?), v. t. [Obs.] See Illumine.

In"ly (?), a. [OE. inlich, AS. inlc. See In.] Internal; interior; secret.

> Didst thou but know the inly touch of love.

Shak.

In"ly, adv. Internally; within; in the heart. "Whereat he inly raged." Milton.

In"ma*cy (?), n. [From Inmate.] The state of being an inmate. [R.] Craig.

In"mate` (n"mt`), n. [In + mate an associate.] One who lives in the same house or apartment with another; a fellow lodger; esp., one of the occupants of an asylum, hospital, or prison; by extension, one who occupies or lodges in any place or dwelling.

> So spake the enemy of mankind, inclos'd
> In serpent, inmate bad.

Milton.

In"mate`, a. Admitted as a dweller; resident; internal. [R.] "Inmate guests." Milton.

In"meats` (?), n. pl. The edible viscera of animals, as the heart, liver, etc.

In*mesh" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inmeshed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inmeshing.] To bring within meshes, as of a net; to enmesh.

In*mew" (?), v. t. [Cf.Emmew, Immew.] To inclose, as in a mew or cage. [R.] "Inmew the town below." Beau. & Fl.

In"most` (?), a. [OE. innemest, AS. innemest, a double superlative form fr. inne within, fr. in in. The modern form is due to confusion with most. See In, and cf. Aftermost, Foremost, Innermost.] Deepest within; farthest from the surface or external part; innermost.

> And pierce the inmost center of the earth.

Shak.

> The silent, slow, consuming fires,
> Which on my inmost vitals prey.

Addison.

Inn (?), n. [AS. in, inn, house, chamber, inn, from AS. in in; akin to Icel. inni house. See In.] 1. A place of shelter; hence, dwelling; habitation; residence; abode. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> Therefore with me ye may take up your inn
> For this same night.

Spenser.

2. A house for the lodging and entertainment of travelers or wayfarers; a tavern; a public house; a hotel.

As distinguished from a private boarding house, an inn is a house for the entertainment of all travelers of good conduct and means of payment, as guests for a brief period, not as lodgers or boarders by contract.

> The miserable fare and miserable lodgment of a provincial inn.

W. Irving.

3. The town residence of a nobleman or distinguished person; as, Leicester Inn. [Eng.]

4. One of the colleges (societies or buildings) in London, for students of the law barristers; as, the Inns of Court; the Inns of Chancery; Serjeants' Inns.

Inns of chancery (Eng.), colleges in which young students formerly began their law studies, now occupied chiefly by attorneys, solicitors, etc. -- Inns of court (Eng.), the four societies of "students and practicers of the law of England" which in London exercise the exclusive right of admitting persons to practice at the bar; also, the buildings in which the law students and barristers have their chambers. They are the Inner Temple, the Middle Temple, Lincoln's Inn, and Gray's Inn.

<! p. 766 !>

Inn (n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inned (nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Inning.] To take lodging; to lodge. [R.] Addison.

Inn, v. t. 1. To house; to lodge. [Obs.]

> When he had brought them into his city
> And inned them, everich at his degree.

Chaucer.

2. To get in; to in. See In, v. t.

In"nate (n"nt or n*nt"; 277), a. [L. innatus; pref. in- in + natus born, p. p. of nasci to be born. See Native.] 1. Inborn; native; natural; as, innate vigor; innate eloquence.

2. (Metaph.) Originating in, or derived from, the constitution of the intellect, as opposed to acquired from experience; as, innate ideas. See A priori, Intuitive.

> There is an innate light in every man, discovering to him the first lines of duty in the common notions of good and evil.

South.

> Men would not be guilty if they did not carry in their mind common notions of morality, innate and written in divine letters.

Fleming (Origen).

> If I could only show, as I hope I shall . . . how men, barely by the use of their natural faculties, may attain to all the knowledge they have, without the help of any innate impressions; and may arrive at certainty without any such original notions or principles.

Locke.

3. (Bot.) Joined by the base to the very tip of a filament; as, an innate anther. Gray.

Innate ideas (Metaph.), ideas, as of God, immortality, right and wrong, supposed by some to be inherent in the mind, as a priori principles of knowledge.

In*nate" (?), v. t. To cause to exit; to call into being. [Obs.] "The first innating cause." Marston.

In"nate*ly (?), adv. Naturally.

In"nate*ness, n. The quality of being innate.

In*na"tive (?), a. Native. [Obs.] Chapman.

In*nav"i*ga*ble (?), a. [L. innavigabilis : cf. F. innavigable. See In- not, and Navigable.] Incapable of being navigated; impassable by ships or vessels. Drygen. -- In*nav"i*ga*bly, adv.

Inne (?), adv. & prep. In. [Obs.]

> And eke in what array that they were inne.

Chaucer.

In"ner (n"nr), a. [AS. innera, a compar. fr. inne within, fr. in in. See In.] 1. Further in; interior; internal; not outward; as, an inner chamber.

2. Of or pertaining to the spirit or its phenomena.

> This attracts the soul,
> Governs the inner man, the nobler part.

Milton.

3. Not obvious or easily discovered; obscure.

Inner house (Scot.), the first and second divisions of the court of Session at Edinburgh; also, the place of their sittings. -- Inner jib (Naut.), a fore-and-aft sail set on a stay running from the fore-topmast head to the jib boom. -- Inner plate (Arch.), the wall plate which lies nearest to the center of the roof, in a double-plated roof. -- Inner post (Naut.), a piece brought on at the fore side of the main post, to support the transoms. -- Inner square (Carp.), the angle formed by the inner edges of a carpenter's square.

In"ner*ly, adv. More within. [Obs.] Baret.

In"ner*most` (-mst`), a. [A corruption of inmost due to influence of inner. See Inmost.] Farthest inward; most remote from the outward part; inmost; deepest within. Prov. xviii. 8.

In"ner*most`ly, adv. In the innermost place. [R.]

> His ebon cross worn innermostly.

Mrs. Browning.

In*ner"vate (n*nr"vt), v. t. [See Innerve.] (Anat.) To supply with nerves; as, the heart is innervated by pneumogastric and sympathetic branches.

In`ner*va"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. innervation.] 1. The act of innerving or stimulating.

2. (Physiol.) Special activity excited in any part of the nervous system or in any organ of sense or motion; the nervous influence necessary for the maintenance of life, and the functions of the various organs.

3. (Anat.) The distribution of nerves in an animal, or to any of its parts.

In*nerve" (n*nrv"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Innerved (- nrvd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Innerving.] [Pref. in- in + nerve.] To give nervous energy or power to; to give increased energy, force, or courage to; to invigorate; to stimulate.

Inn"hold`er (?), n. One who keeps an inn.

In"ning (?), n. [AS. innung, fr. in in, prep. & adv.] 1. Ingathering; harvesting. [Obs.] Holland.

2. The state or turn of being in; specifically, in cricket, baseball, etc., the turn or time of a player or of a side at the bat; -- often in the pl. Hence: The turn or time of a person, or a party, in power; as, the Whigs went out, and the Democrats had their innings.

3. pl. Lands recovered from the sea. Ainsworth.

In*ni"ten*cy (?), n. [L. inniti, p. p. innixus, to lean upon; pref. in- in, on + niti to lean.] A leaning; pressure; weight. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

In*nix"ion (?), n. [See Innitency.] Act of leaning upon something; incumbency. [Obs.] Derham.

Inn"keep`er (?), n. An innholder.

In"no*cence (?), n. [F. innocence, L. innocentia. See Innocent.] 1. The state or quality of being innocent; freedom from that which is harmful or infurious; harmlessness.

2. The state or quality of being morally free from guilt or sin; purity of heart; blamelessness.

> The silence often of pure innocence
> Persuades when speaking fails.

Shak.

> Banished from man's life his happiest life,
> Simplicity and spotless innocence!

Milton.

3. The state or quality of being not chargeable for, or guilty of, a particular crime or offense; as, the innocence of the prisoner was clearly shown.

4. Simplicity or plainness, bordering on weakness or silliness; artlessness; ingenuousness. Chaucer. Shak.

Syn. -- Harmlessness; innocuousness; blamelessness; purity; sinlessness; guiltlessness.

In"no*cen*cy (?), n. Innocence.

In"no*cent (?), a. [F. innocent, L. innocens, -entis; pref. in- not + nocens, p. pr. of nocere to harm, hurt. See Noxious.] 1. Not harmful; free from that which can injure; innoxious; innocuous; harmless; as, an innocent medicine or remedy.

> The spear
> Sung innocent, and spent its force in air.

Pope.

2. Morally free from guilt; guiltless; not tainted with sin; pure; upright.

> To offer up a weak, poor, innocent lamb.

Shak.

> I have sinned in that I have betrayed the innocent blood.

Matt. xxvii. 4.

> The aidless, innocent lady, his wished prey.

Milton.

3. Free from the guilt of a particular crime or offense; as, a man is innocent of the crime charged.

> Innocent from the great transgression.

Ps. xix. 13.

4. Simple; artless; foolish. Shak.

5. Lawful; permitted; as, an innocent trade.

6. Not contraband; not subject to forfeiture; as, innocent goods carried to a belligerent nation.

Innocent party (Law), a party who has not notice of a fact tainting a litigated transaction with illegality.

Syn. -- Harmless; innoxious; innoffensive; guiltless; spotless; immaculate; pure; unblamable; blameless; faultless; guileless; upright.

In"no*cent, n. 1. An innocent person; one free from, or unacquainted with, guilt or sin. Shak.

2. An unsophisticated person; hence, a child; a simpleton; an idiot. B. Jonson.

> In Scotland a natural fool was called an innocent.

Sir W. Scott.

Innocents' day (Eccl.), Childermas day.

In"no*cent*ly, adv. In an innocent manner.

In"no*cu"i*ty (?), n. Innocuousness.

In*noc"u*ous (?), a. [L. innocuus; in- not + nocuus hurtful, fr. nocere to hurt. See Innocent.] Harmless; producing no ill effect; innocent.

> A patient, innocuous, innocent man.

Burton.

-- In*noc"u*ous*ly, adv. -- In*noc"u*ous*ness, n.

> Where the salt sea innocuously breaks.

Wordsworth.

In"no*date (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Innodated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Innodating (?).] [L. innodatus, p. p. of innodare; pref. in- in + nodus knot.] To bind up, as in a knot; to include. [Obs.] Fuller.

In*nom"i*na*ble (?), a. [L. innominabilis; pref. in- not + nominare to name: cf. F. innominable.] Not to be named. [R.] Testament of Love.

In*nom"i*nate (?), a. [L. innominatus; pref. in- not + nominare to name.] 1. Having no name; unnamed; as, an innominate person or place. [R.] Ray.

2. (Anat.) A term used in designating many parts otherwise unnamed; as, the innominate artery, a great branch of the arch of the aorta; the innominate vein, a great branch of the superior vena cava.

Innominate bone (Anat.), the great bone which makes a lateral half of the pelvis in mammals; hip bone; haunch bone; huckle bone. It is composed of three bones, ilium, ischium, and pubis, consolidated into one in the adult, though separate in the fetus, as also in many adult reptiles and amphibians. -- Innominate contracts (Law), in the Roman law, contracts without a specific name.

In"no*vate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Innovated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Innovating (?).] [L. innovatus, p. p. of innovare to revew; pref. in- in + novare to make new, fr. novus new. See New.] 1. To bring in as new; to introduce as a novelty; as, to innovate a word or an act. [Archaic]

2. To change or alter by introducing something new; to remodel; to revolutionize. [Archaic] Burton.

> From his attempts upon the civil power, he proceeds
> to innovate God's worship.

South.

In"no*vate, v. i. To introduce novelties or changes; -- sometimes with in or on. Bacon.

> Every man, therefore, is not fit to innovate.

Dryden.

In`no*va"tion (?), n. [L. innovatio; cf. F. innovation.] 1. The act of innovating; introduction of something new, in customs, rites, etc. Dryden.

2. A change effected by innovating; a change in customs; something new, and contrary to established customs, manners, or rites. Bacon.

> The love of things ancient doth argue stayedness, but levity and want of experience maketh apt unto innovations.

Hooker.

3. (Bot.) A newly formed shoot, or the annually produced addition to the stems of many mosses.

In`no*va"tion*ist, n. One who favors innovation.

In"no*va*tive (?), a. Characterized by, or introducing, innovations. Fitzed. Hall.

In"no*va`tor (?), n. [Cf. F. innovateur.] One who innovates. Shak.

In*nox"ious (?), a. [L. innoxius. See In- not, and Noxious.] 1. Free from hurtful qualities or effects; harmless. "Innoxious flames." Sir K. Digby.

2. Free from crime; pure; innocent. Pope.

-- In*nox`ious*ly, adv. -- In*nox"ious*ness, n.

In*nu"bi*lous (?), a. [L. innubilus. See Nubilous.] Cloudless. [Obs.] Blount.

In`nu*en"do (?), n.; pl. Innuedoes(&?;). [L., by intimation, by hinting, gerund of innuere, innutum, to give a nod, to intimate; pref. in- in, to + -nuere (in comp.) to nod. See Nutation.] 1. An oblique hint; a remote allusion or reference, usually derogatory to a person or thing not named; an insinuation.

> Mercury . . . owns it a marriage by an innuendo.

Dryden.

> Pursue your trade of scandal picking;
> Your innuendoes, when you tell us,
> That Stella loves to talk with fellows.

Swift.

2. (Law) An averment employed in pleading, to point the application of matter otherwise unintelligible; an interpretative parenthesis thrown into quoted matter to explain an obscure word or words; -- as, the plaintiff avers that the defendant said that he (innuendo the plaintiff) was a thief. Wharton.

The term is so applied from having been the introductory word of this averment or parenthetic explanation when pleadings were in Latin. The word "meaning" is used as its equivalent in modern forms.

Syn. -- Insinuation; suggestion; hint; intimation; reference; allusion; implication; representation; -- Innuendo, Insinuation. An innuendo is an equivocal allusion so framed as to point distinctly at something which is injurious to the character or reputation of the person referred to. An insinuation turns on no such double use of language, but consists in artfully winding into the mind imputations of an injurious nature without making any direct charge.

In"nu*ent (?), a. [L. innuens, p. pr.] Conveying a hint; significant. [Obs.] Burton.

In"nu*it, n. [Native name.] (Ethnol.) An Eskimo.

In*nu`mer*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. [L. innumerabilitas.] State of being innumerable. Fotherby.

In*nu`mer*a*ble (?), a. [L. innumerabilis : cf. F. innumefable. See In- not, and Numerable.] Not capable of being counted, enumerated, or numbered, for multitude; countless; numberless; unnumbered, hence, indefinitely numerous; of great number.

> Innumerable as the stars of night.

Milton.

-- In*nu"mer*a*ble*ness, n. -- In*nu"mer*a*bly, adv.

In*nu"mer*ous (?), a. [L. innumerosus, innumerus. See Numerous.] Innumerable. [Archaic] Milton.

In`nu*tri"tion (?), n. Want of nutrition; failure of nourishment. E. Darwin.

In`nu*tri"tious (?), a. Not nutritious; not furnishing nourishment.

In*nu"tri*tive (?), a. Innutritious.

Inn"yard` (?), n. The yard adjoining an inn.

In`o*be"di*ence (?), n. [L. inoboedientia : cf. F. inobedience.] Disobedience. [Obs.] Wyclif. Chaucer.

In`o*be"di*ent (?), a. [L. inoboediens, p. pr. of inoboedire : cf. F. inobedient. See Obedient.] Not obedient; disobedient. [Obs.] Chaucer.

-- In`o*be"di*ent*ly, adv. [Obs.]

In`ob*serv"a*ble (?), a. [L. inobservabilis : cf. F. inobservable. See In- not, and Observable.] Not observable.

In`ob*serv"ance (?), a. [L. inobservantia : cf. F. inobservance.] Want or neglect of observance. Bacon.

In`ob*serv"ant (?), a. [L. inobservans. See In- not, and Observant.] Not observant; regardless; heedless. Bp. Hurd.

-- In`ob*serv"ant*ly, adv.

In*ob`ser*va"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. inobservation.] Neglect or want of observation. [R.]

In`ob*tru"sive (?), a. Not obtrusive; unobtrusive.

-- In`ob*tru"sive*ly, adv. -- In`ob*tru"sive*ness, n.

In`o*car"pin (?), n. [Gr. 'i`s, 'ino`s, muscle + karpo`s fruit.] (Chem.) A red, gummy, coloring matter, extracted from the colorless juice of the Otaheite chestnut (Inocarpus edulis).

In*oc`cu*pa"tion, n. Want of occupation.

||In`o*cer"a*mus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'i`s, 'ino`s, a muscle + &?; an earthen vessel.] (Paleon.) An extinct genus of large, fossil, bivalve shells, allied to the mussels. The genus is characteristic of the Cretaceous period.

In*oc`u*la*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being inoculable.

In*oc"u*la*ble (?), a. [See Inoculate.] Capable of being inoculated; capable of communicating disease, or of being communicated, by inoculation.

In*oc"u*lar (?), a. (Zoöl) Inserted in the corner of the eye; -- said of the antennæ of certain insects.

In*oc"u*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inoculated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inoculating (?).] [L. inoculatus, p. p. of inoculare to ingraft; pref. in- in, on + oculare to furnish with eyes, fr. oculus an eye, also, a bud. See Ocular.] 1. To bud; to insert, or graft, as the bud of a tree or plant in another tree or plant.

2. To insert a foreign bud into; as, to inoculate a tree.

3. (Med.) To communicate a disease to ( a person ) by inserting infectious matter in the skin or flesh; as, to inoculate a person with the virus of smallpox, rabies, etc. See Vaccinate.

4. Fig.: To introduce into the mind; -- used especially of harmful ideas or principles; to imbue; as, to inoculate one with treason or infidelity.

In*oc"u*late, v. i. 1. To graft by inserting buds.

2. To communicate disease by inoculation.

In*oc"u*la"tion (?), n. [L. inoculatio: cf. F. inoculation.] 1. The act or art of inoculating trees or plants.

2. (Med.) The act or practice of communicating a disease to a person in health, by inserting contagious matter in his skin or flesh.

The use was formerly limited to the intentional communication of the smallpox, but is now extended to include any similar introduction of modified virus; as, the inoculation of rabies by Pasteur.

3. Fig.: The communication of principles, especially false principles, to the mind.

In*oc"u*la`tor (?), n. [L.: cf. F. inoculateur.] One who inoculates; one who propagates plants or diseases by inoculation.

<! p. 767 !>

In*o"di*ate (n*"d*t), v. t. [Pref. in- in + L. odium hatred.] To make odious or hateful. [Obs.] South.

In*o"dor*ate (?), a. Inodorous. [Obs.] Bacon.

In*o"dor*ous (?), a. [L. inodorus. See In- not, and Odorous.] Emitting no odor; wthout smell; scentless; odorless. -- In*o"dor*ous*ness, n.

In"of*fen"sive (?), a. [Pref. in- not + offensiue: cf. F. inoffensif.] 1. Giving no offense, or provocation; causing no uneasiness, annoyance, or disturbance; as, an inoffensive man, answer, appearance.

2. Harmless; doing no injury or mischief. Dryden.

3. Not obstructing; presenting no interruption or hindrance. [R.] Milton.

> So have I seen a river gently glide
> In a smooth course, and inoffensive tide.

Addison.

-- In"of*fen"sive*ly, adv. -- In"of*fen"sive*ness, n.

In"of*fi"cial (?), a. Not official; not having official sanction or authority; not according to the forms or ceremony of official business; as, inofficial intelligence.

> Pinckney and Marshall would not make inofficial visits to discuss official business.

Pickering.

Syn. -- Private; informal; unwarranted; unauthorizod; irregular; unceremonious; unprofessional.

In`of*fi"cial*ly, adv. Without the usual forms, or not in the official character.

In`of*fi"cious (?), a. [L. inofficiosus: cf. F. inofficieux. See In- not, and Officious.] 1. Indifferent to obligation or duty. [Obs.]

> Thou drown'st thyself in inofficious sleep.

B. Jonson.

2. Not officious; not civil or attentive. [Obs.] Jonhson.

3. (Law) Regardless of natural obligation; contrary to natural duty; unkind; -- commonly said of a testament made without regard to natural obligation, or by which a child is unjustly deprived of inheritance. "The inofficious testament." Blackstone. "An inofficious disposition of his fortune." Paley.

In`of*fi"cious*ly, adv. Not officiously.

In"o*gen (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, a muscle + -gen.] (Physiol.) A complex nitrogenous substance, which, by Hermann's hypothesis, is continually decomposed and reproduced in the muscles, during their life.

In*op`er*a"tion (?), n. [L. inoperari to effect; pref. in- in + operari to operate.] Agency; influence; production of effects. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In*op"er*a*tive (?), a. [Pref. in- not + operative.] Not operative; not active; producing no effects; as, laws renderd inoperative by neglect; inoperative remedies or processes.

{ In`o*per"cu*lar (?), In`o*per"cu*late (?), } a. (Zoöl.) Having no operculum; -- said of certain gastropod shells.

In`o*pin"a*ble (?), a. [L. inopinabilis. See Inopinate.] Not to be expected; inconceivable. [Obs.] "Inopinable, incredible . . . sayings." Latimer.

In*op"i*nate (?), a. [L. inopinatus. See In- not, and Opine.] Not expected or looked for. [Obs.]

In*op`por*tune" (&?;), a. [L. inopportunus: cf. F. inopportun. See In- not, and Opportune.] Not opportune; inconvenient; unseasonable; as, an inopportune occurrence, remark, etc.

> No visit could have been more inopportune.

T. Hook.

In*op`por*tune"ly, adv. Not opportunely; unseasonably; inconveniently.

In*op`por*tu"ni*ty (?), n. Want of opportunity; unseasonableness; inconvenience. [R.]

In`op*press"ive (?), a. Not oppressive or burdensome. O. Wolcott.

In*op"u*lent (?), a. [Pref. in- not + opulent: cf. F. inopulent.] Not opulent; not affluent or rich.

In*or"di*na*cy (?), n. The state or quality of being inordinate; excessiveness; immoderateness; as, the inordinacy of love or desire. Jer. Taylor.

In*or"di*nate (?), a. [L. inordinatus disordered. See In- not, and Ordinate.] Not limited to rules prescribed, or to usual bounds; irregular; excessive; immoderate; as, an inordinate love of the world. "Inordinate desires." Milton. "Inordinate vanity." Burke.

-- In*or"di*nate*ly, adv. -- In*or"di*nate*ness, n.

In*or`di*na"tion (?), n. [L. inordinatio.] Deviation from custom, rule, or right; irregularity; inordinacy. [Obs.] South.

> Every inordination of religion that is not in defect, is properly called superstition.

Jer. Taylor.

In`or*gan"ic (?), a. [Pref. in- not + organic: cf. F. inorganique.] Not organic; without the organs necessary for life; devoid of an organized structure; unorganized; lifeness; inanimate; as, all chemical compounds are inorganic substances.

The term inorganic is used to denote any one the large series of substances (as minerals, metals, etc.), which are not directly connected with vital processes, either in origin or nature, and which are broadly and relatively contrasted with organic substances. See Organic.

Inorganic Chemistry. See under Chemistry.

In`or*gan"ic*al (?), a. Inorganic. Locke.

In`or*gan"ic*al*ly, adv. In an inorganic manner.

In`or*gan"i*ty (?), n. Quality of being inorganic. [Obs.] "The inorganity of the soul." Sir T. Browne.

In*or`gan*i*za"tion (?), n. The state of being without organization.

In*or"gan*ized (?), a. Not having organic structure; devoid of organs; inorganic.

In`or*thog"ra*phy (?), n. Deviation from correct orthography; bad spelling. [Obs.] Feltham.

In*os"cu*late (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inosculated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inosculating (?).] [Pref. in- in + osculate.] 1. To unite by apposition or contact, as two tubular vessels at their extremities; to anastomose.

2. To intercommunicate; to interjoin.

> The several monthly divisions of the journal may inosculate, but not the several volumes.

De Quincey.

In*os"cu*late (?), v. t. 1. To unite by apposition or contact, as two vessels in an animal body. Berkeley.

2. To unite intimately; to cause to become as one.

> They were still together, grew
> (For so they said themselves) inosculated.

Tennyson.

In*os`cu*la"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. inosculation.] The junction or connection of vessels, channels, or passages, so that their contents pass from one to the other; union by mouths or ducts; anastomosis; intercommunication; as, inosculation of veins, etc. Ray.

In`o*sin"ic (?), a. [From Inosite.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, inosite; as, inosinic acid.

In"o*site (?), n. [Gr. 'i`s, 'ino`s, strength, muscle.] (Physiol. Chem.) A white crystalline substance with a sweet taste, found in certain animal tissues and fluids, particularly in the muscles of the heart and lungs, also in some plants, as in unripe pease, beans, potato sprouts, etc. Called also phaseomannite.

Chemically, it has the composition represented by the formula, C6H12O6+H2O, and was formerly regarded as a carbohydrate, isomeric with dextrose, but is now known to be an aromatic compound (a hexacid phenol derivative of benzene).

In*ox"idi`za*ble (?), a. (Chem.) Incapable of being oxidized; as, gold and platinum are inoxidizable in the air.

In*ox"i*dize (?), v. i. To prevent or hinder oxidation, rust, or decay; as, inoxidizing oils or varnishes.

||In` pos"se (?). [L.] In possibility; possible, although not yet in existence or come to pass; -- contradistinguished from in esse.

In`quar*ta"tion (?), n. Quartation.

In"quest (?), n. [OE. enqueste, OF. enqueste, F. enquête, LL. inquesta, for inquisita, fr. L. inquisitus, p. p. of inquirere. See Inquire.] 1. Inquiry; quest; search. [R.] Spenser.

> The laborious and vexatious inquest that the soul must make after science.

South.

2. (Law) (a) Judicial inquiry; official examination, esp. before a jury; as, a coroner's inquest in case of a sudden death. (b) A body of men assembled under authority of law to inquire into any matter, civil or criminal, particularly any case of violent or sudden death; a jury, particularly a coroner's jury. The grand jury is sometimes called the grand inquest. See under Grand. (c) The finding of the jury upon such inquiry.

Coroner's inquest, an inquest held by a coroner to determine the cause of any violent, sudden, or mysterious death. See Coroner. -- Inquest of office, an inquiry made, by authority or direction of proper officer, into matters affecting the rights and interests of the crown or of the state. Craig. Bouvier.

In*qui"et (?), v. t. [L. inquietare: cf. F. inquieter. See Quiet.] To disquiet. [Obs.] Joye.

In*qui`e*ta"tion (?), n. [L. inquietatio : cf. F. inquielation.] Disturbance. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

In*qui"et*ness, n. Unquietness. [Obs.] Joye.

In*qui"e*tude (?), n. [L. inquietudo: cf. F. inquietude.] Disturbed state; uneasiness either of body or mind; restlessness; disquietude. Sir H. Wotton.

In"qui*line (?), n. [L. inquilinus a tenant, lodger.] (Zoöl.) A gallfly which deposits its eggs in galls formed by other insects.

In"qui*nate (?), v. t. [L. inquinatus, p. p. of inquinare to defile.] To defile; to pollute; to contaminate; to befoul. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In`qui*na"tion (?), n. [L. inquinatio.] A defiling; pollution; stain. [Obs.] Bacon.

In*quir"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. OF. enquerable.] Capable of being inquired into; subject or liable to inquisition or inquest. Bacon.

In*quir"ance (?), n. Inquiry. [Obs.] Latimer.

In*quire" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inquired (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inquiring.] [OE. enqueren, inqueren, OF. enquerre, F. enquérir, L. inquirere, inquisitum; pref. in- in + quarere to seek. See Quest a seeking, and cf. Inquiry.] [Written also enquire.] 1. To ask a question; to seek for truth or information by putting queries.

> We will call the damsel, and inquire.

Gen. xxiv. 57.

> Then David inquired of the Lord yet again. And the Lord answered him.

1 Sam. xxiii. 4.

2. To seek to learn anything by recourse to the proper means of knowledge; to make examination.

> And inquire
> Gladly into the ways of God with man.

Miltom.

This word is followed by of before the person asked; as, to inquire of a neighbor. It is followed by concerning, after, or about, before the subject of inquiry; as, his friends inquired about or concerning his welfare. "Thou dost not inquire wisely concerning this." Eccl. vii. 10. It is followed by into when search is made for particular knowledge or information; as, to inquire into the cause of a sudden death. It is followed by for or after when a place or person is sought, or something is missing. "Inquire in the house of Judas for one called Saul of Tarsus." Acts ix. 11.

In*quire", v. t. 1. To ask about; to seek to know by asking; to make examination or inquiry respecting.

> Having thus at length inquired the truth concerning law and dispense.

Milton.

> And all obey and few inquire his will.

Byron.

2. To call or name. [Obs.] Spenser.

Syn. -- To ask; question. See Question.

In*quir"ent (?), a. [L. inquirens, p. pr.] Making inquiry; inquiring; questioning. [Obs.] Shenstone.

In*quir"er (?), n. [Written also enquirer.] One who inquires or examines; questioner; investigator. Locke.

> Expert inquirers after truth.

Cowper.

In*quir"ing, a. Given to inquiry; disposed to investigate causes; curious; as, an inquiring mind.

In*quir"ing*ly, adv. In an inquiring manner.

In*quir"y (?), n.; pl. Inquiries (#). [See Inquire.] [Written also enquiry.] 1. The act of inquiring; a seeking for information by asking questions; interrogation; a question or questioning.

> He could no path nor track of foot descry,
> Nor by inquiry learn, nor guess by aim.

Spenser.

> The men which were sent from Cornelius had made inquiry for Simon's house, and stood before the gate.

Acts x. 17.

2. Search for truth, information, or knowledge; examination into facts or principles; research; investigation; as, physical inquiries.

> All that is wanting to the perfection of this art will undoubtedly be found, if able men . . . will make inquiry into it.

Dryden.

Court of inquiry. See under Court. -- Writ of inquiry, a writ issued in certain actions at law, where the defendant has suffered judgment to pass against him by default, in order to ascertain and assess the plaintiff's damages, where they can not readily be ascertained by mere calculation. Burrill.

Syn. -- Interrogation; interrogatory; question; query; scrutiny; investigation; research; examination.

In*quis"i*ble (?), a. Admitting judicial inquiry. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

In`qui*si"tion (?), n. [L. inquisitio : cf. F. inquisition. See Inquire, and cf. Inquest.] 1. The act of inquiring; inquiry; search; examination; inspection; investigation.

> As I could learn through earnest inquisition.

Latimer.

> Let not search and inquisition quail
> To bring again these foolish runaways.

Shak.

2. (Law) (a) Judicial inquiry; official examination; inquest. (b) The finding of a jury, especially such a finding under a writ of inquiry. Bouvier.

> The justices in eyre had it formerly in charge to make inquisition concerning them by a jury of the county.

Blackstone.

3. (R. C. Ch.) A court or tribunal for the examination and punishment of heretics, fully established by Pope Gregory IX. in 1235. Its operations were chiefly confined to Spain, Portugal, and their dependencies, and a part of Italy.

In`qui*si"tion, v. t. To make inquisition concerning; to inquire into. [Obs.] Milton.

In`qui*si"tion*al (?), a. [LL. inquisitionalis.] Relating to inquiry or inquisition; inquisitorial; also, of or pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Inquisition.

> All the inquisitional rigor . . . executed upon books.

Milton.

In`qui*si"tion*a*ry, (&?;), a. [Cf. F. inquisitionnaire.] [R.] Inquisitional.

In*quis"i*tive (?), a. [OE. inquisitif, F. inquisitif.] 1. Disposed to ask questions, especially in matters which do not concern the inquirer.

> A wise man is not inquisitive about things impertinent.

Broome.

2. Given to examination, investigation, or research; searching; curious.

> A young, inquisitive, and sprightly genius.

I. Watts.

Syn. -- Inquiring; prying; curious; meddling; intrusive. - - Inquisitive, Curious, Prying. Curious denotes a feeling, and inquisitive a habit. We are curious when we desire to learn something new; we are inquisitive when we set ourselves to gain it by inquiry or research. Prying implies inquisitiveness, and is more commonly used in a bad sense, as indicating a desire to penetrate into the secrets of others.

> [We] curious are to hear,
> What happens new.

Milton.

> This folio of four pages [a newspaper], happy work!
> Which not even critics criticise; that holds
> Inquisitive attention, while I read.

Cowper.

> Nor need we with a prying eye survey
> The distant skies, to find the Milky Way.

Creech.

In*quis"i*tive, n. A person who is inquisitive; one curious in research. Sir W. Temple.

In*quis"i*tive*ly, adv. In an inquisitive manner.

> The occasion that made him afterwards so inquisitively apply himself to the study of physic.

Boyle.

In*quis"i*tive*ness, n. The quality or state of being inquisitive; the disposition to seek explanation and information; curiosity to learn what is unknown; esp., uncontrolled and impertinent curiosity.

> Mr. Boswell, whose inquisitiveness is seconded by great activity, scrambled in at a high window.

Johnson.

> Curiosity in children nature has provided, to remove that ignorance they were born with; which, without this busy inquisitiveness, will make them dull.

Locke.

In*quis"i*tor (?), n. [L.: cf. F. inquisiteur. See Inquire.] 1. An inquisitive person; one fond of asking questions. [R.] "Inquisitors are tatlers." Feltham.

2. (Law) One whose official duty it is to examine and inquire, as coroners, sheriffs, etc. Mozley & W.

3. (R.C.Ch.) A member of the Court of Inquisition.

In*quis`i*to"ri*al (?), a. [Cf. F. inquisitorial.] 1. Pertaining to inquisition; making rigorous and unfriendly inquiry; searching; as, inquisitorial power. "Illiberal and inquisitorial abuse." F. Blackburne.

> He conferred on it a kind of inquisitorial and censorious power even over the laity, and directed it to inquire into all matters of conscience.

Hume.

2. Pertaining to the Court of Inquisition or resembling its practices. "Inquisitorial robes." C. Buchanan.

In*quis`i*to"ri*al*ly, adv. In an inquisitorial manner.

In*quis`i*to"ri*ous (?), a. Making strict inquiry; inquisitorial. [Obs.] Milton.

In*quis`i*tu"ri*ent (?), a. Inquisitorial. [Obs.] "Our inquisiturient bishops." Milton.

In*rac"i*nate (?), v. t. [Pref. in- in + F. racine root: cf. F. enraciner.] To enroot or implant.

In*rail" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inrailed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inrailing.] To rail in; to inclose or surround, as with rails. Hooker.

In*reg"is*ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inregistered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inregistering.] [Pref. in- in + register: cf. F. enregistrer. Cf. Enregister.] To register; to enter, as in a register. [R.] Walsh.

In"road` (n"rd`), n. The entrance of an enemy into a country with purposes of hostility; a sudden or desultory incursion or invasion; raid; encroachment.

> The loss of Shrewsbury exposed all North Wales to the daily inroads of the enemy.

Clarendon.

> With perpetual inroads to alarm,
> Though inaccessible, his fatal throne.

Milton.

Syn. -- Invasion; incursion; irruption. See Invasion.

<! p. 768 !>

In*road" (n*rd"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inroaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Inroading.] To make an inroad into; to invade. [Obs.]

> The Saracens . . . conquered Spain, inroaded Aquitaine.

Fuller.

In*roll" (?), v. t. See Enroll.

In"run`ning (?), n. The act or the place of entrance; an inlet. Tennyson.

In"rush` (?), n. A rush inwards; as, the inrush of the tide. G. Eliot.

In*rush" (?), v. i. To rush in. [Obs.] Holland.

||In*sab`ba*ta"ti (?), n. pl. [LL. Insabatati. See 1st In-, and Sabot.] The Waldenses; -- so called from their peculiarly cut or marked sabots, or shoes.

In*safe"ty (?), n. Insecurity; danger. [Obs.]

In*sal`i*va"tion (?), n. (Physiol.) The mixing of the food with the saliva and other secretions of the mouth in eating.

In`sa*lu"bri*ous (?), a. [Pref. in- not + salubrious: cf. L. insalubris, F. insalubre.] Not salubrious or healthful; unwholesome; as, an insalubrious air or climate.

In`sa*lu"bri*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. insalubrite.] Unhealthfulness; unwholesomeness; as, the insalubrity of air, water, or climate. Boyle.

In*sal"u*ta*ry (?), a. [L. insaluteris : cf. F. insalutaire. See In- not, and Salutary.] 1. Not salutary or wholesome; unfavorable to health.

2. Not tending to safety; productive of evil.

In*san`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The state of being insanable or incurable; insanableness.

In*san"a*ble (?), a. [L. insanabilis; cf. OF. insanable. See In- not, and Sanable.] Not capable of being healed; incurable; irremediable.

In*san"a*ble*ness, n. The state of being insanable; insanability; incurableness.

In*san"a*bly, adv. In an incurable manner.

In*sane" (?), a. [L. insanus. See In- not, and Sane.] 1. Exhibiting unsoundness or disorder of mind; not sane; mad; deranged in mind; delirious; distracted. See Insanity, 2.

2. Used by, or appropriated to, insane persons; as, an insane hospital.

3. Causing insanity or madness. [R.]

> Or have we eaten on the insaneroot
> That takes the reason prisoner ?

Shak.

4. Characterized by insanity or the utmost folly; chimerical; unpractical; as, an insane plan, attempt, etc.

> I know not which was the insane measure.

Southey.

In*sane"ly, adv. Without reason; madly; foolishly.

In*sane"ness, n. Insanity; madness.

In*sa"ni*ate (?), v. t. To render unsound; to make mad. [Obs.] Feltham.

In*sa"nie (?), n. Insanity. [Obs.] Shak.

In*san"i*ta*ry (?), a. Not sanitary; unhealthy; as, insanitary conditions of drainage.

In*san`i*ta"tion (?), n. Lack of sanitation; careless or dangerous hygienic conditions.

In*san"i*ty (?), n. [L. insanitas unsoundness; cf. insania insanity, F. insanite.] 1. The state of being insane; unsoundness or derangement of mind; madness; lunacy.

> All power of fancy over reason is a degree of insanity.

Johnson.

> Without grace
> The heart's insanity admits no cure.

Cowper.

2. (Law) Such a mental condition, as, either from the existence of delusions, or from incapacity to distinguish between right and wrong, with regard to any matter under action, does away with individual responsibility.

Syn. -- Insanity, Lunacy, Madness, Derangement, Alienation, Aberration, Mania, Delirium, Frenzy, Monomania, Dementia. Insanity is the generic term for all such diseases; lunacy has now an equal extent of meaning, though once used to denote periodical insanity; madness has the same extent, though originally referring to the rage created by the disease; derangement, alienation, are popular terms for insanity; delirium, mania, and frenzy denote excited states of the disease; dementia denotes the loss of mental power by this means; monomania is insanity upon a single subject.

In*sa"po*ry (?), a. [Pref. in- not + sapor.] Tasteless; unsavory. [R.] Sir T. Herbert.

In*sa`tia*bil"i*ty (?), n., [L. insatiabilitas; cf. F. insatiabilite.] The state or quality of being insatiable; insatiableness.

> Eagerness for increase of possession deluges the soul, and we sink into the gulfs of insatiability.

Rambler.

In*sa"tia*ble (?), a. [F. insatiable, L. ionsatiabilis. See In- not, and Satiable.] Not satiable; incapable of being satisfied or appeased; very greedy; as, an insatiable appetite, thirst, or desire.

> "Insatiable of glory."

Milton.

In*sa"tia*ble*ness, n. Greediness of appetite that can not be satisfied or appeased; insatiability.

> The eye of the covetous hath a more particular insatiableness.

Bp. Hall.

In*sa"tia*bly, adv. In an insatiable manner or degree; unappeasably. "Insatiably covetous." South.

In*sa"ti*ate (?), a. [L. insatiatus.] Insatiable; as, insatiate thirst.

> The insatiate greediness of his desires.

Shak.

> And still insatiate, thirsting still for blood.

Hook.

In*sa"ti*ate*ly, adv. Insatiably. Sir T. Herbert.

In*sa"ti*ate*ness, n. The state of being insatiate.

In`sa*ti"e*ty (?), n. [L. insatietas: cf. F. insatiete. See Satiety.] Insatiableness. T. Grander.

In*sat`is*fac"tion (?), n. 1. Insufficiency; emptiness. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. Dissatisfaction. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In*sat"u*ra*ble (?), a. [L. insaturabilis: cf. F. insaturable. See In- not, and Saturable.] Not capable of being saturated or satisfied.

In"science (n"shens; 277), n. [L. inscientia: cf. F. inscience.] Want of knowledge; ignorance. [Obs.]

In"scient (n"shent), a. [L. insciens, -entis, ignorant. See In- not, and Scient, Science.] Having little or no knowledge; ignorant; stupid; silly. [R.] N. Bacon.

In"scient, a. [Pref. in- in + L. sciens knowing.] Having knowledge or insight; intelligent. [R.]

> Gaze on, with inscient vision, toward the sun.

Mrs. Browning.

In*sconce" (?), v. t. See Ensconce.

In*scrib"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being inscribed, -- used specif. (Math.) of solids or plane figures capable of being inscribed in other solids or figures.

In*scrib"a*ble*ness, n. Quality of being inscribable.

In*scribe" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inscribed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inscribing.] [L. inscribere. See 1st In-, and Scribe.] 1. To write or engrave; to mark down as something to be read; to imprint.

> Inscribe a verse on this relenting stone.

Pope.

2. To mark with letters, characters, or words.

> O let thy once lov'd friend inscribe thy stone.

Pope.

3. To assign or address to; to commend to by a short address; to dedicate informally; as, to inscribe an ode to a friend. Dryden.

4. To imprint deeply; to impress; to stamp; as, to inscribe a sentence on the memory.

5. (Geom.) To draw within so as to meet yet not cut the boundaries.

A line is inscribed in a circle, or in a sphere, when its two ends are in the circumference of the circle, or in the surface of the sphere. A triangle is inscribed in another triangle, when the three angles of the former are severally on the three sides of the latter. A circle is inscribed in a polygon, when it touches each side of the polygon. A sphere is inscribed in a polyhedron, when the sphere touches each boundary plane of the polyhedron. The latter figure in each case is circumscribed about the former.

In*scrib"er (?), n. One who inscribes. Pownall.

In*scrip"ti*ble (?), a. Capable of being inscribed; inscribable.

In*scrip"tion (?), n. [L. inscriptio, fr. inscribere, inscriptum, to inscribe: cf. F. inscription. See Inscribe.] 1. The act or process of inscribing.

2. That which is inscribed; something written or engraved; especially, a word or words written or engraved on a solid substance for preservation or public inspection; as, inscriptions on monuments, pillars, coins, medals, etc.

3. (Anat.) A line of division or intersection; as, the tendinous inscriptions, or intersections, of a muscle.

4. An address, consignment, or informal dedication, as of a book to a person, as a mark of respect or an invitation of patronage.

In*scrip"tive (?), a. Bearing inscription; of the character or nature of an inscription.

In*scroll" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inscrolled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inscrolling.] To write on a scroll; to record. [Written also inscrol.] Shak.

In*scru`ta*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being inscrutable; inscrutableness.

In*scru"ta*ble (?), a. [L. inscrutabilis : cf. F. inscrutable. See In- not, and Scrutiny.] Unsearchable; incapable of being searched into and understood by inquiry or study; impossible or difficult to be explained or accounted for satisfactorily; obscure; incomprehensible; as, an inscrutable design or event.

> 'T is not in man
> To yield a reason for the will of Heaven
> Which is inscrutable.

Beau. & Fl.

> Waiving a question so inscrutable as this.

De Quincey.

In*scru"ta*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being inscrutable; inscrutability.

In*scru"ta*bly, adv. In an inscrutable manner.

In*sculp" (?), v. t. [L. insculpere: cf. F. insculper. See 1st In-, and Sculptor.] To engrave; to carve; to sculpture. [Obs. & R.] Shak.

> Which he insculped in two likely stones.

Drayton.

In*sculp"tion (?), n. Inscription. [Obs.]

In*sculp"ture (?), n. An engraving, carving, or inscription. [Obs.]

> On his gravestone this insculpture.

Shak.

In*sculp"tured (?), p. a. Engraved. Glover.

In*seam" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inseamed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inseaming.] To impress or mark with a seam or cicatrix. Pope.

In*search" (?), v. t. To make search after; to investigate or examine; to ensearch. [Obs.]

In*sec"a*ble (n*sk"*b'l), a. [L. insecabilis; pref. in- not + secabilis that may be cut: cf. F. insecable.] Incapable of being divided by cutting; indivisible.

In"sect (n"skt), n. [F. insecte, L. insectum, fr. insectus, p. p. of insecare to cut in. See Section. The name was originally given to certain small animals, whose bodies appear cut in, or almost divided. Cf. Entomology.] 1. (Zoöl.) One of the Insecta; esp., one of the Hexapoda. See Insecta.

The hexapod insects pass through three stages during their growth, viz., the larva, pupa, and imago or adult, but in some of the orders the larva differs little from the imago, except in lacking wings, and the active pupa is very much like the larva, except in having rudiments of wings. In the higher orders, the larva is usually a grub, maggot, or caterpillar, totally unlike the adult, while the pupa is very different from both larva and imago and is inactive, taking no food.

2. (Zoöl.) Any air-breathing arthropod, as a spider or scorpion.

3. (Zoöl.) Any small crustacean. In a wider sense, the word is often loosely applied to various small invertebrates.

4. Fig.: Any small, trivial, or contemptible person or thing. Thomson.

Insect powder, a powder used for the extermination of insects; esp., the powdered flowers of certain species of Pyrethrum, a genus now merged in Chrysanthemum. Called also Persian powder.

In"sect (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to an insect or insects.

2. Like an insect; small; mean; ephemeral.

||In*sec"ta (?), n. pl. [NL. See Insect.] 1. (Zoöl.) One of the classes of Arthropoda, including those that have one pair of antennæ, three pairs of mouth organs, and breathe air by means of tracheæ, opening by spiracles along the sides of the body. In this sense it includes the Hexapoda, or six-legged insects and the Myriapoda, with numerous legs. See Insect, n.

2. (Zoöl.) In a more restricted sense, the Hexapoda alone. See Hexapoda.

3. (Zoöl.) In the most general sense, the Hexapoda, Myriapoda, and Arachnoidea, combined.

The typical Insecta, or hexapod insects, are divided into several orders, viz.: Hymenoptera, as the bees and ants; Diptera, as the common flies and gnats; Aphaniptera, or fleas; Lepidoptera, or moths and butterflies; Neuroptera, as the ant-lions and hellgamite; Coleoptera, or beetles; Hemiptera, as bugs, lice, aphids; Orthoptera, as grasshoppers and cockroaches; Pseudoneuroptera, as the dragon flies and termites; Euplexoptera, or earwigs; Thysanura, as the springtails, podura, and lepisma. See these words in the Vocabulary.

In"sec*ta*ry (?), n. A place for keeping living insects. -- In`sec*ta"ri*um (#), n. [L.]

In`sec*ta"tion (?), n. [L. insectatio. See Insectator.] The act of pursuing; pursuit; harassment; persecution. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

In`sec*ta"tor (?), n. [L., fr. insectari to pursue, freq. fr. insequi. See Ensue.] A pursuer; a persecutor; a censorious critic. [Obs.] Bailey.

In"sect*ed (?), a. Pertaining to, having the nature of, or resembling, an insect. Howell.

In*sec"ti*cide (?), n. [Insect + L. caedere to kill.] An agent or preparation for destroying insects; an insect powder. -- In*sec"ti*ci`dal (#), a.

In*sec"tile (?), a. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, insects. Bacon.

In*sec"tion (?), n. [See Insect.] A cutting in; incisure; incision.

||In`sec*tiv"o*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., from L. insectum an insect + vorare to devour.] (Zoöl.) 1. An order of mammals which feed principally upon insects.

They are mostly of small size, and their molar teeth have sharp cusps. Most of the species burrow in the earth, and many of those of cold climates hibernate in winter. The order includes the moles, shrews, hedgehogs, tanrecs, and allied animals, also the colugo.

2. A division of the Cheiroptera, including the common or insect-eating bats.

In*sec"ti*vore (?), n.; pl. Insectivores (-vrz). [F.] (Zoöl.) One of the Insectivora.

In`sec*tiv"o*rous (?), a. [See Insectivora.] Feeding or subsisting on insects; carnivorous. The term is applied: (a) to plants which have some special adaptation for catching and digesting insects, as the sundew, Venus's flytrap, Sarracenia, etc. (b) to the Insectivora, and to many bats, birds, and reptiles.

In`sec*tol"o*ger (?), n. An entomologist. [Obs.]

In`sec*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Insect + -logy: cf. F. insectologie.] Entomology. [Obs.]

In`se*cure" (?), a. 1. Not secure; not confident of safety or permanence; distrustful; suspicious; apprehensive of danger or loss.

> With sorrow and insecure apprehensions.

Jer. Taylor.

2. Not effectually guarded, protected, or sustained; unsafe; unstable; exposed to danger or loss. Bp. Hurg.

> The trade with Egypt was exceedingly insecure and precarious.

Mickle.

In`se*cure"ly, adv. In an insecure manner.

In`se*cure"ness, n. Insecurity.

In`se*cu"ri*ty (?), n.; pl. Insecurities (#). [Pref. in- not + security : cf. LL. insecuritas, F. insecurite.] 1. The condition or quality of being insecure; want of safety; danger; hazard; as, the insecurity of a building liable to fire; insecurity of a debt.

2. The state of feeling insecure; uncertainty; want of confidence.

> With what insecurity of truth we ascribe effects . . . unto arbitrary calculations.

Sir T. Browne.

> A time of insecurity, when interests of all sorts become objects of speculation.

Burke.

In`se*cu"tion (?), n. [L. insecutio, fr. insequi p. p. insecutus. See Ensue.] A following after; close pursuit. [Obs.] Chapman.

<! p. 769 !>

In*sem"i*nate (?), v. t. [L. inseminatus, p. p. of inseminare to sow. See Seminate.] To sow; to impregnate. [Obs.]

In*sem`i*na"tion (?), n. A sowing. [Obs.]

In*sen"sate (?), a. [L. insensatus. See In- not, and Sensate.] Wanting sensibility; destitute of sense; stupid; foolish.

> The silence and the calm
> Of mute, insensate things.

Wordsworth.

> The meddling folly or insensate ambition of statesmen.

Buckle.

-- In*sen"sate*ly, adv. -- In*sen"sate*ness, n.

In*sense" (?), v. t. [Pref. in- in + sense.] To make to understand; to instruct. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

In*sen`si*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. insensibilité.]

1. The state or quality of being insensible; want of sensibility; torpor; unconsciousness; as, the insensibility produced by a fall, or by opiates.

2. Want of tenderness or susceptibility of emotion or passion; dullness; stupidity.

Syn. -- Dullness; numbness; unfeelingness; stupidity; torpor; apathy; impassiveness; indifference.

In*sen"si*ble (?), a. [L. insensibilis: cf. F. insensible. See In- not, and Sensible.]

1. Destitute of the power of feeling or perceiving; wanting bodily sensibility. Milton.

2. Not susceptible of emotion or passion; void of feeling; apathetic; unconcerned; indifferent; as, insensible to danger, fear, love, etc.; -- often used with of or to.

> Accept an obligation without being a slave to the giver, or insensible to his kindness.

Sir H. Wotton.

> Lost in their loves, insensible of shame.

Dryden.

3. Incapable of being perceived by the senses; imperceptible. Hence: Progressing by imperceptible degrees; slow; gradual; as, insensible motion.

> Two small and almost insensible pricks were found upon Cleopatra's arm.

Sir T. Browne.

> They fall away,
> And languish with insensible decay.

Dryden.

4. Not sensible or reasonable; meaningless. [Obs.]

> If it make the indictment be insensible or uncertain, it shall be quashed.

Sir M. Hale.

Syn. -- Imperceptible; imperceivable; dull; stupid; torpid; numb; unfeeling; apathetic; stoical; impassive; indifferent; unsusceptible; hard; callous.

In*sen"si*ble*ness, n. Insensibility. Bp. Hall.

In*sen"si*bly, adv. In a manner not to be felt or perceived; imperceptibly; gradually.

> The hills rise insensibly.

Addison.

In*sen"si*tive (?), a. Not sensitive; wanting sensation, or wanting acute sensibility. Tillotson. Ruskin.

In*sen"su*ous (?), a. [Pref. in- not + sensuous.] Not sensuous; not pertaining to, affecting, or addressing, the senses.

> That intermediate door
> Betwixt the different planes of sensuous form
> And form insensuous.

Mrs. Browning.

In*sen"ti*ent (?), a. Not sentient; not having perception, or the power of perception.

> The . . . attributes of an insentient, inert substance.

Reid.

> But there can be nothing like to this sensation in the rose, because it is insentient.

Sir W. Hamilton.

In*sep`a*ra*bil"i*ty (?), n. [L. inseparabilitas: cf. F. inséparabilité.] The quality or state of being inseparable; inseparableness. Locke.

In*sep"a*ra*ble (?), a. [L. inseparabilis: cf. F. inséparable. See In- , and Separable.]

1. Not separable; incapable of being separated or disjoined.

> The history of every language is inseparable from that of the people by whom it is spoken.

Mure.

> Liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable.

D. Webster.

2. (Gram.) Invariably attached to some word, stem, or root; as, the inseparable particle un- .

In*sep"a*ra*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being inseparable; inseparability. Bp. Burnet.

In*sep"a*ra*bly, adv. In an inseparable manner or condition; so as not to be separable. Bacon.

> And cleaves through life inseparably close.

Cowper.

In*sep"a*rate (?), a. [L. inseparatus. See In- not, and Separate.] Not separate; together; united. Shak.

In*sep"a*rate*ly, adv. Inseparably. [Obs.] Cranmer.

In*sert" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inserted; p. pr. & vb. n. Inserting.] [L. insertus, p. p. of inserere to insert; pref. in- in + serere to join, connect. See Series.] To set within something; to put or thrust in; to introduce; to cause to enter, or be included, or contained; as, to insert a scion in a stock; to insert a letter, word, or passage in a composition; to insert an advertisement in a newspaper.

> These words were very weakly inserted where they will be so liable to misconstruction.

Bp. Stillingfleet.

In*sert"ed, a. (Bot.) Situated upon, attached to, or growing out of, some part; -- said especially of the parts of the flower; as, the calyx, corolla, and stamens of many flowers are inserted upon the receptacle. Gray.

In*sert"ing, n. 1. A setting in.

2. Something inserted or set in, as lace, etc., in garments. [R.]

In*ser"tion (?), n. [L. insertio: cf. F. insertion. See Insert.]

1. The act of inserting; as, the insertion of scions in stocks; the insertion of words or passages in writings.

2. The condition or mode of being inserted or attached; as, the insertion of stamens in a calyx.

3. That which is set in or inserted, especially a narrow strip of embroidered lace, muslin, or cambric.

4. (Anat.) The point or part by which a muscle or tendon is attached to the part to be moved; -- in contradistinction to its origin.

Epigynous insertion (Bot.), the insertion of stamens upon the ovary. -- Hypogynous insertion (Bot.), insertion beneath the ovary.

In*serve" (?), v. i. [L. inservire; in- in + servire to serve.] To be of use to an end; to serve. [Obs.]

In*serv"i*ent (?), a. [L. inserviens, p. pr. of inservire.] Conducive; instrumental. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In*ses"sion (?), n. [L. insessio, fr. insidere, insessum, to sit in. See Insidious.]

1. The act of sitting, as in a tub or bath. "Used by way of fomentation, insession, or bath." [R.] Holland.

2. That in which one sits, as a bathing tub. [R.]

> Insessions be bathing tubs half full.

Holland.

||In*ses"sor (?), n.; pl. Insessores (#). [See Insessores.] (Zoöl.) One of the Insessores. The group includes most of the common singing birds.

||In`ses*so"res (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. insessor, lit., one who sits down, fr. incidere. See Insession.] (Zoöl.) An order of birds, formerly established to include the perching birds, but now generally regarded as an artificial group.

In`ses*so"ri*al (?), a. (Zoöl.) 1. Pertaining to, or having the character of, perching birds.

2. Belonging or pertaining to the Insessores.

In*set" (?), v. t. To infix. [Obs.] Chaucer.

In"set (?), n. 1. That which is inserted or set in; an insertion.

2. (Bookbinding) One or more separate leaves inserted in a volume before binding; as: (a) A portion of the printed sheet in certain sizes of books which is cut off before folding, and set into the middle of the folded sheet to complete the succession of paging; -- also called offcut. (b) A page or pages of advertisements inserted.

In*sev"er*a*ble (?), a. Incapable of being severed; indivisible; inseparable. De Quincey.

In*shad"ed (?), a. Marked with different shades. W. Browne.

In"shave` (?), n. (Mech.) A plane for shaving or dressing the concave or inside faces of barrel staves.

In*sheathe" (?), v. t. To insert as in a sheath; to sheathe. Hughes.

In*shell" (?), v. t. To hide in a shell. [Obs.] Shak.

In*ship" (?), v. t. To embark. [Obs.] Shak.

In"shore` (?), a. Being near or moving towards the shore; as, inshore fisheries; inshore currents. -- adv. Towards the shore; as, the boat was headed inshore.

In*shrine" (?), v. t. See Enshrine.

In`sic*ca"tion (?), n. The act or process of drying in.

In"side` (?), prep. or adv. Within the sides of; in the interior; contained within; as, inside a house, book, bottle, etc.

In"side`, a. 1. Being within; included or inclosed in anything; contained; interior; internal; as, the inside passengers of a stagecoach; inside decoration.

> Kissing with inside lip.

Shak.

2. Adapted to the interior.

Inside callipers (Mech.), callipers for measuring the diameters of holes, etc. -- Inside finish (Arch.), a general term for the final work in any building necessary for its completion, but other than unusual decoration; thus, in joiner work, the doors and windows, inside shutters, door and window trimmings, paneled jams, baseboards, and sometimes flooring and stairs; in plaster work, the finishing coat, the cornices, centerpieces, etc.; in painting, all simple painting of woodwork and plastering. -- Inside track, the inner part of a race course; hence, colloquially, advantage of place, facilities, etc., in competition.

In"side`, n. 1. The part within; interior or internal portion; content.

> Looked he o' the inside of the paper?

Shak.

2. pl. The inward parts; entrails; bowels; hence, that which is within; private thoughts and feelings.

> Here's none but friends; we may speak
> Our insides freely.

Massinger.

3. An inside passenger of a coach or carriage, as distinguished from one upon the outside. [Colloq. Eng.]

> So down thy hill, romantic Ashbourne, glides
> The Derby dilly, carrying three insides.

Anti- Jacobin.

Patent insides or outsides, a name give to newspaper sheets printed on one side with general and miscellaneous matter, and furnished wholesale to offices of small newspapers, where the blank pages are filled up with recent and local news.

In*sid"i*ate (?), v. t. [L. insidiatus, p. p. of insidiare to lie in ambush, fr. insidiae. See Insidious.] To lie in ambush for. [Obs.] Heywood.

In*sid"i*a`tor (?), n. [L.] One who lies in ambush. [Obs.] Barrow.

In*sid"i*ous (?), a. [L. insidiosus, fr. insidiae an ambush, fr. insidere to sit in; pref. in- + sedere to sit: cf. F. insidieux. See Sit.]

1. Lying in wait; watching an opportunity to insnare or entrap; deceitful; sly; treacherous; -- said of persons; as, the insidious foe. "The insidious witch." Cowper.

2. Intended to entrap; characterized by treachery and deceit; as, insidious arts.

> The insidious whisper of the bad angel.

Hawthorne.

Insidious disease (Med.), a disease existing, without marked symptoms, but ready to become active upon some slight occasion; a disease not appearing to be as bad as it really is.

Syn. -- Crafty; wily; artful; sly; designing; guileful; circumventive; treacherous; deceitful; deceptive.

-- In*sid"i*ous*ly, adv. -- In*sid"i*ous*ness, n.

In"sight` (?), n. 1. A sight or view of the interior of anything; a deep inspection or view; introspection; -- frequently used with into.

> He had an insight into almost all the secrets of state.

Jortin.

2. Power of acute observation and deduction; penetration; discernment; perception.

> Quickest insight
> In all things that to greatest actions lead.

Milton.

In*sig"ni*a (?), n. pl. [L. insigne, pl. insignia, fr. insignis distinguished by a mark; pref. in- in + signum a mark, sign. See Ensign, Sign.]

1. Distinguishing marks of authority, office, or honor; badges; tokens; decorations; as, the insignia of royalty or of an order.

2. Typical and characteristic marks or signs, by which anything is known or distinguished; as, the insignia of a trade.

In`sig*nif"i*cance (?), n. 1. The condition or quality of being insignificant; want of significance, sense, or meaning; as, the insignificance of words or phrases.

2. Want of force or effect; unimportance; pettiness; inefficacy; as, the insignificance of human art.

3. Want of claim to consideration or notice; want of influence or standing; meanness.

> Reduce him, from being the first person in the nation, to a state of insignificance.

Beattie.

In`sig*nif"i*can*cy (?), n. Insignificance.

In`sig*nif"i*cant (?), a. 1. Not significant; void of signification, sense, or import; meaningless; as, insignificant words.

2. Having no weight or effect; answering no purpose; unimportant; valueless; futile.

> Laws must be insignificant without the sanction of rewards and punishments.

Bp. Wilkins.

3. Without weight of character or social standing; mean; contemptible; as, an insignificant person.

Syn. -- Unimportant; immaterial; inconsiderable; small; inferior; trivial; mean; contemptible.

In`sig*nif"i*cant*ly, adv. without significance, importance, or effect; to no purpose. "Anger insignificantly fierce." Cowper.

In`sig*nif"i*ca*tive (?), a. [L. insignificativus. See In- not, and Significative.] Not expressing meaning; not significant.

In*sign"ment (?), n. [See Insignia.] A token, mark, or explanation. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

In*sim"u*late (?), v. t. [L. insimulatus, p. p. of insimulare to accuse.] To accuse. [Obs.] Donne.

In`sin*cere" (?), a. [L. insincerus. See In- not, and Sincere.]

1. Not being in truth what one appears to be; not sincere; dissembling; hypocritical; disingenuous; deceitful; false; -- said of persons; also of speech, thought; etc.; as, insincere declarations.

2. Disappointing; imperfect; unsound. [Obs.]

> To render sleep's soft blessings insincere.

Pope.

Syn. -- Dissembling; hollow; hypocritical; deceptive deceitful; false; disingenuous; untrustworthy.

In`sin*cere"ly, adv. Without sincerity.

In`sin*cer"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. insincérité.] The quality of being insincere; want of sincerity, or of being in reality what one appears to be; dissimulation; hypocritical; deceitfulness; hollowness; untrustworthiness; as, the insincerity of a professed friend; the insincerity of professions of regard.

> What men call policy and knowledge of the world, is commonly no other thing than dissimulation and insincerity.

Blair.

In*sin"ew (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insinewed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Insinewing.] To strengthen, as with sinews; to invigorate. [Obs.]

> All members of our cause, . . .
> That are insinewed to this action.

Shak.

In*sin"u*ant (?), a. [L. insinuans, p. pr.: cf. F. insinuant.] Insinuating; insinuative. [Obs.]

In*sin"u*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insinuated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Insinuating.] [L. insinuatus, p. p. of insinuareto insinuate; pref. in- in + sinus the bosom. See Sinuous.]

1. To introduce gently or slowly, as by a winding or narrow passage, or a gentle, persistent movement.

> The water easily insinuates itself into, and placidly distends, the vessels of vegetables.

Woodward.

2. To introduce artfully; to infuse gently; to instill.

> All the art of rhetoric, besides order and clearness, are for nothing else but to insinuate wrong ideas, move the passions, and thereby mislead the judgment.

Locke.

> Horace laughs to shame all follies and insinuates virtue, rather by familiar examples than by the severity of precepts.

Dryden.

3. To hint; to suggest by remote allusion; -- often used derogatorily; as, did you mean to insinuate anything?

4. To push or work (one's self), as into favor; to introduce by slow, gentle, or artful means; to ingratiate; -- used reflexively.

> He insinuated himself into the very good grace of the Duke of Buckingham.

Clarendon.

Syn. -- To instill; hint; suggest; intimate.

In*sin"u*ate, v. i. 1. To creep, wind, or flow in; to enter gently, slowly, or imperceptibly, as into crevices.

2. To ingratiate one's self; to obtain access or favor by flattery or cunning.

> He would insinuate with thee but to make thee sigh.

Shak.

> To insinuate, flatter, bow, and bend my limbs.

Shak.

In*sin"u*a`ting (?), a. Winding, creeping, or flowing in, quietly or stealthily; suggesting; winning favor and confidence insensibly. Milton.

> His address was courteous, and even insinuating.

Prescott.

In*sin"u*a`ting*ly, adv. By insinuation.

In*sin"u*a`tion (?), n. [L. insinuatio: cf. F. insinuation.]

1. The act or process of insinuating; a creeping, winding, or flowing in.

> By a soft insinuation mix'd
> With earth's large mass.

Crashaw.

2. The act of gaining favor, affection, or influence, by gentle or artful means; -- formerly used in a good sense, as of friendly influence or interposition. Sir H. Wotton.

> I hope through the insinuation of Lord Scarborough to keep them here till further orders.

Lady Cowper.

3. The art or power of gaining good will by a prepossessing manner.

> He bad a natural insinuation and address which made him acceptable in the best company.

Clarendon.

4. That which is insinuated; a hint; a suggestion or intimation by distant allusion; as, slander may be conveyed by insinuations.

> I scorn your coarse insinuation.

Cowper.

Syn. -- Hint; intimation; suggestion. See Innuendo.

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In*sin"u*a*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. insinuatif.]

1. Stealing on or into the confidence or affections; having power to gain favor. "Crafty, insinuative, plausible men." Bp. Reynolds.

2. Using insinuations; giving hints; insinuating; as, insinuative remark.

In*sin"u*a`tor (?), n. [L., an introducer.] One who, or that which, insinuates. De Foe.

In*sin"u*a*to*ry (?), a. Insinuative.

In*sip"id (?), a. [L. insipidus; pref. in- not + sapidus savory, fr. sapere to taste: cf. F. insipide. See Savor.]

1. Wanting in the qualities which affect the organs of taste; without taste or savor; vapid; tasteless; as, insipid drink or food. Boyle.

2. Wanting in spirit, life, or animation; uninteresting; weak; vapid; flat; dull; heavy; as, an insipid woman; an insipid composition.

> Flat, insipid, and ridiculous stuff to him.

South.

> But his wit is faint, and his salt, if I may dare to say so, almost insipid.

Dryden.

Syn. -- Tasteless; vapid; dull; spiritless; unanimated; lifeless; flat; stale; pointless; uninteresting.

{ In`si*pid"i*ty (?), In*sip"id*ness (?), } n. [Cf. F. insipidité.] The quality or state of being insipid; vapidity. "Dryden's lines shine strongly through the insipidity of Tate's." Pope.

In*sip"id*ly, adv. In an insipid manner; without taste, life, or spirit; flatly. Locke. Sharp.

In*sip"i*ence (?), n. [L. insipientia: cf. OF. insipience.] Want of intelligence; stupidity; folly. [R.] Blount.

In*sip"i*ent (?), a. [L. insipiens; pref. in- not + sapiens wise.] Wanting wisdom; stupid; foolish. [R.] Clarendon. -- n. An insipient person. [R.] Fryth.

In*sist" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Insisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Insisting.] [F. insister, L. insistere to set foot upon, follow, persist; pref. in- in + sistere to stand, cause to stand. See Stand.]

1. To stand or rest; to find support; -- with in, on, or upon. [R.] Ray.

2. To take a stand and refuse to give way; to hold to something firmly or determinedly; to be persistent, urgent, or pressing; to persist in demanding; -- followed by on, upon, or that; as, he insisted on these conditions; he insisted on going at once; he insists that he must have money.

> Insisting on the old prerogative.

Shak.

> Without further insisting on the different tempers of Juvenal and Horace.

Dryden.

Syn. -- Insist, Persist. -- Insist implies some alleged right, as authority or claim. Persist may be from obstinacy alone, and either with or against rights. We insist as against others; we persist in what exclusively relates to ourselves; as, he persisted in that course; he insisted on his friend's adopting it. C. J. Smith.

In*sist"ence (?), n. The quality of insisting, or being urgent or pressing; the act of dwelling upon as of special importance; persistence; urgency.

In*sist"ent (?), a. [L. insistens, -entis, p. pr. of insistere.]

1. Standing or resting on something; as, an insistent wall. Sir H. Wotton.

2. Insisting; persistent; persevering.

3. (Zoöl.) See Incumbent.

In*sist"ent*ly, adv. In an insistent manner.

In*sis"ture (?; 135), n. A dwelling or standing on something; fixedness; persistence. [Obs.] Shak.

In*si"ti*en*cy (?), n. [Pref. in- not + L. sitiens, p. pr. of sitire to be thirsty, fr. sitis thirst.] Freedom from thirst. [Obs.]

> The insitiency of a camel for traveling in deserts.

Grew.

In*si"tion (?; 277), n. [L. insitio, fr. inserere, insitum, to sow or plant in, to ingraft; pref. in- in + serere, satum, to sow.] The insertion of a scion in a stock; ingraftment. Ray.

||In` si"tu (?). [L.] In its natural position or place; -- said of a rock or fossil, when found in the situation in which it was originally formed or deposited.

In*snare" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insnared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Insnaring.] [Written also ensnare.]

1. To catch in a snare; to entrap; to take by artificial means. "Insnare a gudgeon." Fenton.

2. To take by wiles, stratagem, or deceit; to involve in difficulties or perplexities; to seduce by artifice; to inveigle; to allure; to entangle.

> The insnaring charms
> Of love's soft queen.

Glover.

In*snar"er (?), n. One who insnares.

In*snarl" (?), v. t. To make into a snarl or knot; to entangle; to snarl. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

In`so*bri"e*ty (?), n. [Pref. in- not + &?;obriety: cf. F. insobriété.] Want of sobriety, moderation, or calmness; intemperance; drunkenness.

In*so`cia*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. insociabilité.] The quality of being insociable; want of sociability; unsociability. [R.] Bp. Warburton.

In*so"cia*ble (?), a. [L. insociabilis: cf. F. insociable. See In- not, and Sociable.]

1. Incapable of being associated, joined, or connected. [Obs.]

> Lime and wood are insociable.

Sir H. Wotton.

2. Not sociable or companionable; disinclined to social intercourse or conversation; unsociable; taciturn.

> This austere insociable life.

Shak.

In*so"cia*bly, adv. Unsociably.

In*so"ci*ate (?), a. Not associate; without a companion; single; solitary; recluse. [Obs.] "The insociate virgin life." B. Jonson.

In"so*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insolated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Insolating.] [L. insolatus, p. p. of insolare to expose to the sun; pref. in- in + sol the sun.] To dry in, or to expose to, the sun's rays; to ripen or prepare by such exposure. Johnson.

In`so*la"tion (?), n. [L. insolatio: cf. F. insolation.]

1. The act or process to exposing to the rays of the sun for the purpose of drying or maturing, as fruits, drugs, etc., or of rendering acid, as vinegar.

2. (Med.) (a) A sunstroke. (b) Exposure of a patient to the sun's rays; a sun bath.

In"sole` (?), n. The inside sole of a boot or shoe; also, a loose, thin strip of leather, felt, etc., placed inside the shoe for warmth or ease.

In"so*lence (?), n. [F. insolence, L. insolentia. See Insolent.]

1. The quality of being unusual or novel. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. The quality of being insolent; pride or haughtiness manifested in contemptuous and overbearing treatment of others; arrogant contempt; brutal impudence.

> Flown with insolence and wine.

Milton.

3. Insolent conduct or treatment; insult.

> Loaded with fetters and insolences from the soldiers.

Fuller.

In"so*lence, v. t. To insult. [Obs.] Eikon Basilike.

In"so*len*cy (?), n. Insolence. [R.] Evelyn.

In"so*lent (?), a. [F. insolent, L. insolens, -entis, pref. in- not + solens accustomed, p. pr. of solere to be accustomed.]

1. Deviating from that which is customary; novel; strange; unusual. [Obs.]

> If one chance to derive any word from the Latin which is insolent to their ears . . . they forthwith make a jest at it.

Pettie.

> If any should accuse me of being new or insolent.

Milton.

2. Haughty and contemptuous or brutal in behavior or language; overbearing; domineering; grossly rude or disrespectful; saucy; as, an insolent master; an insolent servant. "A paltry, insolent fellow." Shak.

> Insolent is he that despiseth in his judgment all other folks as in regard of his value, of his cunning, of his speaking, and of his bearing.

Chaucer.

> Can you not see? or will ye not observe . . .
> How insolent of late he is become,
> How proud, how peremptory?

Shak.

3. Proceeding from or characterized by insolence; insulting; as, insolent words or behavior.

> Their insolent triumph excited . . . indignation.

Macaulay.

Syn. -- Overbearing; insulting; abusive; offensive; saucy; impudent; audacious; pert; impertinent; rude; reproachful; opprobrious. -- Insolent, Insulting. Insolent, in its primitive sense, simply denoted unusual; and to act insolently was to act in violation of the established rules of social intercourse. He who did this was insolent; and thus the word became one of the most offensive in our language, indicating gross disregard for the feelings of others. Insulting denotes a personal attack, either in words or actions, indicative either of scorn or triumph. Compare Impertinent, Affront, Impudence.

In"so*lent*ly, adv. In an insolent manner.

In`so*lid"i*ty (?), n. [Pref. in- not + solidity: cf. F. insolidité.] Want of solidity; weakness; as, the insolidity of an argument. [R.] Dr. H. More.

In*sol`u*bil"i*ty (?), n. [L. insolubilitas: cf. F. insolubilité.]

1. The quality or state of being insoluble or not dissolvable, as in a fluid.

2. The quality of being inexplicable or insolvable.

In*sol"u*ble (?), a. [L. insolubilis indissoluble, that can not be loosed: cf. F. insoluble. See In- not, and Soluble, and cf. Insolvable.]

1. Not soluble; in capable or difficult of being dissolved, as by a liquid; as, chalk is insoluble in water.

2. Not to be solved or explained; insolvable; as, an insoluble doubt, question, or difficulty.

3. Strong. "An insoluble wall." [Obs.] Holland

In*sol"u*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being insoluble; insolubility. Boyle.

In*solv"a*ble (?), a. 1. Not solvable; insoluble; admitting no solution or explanation; as, an insolvable problem or difficulty. I. Watts.

2. Incapable of being paid or discharged, as debts.

3. Not capable of being loosed or disentangled; inextricable. "Bands insolvable." Pope.

In*sol"ven*cy (?), n.; pl. Insolvencies (&?;). (Law) (a) The condition of being insolvent; the state or condition of a person who is insolvent; the condition of one who is unable to pay his debts as they fall due, or in the usual course of trade and business; as, a merchant's insolvency. (b) Insufficiency to discharge all debts of the owner; as, the insolvency of an estate.

Act of insolvency. See Insolvent law under Insolvent, a.

In*sol"vent (?), a. [Pref. in- not + solvent: cf. OF. insolvent.] (Law) (a) Not solvent; not having sufficient estate to pay one's debts; unable to pay one's debts as they fall due, in the ordinary course of trade and business; as, in insolvent debtor. (b) Not sufficient to pay all the debts of the owner; as, an insolvent estate. (c) Relating to persons unable to pay their debts.

Insolvent law, or Act of insolvency, a law affording relief, -- subject to various modifications in different States, -- to insolvent debtors, upon their delivering up their property for the benefit of their creditors. See Bankrupt law, under Bankrupt, a.

In*sol"vent, n. (Law) One who is insolvent; as insolvent debtor; -- in England, before 1861, especially applied to persons not traders. Bouvier.

In*som"ni*a (?), n. [L., fr. insomnis sleepless; pref. in- not + somnus sleep.] Want of sleep; inability to sleep; wakefulness; sleeplessness.

In*som"ni*ous (?), a. [L. insomniosus, fr. insomnia insomnia.] Restless; sleepless. Blount.

In*som"no*lence (?), n. Sleeplessness.

In`so*much" (?), adv. So; to such a degree; in such wise; -- followed by that or as, and formerly sometimes by both. Cf. Inasmuch.

> Insomusch as that field is called . . . Aceldama.

Acts i. 19.

> Simonides was an excellent poet, insomuch that he made his fortune by it.

L'Estrange.

In`so*no"rous (?), a. Not clear or melodious.

In*sooth" (?), adv. In sooth; truly. [Archaic]

||In`sou`ciance" (?), n. [F.] Carelessness; heedlessness; thoughtlessness; unconcern.

||In`sou`ciant" (?), a. [F.] Careless; heedless; indifferent; unconcerned. J. S. Mill.

In*soul" (?), v. t. To set a soul in; reflexively, to fix one's strongest affections on. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

> [He] could not but insoul himself in her.

Feltham.

In*span" (?), v. t. & i. [D. inspannen.] To yoke or harness, as oxen to a vehicle. [South Africa]

In*spect" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inspected; p. pr. & vb. n. Inspecting.] [L. inspectus, p. p. of inspicere to inspect; pref. in- in + specere to look at, to view: cf. F. inspecter, fr. L. inspectare, freq. fr. inspicere. See Spy.]

1. To look upon; to view closely and critically, esp. in order to ascertain quality or condition, to detect errors, etc., to examine; to scrutinize; to investigate; as, to inspect conduct.

2. To view and examine officially, as troops, arms, goods offered, work done for the public, etc.; to oversee; to superintend. Sir W. Temple.

In*spect", n. [L. inspectus. See Inspect, v. t.] Inspection. [Obs.] Thomson.

In*spec"tion (?), n. [L. inspectio: cf. F. inspection.] 1. The act or process of inspecting or looking at carefully; a strict or prying examination; close or careful scrutiny; investigation. Spenser.

> With narrow search, and with inspection deep,
> Considered every creature.

Milton.

2. The act of overseeing; official examination or superintendence.

Trial by inspection (O. Eng. Law), a mode of trial in which the case was settled by the individual observation and decision of the judge upon the testimony of his own senses, without the intervention of a jury. Abbott.

In*spect"ive (?), a. [L. inspectivus.] Engaged in inspection; inspecting; involving inspection.

In*spect"or (?), n. [L.: cf. F. inspecteur.] One who inspects, views, or oversees; one to whom the supervision of any work is committed; one who makes an official view or examination, as a military or civil officer; a superintendent; a supervisor; an overseer.

Inspector general (Mil.), a staff officer of an army, whose duties are those of inspection, and embrace everything relative to organization, recruiting, discharge, administration, accountability for money and property, instruction, police, and discipline.

In*spect"or*ate (?), n. Inspectorship. [R.]

In`spec*to"ri*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to an inspector or to inspection. [R.]

In*spect"or*ship (?), n. 1. The office of an inspector.

2. The district embraced by an inspector's jurisdiction.

In*spect"ress, n. A female inspector.

In*sperse" (?), v. t. [L. inspersus, p. p. of inspergere to sprinkle upon; pref. in- in, on + spargere to sprinkle.] To sprinkle; to scatter. [Obs.] Bailey.

In*sper"sion (?), n. [L. inspersio.] The act of sprinkling. [Obs.] Chapman.

||In*spex"i*mus (?), n. [L., we have inspected.] The first word of ancient charters in England, confirming a grant made by a former king; hence, a royal grant.

In*sphere" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insphered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Insphering.] [Cf. Ensphere.] To place in, or as in, an orb a sphere. Cf. Ensphere.

> Bright aërial spirits live insphered
> In regions mild of calm and serene air.

Milton.

In*spir"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being inspired or drawn into the lungs; inhalable; respirable; admitting inspiration. Harvey.

In`spi*ra"tion (?), n. [F. inspiration, L. inspiratio. See Inspire.]

1. The act of inspiring or breathing in; breath; specif. (Physiol.), the drawing of air into the lungs, accomplished in mammals by elevation of the chest walls and flattening of the diaphragm; -- the opposite of expiration.

2. The act or power of exercising an elevating or stimulating influence upon the intellect or emotions; the result of such influence which quickens or stimulates; as, the inspiration of occasion, of art, etc.

> Your father was ever virtuous, and holy men at their death have good inspirations.

Shak.

3. (Theol.) A supernatural divine influence on the prophets, apostles, or sacred writers, by which they were qualified to communicate moral or religious truth with authority; a supernatural influence which qualifies men to receive and communicate divine truth; also, the truth communicated.

> All Scripture is given by inspiration of God.

2 Tim. iii. 16.

> The age which we now live in is not an age of inspiration and impulses.

Sharp.

Plenary inspiration (Theol.), that kind of inspiration which excludes all defect in the utterance of the inspired message. -- Verbal inspiration (Theol.), that kind of inspiration which extends to the very words and forms of expression of the divine message.

In`spi*ra"tion*al (?), a. Pertaining to inspiration.

In`spi*ra"tion*ist, n. One who holds to inspiration.

In"spi*ra`tor (?), n. (Mach.) A kind of injector for forcing water by steam. See Injector, n., 2.

In*spir"a*to*ry (?), a. Pertaining to, or aiding, inspiration; as, the inspiratory muscles.

In*spire" (n*spr"), v. t. [OE. enspiren, OF. enspirer, inspirer, F. inspirer, fr. L. inspirare; pref. in- in + spirare to breathe. See Spirit.]

1. To breathe into; to fill with the breath; to animate.

> When Zephirus eek, with his sweete breath,
> Inspirèd hath in every holt and heath
> The tender crops.

Chaucer.

> Descend, ye Nine, descend and sing,
> The breathing instruments inspire.

Pope.

2. To infuse by breathing, or as if by breathing.

> He knew not his Maker, and him that inspired into him an active soul.

Wisdom xv. 11.

3. To draw in by the operation of breathing; to inhale; -- opposed to expire.

> Forced to inspire and expire the air with difficulty.

Harvey.

<! p. 771 !>

4. To infuse into the mind; to communicate to the spirit; to convey, as by a divine or supernatural influence; to disclose preternaturally; to produce in, as by inspiration.

> And generous stout courage did inspire.

Spenser.

> But dawning day new comfort hath inspired.

Shak.

5. To infuse into; to affect, as with a superior or supernatural influence; to fill with what animates, enlivens, or exalts; to communicate inspiration to; as, to inspire a child with sentiments of virtue.

> Erato, thy poet's mind inspire,
> And fill his soul with thy celestial fire.

Dryden.

In*spire" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inspired; p. pr. & vb. n. Inspiring.]

1. To draw in breath; to inhale air into the lungs; -- opposed to expire.

2. To breathe; to blow gently. [Obs.]

> And when the wind amongst them did inspire,
> They wavèd like a penon wide dispread.

Spenser.

In*spired" (?), a. 1. Breathed in; inhaled.

2. Moved or animated by, or as by, a supernatural influence; affected by divine inspiration; as, the inspired prophets; the inspired writers.

3. Communicated or given as by supernatural or divine inspiration; having divine authority; hence, sacred, holy; -- opposed to uninspired, profane, or secular; as, the inspired writings, that is, the Scriptures.

In*spir"er (?), n. One who, or that which, inspires. "Inspirer of that holy flame." Cowper.

In*spir"ing, a. Animating; cheering; moving; exhilarating; as, an inspiring or scene.

In*spir"it (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inspirited; p. pr. & vb. n. Inspiriting.] To infuse new life or spirit into; to animate; to encourage; to invigorate.

> The courage of Agamemnon is inspirited by the love of empire and ambition.

Pope.

Syn. -- To enliven; invigorate; exhilarate; animate; cheer; encourage; inspire.

In*spis"sate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inspissated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inspissating (?).] [L. inspissatus, p. p. of inspissare to thicken; pref. in- + spissare to thicken, fr. spissus thick.] To thicken or bring to greater consistence, as fluids by evaporation.

In*spis"sate (?), a. [L. inspissatus, p. p.] Thick or thickened; inspissated. Greenhill.

In`spis*sa"tion (?), n. The act or the process of inspissating, or thickening a fluid substance, as by evaporation; also, the state of being so thickened.

In`sta*bil"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Instabilities (#). [L. instabilitas: cf. F. instabilité.]

1. The quality or condition of being unstable; want of stability, firmness, or steadiness; liability to give way or to fail; insecurity; precariousness; as, the instability of a building.

2. Lack of determination of fixedness; inconstancy; fickleness; mutability; changeableness; as, instability of character, temper, custom, etc. Addison.

Syn. -- Inconstancy; fickleness; changeableness; wavering; unsteadiness; unstableness.

In*sta"ble (?), a. [L. instabilis: cf. F. instable. See In- not, and Stable, a., and cf. Unstable.] Not stable; not standing fast or firm; unstable; prone to change or recede from a purpose; mutable; inconstant.

In*sta"ble*ness, n. Instability; unstableness.

In*stall" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Installed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Installing.] [F. installer, LL. installare, fr. pref. in- in + OHG. stal a place, stall, G. stall, akin to E. stall: cf. It. installare. See Stall.] [Written also instal.]

1. To set in a seat; to give a place to; establish (one) in a place.

> She installed her guest hospitably by the fireside.

Sir W. Scott.

2. To place in an office, rank, or order; to invest with any charge by the usual ceremonies; to instate; to induct; as, to install an ordained minister as pastor of a church; to install a college president.

> Unworthily
> Thou wast installed in that high degree.

Shak.

In`stal*la"tion (?), n. [F. installation, LL. installatio: cf. It. installazione. See Install.]

1. The act of installing or giving possession of an office, rank, or order, with the usual rites or ceremonies; as, the installation of an ordained minister in a parish.

> On the election, the bishop gives a mandate for his installation.

Ayliffe.

2. (Mech.) The whole of a system of machines, apparatus, and accessories, when set up and arranged for practical working, as in electric lighting, transmission of power, etc.

In*stall"ment (?), n. [Written also instalment.]

1. The act of installing; installation.

> Take oaths from all kings and magistrates at their installment, to do impartial justice by law.

Milton.

2. The seat in which one is placed. [Obs.]

> The several chairs of order, look, you scour; . . .
> Each fair installment, coat, and several crest
> With loyal blazon, evermore be blest.

Shak.

3. A portion of a debt, or sum of money, which is divided into portions that are made payable at different times. Payment by installment is payment by parts at different times, the amounts and times being often definitely stipulated. Bouvier.

In*stamp" (?), v. t. See Enstamp.

In"stance (?), n. [F. instance, L. instantia, fr. instans. See Instant.]

1. The act or quality of being instant or pressing; urgency; solicitation; application; suggestion; motion.

> Undertook at her instance to restore them.

Sir W. Scott.

2. That which is instant or urgent; motive. [Obs.]

> The instances that second marriage move
> Are base respects of thrift, but none of love.

Shak.

3. Occasion; order of occurrence.

> These seem as if, in the time of Edward I., they were drawn up into the form of a law, in the first instance.

Sir M. Hale.

4. That which offers itself or is offered as an illustrative case; something cited in proof or exemplification; a case occurring; an example.

> Most remarkable instances of suffering.

Atterbury.

5. A token; a sign; a symptom or indication. Shak.

Causes of instance, those which proceed at the solicitation of some party. Hallifax. -- Court of first instance, the court by which a case is first tried. -- For instance, by way of example or illustration. -- Instance Court (Law), the Court of Admiralty acting within its ordinary jurisdiction, as distinguished from its action as a prize court.

Syn. -- Example; case. See Example.

In"stance (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instanced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Instancing (?).] To mention as a case or example; to refer to; to cite; as, to instance a fact. H. Spenser.

> I shall not instance an abstruse author.

Milton.

In"stance, v. i. To give an example. [Obs.]

> This story doth not only instance in kingdoms, but in families too.

Jer. Taylor.

In"stan*cy (?), n. Instance; urgency. [Obs.]

> Those heavenly precepts which our Lord and Savior with so great instancy gave.

Hooker.

In"stant (?), a. [L. instans, -antis, p. pr. of instare to stand upon, to press upon; pref. in- in, on + stare to stand: cf. F. instant. See Stand.]

1. Pressing; urgent; importunate; earnest.

> Rejoicing in hope; patient in tribulation; continuing instant in prayer.

Rom. xii. 12.

> I am beginning to be very instant for some sort of occupation.

Carlyle.

2. Closely pressing or impending in respect to time; not deferred; immediate; without delay.

> Impending death is thine, and instant doom.

Prior.

3. Present; current.

> The instant time is always the fittest time.

Fuller.

The word in this sense is now used only in dates, to indicate the current month; as, the tenth of July instant.

In"stant, adv. Instantly. [Poetic]

> Instant he flew with hospitable haste.

Pope.

In"stant, n. [F. instant, fr. L. instans standing by, being near, present. See Instant, a.]

1. A point in duration; a moment; a portion of time too short to be estimated; also, any particular moment.

> There is scarce an instant between their flourishing and their not being.

Hooker.

2. A day of the present or current month; as, the sixth instant; -- an elliptical expression equivalent to the sixth of the month instant, i. e., the current month. See Instant, a., 3.

Syn. -- Moment; flash; second.

In*stan`ta*ne"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. instantanéité.] Quality of being instantaneous. Shenstone.

In`stan*ta"ne*ous (?), a. [Cf. F. instantané.]

1. Done or occurring in an instant, or without any perceptible duration of time; as, the passage of electricity appears to be instantaneous.

> His reason saw
> With instantaneous view, the truth of things.

Thomson.

2. At or during a given instant; as, instantaneous acceleration, velocity, etc.

Instantaneous center of rotation (Kinematics), in a plane or in a plane figure which has motions both of translation and of rotation in the plane, is the point which for the instant is at rest. -- Instantaneous axis of rotation (Kinematics), in a body which has motions both of translation and rotation, is a line, which is supposed to be rigidly united with the body, and which for the instant is at rest. The motion of the body is for the instant simply that of rotation about the instantaneous axis.

-- In`stan*ta"ne*ous*ly, adv. -- In`stan*ta"ne*ous*ness, n.

||In*stan"ter (?), adv. [L., vehemently, earnestly. See Instant, n. & a.] Immediately; instantly; at once; as, he left instanter.

In"stant*ly (?), adv. 1. Without the least delay or interval; at once; immediately. Macaulay.

2. With urgency or importunity; earnestly; pressingly. "They besought him instantly." Luke vii. 4.

Syn. -- Directly; immediately; at once. See Directly.

In*star" (?), v. t. To stud as with stars. [R.] "A golden throne instarred with gems." J. Barlow.

In*state" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instated; p. pr. & vb. n. Instating.] To set, place, or establish, as in a rank, office, or condition; to install; to invest; as, to instate a person in greatness or in favor. Shak.

In*stau"rate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instaurated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Instaurating (?).] [L. instauratus, p. p. of instaurare to renew. See 1st In-, and Store.] To renew or renovate. [R.]

In`stau*ra"tion (?), n. [L. instauratio: cf. F. instauration.] Restoration after decay, lapse, or dilapidation; renewal; repair; renovation; renaissance.

> Some great catastrophe or . . . instauration.

T. Burnet.

In"stau*ra`tor (?), n. [L.: cf. F. instaurateur.] One who renews or restores to a former condition. [R.] Dr. H. More.

In*staure" (?), v. t. [See Instaurate.] To renew or renovate; to instaurate. [Obs.] Marston.

In*stead" (?), adv. [Pref. in- + stead place.]

1. In the place or room; -- usually followed by of.

> Let thistles grow of wheat.

Job xxxi. 40.

> Absalom made Amasa captain of the host instead of Joab.

2 Sam. xvii. 25.

2. Equivalent; equal to; -- usually with of. [R.]

> This very consideration to a wise man is instead of a thousand arguments, to satisfy him, that in those times no such thing was believed.

Tillotson.

In*steep" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insteeped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Insteeping.] To steep or soak; to drench. [R.] "In gore he lay insteeped." Shak.

In"step (?), n. [Formerly also instop, instup.]

1. The arched middle portion of the human foot next in front of the ankle joint.

2. That part of the hind leg of the horse and allied animals, between the hock, or ham, and the pastern joint.

In"sti*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instigated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Instigating (?).] [L. instigatus, p. p. of instigare to instigate; pref. in- in + a root akin to G. stechen to prick, E. stick. See Stick.] To goad or urge forward; to set on; to provoke; to incite; -- used chiefly with reference to evil actions; as, to instigate one to a crime.

> He hath only instigated his blackest agents to the very extent of their malignity.

Bp. Warburton.

Syn. -- To stimulate; urge; spur; provoke; tempt; incite; impel; encourage; animate.

In"sti*ga`ting*ly, adv. Incitingly; temptingly.

In`sti*ga"tion (?), n. [L. instigatio: cf. F. instigation.] The act of instigating, or the state of being instigated; incitement; esp. to evil or wickedness.

> The baseness and villainy that . . . the instigation of the devil could bring the sons of men to.

South.

In"sti*ga`tor (?), n. [L.: cf. F. instigateur.] One who instigates or incites. Burke.

In*still" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instilled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Instilling.] [L. instillare, instillatum; pref. in- in + stillare to drop, fr. stilla a drop: cf. F. instiller. See Distill.] [Written also instil.] To drop in; to pour in drop by drop; hence, to impart gradually; to infuse slowly; to cause to be imbibed.

> That starlight dews
> All silently their tears of love instill.

Byron.

> How hast thou instilled
> Thy malice into thousands.

Milton.

Syn. -- To infuse; impart; inspire; implant; inculcate; insinuate.

In`stil*la"tion (?), n. [L. instillatio: cf. F. instillation.] The act of instilling; also, that which is instilled. Johnson.

In"stil*la`tor (?), n. An instiller. [R.]

In*stil"la*to*ry (?), a. Belonging to instillation. [R.]

In*still"er (?), n. One who instills. Skelton.

In*still"ment (?), n. The act of instilling; also, that which is instilled. [Written also instilment.]

In*stim"u*late (?), v. t. [Pref. in- not + stimulate.] Not to stimulate; to soothe; to quiet. [Obs.] Cheyne.

In*stim"u*late, v. t. [L. instimulatus, p. p. instimulare to stimulate. See 1st In-, and Stimulate.] To stimulate; to excite. [Obs.] Cockeram.

In*stim`u*la"tion (?), n. Stimulation.

In*stinct" (?), a. [L. instinctus, p. p. of instinguere to instigate, incite; cf. instigare to instigate. Cf. Instigate, Distinguish.] Urged or stimulated from within; naturally moved or impelled; imbued; animated; alive; quick; as, birds instinct with life.

> The chariot of paternal deity . . .
> Itself instinct with spirit, but convoyed
> By four cherubic shapes.

Milton.

> A noble performance, instinct with sound principle.

Brougham.

In"stinct (n"stkt), n. [L. instinctus instigation, impulse, fr. instinguere to instigate: cf. F. instinct. See Instinct, a.]

1. Natural inward impulse; unconscious, involuntary, or unreasoning prompting to any mode of action, whether bodily, or mental, without a distinct apprehension of the end or object to be accomplished.

> An instinct is a propensity prior to experience, and independent of instructions.

Paley.

> An instinct is a blind tendency to some mode of action, independent of any consideration, on the part of the agent, of the end to which the action leads.

Whately.

> An instinct is an agent which performs blindly and ignorantly a work of intelligence and knowledge.

Sir W. Hamilton.

> By a divine instinct, men's minds mistrust
> Ensuing dangers.

Shak.

2. (Zoöl.) Specif., the natural, unreasoning, impulse by which an animal is guided to the performance of any action, without thought of improvement in the method.

> The resemblance between what originally was a habit, and an instinct becomes so close as not to be distinguished.

Darwin.

3. A natural aptitude or knack; a predilection; as, an instinct for order; to be modest by instinct.

In*stinct" (n*stkt"), v. t. To impress, as an animating power, or instinct. [Obs.] Bentley.

In*stinc"tion (?), n. Instinct; incitement; inspiration. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

In*stinc"tive (?), a. [Cf. F. instinctif.] Of or pertaining to instinct; derived from, or prompted by, instinct; of the nature of instinct; determined by natural impulse or propensity; acting or produced without reasoning, deliberation, instruction, or experience; spontaneous. "Instinctive motion." Milton. "Instinctive dread." Cowper.

> With taste instinctive give
> Each grace appropriate.

Mason.

> Have we had instinctive intimations of the death of some absent friends?

Bp. Hall.

The terms instinctive belief, instinctive judgment, instinctive cognition, are expressions not ill adapted to characterize a belief, judgment, or cognition, which, as the result of no anterior consciousness, is, like the products of animal instinct, the intelligent effect of (as far as we are concerned) an unknown cause. Sir H. Hamilton.

Syn. -- Natural; voluntary; spontaneous; original; innate; inherent; automatic.

In*stinc"tive*ly, adv. In an instinctive manner; by force of instinct; by natural impulse.

In`stinc*tiv"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being instinctive, or prompted by instinct. [R.] Coleridge.

In*stip"u*late (?), a. See Exstipulate.

In"sti*tute (n"st*tt), p. a. [L. institutus, p. p. of instituere to place in, to institute, to instruct; pref. in- in + statuere to cause to stand, to set. See Statute.] Established; organized; founded. [Obs.]

> They have but few laws. For to a people so instruct and institute, very few to suffice.

Robynson (More's Utopia).

<! p. 772 !>

In"sti*tute (n"st*tt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instituted (- t`td); p. pr. & vb. n. Instituting.]

1. To set up; to establish; to ordain; as, to institute laws, rules, etc.

2. To originate and establish; to found; to organize; as, to institute a court, or a society.

> Whenever any from of government becomes destructive of these ends it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government.

Jefferson (Decl. of Indep. ).

3. To nominate; to appoint. [Obs.]

> We institute your Grace
> To be our regent in these parts of France.

Shak.

4. To begin; to commence; to set on foot; as, to institute an inquiry; to institute a suit.

> And haply institute
> A course of learning and ingenious studies.

Shak.

5. To ground or establish in principles and rudiments; to educate; to instruct. [Obs.]

> If children were early instituted, knowledge would insensibly insinuate itself.

Dr. H. More.

6. (Eccl. Law) To invest with the spiritual charge of a benefice, or the care of souls. Blackstone.

Syn. -- To originate; begin; commence; establish; found; erect; organize; appoint; ordain.

In"sti*tute, n. [L. institutum: cf. F. institut. See Institute, v. t. & a.]

1. The act of instituting; institution. [Obs.] "Water sanctified by Christ's institute." Milton.

2. That which is instituted, established, or fixed, as a law, habit, or custom. Glover.

3. Hence: An elementary and necessary principle; a precept, maxim, or rule, recognized as established and authoritative; usually in the plural, a collection of such principles and precepts; esp., a comprehensive summary of legal principles and decisions; as, the Institutes of Justinian; Coke's Institutes of the Laws of England. Cf. Digest, n.

> They made a sort of institute and digest of anarchy.

Burke.

> To make the Stoics' institutes thy own.

Dryden.

4. An institution; a society established for the promotion of learning, art, science, etc.; a college; as, the Institute of Technology; also, a building owned or occupied by such an institute; as, the Cooper Institute.

5. (Scots Law) The person to whom an estate is first given by destination or limitation. Tomlins.

Institutes of medicine, theoretical medicine; that department of medical science which attempts to account philosophically for the various phenomena of health as well as of disease; physiology applied to the practice of medicine. Dunglison.

In"sti*tu`ter (?), n. An institutor. [R.]

In`sti*tu"tion (?), n. [L. institutio: cf. F. institution.]

1. The act or process of instituting; as: (a) Establishment; foundation; enactment; as, the institution of a school.

> The institution of God's law is described as being established by solemn injunction.

Hooker.

(b) Instruction; education. [Obs.] Bentley. (c) (Eccl. Law) The act or ceremony of investing a clergyman with the spiritual part of a benefice, by which the care of souls is committed to his charge. Blackstone.

2. That which instituted or established; as: (a) Established order, method, or custom; enactment; ordinance; permanent form of law or polity.

> The nature of our people,
> Our city's institutions.

Shak.

(b) An established or organized society or corporation; an establishment, especially of a public character, or affecting a community; a foundation; as, a literary institution; a charitable institution; also, a building or the buildings occupied or used by such organization; as, the Smithsonian Institution. (c) Anything forming a characteristic and persistent feature in social or national life or habits.

> We ordered a lunch (the most delightful of English institutions, next to dinner) to be ready against our return.

Hawthorne.

3. That which institutes or instructs; a textbook; a system of elements or rules; an institute. [Obs.]

> There is another manuscript, of above three hundred years old, . . . being an institution of physic.

Evelyn.

In`sti*tu"tion*al (?), a. 1. Pertaining to, or treating of, institutions; as, institutional legends.

> Institutional writers as Rousseau.

J. S. Mill.

2. Instituted by authority.

3. Elementary; rudimental.

In`sti*tu"tion*a*ry (?), a. 1. Relating to an institution, or institutions.

2. Containing the first principles or doctrines; elemental; rudimentary.

In"sti*tu`tist (?), n. A writer or compiler of, or a commentator on, institutes. [R.] Harvey.

In"sti*tu`tive (?), a. 1. Tending or intended to institute; having the power to establish. Barrow.

2. Established; depending on, or characterized by, institution or order. "Institutive decency." Milton.

In"sti*tu`tive*ly adv. In conformity with an institution. Harrington.

In"sti*tu`tor (?), n. [L.: cf. F. instituteur.]

1. One who institutes, founds, ordains, or establishes.

2. One who educates; an instructor. [Obs.] Walker.

3. (Episcopal Church) A presbyter appointed by the bishop to institute a rector or assistant minister over a parish church.

In*stop" (?), v. t. To stop; to close; to make fast; as, to instop the seams. [Obs.] Dryden.

In*store" (?), v. t. [See Instaurate, Store.] To store up; to inclose; to contain. [Obs.] Wyclif.

In*strat"i*fied (?), a. Interstratified.

In*struct" (?), a. [L. instructus, p. p. of instruere to furnish, provide, construct, instruct; pref. in- in, on + struere. See Structure.] 1. Arranged; furnished; provided. [Obs.] "He had neither ship instruct with oars, nor men." Chapman.

2. Instructed; taught; enlightened. [Obs.] Milton.

In*struct" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Instructed; p. pr. & vb. n. Instructing.]

1. To put in order; to form; to prepare. [Obs.]

> They speak to the merits of a cause, after the proctor has prepared and instructed the same for a hearing.

Ayliffe.

2. To form by communication of knowledge; to inform the mind of; to impart knowledge or information to; to enlighten; to teach; to discipline.

> Schoolmasters will I keep within my house,
> Fit to instruct her youth.

Shak.

3. To furnish with directions; to advise; to direct; to command; as, the judge instructs the jury.

> She, being before instructed of her mother, said, Give me here John Baptist's head in a charger.

Matt. xiv. 8.

> Take her in; instruct her what she has to do.

Shak.

Syn. -- To teach; educate; inform; train; discipline; indoctrinate; direct; enjoin.

In*struct"er (?), n. See Instructor.

In*struct"i*ble (?), a. Capable of being instructed; teachable; docible. Bacon.

In*struc"tion (?), n. [L. instructio: cf. F. instruction.]

1. The act of instructing, teaching, or furnishing with knowledge; information.

2. That which instructs, or with which one is instructed; the intelligence or information imparted; as: (a) Precept; information; teachings. (b) Direction; order; command. "If my instructions may be your guide." Shak.

Syn. -- Education; teaching; indoctrination; information; advice; counsel. See Education.

In*struc"tion*al (?), a. Pertaining to, or promoting, instruction; educational.

In*struct"ive (?), a. [Cf. F. instructif.] Conveying knowledge; serving to instruct or inform; as, experience furnishes very instructive lessons. Addison.

> In various talk the instructive hours they past.

Pope.

-- In*struct"ive*ly, adv. -- In*struct"ive*ness, n.

> The pregnant instructiveness of the Scripture.

Boyle.

In*struct"or (?), n. [L., a preparer: cf. F. instructeur.] [Written also instructer.] One who instructs; one who imparts knowledge to another; a teacher.

In*struct"ress (?), n. A woman who instructs; a preceptress; a governess. Johnson.

In"stru*ment (?), n. [F. instrument, L. instrumentum. See Instruct.]

1. That by means of which any work is performed, or result is effected; a tool; a utensil; an implement; as, the instruments of a mechanic; astronomical instruments.

> All the lofty instruments of war.

Shak.

2. A contrivance or implement, by which musical sounds are produced; as, a musical instrument.

> Praise him with stringed instruments and organs.

Ps. cl. 4.

> But signs when songs and instruments he hears.

Dryden.

3. (Law) A writing, as the means of giving formal expression to some act; a writing expressive of some act, contract, process, as a deed, contract, writ, etc. Burrill.

4. One who, or that which, is made a means, or is caused to serve a purpose; a medium, means, or agent.

> Or useful serving man and instrument,
> To any sovereign state.

Shak.

> The bold are but the instruments of the wise.

Dryden.

Syn. -- Tool; implement; utensil; machine; apparatus; channel; agent.

In"stru*ment (?), v. t. To perform upon an instrument; to prepare for an instrument; as, a sonata instrumented for orchestra.

In`stru*men"tal (?), a. [Cf. F. instrumental.]

1. Acting as an instrument; serving as a means; contributing to promote; conductive; helpful; serviceable; as, he was instrumental in conducting the business.

> The head is not more native to the heart,
> The hand more instrumental to the mouth.

Shak.

2. (Mus.) Pertaining to, made by, or prepared for, an instrument, esp. a musical instrument; as, instrumental music, distinguished from vocal music. "He defended the use of instrumental music in public worship." Macaulay.

> Sweet voices mix'd with instrumental sounds.

Dryden.

3. (Gram.) Applied to a case expressing means or agency; as, the instrumental case. This is found in Sanskrit as a separate case, but in Greek it was merged into the dative, and in Latin into the ablative. In Old English it was a separate case, but has disappeared, leaving only a few anomalous forms.

Instrumental errors, those errors in instrumental measurements, etc., which arise, exclusively from want of mathematical accuracy in an instrument.

In`stru*men"tal*ist, n. One who plays upon an instrument of music, as distinguished from a vocalist.

In`stru*men*tal"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Instrumentalities (&?;). The quality or condition of being instrumental; that which is instrumental; anything used as a means; medium; agency.

> The instrumentality of faith in justification.

Bp. Burnet.

> The discovery of gunpowder developed the science of attack and defense in a new instrumentality.

J. H. Newman.

In`stru*men"tal*ly (?), adv. 1. By means of an instrument or agency; as means to an end. South.

> They will argue that the end being essentially beneficial, the means become instrumentally so.

Burke.

2. With instruments of music; as, a song instrumentally accompanied. Mason.

In`stru*men"tal*ness, n. Usefulness or agency, as means to an end; instrumentality. [R.] Hammond.

In`stru*men"ta*ry (?), a. Instrumental. [R.]

In`stru*men*ta"tion (?), n. 1. The act of using or adapting as an instrument; a series or combination of instruments; means; agency.

> Otherwise we have no sufficient instrumentation for our human use or handling of so great a fact.

H. Bushnell.

2. (Mus.) (a) The arrangement of a musical composition for performance by a number of different instruments; orchestration; instrumental composition; composition for an orchestra or military band. (b) The act or manner of playing upon musical instruments; performance; as, his instrumentation is perfect.

In"stru*men`tist (?), n. A performer on a musical instrument; an instrumentalist.

In*style" (?), v. t. To style. [Obs.] Crashaw.

In*suav"i*ty (?), n. [L. insuavitas: cf. F. insuavité. See In- not, and Suavity.] Want of suavity; unpleasantness. [Obs.] Burton.

In`sub*jec"tion (?), n. Want of subjection or obedience; a state of disobedience, as to government.

In`sub*mer"gi*ble (?), a. Not capable of being submerged; buoyant. [R.]

In`sub*mis"sion (?), n. Want of submission; disobedience; noncompliance.

In`sub*or"di*nate (?), a. Not submitting to authority; disobedient; rebellious; mutinous.

In`sub*or`di*na"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. insubordination.] The quality of being insubordinate; disobedience to lawful authority.

In`sub*stan"tial (?), a. Unsubstantial; not real or strong. "Insubstantial pageant." [R.] Shak.

In`sub*stan`ti*al"i*ty (?), n. Unsubstantiality; unreality. [R.]

In`suc*ca"tion (?), n. [L. insucare, insucatum, to soak in; pref. in- + succus, sucus, sap.] The act of soaking or moistening; maceration; solution in the juice of herbs. [Obs.] Coxe.

> The medicating and insuccation of seeds.

Evelyn.

In`suc*cess" (?), n. Want of success. [R.] Feltham.

In*sue" (?), v. i. See Ensue, v. i.

In"sue*tude (?), n. [L. insuetudo, from insuetus unaccustomed; pref. in- not + suetus, p. p. of suescere to be accustomed.] The state or quality of being unaccustomed; absence of use or habit.

> Absurdities are great or small in proportion to custom or insuetude.

Landor.

In*suf"fer*a*ble (?), a. 1. Incapable of being suffered, borne, or endured; insupportable; unendurable; intolerable; as, insufferable heat, cold, or pain; insufferable wrongs. Locke.

2. Offensive beyond endurance; detestable.

> A multitude of scribblers who daily pester the world with their insufferable stuff.

Dryden.

In*suf"fer*a*bly, adv. In a manner or to a degree beyond endurance; intolerably; as, a blaze insufferably bright; a person insufferably proud.

In`suf*fi"cience (?), n. Insufficiency. Shak.

In`suf*fi"cien*cy (?), n. [L. insufficientia: cf. F. insuffisance, whence OE. insuffisance. See Insufficient.]

1. The quality or state of being insufficient; want of sufficiency; deficiency; inadequateness; as, the insufficiency of provisions, of an excuse, etc.

> The insufficiency of the light of nature is, by the light of Scripture, . . . fully supplied.

Hooker.

2. Want of power or skill; inability; incapacity; incompetency; as, the insufficiency of a man for an office.

In`suf*fi"cient (?), a. [L. insufficiens, -entis. See In- not, and Sufficient.]

1. Not sufficient; not enough; inadequate to any need, use, or purpose; as, the provisions are insufficient in quantity, and defective in quality. "Insufficient for His praise." Cowper.

2. Wanting in strength, power, ability, capacity, or skill; incompetent; incapable; unfit; as, a person insufficient to discharge the duties of an office.

Syn. -- Inadequate; scanty; incommensurate; unequal; unfit; incompetent; incapable; inefficient.

In`suf*fi"cient*ly, adv. In an insufficient manner or degree; unadequately.

In`suf*fla"tion (?), n. [L. insuffatio: cf. F. insuffation. See In- in, and Sufflation.] The act of breathing on or into anything; especially: (a) (R. C. Ch.) The breathing upon a person in the sacrament of baptism to symbolize the inspiration of a new spiritual life. (b) (Med.) The act of blowing (a gas, powder, or vapor) into any cavity of the body.

In*suit"a*ble (?), a. Unsuitable. [Obs.] -- In*suit`a*bil"i*ty (#), n. [Obs.]

In"su*lar (?), a. [L. insularis, fr. insula island: cf. F. insulaire. See Isle.]

1. Of or pertaining to an island; of the nature, or possessing the characteristics, of an island; as, an insular climate, fauna, etc.

2. Of or pertaining to the people of an island; narrow; circumscribed; illiberal; contracted; as, insular habits, opinions, or prejudices.

> The penury of insular conversation.

Johnson.

In"su*lar, n. An islander. [R.] Berkeley.

In`su*lar"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. insularité.]

1. The state or quality of being an island or consisting of islands; insulation.

> The insularity of Britain was first shown by Agricola, who sent his fleet round it.

Pinkerton.

2. Narrowness or illiberality of opinion; prejudice; exclusiveness; as, the insularity of the Chinese or of the aristocracy.

In"su*lar*ly (?), adv. In an insular manner.

In"su*la*ry (?), a. Insular. [Obs.] Howell.

In"su*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insulated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Insulating (?).] [L. insulatus insulated, fr. insula island. See Isle, and cf. Isolate.]

1. To make an island of. [Obs.] Pennant.

2. To place in a detached situation, or in a state having no communication with surrounding objects; to isolate; to separate.

3. (Elec. & Thermotics) To prevent the transfer of electricity or heat to or from (bodies) by the interposition of nonconductors.

Insulating stool (Elec.), a stool with legs of glass or some other nonconductor of electricity, used for insulating a person or any object placed upon it.

<! p. 773 !>

In"su*la`ted (n"s*l"td), p. a. 1. Standing by itself; not being contiguous to other bodies; separated; unconnected; isolated; as, an insulated house or column.

> The special and insulated situation of the Jews.

De Quincey.

2. (Elect. & Thermotics) Separated from other bodies by means of nonconductors of heat or electricity.

3. (Astron.) Situated at so great a distance as to be beyond the effect of gravitation; -- said of stars supposed to be so far apart that the affect of their mutual attraction is insensible. C. A. Young.

Insulated wire, wire wound with silk, or covered with other nonconducting material, for electrical use.

In`su*la"tion (?), n. 1. The act of insulating, or the state of being insulated; detachment from other objects; isolation.

2. (Elec. & Thermotics) The act of separating a body from others by nonconductors, so as to prevent the transfer of electricity or of heat; also, the state of a body so separated.

In"su*la`tor (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, insulates.

2. (Elec. & Thermotics) The substance or body that insulates; a nonconductor.

In"su*lite (?), n. (Elec.) An insulating material, usually some variety of compressed cellulose, made of sawdust, paper pulp, cotton waste, etc.

In"su*lous (?), a. [L. insulosus, fr. insula island.] Abounding in islands. [R.]

In*sulse" (?), a. [L. insulsus; pref. in- not + salsus salted, fr. salire, salsum, to salt.] Insipid; dull; stupid. [Obs.] Milton.

In*sul"si*ty (?), n. [L. insulsitas.] Insipidity; stupidity; dullness. [Obs.]

> The insulsity of mortal tongues.

Milton.

In"sult (?), n. [L. insultus, fr. insilire to leap upon: cf. F. insulte. See Insult, v. t.]

1. The act of leaping on; onset; attack. [Obs.] Dryden.

2. Gross abuse offered to another, either by word or act; an act or speech of insolence or contempt; an affront; an indignity.

> The ruthless sneer that insult adds to grief.

Savage.

Syn. -- Affront; indignity; abuse; outrage; contumely. See Affront.

In*sult" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Insulting.] [F. insulter, L. insultare, freq. fr. insilire to leap into or upon; pref. in- in, on + salire to leap. See Salient.]

1. To leap or trample upon; to make a sudden onset upon. [Obs.] Shak.

2. To treat with abuse, insolence, indignity, or contempt, by word or action; to abuse; as, to call a man a coward or a liar, or to sneer at him, is to insult him.

In*sult", v. i. 1. To leap or jump.

> Give me thy knife, I will insult on him.

Shak.

> Like the frogs in the apologue, insulting upon their wooden king.

Jer. Taylor.

2. To behave with insolence; to exult. [Archaic]

> The lion being dead, even hares insult.

Daniel.

> An unwillingness to insult over their helpless fatuity.

Landor.

In*sult"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being insulted or affronted. [R.] Emerson.

In`sul*ta"tion (?), n. [L. insultatio, fr. insultare: cf. OF. insultation.]

1. The act of insulting; abusive or insolent treatment; insult. [Obs.] Feltham.

2. Exultation. [Obs.] Is. xiv. (heading).

In*sult"er (?), n. One who insults. Shak.

In*sult"ing, a. Containing, or characterized by, insult or abuse; tending to insult or affront; as, insulting language, treatment, etc. -- In*sult"ing*ly, adv.

Syn. -- Insolent; impertinent; saucy; rude; abusive; contemptuous. See Insolent.

In*sult"ment (?), n. Insolent treatment; insult. [Obs.] "My speech of insultment ended." Shak.

In*sume" (?), v. t. [L. insumere; pre. in- in + sumere to take.] To take in; to absorb. [Obs.]

In*su`per*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being insuperable; insuperableness.

In*su"per*a*ble (?), a. [L. insuperabilis: cf. OF. insuperable. See In- not, and Superable.] Incapable of being passed over or surmounted; insurmountable; as, insuperable difficulties.

> And middle natures, how they long to join,
> Yet never pass the insuperable line?

Pope.

> The difficulty is enhanced, or is . . . insuperable.

I. Taylor.

Syn. -- Impassable; insurmountable; unconquerable.

-- In*su"per*a*ble*ness, n. -- In*su"per*a*bly, adv.

In`sup*port"a*ble (?), a. [L. insupportabilis: cf. F. insupportable. See In- not, and Support.] Incapable of being supported or borne; unendurable; insufferable; intolerable; as, insupportable burdens; insupportable pain. -- In`sup*port"a*ble*ness, n. -- In`sup*port"a*bly, adv.

In`sup*pos"a*ble (?), a. Incapable of being supposed; not supposable; inconceivable.

In`sup*press"i*ble (?), a. That can not be suppressed or concealed; irrepressible. Young. -- In`sup*press"i*bly, adv.

In`sup*press"ive (?), a. Insuppressible. [Obs.] "The insuppressive mettle of our spirits." Shak.

In*sur"a*ble (?), a. [From Insure.] Capable of being insured against loss, damage, death, etc.; proper to be insured.

> The French law annuls the latter policies so far as they exceed the insurable interest which remained in the insured at the time of the subscription thereof.

Walsh.

In*sur"ance (?), n. [From Insure.]

1. The act of insuring, or assuring, against loss or damage by a contingent event; a contract whereby, for a stipulated consideration, called premium, one party undertakes to indemnify or guarantee another against loss by certain specified risks. Cf. Assurance, n., 6.

The person who undertakes to pay in case of loss is termed the insurer; the danger against which he undertakes, the risk; the person protected, the insured; the sum which he pays for the protection, the premium; and the contract itself, when reduced to form, the policy. Johnson's Cyc.

2. The premium paid for insuring property or life.

3. The sum for which life or property is insured.

4. A guaranty, security, or pledge; assurance. [Obs.]

> The most acceptable insurance of the divine protection.

Mickle.

Accident insurance, insurance against pecuniary loss by reason of accident to the person. -- Endowment insurance or assurance, a combination of life insurance and investment such that if the person upon whose life a risk is taken dies before a certain specified time the insurance becomes due at once, and if he survives, it becomes due at the time specified. -- Fire insurance. See under Fire. -- Insurance broker, a broker or agent who effects insurance. -- Insurance company, a company or corporation whose business it is to insure against loss, damage, or death. -- Insurance policy, a certificate of insurance; the document containing the contract made by an insurance company with a person whose property or life is insured. -- Life insurance. See under Life.

In*sur"an*cer (?), n. One who effects insurance; an insurer; an underwriter. [Obs.] Dryden.

> hose bold insurancers of deathless fame.

Blair.

In*sur"ant (?), n. The person insured. Champness.

In"sure (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Insured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Insuring.] [OE. ensuren, prob. for assuren, by a change of prefix. See 1st In-, and Sure, and cf. Assure, Ensure.] [Written also ensure.]

1. To make sure or secure; as, to insure safety to any one.

2. Specifically, to secure against a loss by a contingent event, on certain stipulated conditions, or at a given rate or premium; to give or to take an insurance on or for; as, a merchant insures his ship or its cargo, or both, against the dangers of the sea; goods and buildings are insured against fire or water; persons are insured against sickness, accident, or death; and sometimes hazardous debts are insured.

In*sure", v. i. To underwrite; to make insurance; as, a company insures at three per cent.

In*sur"er (?), n. One who, or that which, insures; the person or company that contracts to indemnify losses for a premium; an underwriter.

{ In*sur"gence (?), In*sur"gen*cy (?), } n. A state of insurrection; an uprising; an insurrection.

> A moral insurgence in the minds of grave men against the Court of Rome.

G. Eliot.

In*sur"gent (?), a. [L. insurgens, p. pr. of insurgere to rise up; pref. in- in + surgere to rise. See Surge.] Rising in opposition to civil or political authority, or against an established government; insubordinate; rebellious. "The insurgent provinces." Motley.

In*sur"gent, n. [Cf. F. insurgent.] A person who rises in revolt against civil authority or an established government; one who openly and actively resists the execution of laws; a rebel.

Syn. -- See Rebel.

In`sur*mount`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being insurmountable.

In`sur*mount"a*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + surmountable: cf. F. insurmountable.] Incapable of being passed over, surmounted, or overcome; insuperable; as, insurmountable difficulty or obstacle. Locke.

> Hope thinks nothing difficult; despair tells us that difficulty is insurmountable.

I. Watts.

Syn. -- Insuperable; impassable; invincible.

In`sur*mount"a*ble*ness, n. The state or quality of being insurmountable; insurmountability.

In`sur*mount"a*bly, adv. In a manner or to a degree not to be overcome.

In`sur*rec"tion (?), n. [L. insurrectio, fr. insurgere, insurrectum: cf. F. insurrection. See Insurgent.]

1. A rising against civil or political authority, or the established government; open and active opposition to the execution of law in a city or state.

> It is found that this city of old time hath made insurrection against kings, and that rebellion and sedition have been made therein.

Ezra iv. 19.

2. A rising in mass to oppose an enemy. [Obs.]

Syn. -- Insurrection, Sedition, Revolt, Rebellion, Mutiny. Sedition is the raising of commotion in a state, as by conspiracy, without aiming at open violence against the laws. Insurrection is a rising of individuals to prevent the execution of law by force of arms. Revolt is a casting off the authority of a government, with a view to put it down by force, or to substitute one ruler for another. Rebellion is an extended insurrection and revolt. Mutiny is an insurrection on a small scale, as a mutiny of a regiment, or of a ship's crew.

> I say again,
> In soothing them, we nourish 'gainst our senate
> The cockle of rebellion, insolence, sedition.

Shak.

> Insurrections of base people are commonly more furious in their beginnings.

Bacon.

> He was greatly strengthened, and the enemy as much enfeebled, by daily revolts.

Sir W. Raleigh.

> Though of their names in heavenly records now
> Be no memorial, blotted out and razed
> By their rebellion from the books of life.

Milton.

In`sur*rec"tion*al (?), a. [Cf. F. insurrectionnel.] Pertaining to insurrection; consisting in insurrection.

In`sur*rec"tion*a*ry (?), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, insurrection; rebellious; seditious.

> Their murderous insurrectionary system.

Burke.

In`sur*rec"tion*ist, n. One who favors, or takes part in, insurrection; an insurgent.

In`sus*cep`ti*bil"i*ty (?), n. Want of susceptibility, or of capacity to feel or perceive.

In`sus*cep`ti*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + susceptible: cf. F. insusceptible.] Not susceptible; not capable of being moved, affected, or impressed; that can not feel, receive, or admit; as, a limb insusceptible of pain; a heart insusceptible of pity; a mind insusceptible to flattery. -- In`sus*cep`ti*bly adv.

In`sus*cep"tive (?), a. Not susceptive or susceptible. [R.] Rambler.

In*su`sur*ra"tion (?), n. [L. insusurratio, fr. insusurrare to whisper into.] The act of whispering into something. [Obs.] Johnson.

In*swathe" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inswathed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inswating.] To wrap up; to infold; to swathe.

> Inswathed sometimes in wandering mist.

Tennyson.

In*tact" (?), a. [L. intactus; pref. in- not + tactus, p. p. of tangere to touch: cf. F. intact. See In- not, and Tact, Tangent.] Untouched, especially by anything that harms, defiles, or the like; uninjured; undefiled; left complete or entire. Buckle.

> When all external differences have passed away, one element remains intact, unchanged, -- the everlasting basis of our common nature, the human soul.

F. W. Robertson.

{ In*tac"ti*ble (?), In*tac"ta*ble (?) }, a. Not perceptible to the touch.

In*tagl"ia*ted (?), a. [It. intagliato, p. p. of intagliare. See Intaglio.] Engraved in intaglio; as, an intagliated stone. T. Warton.

In*tagl"io (?), n.; pl. E. Intaglius (#), It. Intagli (#). [It., fr. intagliare to engrave, carve; pref. in- in + tagliare to cut, carve. See Detail.] A cutting or engraving; a figure cut into something, as a gem, so as to make a design depressed below the surface of the material; hence, anything so carved or impressed, as a gem, matrix, etc.; -- opposed to cameo. Also used adjectively.

In*tail", v. t. See Entail, v. t.

In"take` (?), n. 1. The place where water or air is taken into a pipe or conduit; -- opposed to outlet.

2. the beginning of a contraction or narrowing in a tube or cylinder.

3. The quantity taken in; as, the intake of air.

In*tam"i*na`ted (?), a. [L. intaminatus. See Contaminate.] Uncontaminated. [Obs.] Wood.

In*tan`gi*bil"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Intangibilities (#). [Cf. F. intangibilité.] The quality or state of being intangible; intangibleness.

In*tan"gi*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + tangible: cf. F. intangible.] Not tangible; incapable of being touched; not perceptible to the touch; impalpable; imperceptible. Bp. Wilkins.

> A corporation is an artificial, invisible, intangible being.

Marshall.

-- In*tan"gi*ble*ness, n. -- In*tan"gi*bly, adv.

In*tan"gle (?), v. t. See Entangle.

In*tast"a*ble (?), a. Incapable of being tasted; tasteless; unsavory. [R.] Grew.

In"te*ger (?), n. [L. integer untouched, whole, entire. See Entire.] A complete entity; a whole number, in contradistinction to a fraction or a mixed number.

Complex integer (Theory of Numbers), an expression of the form a + b√-1, where a and b are real integers.

In`te*gra*bil"i*ty (?), n. (Math.) The quality of being integrable.

In"te*gra*ble (?), a. (Math.) Capable of being integrated.

In"te*gral (?), a. [Cf. F. intégral. See Integer.]

1. Lacking nothing of completeness; complete; perfect; uninjured; whole; entire.

> A local motion keepeth bodies integral.

Bacon.

2. Essential to completeness; constituent, as a part; pertaining to, or serving to form, an integer; integrant.

> Ceasing to do evil, and doing good, are the two great integral parts that complete this duty.

South.

3. (Math.) (a) Of, pertaining to, or being, a whole number or undivided quantity; not fractional. (b) Pertaining to, or proceeding by, integration; as, the integral calculus.

Integral calculus. See under Calculus.

In"te*gral, n. 1. A whole; an entire thing; a whole number; an individual.

2. (Math.) An expression which, being differentiated, will produce a given differential. See differential Differential, and Integration. Cf. Fluent.

Elliptic integral, one of an important class of integrals, occurring in the higher mathematics; -- so called because one of the integrals expresses the length of an arc of an ellipse.

In`te*gral"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. intégralité.] Entireness. [Obs.] Whitaker.

In"te*gral*ly (?), adv. In an integral manner; wholly; completely; also, by integration.

In"te*grant (?), a. [L. integrans, -antis, p. pr. of integrare to make whole, renew: cf. F. intégrant. See Integrate.] Making part of a whole; necessary to constitute an entire thing; integral. Boyle.

> All these are integrant parts of the republic.

Burke.

Integrant parts, or particles, of bodies, those smaller particles into which a body may be reduced without loss of its original constitution, as by mechanical division.

In"te*grate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Integrated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Integrating (?).] [L. integratus, p. p. of integrare to make whole, renew: cf. F. intégrer. See Integer, Entire.]

1. To form into one whole; to make entire; to complete; to renew; to restore; to perfect. "That conquest rounded and integrated the glorious empire." De Quincey.

> Two distinct substances, the soul and body, go to compound and integrate the man.

South.

2. To indicate the whole of; to give the sum or total of; as, an integrating anemometer, one that indicates or registers the entire action of the wind in a given time.

3. (Math.) To subject to the operation of integration; to find the integral of.

<! p. 774 !>

In`te*gra"tion (n`t*gr"shn), n. [L. integratio a renewing, restoring: cf. F. intégration.]

1. The act or process of making whole or entire.

2. (Math.) The operation of finding the primitive function which has a given function for its differential coefficient. See Integral.

The symbol of integration is (standing for the Latin summa sum), and the integral is also regarded as the limiting value of the sum of great numbers of differentials, when the magnitude of the differentials decreases, and their number increases indefinitely. See Limit, n. When the summation is made between specified values of the variable, the result is a definite integral, and those values of the variable are the limits of the integral. When the summation is made successively for two or more variables, the result is a multiple integral.

3. In the theory of evolution: The process by which the manifold is compacted into the relatively simple and permanent. It is supposed to alternate with differentiation as an agent in development.

In"te*gra`tor (?), n. (Math. & Mech.) That which integrates; esp., an instrument by means of which the area of a figure can be measured directly, or its moment of inertia, or statical moment, etc., be determined.

In*teg"ri*ty (?), n. [L. integritas: cf. F. intégrité. See Integer, and cf. Entirety.]

1. The state or quality of being entire or complete; wholeness; entireness; unbroken state; as, the integrity of an empire or territory. Sir T. More.

2. Moral soundness; honesty; freedom from corrupting influence or motive; -- used especially with reference to the fulfillment of contracts, the discharge of agencies, trusts, and the like; uprightness; rectitude.

> The moral grandeur of independent integrity is the sublimest thing in nature.

Buckminster.

> Their sober zeal, integrity, and worth.

Cowper.

3. Unimpaired, unadulterated, or genuine state; entire correspondence with an original condition; purity.

> Language continued long in its purity and integrity.

Sir M. Hale.

Syn. -- Honesty; uprightness; rectitude. See Probity.

In`te*gro*pal"li*al (?), a. [L. integer whole + E. pallial.] (Zoöl.) Having the pallial line entire, or without a sinus, as certain bivalve shells.

In*teg`u*ma"tion (?), n. [See Integument.] That part of physiology which treats of the integuments of animals and plants.

In*teg"u*ment (?), n. [L. integumentum, fr. integere to cover; pref. in- in, on + tegere to cover: cf. F. intégument. See 1st n-, and Tegument.] That which naturally invests or covers another thing, as the testa or the tegmen of a seed; specifically (Anat.), a covering which invests the body, as the skin, or a membrane that invests a particular part.

In*teg`u*men"ta*ry (?), n. Belonging to, or composed of, integuments.

In*teg`u*men*ta"tion (?), n. The act or process of covering with integuments; the state or manner of being thus covered.

In"tel*lect (?), n. [L. intellectus, fr. intelligere, intellectum, to understand: cf. intellect. See Intelligent.] (Metaph.) The part or faculty of the human soul by which it knows, as distinguished from the power to feel and to will; sometimes, the capacity for higher forms of knowledge, as distinguished from the power to perceive objects in their relations; the power to judge and comprehend; the thinking faculty; the understanding.

In"tel*lect`ed (?), a. Endowed with intellect; having intellectual powers or capacities. [R.]

> In body, and in bristles, they became
> As swine, yet intellected as before.

Cowper.

In`tel*lec"tion (?), n. [L. intellectio synecdoche: cf. F. intellection.] A mental act or process; especially: (a) The act of understanding; simple apprehension of ideas; intuition. Bentley. (b) A creation of the mind itself. Hickok.

In`tel*lec"tive (?), a. [Cf. F. intellectif.]

1. Pertaining to, or produced by, the intellect or understanding; intellectual.

2. Having power to understand, know, or comprehend; intelligent; rational. Glanvill.

3. Capable of being perceived by the understanding only, not by the senses.

> Intellective abstractions of logic and metaphysics.

Milton.

In`tel*lec"tive*ly, adv. In an intellective manner. [R.] "Not intellectivelly to write." Warner.

In`tel*lec"tu*al (?; 135), a. [L. intellectualis: cf. F. intellectuel.]

1. Belonging to, or performed by, the intellect; mental; as, intellectual powers, activities, etc.

> Logic is to teach us the right use of our reason or intellectual powers.

I. Watts.

2. Endowed with intellect; having the power of understanding; having capacity for the higher forms of knowledge or thought; characterized by intelligence or mental capacity; as, an intellectual person.

> Who would lose,
> Though full of pain, this intellectual being,
> Those thoughts that wander through eternity?

Milton.

3. Suitable for exercising the intellect; formed by, and existing for, the intellect alone; perceived by the intellect; as, intellectual employments.

4. Relating to the understanding; treating of the mind; as, intellectual philosophy, sometimes called "mental" philosophy.

In`tel*lec"tu*al, n. The intellect or understanding; mental powers or faculties.

> Her husband, for I view far round, not nigh,
> Whose higher intellectual more I shun.

Milton.

> I kept her intellectuals in a state of exercise.

De Quincey.

In`tel*lec"tu*al*ism (?), n. 1. Intellectual power; intellectuality.

2. The doctrine that knowledge is derived from pure reason.

In`tel*lec"tu*al*ist (?), n. 1. One who overrates the importance of the understanding. [R.] Bacon.

2. One who accepts the doctrine of intellectualism.

In`tel*lec`tu*al"i*ty (?), n. [L. intellectualitas: cf. F. intellectualité.] Intellectual powers; possession of intellect; quality of being intellectual.

In`tel*lec"tu*al*ize (?), v. t. 1. To treat in an intellectual manner; to discuss intellectually; to reduce to intellectual form; to express intellectually; to idealize.

> Sentiment is intellectualized emotion.

Lowell.

2. To endow with intellect; to bestow intellectual qualities upon; to cause to become intellectual.

In`tel*lec"tu*al*ly, adv. In an intellectual manner.

In*tel"li*gence (?), n. [F. intelligence, L. intelligentia, intellegentia. See Intelligent.]

1. The act or state of knowing; the exercise of the understanding.

2. The capacity to know or understand; readiness of comprehension; the intellect, as a gift or an endowment.

> And dimmed with darkness their intelligence.

Spenser.

3. Information communicated; news; notice; advice.

> Intelligence is given where you are hid.

Shak.

4. Acquaintance; intercourse; familiarity. [Obs.]

> He lived rather in a fair intelligence than any friendship with the favorites.

Clarendon.

5. Knowledge imparted or acquired, whether by study, research, or experience; general information.

> I write as he that none intelligence
> Of meters hath, ne flowers of sentence.

Court of Love.

6. An intelligent being or spirit; -- generally applied to pure spirits; as, a created intelligence. Milton.

> The great Intelligences fair
> That range above our mortal state,
> In circle round the blessed gate,
> Received and gave him welcome there.

Tennyson.

Intelligence office, an office where information may be obtained, particularly respecting servants to be hired.

Syn. -- Understanding; intellect; instruction; advice; notice; notification; news; information; report.

In*tel"li*gen*cer (?), n. One who, or that which, sends or conveys intelligence or news; a messenger.

> All the intriguers in foreign politics, all the spies, and all the intelligencers . . . acted solely upon that principle.

Burke.

In*tel"li*gen*cing (?), a. Informing; giving information; talebearing. [Obs.] Shak.

> That sad intelligencing tyrant.

Milton.

In*tel"li*gen*cy (?), n. Intelligence. [Obs.] Evelyn.

In*tel"li*gent (?), a. [L. intelligens, intellegens, -entis, p. pr. of intelligere, intellegere, to perceive; inter between + legere to gather, collect, choose: cf. F. intelligent. See Legend.]

1. Endowed with the faculty of understanding or reason; as, man is an intelligent being.

2. Possessed of intelligence, education, or judgment; knowing; sensible; skilled; marked by intelligence; as, an intelligent young man; an intelligent architect; an intelligent answer.

3. Cognizant; aware; communicative. [Obs.]

> Intelligent of seasons.

Milton.

> Which are to France the spies and speculations
> Intelligent of our state.

Shak.

Syn. -- Sensible; understanding. See Sensible.

In*tel`li*gen"tial (?), a. [Cf. F. intelligentiel.] [R.]

1. Of or pertaining to the intelligence; exercising or implying understanding; intellectual. "With act intelligential." Milton.

2. Consisting of unembodied mind; incorporeal.

> Food alike those pure
> Intelligential substances require.

Milton.

In*tel`li*gen"tia*ry (?), n. One who gives information; an intelligencer. [Obs.] Holinshed.

In*tel"li*gent*ly (?), adv. In an intelligent manner; with intelligence.

In*tel`li*gi*bil"i*ty (?), [Cf. F. intelligilibilité.] The quality or state of being intelligible; clearness; perspicuity; definiteness.

In*tel"li*gi*ble (?), [L. intellegibilis: cf. F. intelligible. See Intelligent.] Capable of being understood or comprehended; as, an intelligible account or description; intelligible pronunciation, writing, etc.

> The intelligible forms of ancient poets.

Coleridge.

Syn. -- Comprehensible; perspicuous; plain; clear.

In*tel"li*gi*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being intelligible; intelligibility. Locke.

In*tel"li*gi*bly, adv. In an intelligible manner; so as to be understood; clearly; plainly; as, to write or speak intelligibly.

{ In*tem"er*ate (?), In*tem"er*a`ted (?), } a. [L. intemeratus; pref. in- not + temeratus defiled.] Pure; undefiled. [Obs.]

In*tem"er*ate*ness (?), n. The state of being unpolluted; purity. [Obs.] Donne.

In*tem"per*a*ment (?), n. A bad state; as, the intemperament of an ulcerated part. [R.] Harvey.

In*tem"per*ance (?), n. [F. intempérance, L. intemperantia. See In- not, and Temperance.]

1. The act of becoming, or state of being, intemperate; excess in any kind of action or indulgence; any immoderate indulgence of the appetites or passions.

> God is in every creature; be cruel toward none, neither abuse any by intemperance.

Jer. Taylor.

> Some, as thou sawest, by violent stroke shall die,
> By fire, flood, famine, by intemperance more
> In meats and drinks.

Milton.

2. Specifically: Habitual or excessive indulgence in alcoholic liquors.

In*tem"per*an*cy (?), n. Intemperance. [Obs.]

In*tem"per*ant (?), a. [L. intemperans, -antis. See In- not, and Temperant.] Intemperate. [Obs.]

> Such as be intemperant, that is, followers of their naughty appetites and lusts.

Udall.

In*tem`per*ate (?), a. [L. intemperatus. See In- not, and Temperate.] 1. Indulging any appetite or passion to excess; immoderate in enjoyment or exertion.

2. Specifically, addicted to an excessive or habitual use of alcoholic liquors.

3. Excessive; ungovernable; inordinate; violent; immoderate; as, intemperate language, zeal, etc.; intemperate weather.

> Most do taste through fond intemperate thirst.

Milton.

> Use not thy mouth to intemperate swearing.

Ecclus. xxiii. 13.

In*tem`per*ate (?), v. t. To disorder. [Obs.]

In*tem`per*ate*ly (?), adv. In an intemperate manner; immoderately; excessively; without restraint.

> The people . . . who behaved very unwisely and intemperately on that occasion.

Burke.

In*tem`per*ate*ness, n. 1. The state of being intemperate; excessive indulgence of any appetite or passion; as, intemperateness in eating or drinking.

2. Severity of weather; inclemency. Boyle.

> By unseasonable weather, by intemperateness of the air or meteors.

Sir M. Hale.

In*tem"per*a*ture (?; 135), n. [Cf. OF. intemperature.] Intemperateness. [Obs.] Boyle.

In`tem*pes"tive (?), a. [L. intempestivus: cf. F. intempestif. See In- not, and Tempestive.] Out of season; untimely. [Obs.] Burton.

> Intempestive bashfulness gets nothing.

Hales.

In`tem*pes"tive*ly, adv. Unseasonably. [Obs.]

In*tem`pes*tiv"i*ty (?), n. [L. intempestivitas: cf. F. intempestivité.] Unseasonableness; untimeliness. [Obs.] Hales.

In*ten"a*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + tenable: cf. F. intenable.] Incapable of being held; untenable; not defensible; as, an intenable opinion; an intenable fortress. [Obs.] Bp. Warburton.

In*tend" (n*tnd"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intended; p. pr. & vb. n. Intending.] [OE. entenden to be attentive, F. entendre, fr. L. intendre, intentum, and intensum, to intend, attend, stretch out, extend; pref. in- in + tendere to stretch, stretch out. See Tend.]

1. To stretch; to extend; to distend. [Obs.]

> By this the lungs are intended or remitted.

Sir M. Hale.

2. To strain; to make tense. [Obs.]

> When a bow is successively intended and remedied.

Cudworth.

3. To intensify; to strengthen. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

> Magnetism may be intended and remitted.

Sir I. Newton.

4. To apply with energy.

> Let him intend his mind, without respite, without rest, in one direction.

Emerson.

5. To bend or turn; to direct, as one's course or journey. [Archaic] Shak.

6. To fix the mind on; to attend to; to take care of; to superintend; to regard. [Obs.]

> Having no children, she did, with singular care and tenderness, intend the education of Philip.

Bacon.

> My soul, not being able to intend two things at once, abated of its fervency in praying.

Fuller.

7. To fix the mind upon (something to be accomplished); to be intent upon; to mean; to design; to plan; to purpose; -- often followed by an infinitely with to, or a dependent clause with that; as, he intends to go; he intends that she shall remain.

> They intended evil against thee.

Ps. xxi. 11.

> To-morrow he intends
> To hunt the boar with certain of his friends.

Shak.

8. To design mechanically or artistically; to fashion; to mold. [Obs.]

> Modesty was made
> When she was first intended.

Beau. & Fl.

9. To pretend; to counterfeit; to simulate. [Obs.]

> Intend a kind of zeal both to the prince and Claudio.

Shak.

Syn. -- To purpose; mean; design; plan; conceive; contemplate.

In*tend"an*cy (?), n.; pl. Intendancies (#). [Cf. F. intendance. See Intendant.]

1. The office or employment of an intendant.

2. A territorial district committed to the charge of an intendant.

In*tend"ant (?), n. [F. intendant, fr. L. intendere to direct (one's thoughts) to a thing. See Intend.] One who has the charge, direction, or management of some public business; a superintendent; as, an intendant of marine; an intendant of finance.

In*tend"ant, a. [See Intend.] Attentive. [Obs.]

In*tend"ed, a. 1. Made tense; stretched out; extended; forcible; violent. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. Purposed; designed; as, intended harm or help.

> They drew a curse from an intended good.

Cowper.

3. Betrothed; affianced; as, an intended husband.

In*tend"ed, n. One with whom marriage is designed; one who is betrothed; an affianced lover.

> If it were not that I might appear to disparage his intended, . . . I would add that to me she seems to be throwing herself away.

Dickens.

In*tend"ed*ly, adv. Intentionally. [R.] Milton.

In*tend"ent (?), n. See Intendant, n. [Obs.]

In*tend"er (?), n. One who intends. Feltham.

In*tend"i*ment (?), n. [LL. intendimentum. See Intendment.] Attention; consideration; knowledge; understanding. [Obs.] Spenser.

In*tend"ment (?), n. [OE. entendement understanding, insight, F. entendement, fr. LL. intendimentum. See Intend.]

1. Charge; oversight. [Obs.] Ford.

2. Intention; design; purpose.

> The intendment of God and nature.

Jer. Taylor.

3. (Law) The true meaning, understanding, or intention of a law, or of any legal instrument.

In*ten"er*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intenerated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Intenerating.] [Pref. in- in + L. tener soft, tender. See Tender, a.] To make tender or sensitive; to soften.

<! p. 775 !>

> Fear intenerates the heart.

Bp. Hall.

> So have I seen the little purls of a stream . . . intenerate the stubborn pavement.

Jer. Taylor.

In*ten"er*ate (n*tn"r*t), a. Made tender or soft; softened. [Obs.]

In*ten`er*a"tion (-"shn), n. The act or process of intenerating, or the state of being intenerated; softening. [R.] Bacon.

In*ten"i*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + L. tenere to hold: cf. L. intenibilis not to be grasped. Cf. Intenable.] Incapable of holding or containing. [Obs.]

> This captious and intenible sieve.

Shak.

In*ten"sate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intensated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Intensating.] [See Intense.] To intensify. [R.] Emerson.

In`ten*sa"tion (?), n. The act or process of intensifying; intensification; climax. [R.] Carlyle.

In*ten"sa*tive (?), a. Adding intensity; intensifying.

In*tense" (?), a. [L. intensus stretched, tight, p. p. of intendere to stretch: cf. F. intense. See Intend, and cf. Intent, and cf. Intent, a.]

1. Strained; tightly drawn; kept on the stretch; strict; very close or earnest; as, intense study or application; intense thought.

2. Extreme in degree; excessive; immoderate; as: (a) Ardent; fervent; as, intense heat. (b) Keen; biting; as, intense cold. (c) Vehement; earnest; exceedingly strong; as, intense passion or hate. (d) Very severe; violent; as, intense pain or anguish. (e) Deep; strong; brilliant; as, intense color or light.

> In this intense seclusion of the forest.

Hawthorne.

In*tense"ly, adv. 1. Intently. [Obs.] J. Spencer.

2. To an extreme degree; as, weather intensely cold.

In*tense"ness, n. The state or quality of being intense; intensity; as, the intenseness of heat or cold; the intenseness of study or thought.

In*ten`si*fi*ca"tion (?), n. The act or process of intensifying, or of making more intense.

In*ten"si*fi`er (?), n. One who or that which intensifies or strengthens; in photography, an agent used to intensify the lights or shadows of a picture.

In*ten"si*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intensified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Intensifying (?).] [Intense + - fly.] To render more intense; as, to intensify heat or cold; to intensify colors; to intensify a photographic negative; to intensify animosity. Bacon.

> How piercing is the sting of pride
> By want embittered and intensified.

Longfellow.

In*ten"si*fy, v. i. To become intense, or more intense; to act with increasing power or energy.

In*ten"sion (?), n. [L. intensio: cf. F. intension. See Intend, and cf. Intention.]

1. A straining, stretching, or bending; the state of being strained; as, the intension of a musical string.

2. Increase of power or energy of any quality or thing; intenseness; fervency. Jer. Taylor.

> Sounds . . . likewise do rise and fall with the intension or remission of the wind.

Bacon.

3. (Logic & Metaph.) The collective attributes, qualities, or marks that make up a complex general notion; the comprehension, content, or connotation; -- opposed to extension, extent, or sphere.

> This law is, that the intension of our knowledge is in the inverse ratio of its extension.

Sir W. Hamilton.

In*ten"si*tive (?), a. Increasing the force or intensity of; intensive; as, the intensitive words of a sentence. H. Sweet.

In*ten"si*ty (?), n. [LL. intensitas: cf. F. intensité. See Intense.]

1. The state or quality of being intense; intenseness; extreme degree; as, intensity of heat, cold, mental application, passion, etc.

> If you would deepen the intensity of light, you must be content to bring into deeper blackness and more distinct and definite outline the shade that accompanies it.

F. W. Robertson.

2. (Physics) The amount or degree of energy with which a force operates or a cause acts; effectiveness, as estimated by results produced.

3. (Mech.) The magnitude of a distributed force, as pressure, stress, weight, etc., per unit of surface, or of volume, as the case may be; as, the measure of the intensity of a total stress of forty pounds which is distributed uniformly over a surface of four square inches area is ten pounds per square inch.

4. (Photog.) The degree or depth of shade in a picture.

In*ten"sive (?), a. [Cf. F. intensif. See Intense.]

1. Stretched; admitting of intension, or increase of degree; that can be intensified. Sir M. Hale.

2. Characterized by persistence; intent; unremitted; assiduous; intense. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

3. (Gram.) Serving to give force or emphasis; as, an intensive verb or preposition.

In*ten"sive, n. That which intensifies or emphasizes; an intensive verb or word.

In*ten"sive*ly, adv. In an intensive manner; by increase of degree. Abp. Bramhall.

In*ten"sive*ness, n. The quality or state of being intensive; intensity. Sir M. Hale.

In*tent" (?), a. [L. intentus, p. p. of intendere. See Intend, and cf. Intense.]

1. Closely directed; strictly attentive; bent; -- said of the mind, thoughts, etc.; as, a mind intent on self-improvement.

2. Having the mind closely directed to or bent on an object; sedulous; eager in pursuit of an object; -- formerly with to, but now with on; as, intent on business or pleasure. "Intent on mischief." Milton.

> Be intent and solicitous to take up the meaning of the speaker.

I. Watts.

In*tent", n. [OE. entent, entente, attention, purpose, OF. entente, F. entente understanding, meaning; a participial noun, fr. F. & OF. entendre. See Intend.] The act of turning the mind toward an object; hence, a design; a purpose; intention; meaning; drift; aim.

> Be thy intents wicked or charitable.

Shak.

> The principal intent of Scripture is to deliver the laws of duties supernatural.

Hooker.

>To all intents and purposes, in all applications or senses; practically; really; virtually; essentially. "He was miserable to all intents and purpose." L'Estrange.

Syn. -- Design; purpose; intention; meaning; purport; view; drift; object; end; aim; plan.

In`ten*ta"tion (?), n. Intention. [Obs.]

In*ten"tion (?), n. [F. intention, L. intentio. See Intend, and cf. Intension.]

1. A stretching or bending of the mind toward an object; closeness of application; fixedness of attention; earnestness.

> Intention is when the mind, with great earnestness, and of choice, fixes its view on any idea.

Locke.

2. A determination to act in a certain way or to do a certain thing; purpose; design; as, an intention to go to New York.

> Hell is paved with good intentions.

Johnson.

3. The object toward which the thoughts are directed; end; aim.

> In [chronical distempers], the principal intention is to restore the tone of the solid parts.

Arbuthnot.

4. The state of being strained. See Intension. [Obs.]

5. (Logic) Any mental apprehension of an object.

First intention (Logic), a conception of a thing formed by the first or direct application of the mind to the individual object; an idea or image; as, man, stone. -- Second intention (Logic), a conception generalized from first intuition or apprehension already formed by the mind; an abstract notion; especially, a classified notion, as species, genus, whiteness. -- To heal by the first intention (Surg.), to cicatrize, as a wound, without suppuration. -- To heal by the second intention (Surg.), to unite after suppuration.

Syn. -- Design; purpose; object; aim; intent; drift; purport; meaning. See Design.

In*ten"tion*al (?), a. [Cf. F. intentionnel.] Done by intention or design; intended; designed; as, the act was intentional, not accidental.

In*ten`tion*al"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being intentional; purpose; design. Coleridge.

In*ten"tion*al*ly (?), adv. In an intentional manner; with intention; by design; of purpose.

In*ten"tioned (?), a. Having designs; -- chiefly used in composition; as, well-intentioned, having good designs; ill-intentioned, having ill designs.

In*ten"tive (?), a. [OE. ententif, OF. ententif, fr. L. intentivus intensive. See Intent, n., and cf. Intensive.] Attentive; intent. [Obs.] Spenser.

In*ten"tive*ly, adv. Attentively; closely. [Obs.] "Intentively to observe." Holland.

In*ten"tive*ness, n. Closeness of attention or application of mind; attentiveness. [Obs.] W. Montagu.

In*tent"ly (?), adv. In an intent manner; as, the eyes intently fixed.

Syn. -- Fixedly; steadfastly; earnestly; attentively; sedulously; diligently; eagerly.

In*tent"ness, n. The state or quality of being intent; close application; attention.

> Extreme solicitude or intentness upon business.

South.

In"ter- (?). [L. inter, prep., among, between, a compar. form of in in; akin to intra, intro, within, Skr. antar between, in, and E. in. See In, and cf. Entrails, Interior, Enter-, Exterior.] A prefix signifying among, between, amid; as, interact, interarticular, intermit.

In*ter" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interred (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Interring (?).] [OE. enteren, OF. enterer, enterrer, LL. interrare; L. pref. in- in + terra the earth. See Terrace.] To deposit and cover in the earth; to bury; to inhume; as, to inter a dead body. Shak.

In`ter*act" (?), n. [Pref. inter- + act. Cf. Entr'acte.] A short act or piece between others, as in a play; an interlude; hence, intermediate employment or time. Chesterfield.

In`ter*act", v. i. To act upon each other; as, two agents mutually interact. Emerson. Tyndall.

In`ter*ac"tion (?), n. 1. Intermediate action.

2. Mutual or reciprocal action or influence; as, the interaction of the heart and lungs on each other.

In`ter*ad"di*tive (?), a. Added or placed between the parts of another thing, as a clause inserted parenthetically in a sentence.

In`ter*a"gen*cy (?), n. Intermediate agency.

In`ter*a"gent (?), n. An intermediate agent.

In"ter*all (?), n. Entrail or inside. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.

In`ter*al"ve*o*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Between alveoli; as, the interalveolar septa between adjacent air cells in the lungs.

In`ter*am`bu*la"cral (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the interambulacra.

||In`ter*am`bu*la"crum (?), n.; pl. L. Interambulacra (&?;), E. Interambulacrums (&?;). (Zoöl.) In echinoderms, one of the areas or zones intervening between two ambulacra. See Illust. of Ambulacrum.

In`ter*am"ni*an (?), a. [Pref. inter- + L. amnis river: cf. L. interamnus.] Situated between rivers. [R.] "An interamnian country." J. Bryant.

In`ter*an"i*mate (?), v. t. To animate or inspire mutually. [Obs.] Donne.

In`ter*ar`bo*ra"tion (?), n. The interweaving of branches of trees. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

In`ter*ar*tic"u*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Situated between joints or articulations; as, interarticular cartilages and ligaments.

In`ter*a*tom"ic (?), a. (Chem. & Physics) Between atoms; situated, or acting, between the atoms of bodies; as, interatomic forces.

In`ter*au"lic (?), a. Existing between royal courts. [R.] "Interaulic politics." Motley.

In`ter*au*ric"u*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Between the auricles; as, the interauricular partition of the heart.

In`ter*ax"al (?), a. (Arch.) Situated in an interaxis. Gwilt.

In`ter*ax"il*la*ry (?), a. (Bot.) Situated within or between the axils of leaves.

In`ter*ax"is (?), n.; pl. Interaxes (&?;). (Arch.) The space between two axes. See Axis, 6.

> The doors, windows, niches, and the like, are then placed centrally in the interaxes.

Gwilt.

In`ter*bas*ta"tion (?), n. [Pref. inter- + baste to sew.] Patchwork. [Obs.] Dr. J. Smith.

In`ter*brach"i*al (?), a. (Zoöl.) Between the arms.

In`ter*brain` (?), n. (Anat.) See Thalamencephalon.

In`ter*bran"chi*al (?), a. (Zoöl.) Between the branchiæ.

In`ter*breed" (?), v. t. & i. To breed by crossing different stocks of animals or plants.

In*ter"ca*lar (?), a. Intercalary.

In*ter"ca*la*ry (?; 277), a. [L. intercalaris, intercalarius: cf. F. intercalaire. See Intercalate.]

1. (Chron.) Inserted or introduced among others in the calendar; as, an intercalary month, day, etc.; -- now applied particularly to the odd day (Feb. 29) inserted in the calendar of leap year. See Bissextile, n.

2. Introduced or inserted among others; additional; supernumerary. "Intercalary spines." Owen.

> This intercalary line . . . is made the last of a triplet.

Beattie.

Intercalary day (Med.), one on which no paroxysm of an intermittent disease occurs. Mayne.

In*ter"ca*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intercalated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Intercalating (?).] [L. intercalatus, p. p. of intercalare to intercalate to intercalate; inter between + calare to call, proclaim. See Calendar.]

1. (Chron.) To insert, as a day or other portion of time, in a calendar.

2. To insert among others, as a verse in a stanza; specif. (Geol.), to introduce as a bed or stratum, between the layers of a regular series of rocks.

> Beds of fresh-water shells . . . are intercalated and interstratified with the shale.

Mantell.

In*ter`ca*la"tion (?), n. [L. intercalatio: cf. F. intercalation.]

1. (Chron.) The insertion of a day, or other portion of time, in a calendar.

2. The insertion or introduction of anything among others, as the insertion of a phrase, line, or verse in a metrical composition; specif. (Geol.), the intrusion of a bed or layer between other layers.

> Intercalations of fresh-water species in some localities.

Mantell.

In`ter*ca*rot"id (?), a. (Anat.) Situated between the external and internal carotid arteries; as, an intercarotid ganglion.

In`ter*car"pal (?), a. (Anat.) Between the carpal bone; as, intercarpal articulations, ligaments.

In`ter*car`ti*lag"i*nous (?), a. (Anat.) Within cartilage; endochondral; as, intercartilaginous ossification.

In`ter*cav"ern*ous (?), a. (Anat.) Between the cavernous sinuses; as, the intercavernous sinuses connecting the cavernous sinuses at the base of the brain.

In`ter*cede" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Interceded; p. pr. & vb. n. Interceding.] [L. intercedere, intercessum; inter between + cedere to pass: cf. F. intercéder. See Cede.]

1. To pass between; to intervene. [Obs.]

> He supposed that a vast period interceded between that origination and the age wherein he lived.

Sir M. Hale.

2. To act between parties with a view to reconcile differences; to make intercession; to beg or plead in behalf of another; to mediate; -- usually followed by with and for; as, I will intercede with him for you.

> I to the lords will intercede, not doubting
> Their favorable ear.

Milton.

Syn. -- To mediate; arbitrate. See Interpose.

In`ter*cede", v. t. To be, to come, or to pass, between; to separate. [Obs.] Sir I. Newton.

In`ter*ced"ence (?), n. The act of interceding; intercession; intervention. [R.] Bp. Reynolds.

In`ter*ced"ent, a. [L. intercedens, p. pr. of intercedere.] Passing between; mediating; pleading. [R.] -- In`ter*ced"ent*ly, adv.

In`ter*ced"er (?), n. One who intercedes; an intercessor; a mediator. Johnson.

In`ter*cel"lu*lar (?), a. Lying between cells or cellules; as, intercellular substance, space, or fluids; intercellular blood channels.

In`ter*cen"tral (?), a. Between centers.

Intercentral nerves (Physiol.), those nerves which transmit impulses between nerve centers, as opposed to peripheral fibers, which convey impulses between peripheral parts and nerve centers.

||In`ter*cen"trum (?), n.; pl. Intercentra (&?;). (Anat.) The median of the three elements composing the centra of the vertebræ in some fossil batrachians.

In`ter*cept" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intercepted; p. pr. & vb. n. Intercepting.] [L. interceptus, p. p. of intercipere to intercept; inter between + capere to take, seize: cf. F. intercepter. See Capable.]

1. To take or seize by the way, or before arrival at the destined place; to cause to stop on the passage; as, to intercept a letter; a telegram will intercept him at Paris.

> God will shortly intercept your breath.

Joye.

2. To obstruct or interrupt the progress of; to stop; to hinder or oppose; as, to intercept the current of a river.

> Who intercepts me in my expedition?

Shak.

> We must meet first, and intercept his course.

Dryden.

3. To interrupt communication with, or progress toward; to cut off, as the destination; to blockade.

> While storms vindictive intercept the shore.

Pope.

<! p. 776 !>

4. (Math.) To include between; as, that part of the line which is intercepted between the points A and B.

Syn. -- To cut off; stop; catch; seize; obstruct.

In"ter*cept` (?), n. (Math.) A part cut off or intercepted, as a portion of a line included between two points, or cut off two straight lines or curves.

In`ter*cept"er (?), n. One who, or that which, intercepts. Shak.

In`ter*cep"tion (?), n. [L. interceptio a taking away: cf. F. interception.] The act of intercepting; as, interception of a letter; interception of the enemy.

In`ter*cept"ive (?), a. Intercepting or tending to intercept.

In`ter*ces"sion (?), n. [L. intercessio an intervention, a becoming surety: cf. F. intercession. See Intercede.] The act of interceding; mediation; interposition between parties at variance, with a view to reconcilation; prayer, petition, or entreaty in favor of, or (less often) against, another or others.

> But the Spirit itself maketh intercession for us with groanings which can not be uttered.

Rom. viii. 26.

In`ter*ces"sion*al (?), a. Pertaining to, of the nature of, or characterized by, intercession or entreaty.

In`ter*ces"sion*ate (?), v. t. To entreat. [Obs.]

In`ter*ces"sor (?), n. [L., a surety: cf. F. intercesseur.]

1. One who goes between, or intercedes; a mediator. (a) One who interposes between parties at variance, with a view to reconcile them. (b) One who pleads in behalf of another. Milton.

2. (Eccl.) A bishop, who, during a vacancy of the see, administers the bishopric till a successor is installed.

In`ter*ces*so"ri*al (?), a. Intercessory.

In`ter*ces"so*ry (?), a. [LL. intercessorius.] Pertaining to, of the nature of, or characterized by, intercession; interceding; as, intercessory prayer.

In`ter*chain" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interchained (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Interchaining.] To link together; to unite closely or firmly, as by a chain.

> Two bosoms interchained with an oath.

Shak.

In`ter*change" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interchanged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Interchanging (?).] [OE. entrechangen, OF. entrechangier. See Inter-, and Change.]

1. To put each in the place of the other; to give and take mutually; to exchange; to reciprocate; as, to interchange places; they interchanged friendly offices and services.

> I shall interchange
> My waned state for Henry's regal crown.

Shak.

2. To cause to follow alternately; to intermingle; to vary; as, to interchange cares with pleasures.

In`ter*change", v. i. To make an interchange; to alternate. Sir P. Sidney.

In`ter*change" (?), n. [Cf. OF. entrechange.]

1. The act of mutually changing; the act of mutually giving and receiving; exchange; as, the interchange of civilities between two persons. "Interchange of kindnesses." South.

2. The mutual exchange of commodities between two persons or countries; barter; commerce. Howell.

3. Alternate succession; alternation; a mingling.

> The interchanges of light and darkness.

Holder.

> Sweet interchange
> Of hill and valley, rivers, woods, and plains.

Milton.

In`ter*change`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being interchangeable; interchangeableness.

In`ter*change"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. OF. entrechangeable.]

1. Admitting of exchange or mutual substitution. "Interchangeable warrants." Bacon.

2. Following each other in alternate succession; as, the four interchangeable seasons. Holder.

-- In`ter*change"a*ble*ness, n. -- In`ter*change"a*bly, adv.

In`ter*change"ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. entrechangement.] Mutual transfer; exchange. [Obs.] Shak.

In`ter*chap"ter (?), n. An intervening or inserted chapter.

In*ter"ci*dence (?), n. [See Intercident.] The act or state of coming or falling between; occurrence; incident. [Obs.] Holland.

In*ter"ci*dent (?), a. [L. intercidens, -entis, p. pr. of intercidere to fall between; inter between + cadere to fall.] Falling or coming between; happening accidentally. [Obs.] Boyle.

In`ter*cip"i*ent (?), a. [L. intercipiens, -entis, p. pr. of intercipere. See Intercept.] Intercepting; stopping. -- n. One who, or that which, intercepts or stops anything on the passage. Wiseman.

In`ter*ci"sion (?), n. [L. intercisio a cutting through, fr. intercidere to cut asunder.] A cutting off, through, or asunder; interruption. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

In`ter*cit"i*zen*ship (?), n. The mutual right to civic privileges, in the different States. Bancroft.

In`ter*clav"i*cle (?), n. (Anat.) See Episternum.

In`ter*cla*vic"u*lar (?), a. (Anat.) (a) Between the clavicles; as, the interclavicular notch of the sternum. (b) Of or pertaining to the interclavicle.

In`ter*close" (?), v. t. [Pref. inter- + close. See Interclude.] To shut in; to inclose. [Obs.]

In`ter*cloud" (?), v. t. To cloud. [R.] Daniel.

In`ter*clude" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intercluded; p. pr. & vb. n. Intercluding.] [L. intercludere, interclusum; inter between + claudere to shut. See Close, and cf. Interclose.] To shut off or out from a place or course, by something intervening; to intercept; to cut off; to interrupt. Mitford.

> So all passage of external air into the receiver may be intercluded.

Boyle.

In`ter*clu"sion (?), n. [L. interclusio. See Interclude.] Interception; a stopping; obstruction.

In`ter*col*le"gi*ate (?), a. Existing or carried on between colleges or universities; as, intercollegiate relations, rivalry, games, etc.

In`ter*col"line (?), a. (Geol.) Situated between hills; -- applied especially to valleys lying between volcanic cones.

In`ter*co*lo"ni*al (?), a. Between or among colonies; pertaining to the intercourse or mutual relations of colonies; as, intercolonial trade. -- In`ter*co*lo"ni*al*ly, adv.

In`ter*co*lum"nar (?), a. Between columns or pillars; as, the intercolumnar fibers of Poupart's ligament; an intercolumnar statue.

In`ter*co*lum`ni*a"tion (?), n. (Arch.) The clear space between two columns, measured at the bottom of their shafts. Gwilt.

It is customary to measure the intercolumniation in terms of the diameter of the shaft, taken also at the bottom. Different words, derived from the Greek, are in use to denote certain common proportions. They are: Pycnostyle, when the intercolumniation is of one and a half diameters; Systyle, of two diameters; Eustyle, of two and a quarter diameters; Diastyle, of three diameters; Aræostyle, of four or more, and so great that a wooden architrave has to be used instead of stone; Aræosystyle, when the intercolumniations are alternately systyle and aræostyle.

In`ter*com"bat (?), n. Combat. [Obs.] Daniel.

In`ter*com"ing (?), n. The act of coming between; intervention; interference. [Obs.]

In`ter*com"mon (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intercommoned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Intercommoning.] [OF. entrecommuner. See Inter-, and Common, and cf. Intercommune.]

1. To share with others; to participate; especially, to eat at the same table. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. (O. Eng. Law) To graze cattle promiscuously in the commons of each other, as the inhabitants of adjoining townships, manors, etc.

In`ter*com"mon*age (?), n. (O. Eng. Law) The right or privilege of intercommoning.

In`ter*com*mune" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Intercommuned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Intercommuning.] [Cf. Intercommon, Intercommunicate, Commune.]

1. To intercommunicate. [Obs.]

2. To have mutual communication or intercourse by conversation. [Scot.]

In`ter*com*mu"ni*ca*ble (?), a. Capable of being mutually communicated.

In`ter*com*mu"ni*cate (?), v. i. To communicate mutually; to hold mutual communication.

In`ter*com*mu"ni*cate, v. t. To communicate mutually; to interchange. Holland.

In`ter*com*mu`ni*ca"tion (?), n. Mutual communication. Owen.

In`ter*com*mun"ion (?), n. Mutual communion; as, an intercommunion of deities. Faber.

In`ter*com*mu"ni*ty (?), n. Intercommunication; community of possessions, religion, etc.

> In consequence of that intercommunity of paganism . . . one nation adopted the gods of another.

Bp. Warburton.

In`ter*com*par"i*son (?), n. Mutual comparison of corresponding parts.

{ In`ter*con"dy*lar (?), In`ter*con"dy*loid (?), } a. (Anat.) Between condyles; as, the intercondylar fossa or notch of the femur.

In`ter*con*nect" (?), v. t. To join together.

In`ter*con*nec"tion (?), n. Connection between; mutual connection.

In`ter*con`ti*nen"tal (?), a. Between or among continents; subsisting or carried on between continents; as, intercontinental relations or commerce.

In`ter*con*vert"i*ble (?), a. Convertible the one into the other; as, coin and bank notes are interconvertible.

In`ter*cos"tal (?), a. (Anat. & Physiol.) Between the ribs; pertaining to, or produced by, the parts between the ribs; as, intercostal respiration, in which the chest is alternately enlarged and contracted by the intercostal muscles.

In"ter*course (?), n. [Formerly entercourse, OF. entrecours commerce, exchange, F. entrecours a reciprocal right on neighboring lands, L. intercursus a running between, fr. intercurrere to run between. See Inter-, and Course.] A commingling; intimate connection or dealings between persons or nations, as in common affairs and civilities, in correspondence or trade; communication; commerce; especially, interchange of thought and feeling; association; communion.

> This sweet intercourse
> Of looks and smiles.

Milton.

Sexual intercourse, sexual or carnal connection; coition.

Syn. -- Communication; connection; commerce; communion; fellowship; familiarity; acquaintance.

In`ter*cross" (?; 115), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Intercrossed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Intercrossing.]

1. To cross each other, as lines.

2. (Biol.) To fertilize by the impregnation of one species or variety by another; to impregnate by a different species or variety.

In"ter*cross` (?), n. The process or result of cross fertilization between different kinds of animals, or different varieties of plants.

> We have reason to believe that occasional intercrosses take place with all animals and plants.

Darwin.

In`ter*cru"ral (?), a. (Anat.) Between crura; -- applied especially to the interneural plates in the vertebral column of many cartilaginous fishes.

In`ter*cur" (?), v. i. [L. intercurrere. See Intercourse.] To intervene; to come or occur in the meantime. [Obs.] Shelton.

In`ter*cur"rence (?), n. [See Intercurrent.] A passing or running between; occurrence. Boyle.

In`ter*cur"rent (?), a. [L. intercurrens, p. pr. of intercurrere: cf. F. intercurrent. See Intercur.]

1. Running between or among; intervening. Boyle. Bp. Fell.

2. (Med.) (a) Not belonging to any particular season. (b) Said of diseases occurring in the course of another disease. Dunglison.

In`ter*cur"rent (?), n. Something intervening. Holland.

In`ter*cu*ta"ne*ous (?), a. Subcutaneous.

In`ter*dash" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interdashed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Interdashing.] To dash between or among; to intersperse. Cowper.

In`ter*deal", v. i. To intrigue. [Obs.] Daniel.

In`ter*den"tal (?), a. 1. Situated between teeth; as, an interdental space, the space between two teeth in a gear wheel.

2. (Phon.) Formed between the upper and lower teeth; as, interdental consonants.

In`ter*den"til (?), n. (Arch.) The space between two dentils. Gwilt.

In`ter*de*pend"ence (?), n. Mutual dependence. "The interdependence of virtue and knowledge." M. Arnold.

In`ter*de*pend"en*cy (?), n. Mutual dependence; as, interdependency of interests. De Quincey.

In`ter*de*pend"ent (?), a. Mutually dependent.

In`ter*dict" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interdicted; p. pr. & vb. n. Interdicting.] [OE. entrediten to forbid communion, L. interdicere, interdictum. See Interdict, n.]

1. To forbid; to prohibit or debar; as, to interdict intercourse with foreign nations.

> Charged not to touch the interdicted tree.

Milton.

2. (Eccl.) To lay under an interdict; to cut off from the enjoyment of religious privileges, as a city, a church, an individual.

> An archbishop may not only excommunicate and interdict his suffragans, but his vicar general may do the same.

Ayliffe.

In"ter*dict` (?), n. [OE. entredit, enterdit, OF. entredit, F. interdit, fr. L. interdictum, fr. interdicere to interpose, prohibit; inter between + dicere to say. See Diction.]

1. A prohibitory order or decree; a prohibition.

> These are not fruits forbidden; no interdict
> Defends the touching of these viands pure.

Milton.

2. (R. C. Ch.) A prohibition of the pope, by which the clergy or laymen are restrained from performing, or from attending, divine service, or from administering the offices or enjoying the privileges of the church.

3. (Scots Law) An order of the court of session, having the like purpose and effect with a writ of injunction out of chancery in England and America.

In`ter*dic"tion (?), n. [L. interdictio: cf. F. interdiction.] The act of interdicting; prohibition; prohibiting decree; curse; interdict.

> The truest issue of thy throne
> By his own interdiction stands accurst.

Shak.

In`ter*dict"ive (?), a. Having the power to prohibit; as, an interdictive sentence. Milton.

In`ter*dict"o*ry (?), a. [L. interdictorius.] Belonging to an interdiction; prohibitory.

In`ter*dig"i*tal (?), a. (Anat.) Between the fingers or toes; as, interdigital space.

In`ter*dig"i*tate (?), v. t. To interweave. [R.]

In`ter*dig"i*tate, v. i. [Pref. inter- + L. digitus finger.] To interlock, as the fingers of two hands that are joined; to be interwoven; to commingle. Owen.

In`ter*dig`i*ta"tion (?), n. (Anat.) The state of interdigitating; interdigital space. Owen.

In"ter*dome` (?), n. (Arch.) The open space between the inner and outer shells of a dome or cupola of masonry.

In"ter*duce (?), n. [Cf. F. entre- deux, literally, between two.] (Carp.) An intertie.

In"ter*e*pim"er*al (?), a. (Zoöl.) Between the epimeral plates of insects and crustaceans.

In`ter*e`qui*noc"tial (?), a. Coming between the equinoxes.

> Summer and winter I have called interequinoctial intervals.

F. Balfour.

In"ter*ess (?), v. t. [See Interest, v. t.] To interest or affect. [Obs.] Hooker.

In"ter*esse (?), n. Interest. [Obs.] Spenser.

In"ter*est (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interested (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Interesting.] [From interess'd, p. p. of the older form interess, fr. F. intéresser, L. interesse. See Interest, n.]

1. To engage the attention of; to awaken interest in; to excite emotion or passion in, in behalf of a person or thing; as, the subject did not interest him; to interest one in charitable work.

> To love our native country . . . to be interested in its concerns is natural to all men.

Dryden.

> A goddess who used to interest herself in marriages.

Addison.

2. To be concerned with or engaged in; to affect; to concern; to excite; -- often used impersonally. [Obs.]

> Or rather, gracious sir,
> Create me to this glory, since my cause
> Doth interest this fair quarrel.

Ford.

3. To cause or permit to share. [Obs.]

> The mystical communion of all faithful men is such as maketh every one to be interested in those precious blessings which any one of them receiveth at God's hands.

Hooker.

Syn. -- To concern; excite; attract; entertain; engage; occupy; hold.

In"ter*est, n. [OF. interest, F. intérêt, fr. L. interest it interests, is of interest, fr. interesse to be between, to be difference, to be importance; inter between + esse to be; cf. LL. interesse usury. See Essence.]

1. Excitement of feeling, whether pleasant or painful, accompanying special attention to some object; concern.

Interest expresses mental excitement of various kinds and degrees. It may be intellectual, or sympathetic and emotional, or merely personal; as, an interest in philosophical research; an interest in human suffering; the interest which an avaricious man takes in money getting.

> So much interest have I in thy sorrow.

Shak.

<! p. 777 !>

2. Participation in advantage, profit, and responsibility; share; portion; part; as, an interest in a brewery; he has parted with his interest in the stocks.

3. Advantage, personal or general; good, regarded as a selfish benefit; profit; benefit.

> Divisions hinder the common interest and public good.

Sir W. Temple.

> When interest calls of all her sneaking train.

Pope.

4. Premium paid for the use of money, -- usually reckoned as a percentage; as, interest at five per cent per annum on ten thousand dollars.

> They have told their money, and let out
> Their coin upon large interest.

Shak.

5. Any excess of advantage over and above an exact equivalent for what is given or rendered.

> You shall have your desires with interest.

Shak.

6. The persons interested in any particular business or measure, taken collectively; as, the iron interest; the cotton interest.

Compound interest, interest, not only on the original principal, but also on unpaid interest from the time it fell due. -- Simple interest, interest on the principal sum without interest on overdue interest.

In"ter*est*ed (n"tr*st*d), a. [See Interest, v. t.]

1. Having the attention engaged; having emotion or passion excited; as, an interested listener.

2. Having an interest; concerned in a cause or in consequences; liable to be affected or prejudiced; as, an interested witness.

In"ter*est*ed*ness, n. The state or quality of being interested; selfishness. Richardson.

In"ter*est*ing, a. Engaging the attention; exciting, or adapted to excite, interest, curiosity, or emotion; as, an interesting story; interesting news. Cowper.

In"ter*est*ing*ly, adv. In an interesting manner.

In"ter*est*ing*ness, n. The condition or quality of being interesting. A. Smith.

In`ter*fa"cial (?), a. (Geom.) Included between two plane surfaces or faces; as, an interfacial angle.

In`ter*fas*cic"u*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Between fascicles or bundles; as, the interfascicular spaces of connective tissue.

In`ter*fer"ant (?), n. (Law) One of the contestants in interference before the Patent Office. [U.S.]

In`ter*fere" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Interfered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Interfering.] [OF. entreferir to strike each other; entre between (L. inter) + OF. ferir to strike, F. férir, fr. L. ferire. See Ferula.]

1. To come in collision; to be in opposition; to clash; as, interfering claims, or commands.

2. To enter into, or take a part in, the concerns of others; to intermeddle; to interpose.

> To interfere with party disputes.

Swift.

> There was no room for anyone to interfere with his own opinions.

Bp. Warburton.

3. To strike one foot against the opposite foot or ankle in using the legs; -- sometimes said of a human being, but usually of a horse; as, the horse interferes.

4. (Physics) To act reciprocally, so as to augment, diminish, or otherwise affect one another; -- said of waves, rays of light, heat, etc. See Interference, 2.

5. (Patent Law) To cover the same ground; to claim the same invention.

Syn. -- To interpose; intermeddle. See Interpose.

In`ter*fer"ence (?), n. [See Interfere.]

1. The act or state of interfering; as, the stoppage of a machine by the interference of some of its parts; a meddlesome interference in the business of others.

2. (Physics) The mutual influence, under certain conditions, of two streams of light, or series of pulsations of sound, or, generally, two waves or vibrations of any kind, producing certain characteristic phenomena, as colored fringes, dark bands, or darkness, in the case of light, silence or increased intensity in sounds; neutralization or superposition of waves generally.

The term is most commonly applied to light, and the undulatory theory of light affords the proper explanation of the phenomena which are considered to be produced by the superposition of waves, and are thus substantially identical in their origin with the phenomena of heat, sound, waves of water, and the like.

3. (Patent Law) The act or state of interfering, or of claiming a right to the same invention.

Interference figures (Optics), the figures observed when certain sections of crystallized bodies are viewed in converging polarized light; thus, a section of a uniaxial crystal, cut normal to the vertical axis, shows a series of concentric colored rings with a single black cross; -- so called because produced by the interference of luminous waves. - - Interference fringe. (Optics) See Fringe.

In`ter*fer"er (?), n. One who interferes.

In`ter*fer"ing*ly, adv. By or with interference.

In`ter*flow" (?), v. i. To flow in. [R.] Holland.

{ In*ter"flu*ent (?), In*ter"flu*ous (?), } a. [L. interfluens, p. pr., and interfluus. See Inter-, and Fluent.] Flowing between or among; intervening. Boyle.

In`ter*fold"ed (?), p. a. Intertwined; interlocked; clasped together. Longfellow.

In`ter*fo`li*a"ceous (?), a. [Pref. inter- + foliaceous: cf. F. interfoliacé.] (Bot.) At the same node with opposite or whorled leaves, but occupying a position between their places of attachment.

In`ter*fo"li*ate (?), v. t. [Pref. inter- + L. folium leaf.] To interleave. [Obs.] Evelyn.

In`ter*fol*lic"u*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Between follicles; as, the interfollicular septa in a lymphatic gland.

In`ter*fret"ted (?), a. (Her.) Interlaced; linked together; -- said of charges or bearings. See Fretted.

In`ter*ful"gent (?), a. [L. interfulgens, p. pr. See Inter-, and Fulgent.] Shining between.

In`ter*fuse" (&?;), v. t. [L. interfusus, p. p. of interfundere to pour between; inter between + fundere to pour. See Fuse to melt.]

1. To pour or spread between or among; to diffuse; to scatter.

> The ambient air, wide interfused,
> Embracing round this florid earth.

Milton.

2. To spread through; to permeate; to pervade. [R.]

> Keats, in whom the moral seems to have so perfectly interfused the physical man, that you might almost say he could feel sorrow with his hands.

Lowell.

3. To mix up together; to associate. H. Spencer.

In`ter*fu"sion (?), n. [L. interfusio.] The act of interfusing, or the state of being interfused. Coleridge.

In`ter*gan`gli*on"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Between and uniting the nervous ganglions; as, interganglionic cords.

In`ter*glob"u*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Between globules; -- applied esp. to certain small spaces, surrounded by minute globules, in dentine.

In`ter*grave" (?), v. t. [imp. Intergraved (?); p. p. Intergraved or Intergraven (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Intergraving.] To grave or carve between; to engrave in the alternate sections.

> The work itself of the bases, was intergraven.

3 Kings vii. 28 (Douay version. )

{ In`ter*he"mal, In`ter*hæ"mal } (?), a. (Anat.) Between the hemal arches or hemal spines. -- n. An interhemal spine or cartilage.

In`ter*hy"al (?), a. [Inter- + the Greek letter &?;.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a segment sometimes present at the proximal end of the hyoidean arch. -- n. An interhyal ligament or cartilage.

In"ter*im (?), n. [L., fr. inter between + im, an old accusative of is he, this, that.]

1. The meantime; time intervening; interval between events, etc.

> All the interim is
> Like a phantasms, or a hideous dream.

Shak.

2. (Hist.) A name given to each of three compromises made by the emperor Charles V. of Germany for the sake of harmonizing the connecting opinions of Protestants and Catholics.

In*te"ri*or (?), a. [L., compar. fr. inter between: cf. F. intérieur. See Inter- , and cf. Intimate.]

1. Being within any limits, inclosure, or substance; inside; internal; inner; -- opposed to exterior, or superficial; as, the interior apartments of a house; the interior surface of a hollow ball.

2. Remote from the limits, frontier, or shore; inland; as, the interior parts of a region or country.

Interior angle (Geom.), an angle formed between two sides, within any rectilinear figure, as a polygon, or between two parallel lines by these lines and another intersecting them; -- called also internal angle. -- Interior planets (Astron.), those planets within the orbit of the earth. -- Interior screw, a screw cut on an interior surface, as in a nut; a female screw.

Syn. -- Internal; inside; inner; inland; inward.

In*te"ri*or, n. 1. That which is within; the internal or inner part of a thing; the inside.

2. The inland part of a country, state, or kingdom.

Department of the Interior, that department of the government of the United States which has charge of pensions, patents, public lands and surveys, the Indians, education, etc.; that department of the government of a country which is specially charged with the internal affairs of that country; the home department. -- Secretary of the Interior, the cabinet officer who, in the United States, is at the head of the Department of the Interior.

In*te`ri*or"i*ty (?), n. State of being interior.

In*te"ri*or*ly (?), adv. Internally; inwardly.

{ In`ter*ja"cence (?), In`ter*ja"cen*cy (?), } n. [See Interjacent.] The state of being between; a coming or lying between or among; intervention; also, that which lies between.

> England and Scotland is divided only by the interjacency of the Tweed.

Sir M. Hale.

In`ter*ja"cent (?), a. [L. interjacens, -entis, p. pr. of interjacere to lie between; inter between + jac&?;re to lie.] Lying or being between or among; intervening; as, interjacent isles. Sir W. Raleigh.

In`ter*jac"u*late (?), v. t. To ejaculate parenthetically. [R.] Thackeray.

In`ter*jan"gle (?), v. i. To make a dissonant, discordant noise one with another; to talk or chatter noisily. [R.] Daniel.

In`ter*ject" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interjected; p. pr. & vb. n. Interjecting.] [L. interjectus, p. p. of interjicere to interject; inter between + jac&?;re to throw. See Jet a shooting forth.] To throw in between; to insert; to interpose. Sir H. Wotton.

In`ter*ject", v. i. To throw one's self between or among; to come between; to interpose. Sir G. Buck.

In`ter*jec"tion (?), n. [L. interjectio: cf. F. interjection. See Interject.]

1. The act of interjecting or throwing between; also, that which is interjected.

> The interjection of laughing.

Bacon.

2. (Gram.) A word or form of speech thrown in to express emotion or feeling, as O! Alas! Ha ha! Begone! etc. Compare Exclamation.

> An interjection implies a meaning which it would require a whole grammatical sentence to expound, and it may be regarded as the rudiment of such a sentence. But it is a confusion of thought to rank it among the parts of speech.

Earle.

> How now! interjections? Why, then, some be of laughing, as, ah, ha, he!

Shak.

In`ter*jec"tion*al (?), a. 1. Thrown in between other words or phrases; parenthetical; ejaculatory; as, an interjectional remark.

2. Pertaining to, or having the nature of, an interjection; consisting of natural and spontaneous exclamations.

> Certain of the natural accompaniments of interjectional speech, such as gestures, grimaces, and gesticulations, are restrained by civilization.

Earle.

In`ter*jec"tion*al*ize (?), v. t. To convert into, or to use as, an interjection. Earle.

In`ter*jec"tion*al*ly, adv. In an interjectional manner. G. Eliot.

In`ter*jec"tion*a*ry (?), a. Interjectional.

In`ter*join" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interjoined; p. pr. & vb. n. Interjoining.] [Pref. inter + join.] To join mutually; to unite. [R.] Shak.

In"ter*joist` (?), n. (Carp.) 1. The space or interval between two joists. Gwilt.

2. A middle joist or crossbeam. De Colange.

In`ter*junc"tion (?), n. [L. interjunctus, p. p. of interjungere to join together. See Inter-, and Join, and cf. Interjoin.] A mutual joining. [R.]

In`ter*knit" (?), v. t. To knit together; to unite closely; to intertwine.

In`ter*know" (?), v. t. To know mutually. [Obs.]

In`ter*knowl"edge (?), n. Mutual knowledge or acquaintance. [Obs.] Bacon.

In`ter*lace" (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Interlaced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Interlacing (?).] [OE. entrelacen, F. entrelacer. See Inter-, and Lace.] To unite, as by lacing together; to insert or interpose one thing within another; to intertwine; to interweave.

> Severed into stripes
> That interlaced each other.

Cowper.

> The epic way is everywhere interlaced with dialogue.

Dryden.

Interlacing arches (Arch.), arches, usually circular, so constructed that their archivolts intersect and seem to be interlaced.

In`ter*lace"ment (?), n. [Cf. F. entrelacement.] The act of interlacing, or the state of being interlaced; also, that which is interlaced.

{ In`ter*lam"el*lar (?), In`ter*lam"i*nar (?) }, a. (Anat.) Between lammellæ or laminæ; as, interlamellar spaces.

In`ter*lam"i*na`ted (?), a. Placed between, or containing, laminæ or plates.

In`ter*lam`i*na"tion (?), n. The state of being interlaminated.

In"ter*lapse` (?), n. [Pref. inter- + lapse: cf. L. interlabi, interlapsus, to fall, slide, or flow, between.] The lapse or interval of time between two events. [R.] Harvey.

In`ter*lard" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interlarded; p. pr. & vb. n. Interlarding.] [F. entrelarder. See Inter-, and Lard.]

1. To place lard or bacon amongst; to mix, as fat meat with lean. [Obs.]

> Whose grain doth rise in flakes, with fatness interlarded.

Drayton.

2. Hence: To insert between; to mix or mingle; especially, to introduce that which is foreign or irrelevant; as, to interlard a conversation with oaths or allusions.

> The English laws . . . [were] mingled and interlarded with many particular laws of their own.

Sir M. Hale.

> They interlard their native drinks with choice
> Of strongest brandy.

J. Philips.

In`ter*lay" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interlaid (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Interlaying.] To lay or place among or between. Daniel.

In"ter*leaf` (?), n.; pl. Interleaves (#). [See Interleave.] A leaf inserted between other leaves; a blank leaf inserted, as in a book.

In`ter*leave" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interleaved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Interleaving.] [Pref. inter- + leaf.] To insert a leaf or leaves in; to bind with blank leaves inserted between the others; as, to interleave a book.

In`ter*li"bel (?), v. t. To libel mutually.

In`ter*line" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interlined (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Interlining.] [Pref. inter- + line: cf. LL. interlineare, F. interlinéer, OF. entreligner.]

1. To write or insert between lines already written or printed, as for correction or addition; to write or print something between the lines of; as, to interline a page or a book. Swift.

2. To arrange in alternate lines; as, to interline Latin and English. Locke.

3. To mark or imprint with lines.

> A crooked wrinkle interlines my brow.

Marlowe.

{ In`ter*lin"e*al (?), In`ter*lin"e*ar (?), } a. [Cf. LL. interlinearis, F. interlinéaire.] Contained between lines; written or inserted between lines already written or printed; containing interlineations; as, an interlinear manuscript, translation, etc. -- In`ter*lin"e*ar*ly, adv.

In`ter*lin"e*a*ry (?), a. Interlinear. -- n. A book containing interlineations. [R.]

In`ter*lin`e*a"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. interlinéation.]

1. The act of interlining.

2. That which is interlined; a passage, word, or line inserted between lines already written or printed.

In`ter*lin"ing (?), n. Correction or alteration by writing between the lines; interlineation. Bp. Burnet.

In`ter*link" (?), v. t. To link together; to join, as one chain to another. Dryden.

In`ter*link" (?), n. An intermediate or connecting link.

In`ter*lo"bar (?), a. (Anat.) Between lobes; as, the interlobar notch of the liver; the interlobar ducts of a gland.

In`ter*lob"u*lar (?), a. [Pref. inter- + lobular: cf. F. interlobulaire.] (Anat.) Between lobules; as, the interlobular branches of the portal vein.

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In`ter*lo*ca"tion (?), n. A placing or coming between; interposition.

In`ter*lock" (?), v. i. To unite, embrace, communicate with, or flow into, one another; to be connected in one system; to lock into one another; to interlace firmly.

In`ter*lock", v. t. To unite by locking or linking together; to secure in place by mutual fastening.

> My lady with her fingers interlocked.

Tennyson.

In`ter*lo*cu"tion (?), n. [L. interlocutio, from interloqui, interlocutus, to speak between; inter between + loqui to speak: cf. F. interlocution. See Loquacious.]

1. Interchange of speech; dialogue; conversation; conference.

2. (Law) An intermediate act or decree before final decision. Ayliffe.

3. Hence, intermediate argument or discussion.

In`ter*loc"u*tor (?; 277), n. [Cf. F. interlocuteur.]

1. One who takes part in dialogue or conversation; a talker, interpreter, or questioner. Jer. Taylor.

2. (Law) An interlocutory judgment or sentence.

In`ter*loc"u*to*ry (?), a. [Cf. LL. interlocutorius, F. interlocutoire.]

1. Consisting of, or having the nature of, dialogue; conversational.

> Interlocutory discourses in the Holy Scriptures.

Fiddes.

2. (Law) Intermediate; not final or definitive; made or done during the progress of an action.

An order, sentence, decree, or judgment, given in an intermediate stage between the commencement and termination of a cause, is called interlocutory.

In`ter*loc"u*to*ry, n. [Cf. F. interlocutoire.] Interpolated discussion or dialogue.

In`ter*loc"u*trice (?), n. [F.] A female interlocutor.

In`ter*lope" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Interloped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Interloping.] [See Interloper.] To run between parties and intercept without right the advantage that one should gain from the other; to traffic without a proper license; to intrude; to forestall others; to intermeddle.

In"ter*lo`per (?; 277), n. [Pref. inter- + D. looper a runner, fr. loopen to run; akin to E. leap. See Leap, and cf. Elope.] One who interlopes; one who unlawfully intrudes upon a property, a station, or an office; one who interferes wrongfully or officiously.

> The untrained man, . . . the interloper as to the professions.

I. Taylor.

In`ter*lu"cate (?), v. t. [L. interlucatus, p. p. of interlucare; inter between + lux, lucis, light.] To let in light upon, as by cutting away branches. [Obs.]

In`ter*lu*ca"tion (?), n. [L. interlucatio.] Act of thinning a wood to let in light. [Obs.] Evelyn.

In`ter*lu"cent (?), a. [L. interlucens, p. pr. See Inter-, and Lucent.] Shining between.

In`ter*lude (?), n. [OE. enterlude, LL. interludium; LL. inter between + ludus play, fr. ludere to play: cf. F. interlude. See Ludicrous.]

1. A short entertainment exhibited on the stage between the acts of a play, or between the play and the afterpiece, to relieve the tedium of waiting.

> Dreams are but interludes, which fancy makes
> When monarch reason sleeps.

Dryden.

2. A form of English drama or play, usually short, merry, and farcical, which succeeded the Moralities or Moral Plays in the transition to the romantic or Elizabethan drama.

3. (Mus.) A short piece of instrumental music played between the parts of a song or cantata, or the acts of a drama; especially, in church music, a short passage played by the organist between the stanzas of a hymn, or in German chorals after each line.

In"ter*lu`ded (?), a. Inserted in the manner of an interlude; having or containing interludes.

In"ter*lu`der (?), n. An actor who performs in an interlude. B. Jonson.

In"ter*lu`en*cy (?), n. [L. interluens, p. pr. of interluere to flow between; inter + luere.] A flowing between; intervening water. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

{ In`ter*lu"nar (?), In`ter*lu"na*ry (?), } a. [Pref. inter- + lunar: cf. L. interlunis.] Belonging or pertaining to the time when the moon, at or near its conjunction with the sun, is invisible. Milton.

In`ter*man*dib"u*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Between the mandibles; interramal; as, the intermandibular space.

In`ter*mar"riage (?), n. Connection by marriage; reciprocal marriage; giving and taking in marriage, as between two families, tribes, castes, or nations.

In`ter*mar"ry (?), v. i. To become connected by marriage between their members; to give and take mutually in marriage; -- said of families, ranks, castes, etc.

> About the middle of the fourth century from the building of Rome, it was declared lawful for nobles and plebeians to intermarry.

Swift.

||In`ter*max*il"la (?), n.; pl. Intermaxillæ (&?;). (Anat.) See Premaxilla.

In`ter*max"il*la*ry (?), a. (Anat.) (a) Between the maxillary bones. (b) Of or pertaining to the intermaxillæ. -- n. An intermaxilla.

In"ter*mean` (?), n. Something done in the meantime; interlude. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

In`ter*me*a"tion (?), n. [L. intermeare, intermeatum; to go between; inter between + meare to go.] A flowing between. [Obs.] Bailey.

In`ter*med"dle (?), v. i. [OE. entremedlen, entermellen, to mix together, OF. entremedler, entremeller, entremesler, F. entremêler. See Inter-, and Meddle.] To meddle with the affairs of others; to meddle officiously; to interpose or interfere improperly; to mix or meddle with.

> The practice of Spain hath been, by war and by conditions of treaty, to intermeddle with foreign states.

Bacon.

Syn. -- To interpose; interfere. See Interpose.

In`ter*med"dle (?), v. t. To intermix; to mingle. [Obs.]

> Many other adventures are intermeddled.

Spenser.

In`ter*med"dler (?), n. One who meddles with, or intrudes into, the affairs of others. Swift.

In`ter*med"dle*some (?), a. Inclined or disposed to intermeddle. -- In`ter*med"dle*some*ness, n.

In`ter*med"dling (?), n. The act of improperly interfering. Burke.

In"ter*mede (?), n. [F. intermède, fr. L. inter between + medius, adj., middle; cf. It. intermedio. Cf. Intermezzo.] A short musical dramatic piece, of a light and pleasing, sometimes a burlesque, character; an interlude introduced between the acts of a play or an opera.

In`ter*me"di*a*cy (?), n. [From Intermediate.] Interposition; intervention. Derham.

||In`ter*me"di*æ (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. intermedius intermedial.] (Zoöl.) The middle pair of tail feathers, or middle rectrices.

In`ter*me"di*al (?), a. [Pref. inter- + medial: cf. L. intermedius.] Lying between; intervening; intermediate. "Intermedial colors." Evelyn.

In`ter*me"di*an (?), a. Intermediate. [Obs.]

In`ter*me"di*a*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. intermédiaire.] Lying, coming, or done, between; intermediate; as, an intermediary project.

Intermediary amputation (Surg.), an amputation for injury, performed after inflammation has set in.

In`ter*me"di*a*ry, n.; pl. Intermediaries (&?;). One who, or that which, is intermediate; an interagent; a go-between.

In`ter*me"di*ate (?), a. [Pref. inter- + mediate: cf. F. intermédiat.] Lying or being in the middle place or degree, or between two extremes; coming or done between; intervening; interposed; interjacent; as, an intermediate space or time; intermediate colors.

Intermediate state (Theol.), the state or condition of the soul between the death and the resurrection of the body. -- Intermediate terms (Math.), the terms of a progression or series between the first and the last (which are called the extremes); the means. -- Intermediate tie. (Arch.) Same as Intertie.

In`ter*me"di*ate (?), v. i. To come between; to intervene; to interpose. Milton.

In`ter*me"di*ate*ly (?), adv. In an intermediate manner; by way of intervention.

In`ter*me`di*a"tion (?), n. The act of coming between; intervention; interposition. Burke.

In`ter*me"di*a`tor (?), n. A mediator.

In`ter*me"di*ous (?), a. [L. intermedius.] Intermediate. [R.] Cudworth.

In`ter*me"di*um (?), n.; pl. Intermediums (#), L. Intermedia (#). [NL., neut. of L. intermedius intermediate.]

1. Intermediate space. [R.]

2. An intervening agent or instrument. Cowper.

3. (Anat.) The bone or cartilage between the radiale and ulnare in the carpus, and between the tibiale and fibulare in the tarsus. It corresponds to the lunar in the carpus, and to a part of the astragalus in the tarsus of man and most mammals.

In`ter*mell" (?), v. i. & t. [See Intermeddle.] To intermeddle; to intermix. [Obs.] Bp. Fisher.

In`ter*mem"bral (?), a. (Anat.) Between members or limbs; as, intermembral homology, the correspondence of the limbs with each other.

In`ter*mem"bra*nous (?), a. (Anat.) Within or beneath a membrane; as, intermembranous ossification.

In*ter"ment (?), n. [OE. enterment, F. enterrement. See Inter, v. t.] The act or ceremony of depositing a dead body in the earth; burial; sepulture; inhumation. T. Warton.

In`ter*men"tion (?), v. t. To mention among other things, or casually or incidentally. [Obs.]

In`ter*mes`en*ter"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Within the mesentery; as, the intermesenteric, or aortic, plexus.

In`ter*me`ta*car"pal (?), a. (Anat.) Between the metacarpal bones.

In`ter*me`ta*tar"sal (?), a. (Anat.) Between the metatarsal bones.

||In`ter*mez"zo (?), n. [It. See Intermede.] (Mus.) An interlude; an intermede. See Intermede.

In`ter*mi"cate (?), v. i. [L. intermicare; inter- between + micare to glitter.] To flash or shine between or among. [R.] Blount.

In`ter*mi*ca"tion (?), n. A shining between or among. [R.] Smart.

In`ter*mi*gra"tion (?), n. Reciprocal migration; interchange of dwelling place by migration. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

In*ter"mi*na*ble (?), a. [L. interminabilis: cf. F. interminable. See Terminate.] Without termination; admitting no limit; boundless; endless; wearisomely protracted; as, interminable space or duration; interminable sufferings.

> That wild interminable waste of waves.

Grainger.

Syn. -- Boundless; endless; limitless; illimitable; immeasurable; infinite; unbounded; unlimited.

In*ter"mi*na*ble*ness, n. The state of being endless.

In*ter"mi*na*bly, adv. Without end or limit.

In*ter"mi*nate, a. [L. interminatus; in- not + terminatus, p. p. of terminate.] Endless; as, interminate sleep. Chapman.

In*ter"mi*nate (?), v. t. [L. interminatus, p. p. of interminari; inter between + minari to threaten.] To menace; to threaten. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In*ter"mi*na`ted (?), a. Interminable; interminate; endless; unending. [Obs.] Akenside.

In*ter`mi*na"tion (?), n. [L. interminatio.] A menace or threat. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

In`ter*mine" (?), v. t. To intersect or penetrate with mines. [Obs.] Drayton.

In`ter*min"gle (?), v. t. To mingle or mix together; to intermix. Hooker.

In`ter*min"gle, v. i. To be mixed or incorporated.

> Party and faction will intermingle.

Swift.

In"ter*mise (?), n. [Cf. F. entremise. See Intermission.] Interference; interposition. [Obs.] Bacon.

In`ter*mis"sion (?), n. [L. intermissio: cf. F. intermission. See Intermit.]

1. The act or the state of intermitting; the state of being neglected or disused; disuse; discontinuance. B. Jonson.

2. Cessation for a time; an intervening period of time; an interval; a temporary pause; as, to labor without intermission; an intermission of ten minutes.

> Rest or intermission none I find.

Milton.

3. (Med.) The temporary cessation or subsidence of a fever; the space of time between the paroxysms of a disease. Intermission is an entire cessation, as distinguished from remission, or abatement of fever.

4. Intervention; interposition. [Obs.] Heylin.

Syn. -- Cessation; interruption; interval; pause; stop; rest; suspension. See Cessation.

In`ter*mis"sive (?), a. Having temporary cessations; not continual; intermittent. "Intermissive miseries." Shak. "Intermissive wars." Howell.

In`ter*mit" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intermitted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Intermitting.] [L. intermittere; inter between + mittere, missum, to send: cf. OE. entremeten to busy (one's self) with, F. s'entremettre. See Missile.] To cause to cease for a time, or at intervals; to interrupt; to suspend.

> Pray to the gods to intermit the plague.

Shak.

In`ter*mit", v. i. To cease for a time or at intervals; to moderate; to be intermittent, as a fever. Pope.

In`ter*mit"tence (?), n. [Cf. F. intermittence.] Act or state of intermitting; intermission. Tyndall.

In`ter*mit"tent (?), a. [L. intermittens, -entis, p. pr. of intermittere: cf. F. intermittent.] Coming and going at intervals; alternating; recurrent; periodic; as, an intermittent fever. Boyle.

Intermittent fever (Med.), a disease with fever which recurs at certain intervals; -- applied particularly to fever and ague. See Fever. -- Intermittent gearing (Mach.), gearing which receives, or produces, intermittent motion. -- Intermittent springs, springs which flow at intervals, not apparently dependent upon rain or drought. They probably owe their intermittent action to their being connected with natural reservoirs in hills or mountains by passages having the form of a siphon, the water beginning to flow when it has accumulated so as to fill the upper part of the siphon, and ceasing when, by running through it, it has fallen below the orifice of the upper part of the siphon in the reservoir.

In`ter*mit"tent, n. (Med.) An intermittent fever or disease. Dunglison.

In`ter*mit"tent*ly, adv. With intermissions; in an intermittent manner; intermittingly.

In`ter*mit"ting*ly (?), adv. With intermissions; at intervals. W. Montagu.

In`ter*mix" (?), v. t. To mix together; to intermingle.

> In yonder spring of roses, intermixed
> With myrtle, find what to redress till noon.

Milton.

In`ter*mix", v. i. To be mixed together; to be intermingled.

In`ter*mix"ed*ly (?), adv. In a mixed manner.

In`ter*mix"ture (?; 135), n. 1. A mass formed by mixture; a mass of ingredients mixed. Boyle.

2. Admixture; an additional ingredient.

> In this height of impiety there wanted not an intermixture of levity and folly.

Bacon.

In`ter*mo*bil"i*ty (?), n. Capacity of things to move among each other; as, the intermobility of fluid particles.

In`ter*mo*dil"lion (?), n. (Arch.) The space between two modillions.

In`ter*mon"tane (?), a. [Pref. inter- + L. montanus belonging to a mountain, fr. mons, montis, mountain.] Between mountains; as, intermontane soil.

In`ter*mun"dane (?), a. Being, between worlds or orbs. [R.] "Intermundane spaces." Locke.

In`ter*mun"di*an (?), a. Intermundane. [Obs.]

In`ter*mu"ral (?), a. Lying between walls; inclosed by walls.

In`ter*mure" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intermured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Intermuring.] [Pref. inter- + L. murus wall.] To wall in; to inclose. [Obs.] Ford.

In`ter*mus"cu*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Between muscles; as, intermuscular septa.

In`ter*mu*ta"tion (?), n. Interchange; mutual or reciprocal change.

In`ter*mu"tu*al (?; 135), a. Mutual. [Obs.] Daniel. -- In`ter*mu"tu*al*ly, adv. [Obs.]

In*tern" (?), a. [L. internus: cf. F. interne. See Internal.] Internal. [Obs.] Howell.

In*tern", v. t. [F. interne. See Intern, a.] To put for safe keeping in the interior of a place or country; to confine to one locality; as, to intern troops which have fled for refuge to a neutral country.

In*tern"al (?), a. [L. internus; akin to interior. See Interior.]

1. Inward; interior; being within any limit or surface; inclosed; -- opposed to external; as, the internal parts of a body, or of the earth.

2. Derived from, or dependent on, the thing itself; inherent; as, the internal evidence of the divine origin of the Scriptures.

3. Pertaining to its own affairs or interests; especially, (said of a country) domestic, as opposed to foreign; as, internal trade; internal troubles or war.

4. Pertaining to the inner being or the heart; spiritual.

> With our Savior, internal purity is everything.

Paley.

5. Intrinsic; inherent; real. [R.]

> The internal rectitude of our actions in the sight of God.

Rogers.

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6. (Anat.) Lying toward the mesial plane; mesial.

Internal angle (Geom.), an interior angle. See under Interior. -- Internal gear (Mach.), a gear in which the teeth project inward from the rim instead of outward.

Syn. -- Inner; interior; inward; inland; inside.

In`ter*nal"i*ty (?), n. The state of being internal or within; interiority.

In*ter"nal*ly (?), adv. 1. Inwardly; within the enveloping surface, or the boundary of a thing; within the body; beneath the surface.

2. Hence: Mentally; spiritually. Jer. Taylor.

In`ter*na"sal (?), a. (Anat.) Between the nasal cavities; as, the internasal cartilage.

In`ter*na"tion*al (?), a. [Pref. inter- + national: cf. F. international.]

1. Between or among nations; pertaining to the intercourse of nations; participated in by two or more nations; common to, or affecting, two or more nations.

2. Of or concerning the association called the International.

International code (Naut.), a common system of signaling adopted by nearly all maritime nations, whereby communication may be had between vessels at sea. -- International copyright. See under Copyright. -- International law, the rules regulating the mutual intercourse of nations. International law is mainly the product of the conditions from time to time of international intercourse, being drawn from diplomatic discussion, textbooks, proof of usage, and from recitals in treaties. It is called public when treating of the relations of sovereign powers, and private when of the relations of persons of different nationalities. International law is now, by the better opinion, part of the common law of the land. Cf. Conflict of laws, under Conflict. Wharton.

In`ter*na"tion*al, n. [Cf. F. internationale.]

1. The International; an abbreviated from of the title of the International Workingmen's Association, the name of an association, formed in London in 1864, which has for object the promotion of the interests of the industrial classes of all nations.

2. A member of the International Association.

In`ter*na"tion*al*ism (?), n. 1. The state or principles of international interests and intercourse.

2. The doctrines or organization of the International.

In`ter*na"tion*al*ist, n. 1. One who is versed in the principles of international law.

2. A member of the International; one who believes in, or advocates the doctrines of, the International.

In`ter*na"tion*al*ize (?), v. t. To make international; to cause to affect the mutual relations of two or more nations; as, to internationalize a principle of law, or a philanthropic enterprise.

In`ter*na"tion*al*ly, adv. In an international manner; from an international point of view.

In*terne" (?), n. [See Intern, a.] That which is within; the interior. [Poetic] Mrs. Browning.

{ In`ter*ne"cia*ry (?), In`ter*ne"ci*nal (?), } a. Internecine.

In`ter*ne"cine (?), a. [L. internecinus deadly, murderous, fr. internecare to kill, to slaughter; inter between + necare to kill; akin to Gr. &?; dead. See Necromancy.] Involving, or accompanied by, mutual slaughter; mutually destructive.

> Internecine quarrels, horrible tumults, stain the streets with blood.

Motley.

In`ter*ne"cion (?), n. [L. internecio.] Mutual slaughter or destruction; massacre. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

In`ter*ne"cive (?), a. [L. internecivus.] Internecine. [R.] Sydney Smith.

In`ter*nec"tion (?), n. [L. internectere to bind together; inter between + nectere to fasten.] Intimate connection. [Obs.] W. Montagu.

In`ter*neu"ral (?), a. (Anat.) Between the neural arches or neural spines. -- n. An interneural spine or cartilage.

In*ter"ni*ty (?), n. State of being within; interiority. [R.] H. Brooke.

In*tern"ment (?), n. [F. internement. See Intern.] Confinement within narrow limits, -- as of foreign troops, to the interior of a country.

In`ter*no"dal (?), a. Of or pertaining to internodes; intervening between nodes or joints.

In"ter*node` (?), n. [L. internodium; inter between + nodus knot.]

1. (Bot.) The space between two nodes or points of the stem from which the leaves properly arise. H. Spenser.

2. (Anat.) A part between two joints; a segment; specifically, one of the phalanges.

In`ter*no"di*al (?), a. Internodal. [R.]

In`ter*nun"cial (?), a. [See Internuncio.]

1. Of or pertaining to an internuncio.

2. (Physiol.) Communicating or transmitting impressions between different parts of the body; -- said of the nervous system. Carpenter.

In`ter*nun"ciess (?), n. A female messenger. [R.]

In`ter*nun"ci*o (?), n.; pl. Internuncios (#). [L. internuntius; inter between + nuntius, nuncius, messenger: cf. It. internunzio. See Nuncio.]

1. A messenger between two parties. Johnson.

2. A representative, or chargé d'affaires, of the pope at a foreign court or seat of government, ranking next below a nuncio.

This title was formerly given also to the Austrian envoy at Constantinople.

In`ter*nun"ci*o*ship, n. The office or function of an internuncio. Richardson.

||In`ter*nun"ci*us (?), n. [L.] Internuncio.

In`ter*o`ce*an"ic (?), a. Between oceans; connecting oceans; as, interoceanic communication; an interoceanic canal.

In`ter*oc"u*lar (?), a. Between, or within, the eyes; as, the interocular distance; situated between the eyes, as the antennæ of some insects.

In`ter*o*per"cu*lar (?), a. Of or pertaining to the interoperculum. -- n. The interopercular bone.

||In`ter*o*per"cu*lum (?), n.; pl. -la (-l). (Anat.) The postero-inferior opercular bone, in fishes.

In`ter*or"bit*al (?), a. (Anat.) Between the orbits; as, the interorbital septum.

In`ter*os"cu*lant (?), a. 1. Mutually touching or intersecting; as, interosculant circles.

2. (Biol.) Uniting two groups; -- said of certain genera which connect family groups, or of species that connect genera. See Osculant.

In`ter*os"cu*late (?), v. i. & t. 1. To kiss together to touch. See Osculate.

2. (Biol.) To have the character of, or to lie between, two distinct groups.

{ In`ter*os"se*al (?), In`ter*os"se*ous (?), } a. [Pref. inter- + osseous: cf. F. interosseux.] (Anat.) Situated between bones; as, an interosseous ligament.

In`ter*pale" (?), v. t. 1. To place pales between or among; to separate by pales.

2. To interweave or interlace. [R.] Brende.

In`ter*pa*ri"e*tal (?), a. (Anat.) Between the parietal bones or cartilages; as, the interparietal suture. -- n. The interparietal bone or cartilage.

In`ter*pause` (?), n. An intermission. [R.]

In`ter*peal" (?), v. t. To interpel. [Obs.]

In`ter*pe*den"cu*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Between peduncles; esp., between the peduncles, or crura, of the cerebrum.

In`ter*pel" (?), v. t. [L. interpellare, interpellatum; inter between + pellare (in comp.), akin to pellere to drive: cf. F. interpeller. Cf. Interpellate.] To interrupt, break in upon, or intercede with. [Obs.]

> I am interpelled by many businesses.

Howell.

In`ter*pel"lant (?), a. [L. interpellans, p. pr. See Interpel.] Interpelling; interrupting. -- n. One who, or that which, interpels.

In`ter*pel"late (?), v. t. [See Interpel.] To question imperatively, as a minister, or other executive officer, in explanation of his conduct; -- generally on the part of a legislative body.

In`ter*pel*la"tion (?), n. [L. interpellatio: cf. F. interpellation.]

1. The act of interpelling or interrupting; interruption. "Continual interpellations." Bp. Hall.

2. The act of interposing or interceding; intercession.

> Accepted by his interpellation and intercession.

Jer. Taylor.

3. An act of interpellating, or of demanding of an officer an explanation of his action; imperative or peremptory questioning; a point raised in a debate.

4. A official summons or citation. Ayliffe.

In`ter*pen"e*trate (?), v. t. To penetrate between or within; to penetrate mutually.

> It interpenetrates my granite mass.

Shelley.

In`ter*pen"e*trate, v. i. To penetrate each the other; to penetrate between bodies or their parts.

Interpenetrating molding (Arch.), in late Gothic architecture, a decoration by means of moldings which seem to pass through solid uprights, transoms, or other members; often, two sets of architectural members penetrating one another, in appearance, as if both had been plastic when they were put together.

In`ter*pen`e*tra"tion (?), n. The act of penetrating between or within other substances; mutual penetration. Milman.

In`ter*pen"e*tra*tive (?), a. Penetrating among or between other substances; penetrating each the other; mutually penetrative.

In`ter*pet"al*a*ry (?), a. [Pref. inter- + petal.] (Bot.) Between the petals of a flower.

In`ter*pet"i*o*lar (?), a. (Bot.) Being between petioles. Cf. Intrapetiolar.

In`ter*pha*lan"ge*al (?), a. (Anat.) Between phalanges; as, interphalangeal articulations.

In`ter*pi*las"ter (?), n. (Arch.) The interval or space between two pilasters. Elmes.

In`ter*place" (?), v. t. To place between or among; as, to interplace a name. [R.] Daniel.

In`ter*plan"et*a*ry (?), a. Between planets; as, interplanetary spaces. Boyle.

In`ter*play` (?), n. Mutual action or influence; interaction; as, the interplay of affection.

In`ter*plead" (?), v. i. (Law) To plead against each other, or go to trial between themselves, as the claimants in an in an interpleader. See Interpleader. [Written also enterplead.]

In`ter*plead"er (?), n. 1. One who interpleads.

2. (Law) A proceeding devised to enable a person, of whom the same debt, duty, or thing is claimed adversely by two or more parties, to compel them to litigate the right or title between themselves, and thereby to relieve himself from the suits which they might otherwise bring against him.

In`ter*pledge" (?), v. t. To pledge mutually. [R.]

In`ter*point" (?), v. t. To point; to mark with stops or pauses; to punctuate. [R.]

> Her sighs should interpoint her words.

Daniel.

In*ter"po*la*ble (?), a. That may be interpolated; suitable to be interpolated.

> A most interpolable clause of one sentence.

De Morgan.

In*ter"po*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interpolated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Interpolating.] [L. interpolatus, p. p. of interpolare to form anew, to interpolate, fr. interpolus, interpolis, falsified, vamped up, polished up; inter between + polire to polish. See Polish, v. t.]

1. To renew; to carry on with intermission. [Obs.]

> Motion . . . partly continued and unintermitted, . . . partly interpolated and interrupted.

Sir M. Hale.

2. To alter or corrupt by the insertion of new or foreign matter; especially, to change, as a book or text, by the insertion of matter that is new, or foreign to the purpose of the author.

> How strangely Ignatius is mangled and interpolated, you may see by the vast difference of all copies and editions.

Bp. Barlow.

> The Athenians were put in possession of Salamis by another law, which was cited by Solon, or, as some think, interpolated by him for that purpose.

Pope.

3. (Math.) To fill up intermediate terms of, as of a series, according to the law of the series; to introduce, as a number or quantity, in a partial series, according to the law of that part of the series.

In*ter"po*la`ted (?), a. 1. Inserted in, or added to, the original; introduced; foisted in; changed by the insertion of new or spurious matter.

2. (Math.) (a) Provided with necessary interpolations; as, an interpolated table. (b) Introduced or determined by interpolation; as, interpolated quantities or numbers.

In*ter`po*la"tion (?), n. [L. interpolatio an alteration made here and there: cf. F. interpolation.] 1. The act of introducing or inserting anything, especially that which is spurious or foreign.

2. That which is introduced or inserted, especially something foreign or spurious.

> Bentley wrote a letter . . . . upon the scriptural glosses in our present copies of Hesychius, which he considered interpolations from a later hand.

De Quincey.

3. (Math.) The method or operation of finding from a few given terms of a series, as of numbers or observations, other intermediate terms in conformity with the law of the series.

In*ter"po*la`tor (?), n. [L., a corrupter: of. F. interpolateur.] One who interpolates; esp., one who inserts foreign or spurious matter in genuine writings.

In`ter*pone" (?), v. t. [L. interponere; inter between + ponere to place. See Position.] To interpose; to insert or place between. [R.] Cudworth.

In`ter*po"nent (?), n. One who, or that which, interposes; an interloper, an opponent. [R.] Heywood.

In`ter*pos"al (?), n. [From Interpose.] The act of interposing; interposition; intervention.

In`ter*pose" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interposed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Interposing.] [F. interposer. See Inter-, and Pose, v. t.]

1. To place between; as, to interpose a screen between the eye and the light.

> Mountains interposed
> Make enemies of nations.

Cowper.

2. To thrust; to intrude; to put between, either for aid or for troubling.

> What watchful cares do interpose themselves
> Betwixt your eyes and night?

Shak.

> The common Father of mankind seasonably interposed his hand, and rescues miserable man.

Woodward.

3. To introduce or inject between the parts of a conversation or argument. Milton.

In`ter*pose", v. i. 1. To be or come between.

> Long hid by interposing hill or wood.

Cowper.

2. To step in between parties at variance; to mediate; as, the prince interposed and made peace. Pope.

3. To utter a sentiment by way of interruption. Boyle.

Syn. -- To intervene; intercede; mediate; interfere; intermeddle. -- To Interpose, Intermeddle, Interfere. A man may often interpose with propriety in the concerns of others; he can never intermeddle without being impertinent or officious; nor can be interfere without being liable to the same charge, unless he has rights which are interfered with. "In our practical use, interference is something offensive. It is the pushing in of himself between two parties on the part of a third who was not asked, and is not thanked for his pains, and who, as the feeling of the word implies, had no business there; while interposition is employed to express the friendly, peacemaking mediation of one whom the act well became, and who, even if he was not specially invited thereunto, is still thanked for what he has done." Trench.

In"ter*pose (?), n. Interposition. [Obs.]

In`ter*pos"er (?), n. One who, or that which, interposes or intervenes; an obstacle or interruption; a mediator or agent between parties. Shak.

In`ter*pos"it (?), n. [From L. interpositus, p. p. of interponere. See Interposition.] An intermediate depot or station between one commercial city or country and another. Mitford.

In`ter*po*si"tion (?; 277), n. [L. interpositio a putting between, insertion, fr. interponere, interpositum: cf. F. interposition. See Interpone, Position.]

1. The act of interposing, or the state of being interposed; a being, placing, or coming between; mediation.

2. The thing interposed.

In`ter*po"sure (?), n. Interposition. [Obs.]

In*ter"pret (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interpreted; p. pr. & vb. n. Interpreting.] [F. interprêter, L. interpretari, p. p. interpretatus, fr. interpres interpeter, agent, negotiator; inter between + (prob.) the root of pretium price. See Price.]

1. To explain or tell the meaning of; to expound; to translate orally into intelligible or familiar language or terms; to decipher; to define; -- applied esp. to language, but also to dreams, signs, conduct, mysteries, etc.; as, to interpret the Hebrew language to an Englishman; to interpret an Indian speech.

> Emmanuel, which being interpreted is, God with us.

Matt. i. 23.

> And Pharaoh told them his dreams; but there was none that could interpret them unto Pharaoh.

Gen. xli. 8.

2. To apprehend and represent by means of art; to show by illustrative representation; as, an actor interprets the character of Hamlet; a musician interprets a sonata; an artist interprets a landscape.

Syn. -- To translate; explain; solve; render; expound; elucidate; decipher; unfold; unravel.

In*ter"pret, v. i. To act as an interpreter. Shak.

In*ter"pret*a*ble (?), a. [L. interpretabilis: cf. F. interprêtable.] Admitting of interpretation; capable of being interpreted or explained.

In*ter"pre*ta*ment (?), n. [L. interpretamentum.] Interpretation. [Obs.] Milton.

<! p. 780 !>

In*ter`pre*ta"tion (n*tr`pr*t"shn), n. [L. interpretatio: cf. F. interprétation.]

1. The act of interpreting; explanation of what is obscure; translation; version; construction; as, the interpretation of a foreign language, of a dream, or of an enigma.

> Look how we can, or sad or merrily,
> Interpretation will misquote our looks.

Shak.

2. The sense given by an interpreter; exposition or explanation given; meaning; as, commentators give various interpretations of the same passage of Scripture.

3. The power or explaining. [R.] Bacon.

4. (Fine Arts) An artist's way of expressing his thought or embodying his conception of nature.

5. (Math.) The act or process of applying general principles or formulæ to the explanation of the results obtained in special cases.

Syn. -- Explanation; solution; translation; version; sense; exposition; rendering; definition.

In*ter"pre*ta*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. interprétatif.]

1. Designed or fitted to interpret; explanatory. "Interpretative lexicography." Johnson.

2. According to interpretation; constructive.

> An interpretative siding with heresies.

Hammond.

In*ter"pre*ta*tive*ly, adv. By interpretation. Ray.

In*ter"pret*er (?), n. [Cf. OF. entrepreteur, L. interpretator.] One who or that which interprets, explains, or expounds; a translator; especially, a person who translates orally between two parties.

> We think most men's actions to be the interpreters of their thoughts.

Locke.

In*ter"pre*tive (?), a. Interpretative. [R.]

In`ter*pu"bic (?), a. (Anat.) Between the pubic bones or cartilages; as, the interpubic disk.

In`ter*punc"tion (?), n. [L. interpunctio, fr. interpungere, interppunctum, to interpoint. See Inter-, and Point.] The insertion of points between words or sentences; punctuation.

In`ter*ra"di*al (?), a. Between the radii, or rays; -- in zoölogy, said of certain parts of radiate animals; as, the interradial plates of a starfish.

In`ter*ra"mal (?), a. [Pref. inter- + L. ramus a branch.] (Anat.) Between rami or branches; esp., between the mandibles, or rami of the lower jaw; intermandibular.

In`ter*re*ceive" (?), v. t. To receive between or within.

In`ter*re"gen*cy (?), n. An interregnum. [Obs.] Blount.

In`ter*re"gent (?), n. A person who discharges the royal functions during an interregnum. Holland.

In`ter*reg"num (?), n.; pl. Interregnums (#). [L., fr. inter between + regnum dominion, reign. See Reign, and cf. Interreign.]

1. The time during which a throne is vacant between the death or abdication of a sovereign and the accession of his successor.

2. Any period during which, for any cause, the executive branch of a government is suspended or interrupted.

In"ter*reign` (?), n. [Cf. F. interrègne.] An interregnum. [Obs.] Bacon.

In`ter*re*lat"ed (?), a. Having a mutual or reciprocal relation or parallelism; correlative.

In`ter*re*la"tion (?), n. Mutual or reciprocal relation; correlation.

In`ter*re"nal (?), a. (Anat.) Between the kidneys; as, the interrenal body, an organ found in many fishes. -- n. The interrenal body.

In`ter*re*pel"lent (?), a. Mutually repellent. De Quincey.

In*ter"rer (?), n. One who inters.

In"ter*rex` (?), n.; pl. E. Interrexes (#), L. Interreges (#). [L., fr. inter between + rex king.] An interregent, or a regent.

In*ter"ro*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interrogating (?).] [L. interrogatus, p. p. of interrogare to ask; inter between + rogare to ask. See Rogation.] To question formally; to question; to examine by asking questions; as, to interrogate a witness.

> Wilt thou, uncalled, interrogate,
> Talker! the unreplying Fate?

Emerson.

Syn. -- To question; ask. See Question.

In*ter"ro*gate, v. i. To ask questions. Bacon.

In*ter"ro*gate (?), n. An interrogation; a question. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In*ter`ro*ga*tee" (?), n. One who is interrogated.

In*ter`ro*ga"tion (?), n. [L. interrogatio: cf. F. interrogation.]

1. The act of interrogating or questioning; examination by questions; inquiry.

2. A question put; an inquiry.

3. A point, mark, or sign, thus [?], indicating that the sentence with which it is connected is a question. It is used to express doubt, or to mark a query. Called also interrogation point.

In works printed in the Spanish language this mark is not only placed at the end of an interrogative sentence, but is also placed, inverted [as thus ()], at the beginning.

In`ter*rog"a*tive (&?;), a. [L. interrogativus: cf. F. interrogatif.] Denoting a question; expressed in the form of a question; as, an interrogative sentence; an interrogative pronoun.

In`ter*rog"a*tive, n. (Gram.) A word used in asking questions; as, who? which? why?

In`ter*rog"a*tive*ly, adv. In the form of, or by means of, a question; in an interrogative manner.

In*ter"ro*ga`tor (?), n. [L.: cf. F. interrogateur.] One who asks questions; a questioner.

In`ter*rog"a*to*ry (?), n.; pl. Interrogatories (#). [Cf. F. interrogatoire.] A formal question or inquiry; esp. (Law), a question asked in writing. Macaulay.

In`ter*rog"a*to*ry (?), a. [L. interrogatorius.] Containing, expressing, or implying a question; as, an interrogatory sentence.

In`ter*rupt" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interrupted; p. pr. & vb. n. Interrupting.] [L. interruptus, p. p. of interrumpere to interrupt; inter between + rumpere to break. See Rupture.]

1. To break into, or between; to stop, or hinder by breaking in upon the course or progress of; to interfere with the current or motion of; to cause a temporary cessation of; as, to interrupt the remarks of anyone speaking.

> Do not interrupt me in my course.

Shak.

2. To divide; to separate; to break the monotony of; as, the evenness of the road was not interrupted by a single hill.

In`ter*rupt", p. a. [L. interruptus, p. p.] Broken; interrupted. [Obs.] Milton.

In`ter*rupt"ed, a. 1. Broken; intermitted; suddenly stopped.

2. (Bot.) Irregular; -- said of any arrangement whose symmetry is destroyed by local causes, as when leaflets are interposed among the leaves in a pinnate leaf.

In`ter*rupt"ed*ly, adv. With breaks or interruptions; discontinuously.

Interruptedly pinnate (Bot.), pinnate with small leaflets intermixed with large ones. Gray.

In`ter*rupt"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, interrupts.

2. (Elec.) A device for opening and closing an electrical circuit; a vibrating spring or tuning fork, arranged to make and break a circuit at rapidly recurring intervals, by the action of the current itself.

In`ter*rup"tion (?), n. [L. interruptio: cf. F. interruption.]

1. The act of interrupting, or breaking in upon.

2. The state of being interrupted; a breach or break, caused by the abrupt intervention of something foreign; intervention; interposition. Sir M. Hale.

> Lest the interruption of time cause you to lose the idea of one part.

Dryden.

3. Obstruction caused by breaking in upon course, current, progress, or motion; stop; hindrance; as, the author has met with many interruptions in the execution of his work; the speaker or the argument proceeds without interruption.

4. Temporary cessation; intermission; suspension.

In`ter*rupt"ive (?), a. Tending to interrupt; interrupting. "Interruptive forces." H. Bushnell. -- In`ter*rupt"ive*ly, adv.

In`ter*scap"u*lar (?), a. 1. (Anat.) Between the scapulæ or shoulder blades.

2. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to the upper back, or the part between the shoulders; as, the interscapular feathers.

In`ter*scap"u*lars (?), n. pl. (Zoöl.) The interscapular feathers of a bird.

In`ter*scend"ent (?), a. [See Inter- , and Ascend.] (Math.) Having exponents which are radical quantities; -- said of certain powers; as, x√2, or x√a.

Interscendent series, a series whose terms are interscendent quantities. Hutton.

In`ter*scind" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interscinded; p. pr. & vb. n. Interscinding.] [L. interscindere; inter between + scindere to cut.] To cut off. [R.]

In`ter*scribe" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interscribed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Interscribing.] [L. interscribere; inter between + scribere to write.] To write between. [R.]

In`ter*se"cant (?), a. [L. intersecans, p. pr. of intersecare. See Intersect.] Dividing into parts; crossing; intersecting.

In`ter*sect" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intersected; p. pr. & vb. n. Intersecting.] [L. intersectus, p. p. of intersecare to intersect; inter + secare to cut. See Section.] To cut into or between; to cut or cross mutually; to divide into parts; as, any two diameters of a circle intersect each other at the center.

> Lands intersected by a narrow frith
> Abhor each other.

Cowper.

In`ter*sect" (?), v. i. To cut into one another; to meet and cross each other; as, the point where two lines intersect.

In`ter*sec"tion (?), n. [L. intersectio: cf. F. intersection.]

1. The act, state, or place of intersecting.

2. (Geom.) The point or line in which one line or surface cuts another.

In`ter*sec"tion*al (?), a. Pertaining to, or formed by, intersections.

In`ter*sem"i*nate (?), v. t. [L. interseminatus, p. p. of interseminare. See Inter- , and Seminate.] To sow between or among. [R.]

In`ter*sep"tal (?), a. (Biol.) Between septa; as, the interseptal spaces or zones, between the transparent, or septal, zones in striated muscle; the interseptal chambers of a shell, or of a seed vessel.

In`ter*sert" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interserted; p. pr. & vb. n. Interserting.] [L. intersertus, p. p. of interserere to intersert; inter between + serere to join, weave.] To put in between other things; to insert. [Obs.] Brerewood.

In`ter*sert"tion (?), n. The act of interserting, or that which is interserted. [Obs.] Hammond.

In`ter*ses"a*moid (?), a. (Anat.) Between sesamoid bones; as, intersesamoid ligaments.

In`ter*set" (?), v. t. To set between or among. [R.]

In`ter*shock (?), v. t. To shock mutually. [R.]

In`ter*si*de"re*al (?), a. Between or among constellations or stars; interstellar.

In`ter*so"cial (?), a. Pertaining to the mutual intercourse or relations of persons in society; social.

In`ter*som"ni*ous (?), a. [Pref. inter- + L. somnus sleep.] Between the times of sleeping; in an interval of wakefulness. [R.]

In"ter*space` (?), n. [L. interspatium. See Inter-, and Space.] Intervening space. Bp. Hacket.

In"ter*speech` (?), n. A speech interposed between others. [R.] Blount.

In`ter*sperse" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Interspersed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Interspersing.] [L. interspersus interspersed; inter between, among + spargere to scatter. See Sparse.]

1. To scatter or set here and there among other things; to insert at intervals; as, to intersperse pictures in a book.

> There, interspersed in lawns and op'ning glades,
> Thin trees arise that shun each other's shades.

Pope.

2. To diversify or adorn with things set or scattered at intervals; to place something at intervals in or among; as, to intersperse a book with pictures.

> Which space is interspersed with small islands and rock.

Cook.

In`ter*sper"sion (?), n. The act of interspersing, or the state of being interspersed.

{ In`ter*spi"nal (?), In`ter*spi"nous (?), } a. (Anat.) Between spines; esp., between the spinous processes of the vertebral column.

In`ter*spi*ra"tion (?), n. [L. interspiratio. See Inter-, and Spirit.] Spiritual inspiration at separate times, or at intervals. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

In`ter*sta*pe"di*al (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to a part of the columella of the ear, between the stapes and the mediostapedial. -- n. The interstapedial part of the columella.

In"ter*state` (?), a. Pertaining to the mutual relations of States; existing between, or including, different States; as, interstate commerce. Story.

In`ter*stel"lar (?), a. Between or among the stars; as, interstellar space. Bacon.

In`ter*stel"la*ry (?), a. Interstellar.

In`ter*ster"nal (?), a. (Zoöl.) Between the sternal; -- said of certain membranes or parts of insects and crustaceans.

In*ter"stice (?; 277), n.; pl. Interstices (#). [L. interstitium a pause, interval; inter between + sistere to set, fr. stare to stand: cf. F. interstice. See Stand.]

1. That which intervenes between one thing and another; especially, a space between things closely set, or between the parts which compose a body; a narrow chink; a crack; a crevice; a hole; an interval; as, the interstices of a wall.

2. An interval of time; specifically (R. C. Ch.), in the plural, the intervals which the canon law requires between the reception of the various degrees of orders.

> Nonobservance of the interstices . . . is a sin.

Addis & Arnold.

In*ter"sticed (?), a. Provided with interstices; having interstices between; situated at intervals.

In`ter*stinc"tive (?), a. [L. interstinctus, p. p. of interstinguere to separate; inter + stinguere to extinguish.] Distinguishing. [Obs.] Wallis.

In`ter*sti"tial (?), a. Of or pertaining to interstices; intermediate; within the tissues; as, interstitial cavities or spaces in the tissues of animals or plants.

In`ter*sti"tion (?), n. An intervening period of time; interval. [Obs.] Gower.

In`ter*strat`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. (Geol.) Stratification among or between other layers or strata; also, that which is interstratified.

In`ter*strat"i*fied (?), a. (Geol.) Stratified among or between other bodies; as, interstratified rocks.

In`ter*strat"i*fy (?), v. t. (Geol.) To put or insert between other strata.

In`ter*talk" (?), v. i. To converse. [Obs.] Carew.

In`ter*tan"gle (?), v. t. To entangle; to intertwine. "Moss and intertangled vines." Longfellow.

In`ter*tar"sal (?), a. (Anat.) Between the tarsal bones; as, the intertarsal articulations.

In`ter*tex" (?), v. t. [L. intertexere; inter between + texere to weave.] To intertwine; to weave or bind together. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

In`ter*tex"ture (?; 135), n. The act of interweaving, or the state of being interwoven; that which is interwoven. "Knit in nice intertexture." Coleridge.

> Skirted thick with intertexture firm
> Of thorny boughs.

Cowper.

In`ter*tho*rac"ic (?), a. In the thorax.

In"ter*tie` (?), n. (Arch.) In any framed work, a horizontal tie other than sill and plate or other principal ties, securing uprights to one another.

In`ter*tis"sued (?), a. Interwoven. [R.] Shak.

In`ter*traf"fic (?), n. Mutual trade of traffic.

In`ter*tran*spic"u*ous (?), a. Transpicuous within or between. [R.] Shelley.

In`ter*trans*verse" (?), a. Between the transverse processes of the vertebræ.

||In`ter*tri"go (?), n. [L., fr. inter between + terere, tritum, to rub.] (Med.) A rubbing or chafing of the skin; especially, an abrasion or excoriation of the skin between folds, as in fat or neglected children.

In`ter*tro`chan*ter"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Between the trochanters of the femur.

In`ter*trop"ic*al (?), a. Situated between or within the tropics. J. Morse.

In`ter*tu"bu*lar (?), a. Between tubes or tubules; as, intertubular cells; intertubular substance.

In`ter*twine" (?), v. t. To unite by twining one with another; to entangle; to interlace. Milton.

In`ter*twine", v. i. To be twined or twisted together; to become mutually involved or enfolded.

In`ter*twine" (?), n. The act of intertwining, or the state of being intertwined. Coleridge.

In`ter*twin"ing*ly (?), adv. By intertwining or being intertwined.

In`ter*twist" (?), v. t. To twist together one with another; to intertwine.

In`ter*twist"ing*ly, adv. By intertwisting, or being intertwisted.

{ In`ter*un"gu*lar (?), In`ter*un"gu*late (?), } a. (Anat.) Between ungulæ; as, interungular glands.

<! p. 781 !>

In"ter*val (?), n. [L. intervallum; inter between + vallum a wall: cf. F. intervalle. See Wall.]

1. A space between things; a void space intervening between any two objects; as, an interval between two houses or hills.

> 'Twixt host and host but narrow space was left,
> A dreadful interval.

Milton.

2. Space of time between any two points or events; as, the interval between the death of Charles I. of England, and the accession of Charles II.

3. A brief space of time between the recurrence of similar conditions or states; as, the interval between paroxysms of pain; intervals of sanity or delirium.

4. (Mus.) Difference in pitch between any two tones.

At intervals, coming or happening with intervals between; now and then. "And Miriam watch'd and dozed at intervals." Tennyson. -- Augmented interval (Mus.), an interval increased by half a step or half a tone.

{ In"ter*val (?), In"ter*vale (?), } n. A tract of low ground between hills, or along the banks of a stream, usually alluvial land, enriched by the overflowings of the river, or by fertilizing deposits of earth from the adjacent hills. Cf. Bottom, n., 7. [Local, U. S.]

> The woody intervale just beyond the marshy land.

The Century.

||In`ter*val"lum (?), n.; pl. Intervallums (#), L. Intervalla (#). [L.] An interval. [R.]

> And a' shall laugh without intervallums.

Shak.

> In one of these intervalla.

Chillingworth.

In`ter*va"ry (?), v. i. To alter or vary between; to change. [Obs.] Rush.

In`ter*veined" (?), a. Intersected, as with veins.

In`ter*vene" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Intervened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Intervening.] [L. intervenire, interventum, to intervene, to hinder; inter between + venire to come; akin to E. come: cf. F. intervenir. See Come.]

1. To come between, or to be between, persons or things; -- followed by between; as, the Mediterranean intervenes between Europe and Africa.

2. To occur, fall, or come between, points of time, or events; as, an instant intervened between the flash and the report; nothing intervened ( i. e., between the intention and the execution) to prevent the undertaking.

3. To interpose; as, to intervene to settle a quarrel.

4. In a suit to which one has not been made a party, to put forward a defense of one's interest in the subject matter. Abbott.

In`ter*vene", v. t. To come between. [R.]

> Self-sown woodlands of birch, alder, etc., intervening the different estates.

De Quincey.

In`ter*vene" (?), n. A coming between; intervention; meeting. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

In`ter*ven"er (?), n. One who intervenes; especially (Law), a person who assumes a part in a suit between others.

{ In`ter*ven"ience (?), In`ter*ven"ien*cy (?), } n. Intervention; interposition. [R.]

In`ter*ven"ient (?), a. [L. interveniens, p. pr. of intervenire.] Being or coming between; intercedent; interposed. [Obs.] Bacon.

In`ter*vent" (?), v. t. [See Intervene.] To thwart; to obstruct. [Obs.] Chapman.

In`ter*ven"tion (?), n. [L. interventio an interposition: cf. F. intervention.]

1. The act of intervening; interposition.

> Sound is shut out by the intervention of that lax membrane.

Holder.

2. Any interference that may affect the interests of others; especially, of one or more states with the affairs of another; mediation.

> Let us decide our quarrels at home, without the intervention, of any foreign power.

Sir W. Temple.

3. (Civil Law) The act by which a third person, to protect his own interest, interposes and becomes a party to a suit pending between other parties.

In`ter*ven"tor (?), n. [L.: cf. F. interventeur.] One who intervenes; a mediator; especially (Eccles. Hist.), a person designated by a church to reconcile parties, and unite them in the choice of officers. Coleman.

In`ter*ven*tric"u*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Between the ventricles; as, the interventricular partition of the heart.

In`ter*ven"ue (?), n. [See Intervene, Avenue.] Interposition. [Obs.] Sir H. Blount.

In`ter*vert" (?), v. t. [L. intervertere; inter between + vertere to turn.] To turn to another course or use. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

In`ter*ver"te*bral (?), a. (Anat.) Between vertebræ. -- In`ter*ver"te*bral*ly, adv.

In"ter*view (?), n. [F. entrevue, fr. entrevoir to see imperfectly, to have a glimpse of, s'entrevoir to visit each other. See Inter- , and View.]

1. A mutual sight or view; a meeting face to face; usually, a formal or official meeting for consultation; a conference; as, the secretary had an interview with the President.

2. A conversation, or questioning, for the purpose of eliciting information for publication; the published statement so elicited.

A recent use, originating in American newspapers, but apparently becoming general.

In"ter*view, v. t. To have an interview with; to question or converse with, especially for the purpose of obtaining information for publication. [Recent]

In"ter*view`er (?), n. One who interviews; especially, one who obtains an interview with another for the purpose of eliciting his opinions or obtaining information for publication.

> It would have made him the prince of interviewers in these days.

Leslie Stephen.

In"ter*view`ing, n. The act or custom of holding an interview or interviews.

> An article on interviewing in the "Nation" of January 28, 1869, . . . was the first formal notice of the practice under that name.

The American.

In`ter*vis"i*ble (?), a. (Surv.) Mutually visible, or in sight, the one from the other, as stations.

In`ter*vis"it (?), v. i. To exchange visits. [R.] Evelyn.

In`ter*vi"tal (?), a. Between two lives. [R.]

> Through all its [the spirit's] intervital gloom.

Tennyson.

In`ter*vo*lu"tion (?), n. The state of being intervolved or coiled up; a convolution; as, the intervolutions of a snake. Hawthorne.

In`ter*volve" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intervolved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Intervolving.] [Pref. inter- + L. volvere, volutum, to roll.] To involve one within another; to twist or coil together. Milton.

In`ter*weave" (?), v. t. [imp. & obs. p. p. Interwove (?); p. p. Interwoven (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Interweaving.]

1. To weave together; to intermix or unite in texture or construction; to intertwine; as, threads of silk and cotton interwoven.

> Under the hospitable covert nigh
> Of trees thick interwoven.

Milton.

2. To intermingle; to unite intimately; to connect closely; as, to interweave truth with falsehood. Dryden.

> Words interwove with sighs found out their way.

Milton.

In`ter*wish" (?), v. t. To wish mutually in regarded to each other. [Obs.] Donne.

In`ter*work"ing (?), n. The act of working in together; interweaving. Milton.

In`ter*world" (?), n. A world between other worlds. Holland.

{ In`ter*wove" (?), In`ter*wov"en (?), } imp. & p. p. of Interweave.

In`ter*wreathe" (?), v. t. To weave into a wreath; to intertwine. [R.] Lovelace.

In*tes"ta*ble (?), a. [L. intestabilis: cf. F. intestable. See In- not, and Testable.] (Law) Not capable of making a will; not legally qualified or competent to make a testament. Blackstone.

In*tes"ta*cy (?), n. [From Intestate.] The state of being intestate, or of dying without having made a valid will. Blackstone.

In*tes"tate (?), a. [L. intestatus; pref. in- not + testatus, p. p. of testari to make a will: cf. F. intestat. See Testament.]

1. Without having made a valid will; without a will; as, to die intestate. Blackstone.

> Airy succeeders of intestate joys.

Shak.

2. Not devised or bequeathed; not disposed of by will; as, an intestate estate.

In*tes"tate, n. (Law) A person who dies without making a valid will. Blackstone.

In*tes"ti*nal (?), a. [Cf. F. intestinal.] Of or pertaining to the intestines of an animal; as, the intestinal tube; intestinal digestion; intestinal ferments.

Intestinal canal. Same as Intestine, n. -- Intestinal worm (Zoöl.), any species of helminth living in the intestinal canal of any animal. The species are numerous.

In*tes"tine (?), a. [L. intestinus, fr. intus on the inside, within, fr. in in: cf. F. intestine. See In.]

1. Internal; inward; -- opposed to external.

> Epilepsies, fierce catarrhs,
> Intestine stone and ulcers.

Milton.

2. Internal with regard to a state or country; domestic; not foreign; -- applied usually to that which is evil; as, intestine disorders, calamities, etc.

> Hoping here to end
> Intestine war in heaven, the arch foe subdued.

Milton.

> An intestine struggle . . . between authority and liberty.

Hume.

3. Depending upon the internal constitution of a body or entity; subjective.

> Everything labors under an intestine necessity.

Cudworth.

4. Shut up; inclosed. [R.] Cowper.

In*tes"tine, n.; pl. Intestines (#). [L. intestinum: cf. F. intestin. See Intestine, a.]

1. (Anat.) That part of the alimentary canal between the stomach and the anus. See Illust. of Digestive apparatus.

2. pl. The bowels; entrails; viscera.

Large intestine (Human Anat. & Med.), the lower portion of the bowel, terminating at the anus. It is adapted for the retention of fecal matter, being shorter, broader, and less convoluted than the small intestine; it consists of three parts, the cæcum, colon, and rectum. -- Small intestine (Human Anat. & Med.), the upper portion of the bowel, in which the process of digestion is practically completed. It is narrow and contorted, and consists of three parts, the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

In"text (?), n. The text of a book. [R.] Herrick.

In*tex"tine (?), n. [Infine + extine.] (Bot.) A thin membrane existing in the pollen grains of some plants, and situated between the extine and the intine, as in Œnothera.

In*tex"tured (?; 135), a. Inwrought; woven in.

In*thirst" (?), v. t. To make thirsty. [Obs.]

In*thrall" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inthralled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inthralling.] [Cf. Enthrall.] [Written also inthral, enthral, and enthrall.] To reduce to bondage or servitude; to make a thrall, slave, vassal, or captive of; to enslave.

> She soothes, but never can inthrall my mind.

Prior.

In*thrall"ment (?), n. [Written also inthralment, enthrallment.] Act of inthralling, or state of being inthralled; servitude; bondage; vassalage.

In*throne" (?), v. t. Same as Enthrone.

In*throng" (?; 115), v. i. To throng or collect together. [R.] Fairfax.

In*thron`i*za"tion (?), n. [LL. inthronizatio.] Enthronement. Bp. Warburton.

In*thron"ize (?), v. t. [LL. inthronisare, Gr. &?;. See Enthrone.] To enthrone.

In*tice" (?), v. t. See Entice.

In"ti*ma*cy (?), n.; pl. Intimacies (#). [From Intimate.] The state of being intimate; close familiarity or association; nearness in friendship.

Syn. -- Acquaintance; familiarity; fellowship; friendship. See Acquaintance.

In"ti*mate (?), a. [Formerly intime, L. intimus, a superl. corresponding to the compar. interior: cf. F. intime. The form intimate is due to confusion with intimate, v. t. See Interior.]

1. Innermost; inward; internal; deep-seated; hearty. "I knew from intimate impulse." Milton.

2. Near; close; direct; thorough; complete.

> He was honored with an intimate and immediate admission.

South.

3. Close in friendship or acquaintance; familiar; confidential; as, an intimate friend.

Syn. -- Familiar; near; friendly; confidential.

In"ti*mate, n. An intimate friend or associate; a confidant. Gov. of the Tongue.

In"ti*mate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intimated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Intimating.] [L. intimatus, p. p. of intimare to put, bring, drive, or press into, to announce, make known, from intimus the inmost. See Intimate, a.]

1. To announce; to declare; to publish; to communicate; to make known. [Obs.]

> He, incontinent, did proclaim and intimate open war.

E. Hall.

> So both conspiring 'gan to intimate
> Each other's grief.

Spenser.

2. To suggest obscurely or indirectly; to refer to remotely; to give slight notice of; to hint; as, he intimated his intention of resigning his office.

> The names of simple ideas and substances, with the abstract ideas in the mind, intimate some real existence, from which was derived their original pattern.

Locke.

In"ti*mate*ly (?), adv. In an intimate manner.

In`ti*ma"tion (?), n. [L. intimatio: cf. F. intimation.]

1. The act of intimating; also, the thing intimated.

2. Announcement; declaration. Macaulay.

> They made an edict with an intimation that whosoever killed a stork, should be banished.

Holland.

3. A hint; an obscure or indirect suggestion or notice; a remote or ambiguous reference; as, he had given only intimations of his design.

> Without mentioning the king of England, or giving the least intimation that he was sent by him.

Bp. Burnet.

In"time (?), a. [See Intimate, a.] Inward; internal; intimate. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby.

In*tim"i*date (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intimidated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Intimidating (?).] [LL. intimidatus, p. p. of intimidare to frighten; pref. in- in + timidus fearful, timid: cf. F. intimider. See Timid.] To make timid or fearful; to inspire of affect with fear; to deter, as by threats; to dishearten; to abash.

> Now guilt, once harbored in the conscious breast,
> Intimidates the brave, degrades the great.

Johnson.

Syn. -- To dishearten; dispirit; abash; deter; frighten; terrify; daunt; cow.

In*tim`i*da"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. intimidation.] The act of making timid or fearful or of deterring by threats; the state of being intimidated; as, the voters were kept from the polls by intimidation.

> The king carried his measures in Parliament by intimidation.

Paley.

In*tim"i*da*to*ry (?), a. Tending or serving to intimidate.

In*tinc"tion (?), n. [L. intinctio, fr. intingere to dip in; pref. in- in + tingere to tinge.]

1. The act of tingeing or dyeing. Blount.

2. (Eccl.) A method or practice of the administration of the sacrament by dipping the bread or wafer in the wine and administering both together.

In`tinc*tiv"i*ty (?), n. [Pref. in- not + L. tinctus, p. p. of tingere to tinge] The want of the quality of coloring or tingeing other bodies. Kirwan.

In"tine (?), n. [L. intus within. Cf. Extine.] (Bot.) A transparent, extensible membrane of extreme tenuity, which forms the innermost coating of grains of pollen.

In*tire" (?), a., In*tire"ly, adv. See Entire, a., Entirely, adv.

In*ti"tle (?), v. t. See Entitle.

In*tit"ule (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intituled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Intituling.] [Cf. F. intituler. See Entitle.] To entitle; to give a title to. Selden.

In"to (?), prep. [In + to.] To the inside of; within. It is used in a variety of applications.

1. Expressing entrance, or a passing from the outside of a thing to its interior parts; -- following verbs expressing motion; as, come into the house; go into the church; one stream falls or runs into another; water enters into the fine vessels of plants.

2. Expressing penetration beyond the outside or surface, or access to the inside, or contents; as, to look into a letter or book; to look into an apartment.

3. Indicating insertion; as, to infuse more spirit or animation into a composition.

4. Denoting inclusion; as, put these ideas into other words.

5. Indicating the passing of a thing from one form, condition, or state to another; as, compound substances may be resolved into others which are more simple; ice is convertible into water, and water into vapor; men are more easily drawn than forced into compliance; we may reduce many distinct substances into one mass; men are led by evidence into belief of truth, and are often enticed into the commission of crimes; she burst into tears; children are sometimes frightened into fits; all persons are liable to be seduced into error and folly.

Compare In.

In*tol`er*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being intolerable; intolerableness. [R.]

In*tol"er*a*ble (?), a. [F. intolérable, L. intolerabilis. See In- not, and Tolerable.]

1. Not tolerable; not capable of being borne or endured; not proper or right to be allowed; insufferable; insupportable; unbearable; as, intolerable pain; intolerable heat or cold; an intolerable burden.

<! p. 782 !>

> His insolence is more intolerable
> Than all the princes in the land beside.

Shak.

4. Enormous.

> This intolerable deal of sack.

Shak.

-- In*tol"er*a*ble*ness, n. -- In*tol"er*a*bly, adv.

In*tol"er*ance (n*tl"r*ans), n. [L. intolerantia impatience, unendurableness: cf. F. intolérance.]

1. Want of capacity to endure; as, intolerance of light.

2. The quality of being intolerant; refusal to allow to others the enjoyment of their opinions, chosen modes of worship, and the like; want of patience and forbearance; illiberality; bigotry; as, intolerance shown toward a religious sect.

> These few restrictions, I hope, are no great stretches of intolerance, no very violent exertions of despotism.

Burke.

In*tol"er*an*cy (?), n. Intolerance. Bailey.

In*tol"er*ant (?), a. [L. intolerans, -antis: cf. F. intolérant. See In- not, and Tolerant.]

1. Not enduring; not able to endure.

> The powers of human bodies being limited and intolerant of excesses.

Arbuthnot.

2. Not tolerating difference of opinion or sentiment, especially in religious matters; refusing to allow others the enjoyment of their opinions, rights, or worship; unjustly impatient of the opinion of those disagree with us; not tolerant; unforbearing; bigoted.

> Religion, harsh, intolerant, austere,
> Parent of manners like herself severe.

Cowper.

In*tol"er*ant, n. An intolerant person; a bigot.

In*tol"er*ant*ly, adv. In an intolerant manner.

In*tol"er*a`ted (?), a. Not tolerated.

In*tol"er*a`ting (?), a. Intolerant. [R.]

In*tol`er*a"tion (?), n. Intolerance; want of toleration; refusal to tolerate a difference of opinion.

In*tomb" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intombed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Intombing.] To place in a tomb; to bury; to entomb. See Entomb.

In*tomb"ment (?), n. See Entombment.

In"to*nate (?), v. i. [L. intonatus, p. p. of intonare to thunder, resound.] To thunder. [Obs.] Bailey.

In"to*nate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Intonated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Intonating (?).] [See Intone.]

1. (Mus.) To sound the tones of the musical scale; to practice the sol-fa.

2. To modulate the voice in a musical, sonorous, and measured manner, as in reading the liturgy; to intone.

In"to*nate, v. t. To utter in a musical or sonorous manner; to chant; as, to intonate the liturgy.

In`to*na"tion (?), n. [See 1st Intonate.] A thundering; thunder. [Obs.] Bailey.

In`to*na"tion, n. [Cf. F. intonation. See Intone.] (Mus.) (a) The act of sounding the tones of the musical scale. (b) Singing or playing in good tune or otherwise; as, her intonation was false. (c) Reciting in a musical prolonged tone; intonating, or singing of the opening phrase of a plain-chant, psalm, or canticle by a single voice, as of a priest. See Intone, v. t.

In*tone" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intoned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Intoning.] [LL. intonare, intonatum; pref. in- in + L. tonus tone. See Tone and cf. Entune, Intonate.] To utter with a musical or prolonged note or tone; to chant; as, to intone the church service.

In*tone", v. i. To utter a prolonged tone or a deep, protracted sound; to speak or recite in a measured, sonorous manner; to intonate. Pope.

In*tor"sion (?), n. [L. intortio a curling, crisping: cf. F. intorsion. See Intort, and cf. Intortion.]

1. A winding, bending, or twisting.

2. (Bot.) The bending or twining of any part of a plant toward one side or the other, or in any direction from the vertical.

In*tort" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intorted; p. pr. & vb. n. Intorting.] [L. intortus, p. p. of intoquere to twist; pref. in- in + torquere to twist.] To twist in and out; to twine; to wreathe; to wind; to wring. Pope.

In*tor"tion (?), n. See Intorsion.

In*tox"i*cant (?), n. That which intoxicates; an intoxicating agent; as, alcohol, opium, and laughing gas are intoxicants.

In*tox"i*cate (?), a. [LL. intoxicatus, p. p. of intoxicare to drug or poison; pref. in- in + L. toxicum a poison in which arrows were dipped, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; pertaining to a bow. See Toxic.]

1. Intoxicated.

2. Overexcited, as with joy or grief.

> Alas, good mother, be not intoxicate for me;
> I am well enough.

Chapman.

In*tox"i*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intoxicated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Intoxicating.]

1. To poison; to drug. South.

2. To make drunk; to inebriate; to excite or to stupefy by strong drink or by a narcotic substance.

> With new wine inoxicated both.

Milton.

3. To excite to a transport of enthusiasm, frenzy, or madness; to elate unduly or excessively.

> Intoxicated with the sound of those very bells.

G. Eliot.

> They are not intoxicated by military success.

Jowett (Thuc. ).

In*tox"i*ca`ted*ness (?), n. The state of being intoxicated; intoxication; drunkenness. [R.]

In*tox"i*ca`ting (?), a. Producing intoxication; fitted to intoxicate; as, intoxicating liquors.

In*tox`i*ca"tion (?), n. 1. (Med.) A poisoning, as by a spirituous or a narcotic substance.

2. The state of being intoxicated or drunk; inebriation; ebriety; drunkenness; the act of intoxicating or making drunk.

2. A high excitement of mind; an elation which rises to enthusiasm, frenzy, or madness.

> That secret intoxication of pleasure.

Spectator.

Syn. -- Drunkenness; inebriation; inebriety; ebriety; infatuation; delirium. See Drunkenness.

||In"tra- (?). [L. intra, prep., within, on the inside; akin to inter. See Inter-.] A prefix signifying in, within, interior; as, intraocular, within the eyeball; intramarginal.

In`tra*ax"il*la*ry (?), a. (Bot.) Situated below the point where a leaf joins the stem.

In`tra*cel"lu*lar (?), a. (Biol.) Within a cell; as, the intracellular movements seen in the pigment cells, the salivary cells, and in the protoplasm of some vegetable cells.

In`tra*col"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Within the colon; as, the intracolic valve.

In`tra*cra"ni*al (?), a. Within the cranium or skull. Sir W. Hamilton.

In*tract`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being intractable; intractableness. Bp. Hurd.

In*tract"a*ble (?), a. [L. intractabilis: cf. F. intraitable, formerly also intractable. See In- not, and Tractable.] Not tractable; not easily governed, managed, or directed; indisposed to be taught, disciplined, or tamed; violent; stubborn; obstinate; refractory; as, an intractable child.

Syn. -- Stubborn; perverse; obstinate; refractory; cross; unmanageable; unruly; headstrong; violent; ungovernable; unteachable.

-- In*tract"a*ble*ness, n. -- In*tract"a*bly, adv.

In*tract"ile (?), a. Not tractile; incapable of being drawn out or extended. Bacon.

In*tra"dos (?), n. [F., fr. L. intra within + F. dos the back, L. dorsum. Cf. Extrados.] (Arch.) The interior curve of an arch; esp., the inner or lower curved face of the whole body of voussoirs taken together. See Extrados.

In`tra*fo`li*a"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Growing immediately above, or in front of, a leaf; as, intrafoliaceous stipules.

In`tra*fu"sion (?), n. [Pref. intra- + L. fundere, fusum, to pour.] The act of pouring into a vessel; specif. (Med.), the operation of introducing a substance into a blood vessel; as, intrafusion of blood.

In`tra*lob"u*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Within lobules; as, the intralobular branches of the hepatic veins.

In`tra*mar"gin*al (?), a. Situated within the margin. Loudon.

In`tra*mer*cu"ri*al (?), a. (Astron.) Between the planet Mercury and the sun; -- as, the hypothetical Vulcan is intramercurial.

In`tra*mo*lec"u*lar (?), a. (Chem. & Physics) Between molecules; situated, or acting, between the molecules of bodies.

In`tra*mun"dane (?), a. Being within the material world; -- opposed to extramundane.

In`tra*mu"ral (?), a. 1. Being within the walls, as of a city.

2. (Anat. & Med.) Being within the substance of the walls of an organ; as, intramural pregnancy.

In`tran*quil"li*ty (?), n. Unquietness; restlessness. Sir W. Temple.

In`trans*ca"lent (?), a. Impervious to heat; adiathermic.

In`trans*gress"i*ble (?), a. [L. intragressibilis that can not be crossed. See In- not, and Transgress.] Incapable of being transgressed; not to be passed over or crossed. Holland.

In*tran"sient (?), a. Not transient; remaining; permanent. Killingbeck.

In*trans"i*gent (?), a. [F. intransigeant (cf. Sp. intransigente); pref. in- not + L. transigere to come to an agreement; trans across + agere to lead, act.] Refusing compromise; uncompromising; irreconcilable. Lond. Sat. Rev.

||In`trans"i*gen*tes (?), n. pl. [Sp.] (Spanish Politics) The extreme radicals; the party of the irreconcilables.

In*tran"si*tive (?), a. [L. intransitivus: cf. F. intransitif. See In- not, and Transitive.] 1. Not passing farther; kept; detained. [R.]

> And then it is for the image's sake and so far is intransitive; but whatever is paid more to the image is transitive and passes further.

Jer. Taylor.

2. (Gram.) Not transitive; not passing over to an object; expressing an action or state that is limited to the agent or subject, or, in other words, an action which does not require an object to complete the sense; as, an intransitive verb, e. g., the bird flies; the dog runs.

Intransitive verbs have no passive form. Some verbs which appear at first sight to be intransitive are in reality, or were originally, transitive verbs with a reflexive or other object omitted; as, he keeps (i. e., himself) aloof from danger. Intransitive verbs may take a noun of kindred signification for a cognate object; as, he died the death of a hero; he dreamed a dream. Some intransitive verbs, by the addition of a preposition, become transitive, and so admit of a passive voice; as, the man laughed at; he was laughed at by the man.

In*tran"si*tive*ly, adv. (Gram.) Without an object following; in the manner of an intransitive verb.

||In` tran"si*tu (?). [L.] (Law) In transit; during passage; as, goods in transitu.

In`trans*mis"si*ble (?), a. Not capable of being transmitted.

In`trans*mu`ta*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being intransmutable.

In`trans*mut"a*ble (?), a. Not capable of being transmuted or changed into another substance.

In"trant (?), a. [L. intrans, p. pr. of intrare to enter. See Enter.] Entering; penetrating.

In"trant, n. One who enters; especially, a person entering upon some office or station. Hume.

In`tra*nu"cle*ar (?), a. (Biol.) Within the nucleus of a cell; as. the intranuclear network of fibrils, seen in the first stages of karyokinesis.

In*trap" (?), v. t. See Entrap. Spenser.

In"tra*pa*ri"e*tal (?), a. Situated or occurring within an inclosure; shut off from public sight; private; secluded; retired.

> I have no Turkish proclivities, and I do not think that, after all, impaling is preferable as a mode of capital punishment to intraparietal hanging.

Rolleston.

In`tra*pet"i*o*lar (?), a. (Bot.) Situated between the petiole and the stem; -- said of the pair of stipules at the base of a petiole when united by those margins next the petiole, thus seeming to form a single stipule between the petiole and the stem or branch; -- often confounded with interpetiolar, from which it differs essentially in meaning.

In`tra*ter`ri*to"ri*al (?), a. Within the territory or a territory.

In`tra*tho*rac"ic (?), a. Within the thora&?; or chest.

In`tra*trop"ic*al (?), a. Within the tropics.

In`tra*u"ter*ine (?), a. Within the uterus or womb; as, intrauterine hemorrhage.

In`tra*valv"u*lar (?), a. Between valves.

In`tra*ve"nous (?), a. Within the veins.

In`tra*ven*tric"u*lar (?), a. Within or between ventricles.

In*treas"ure (?; 135), v. t. To lay up, as in a treasury; to hoard. [Obs.] Shak.

In*treat" (?), v. t. See Entreat. Spenser.

In*treat"a*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + treatable.] Not to be entreated; inexorable.

In*treat"ance (?), n. Entreaty. [Obs.] Holland.

In*treat"ful (?), a. Full of entreaty. [Obs.] Spenser.

In*trench" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intrenched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Intrenching.]

1. To cut in; to furrow; to make trenches in or upon.

> It was this very sword intrenched it.

Shak.

> His face
> Deep scars of thunder had intrenched.

Milton.

2. To surround with a trench or with intrenchments, as in fortification; to fortify with a ditch and parapet; as, the army intrenched their camp, or intrenched itself. "In the suburbs close intrenched." Shak.

In*trench", v. i. To invade; to encroach; to infringe or trespass; to enter on, and take possession of, that which belongs to another; -- usually followed by on or upon; as, the king was charged with intrenching on the rights of the nobles, and the nobles were accused of intrenching on the prerogative of the crown.

> We are not to intrench upon truth in any conversation, but least of all with children.

Locke.

In*trench"ant (?), a. [Pref. in- not + trenchant.] Not to be gashed or marked with furrows. [Obs.]

> As easy mayest thou the intrenchant air
> With thy keen sword impress, as make me bleed.

Shak.

In*trench"ment (?), n. [From Intrench.]

1. The act of intrenching or the state of being intrenched.

2. (Mil.) Any defensive work consisting of at least a trench or ditch and a parapet made from the earth thrown up in making such a ditch.

> On our side, we have thrown up intrenchments on Winter and Prospect Hills.

Washington.

3. Any defense or protection.

4. An encroachment or infringement.

> The slight intrenchment upon individual freedom.

Southey.

In*trep"id (?), a. [L. intrepidus: cf. F. intrépide. See In- not, and Trepidation.] Not trembling or shaking with fear; fearless; bold; brave; undaunted; courageous; as, an intrepid soldier; intrepid spirit.

Syn. -- Fearless; dauntless; resolute; brave; courageous; daring; valiant; heroic; doughty.

In`tre*pid"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. intrépidité.] The quality or state of being intrepid; fearless bravery; courage; resoluteness; valor.

> Sir Roger had acquitted himself of two or three sentences with a look of much business and great intrepidity.

Addison.

Syn. -- Courage; heroism; bravery; fortitude; gallantry; valor. See Courage, Heroism.

In*trep"id*ly (?), adv. In an intrepid manner; courageously; resolutely.

In"tri*ca*ble (?), a. [See Intricate.] Entangling. [Obs.] Shelton.

In"tri*ca*cy (?), n.; pl. Intricacies (#). [From Intricate.] The state or quality of being intricate or entangled; perplexity; involution; complication; complexity; that which is intricate or involved; as, the intricacy of a knot; the intricacy of accounts; the intricacy of a cause in controversy; the intricacy of a plot.

> Freed from intricacies, taught to live
> The easiest way.

Milton.

In"tri*cate (?), a. [L. intricatus, p. p. of intricare to entangle, perplex. Cf. Intrigue, Extricate.] Entangled; involved; perplexed; complicated; difficult to understand, follow, arrange, or adjust; as, intricate machinery, labyrinths, accounts, plots, etc.

> His style was fit to convey the most intricate business to the understanding with the utmost clearness.

Addison.

> The nature of man is intricate.

Burke.

Syn. -- Intricate, Complex, Complicated. A thing is complex when it is made up of parts; it is complicated when those parts are so many, or so arranged, as to make it difficult to grasp them; it is intricate when it has numerous windings and confused involutions which it is hard to follow out. What is complex must be resolved into its parts; what is complicated must be drawn out and developed; what is intricate must be unraveled.

In"tri*cate (?), v. t. To entangle; to involve; to make perplexing. [Obs.]

> It makes men troublesome, and intricates all wise discourses.

Jer. Taylor.

In"tri*cate*ly (?), adv. In an intricate manner.

In"tri*cate*ness, n. The state or quality of being intricate; intricacy.

In`tri*ca"tion (?), n. Entanglement. [Obs.]

||In`tri`gante" (?), n. [F.] A female intriguer.

<! p. 783 !>

In*trigue" (n*trg"), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Intrigued (- trgd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Intriguing.] [F. intriguer, OF. intriquer, entriquer; cf. It. intrigare. See Intricate, Extricate.] 1. To form a plot or scheme; to contrive to accomplish a purpose by secret artifice.

2. To carry on a secret and illicit love or amour.

In*trigue", v. t. To fill with artifice and duplicity; to complicate; to embarrass. [Obs.]

> How doth it [sin] perplex and intrique the whole course of your lives!

Dr. J. Scott.

In*trigue", n. [Cf. F. intrique. See Intrigue, v. i.]

1. Intricacy; complication. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

2. A complicated plot or scheme intended to effect some purpose by secret artifice; conspiracy; stratagem.

> Busy meddlers with intrigues of state.

Pomfret.

3. The plot of a play or romance; a complicated scheme of designs, actions, and events. Pope.

4. A secret and illicit love affair between two persons of different sexes; an amour; a liaison.

> The hero of a comedy is represented victorious in all his intrigues.

Swift.

Syn. -- Plot; scheme; conspiracy; machination.

In*trigu"er (n*trg"r), n. One who intrigues.

In*trigu"er*y (?), n. Arts or practice of intrigue.

In*trigu"ing*ly (?), adv. By means of, or in the manner of, intrigue.

In*trinse" (-trns"), a. [See Intrinsic, and Intense.] Tightly drawn; or (perhaps) intricate. [Very rare]

> Like rats, oft bite the holy cords atwain,
> Which are too intrinse to unloose.

Shak.

In*trin"sic (n*trn"sk), a. [L. intrinsecus inward, on the inside; intra within + secus otherwise, beside; akin to E. second: cf. F. intrinsèque. See Inter-, Second, and cf. Extrinsic.]

1. Inward; internal; hence, true; genuine; real; essential; inherent; not merely apparent or accidental; -- opposed to extrinsic; as, the intrinsic value of gold or silver; the intrinsic merit of an action; the intrinsic worth or goodness of a person.

> He was better qualified than they to estimate justly the intrinsic value of Grecian philosophy and refinement.

I. Taylor.

2. (Anat.) Included wholly within an organ or limb, as certain groups of muscles; -- opposed to extrinsic.

Intrinsic energy of a body (Physics), the work it can do in virtue of its actual condition, without any supply of energy from without. -- Intrinsic equation of a curve (Geom.), the equation which expresses the relation which the length of a curve, measured from a given point of it, to a movable point, has to the angle which the tangent to the curve at the movable point makes with a fixed line. -- Intrinsic value. See the Note under Value, n.

Syn. -- Inherent; innate; natural; real; genuine.

In*trin"sic, n. A genuine quality. [Obs.] Warburton.

In*trin"sic*al (?), a. [Formerly written intrinsecal.]

1. Intrinsic.

2. Intimate; closely familiar. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

In*trin`si*cal"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being intrinsic; essentialness; genuineness; reality.

In*trin"sic*al*ly (?), adv. Internally; in its nature; essentially; really; truly.

> A lie is a thing absolutely and intrinsically evil.

South.

In*trin"sic*al*ness, n. The quality of being intrinsical; intrinsicality.

In*trin"si*cate (?), a. Intricate. [Obs.] Shak.

In"tro- (?). [L. intro, adv., inwardly, within. See Inter-.] A prefix signifying within, into, in, inward; as, introduce, introreception, introthoracic.

In`tro*ces"sion (?), n. [L. introcedere, introcessum, to go in; intro within + cedere to go.] (Med.) A depression, or inward sinking of parts.

In`tro*duce" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Introduced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Introducing (?).] [L. introducere, introductum; intro within + ducere to lead. See Intro-, and Duke.]

1. To lead or bring in; to conduct or usher in; as, to introduce a person into a drawing-room.

2. To put (something into a place); to insert; as, to introduce the finger, or a probe.

3. To lead to and make known by formal announcement or recommendation; hence, to cause to be acquainted; as, to introduce strangers; to introduce one person to another.

4. To bring into notice, practice, cultivation, or use; as, to introduce a new fashion, method, or plant.

5. To produce; to cause to exist; to induce. [Obs.]

> Whosoever introduces habits in children, deserves the care and attention of their governors.

Locke.

6. To open to notice; to begin; to present; as, he introduced the subject with a long preface.

Syn. -- To bring in; usher in; insert; begin; preface.

In`tro*duce"ment (?), n. Introduction. [Obs.]

In`tro*du"cer (?), n. One who, or that which, introduces.

In`tro*duct" (?), v. t. To introduce. [Obs.]

In`tro*duc"tion (?), n. [L. introductio: cf. F. introduction. See Introduce.]

1. The act of introducing, or bringing to notice.

2. The act of formally making persons known to each other; a presentation or making known of one person to another by name; as, the introduction of one stranger to another.

3. That part of a book or discourse which introduces or leads the way to the main subject, or part; preliminary; matter; preface; proem; exordium.

4. A formal and elaborate preliminary treatise; specifically, a treatise introductory to other treatises, or to a course of study; a guide; as, an introduction to English literature.

In`tro*duc"tive (?), a. [Cf. F. introductif.] Serving to introduce; introductory. - - In`tro*duc"tive*ly, adv.

In`tro*duc"tor (?), n. [L.] An introducer. [Obs.]

In`tro*duc"to*ri*ly (?), adv. By way of introduction.

In`tro*duc"to*ry (?), a. [L. itroductorius: cf. F. introductoire.] Serving to introduce something else; leading to the main subject or business; preliminary; prefatory; as, introductory proceedings; an introductory discourse.

In`tro*duc"tress (?), n. A female introducer.

In`tro*flexed" (?), a. Flexed or bent inward.

In`tro*gres"sion (?), n. [L. introgressus, p. p. of introgredi to go in; intro- within + gradi to step, go.] The act of going in; entrance. Blount.

In*tro"it (?), n. [L. introitus, fr. introire to go into, to enter; intro within + ire to go: cf. F. introit.]

1. A going in. Caxton.

2. (R. C. Ch.) (a) A psalm sung or chanted immediately before the collect, epistle, and gospel, and while the priest is entering within the rails of the altar. (b) A part of a psalm or other portion of Scripture read by the priest at Mass immediately after ascending to the altar.

3. (R. C. Ch.) An anthem or psalm sung before the Communion service.

4. Any composition of vocal music appropriate to the opening of church services.

In`tro*mis"sion (?), n. [Cf. F. intromission. See Intromit.]

1. The act of sending in or of putting in; insertion. South.

2. The act of letting go in; admission.

3. (Scots Law) An intermeddling with the affairs of another, either on legal grounds or without authority.

In`tro*mit" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intromitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Intromitting.] [L. intromittere, intromissum; intro- within + mittere to send.]

1. To send in or put in; to insert or introduce. Greenhill.

2. To allow to pass in; to admit.

> Glass in the window intromits light, without cold.

Holder.

In`tro*mit", v. i. (Scots Law) To intermeddle with the effects or goods of another.

In`tro*mit"tent (?), a. [L. intromittens, p. pr.]

1. Throwing, or allowing to pass, into or within.

2. (Zoöl.) Used in copulation; -- said of the external reproductive organs of the males of many animals, and sometimes of those of the females.

In`tro*mit"ter (?), n. One who intromits.

In`tro*pres"sion (?), n. Pressure acting within. [R.]

In`tro*re*cep"tion (?), n. The act of admitting into or within. Hammond.

In*trorse" (?), a. [L. introrsus inward, contr. from introversus. See Introvert.] (Bot.) Turning or facing inward, or toward the axis of the part to which it belongs. Gray.

In`tro*spect" (?), v. t. [L. introspectus, p. p. introspicere to look into; intro within + specere to look. See Spy.] To look into or within; to view the inside of. Bailey.

In`tro*spec"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. introspection.] A view of the inside or interior; a looking inward; specifically, the act or process of self-examination, or inspection of one's own thoughts and feelings; the cognition which the mind has of its own acts and states; self-consciousness; reflection.

> I was forced to make an introspection into my own mind.

Dryden.

In`tro*spec"tion*ist, n. (Metaph.) One given to the introspective method of examining the phenomena of the soul.

In`tro*spec"tive (?), a. [Cf. F. introspectif.]

1. Inspecting within; seeing inwardly; capable of, or exercising, inspection; self-conscious.

2. Involving the act or results of conscious knowledge of physical phenomena; -- contrasted with associational. J. S. Mill.

In`tro*sume" (?), v. t. [Pref. intro- + L. sumere to take.] To draw in; to swallow. [Obs.] Evelyn.

In`tro*sus*cep"tion (?), n. 1. The act or process of receiving within.

> The person is corrupted by the introsusception of a nature which becomes evil thereby.

Coleridge.

2. (Med.) Same as Intussusception.

In`tro*ven"ient (?), a. [L. introveniens, p. pr. of introvenire to come in; intro within + venire to come.] Coming in together; entering; commingling. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

In`tro*ver"sion (?), n. [See Introvert.] The act of introverting, or the state of being introverted; the act of turning the mind inward. Berkeley.

In`tro*vert" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Introverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Introverting.] [Pref. intro- + L. vertere, versum, to turn.]

1. To turn or bend inward. "Introverted toes." Cowper.

2. To look within; to introspect. Lew Wallace.

In*trude" (?), v. i. [L. intrudere, intrusum; pref. in- in + trudere to thrust, akin to E. threat. See Threat.] To thrust one's self in; to come or go in without invitation, permission, or welcome; to encroach; to trespass; as, to intrude on families at unseasonable hours; to intrude on the lands of another.

> Thy wit wants edge
> And manners, to intrude where I am graced.

Shak.

> Some thoughts rise and intrude upon us, while we shun them; others fly from us, when we would hold them.

I. Watts.

In*trude", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intruded; p. pr. & vb. n. Intruding.]

1. To thrust or force (something) in or upon; especially, to force (one's self) in without leave or welcome; as, to intrude one's presence into a conference; to intrude one's opinions upon another.

2. To enter by force; to invade. [Obs.]

> Why should the worm intrude the maiden bud?

Shak.

3. (Geol.) The cause to enter or force a way, as into the crevices of rocks.

Syn. -- To obtrude; encroach; infringe; intrench; trespass. See Obtrude.

In*trud"ed (?), p. a. (Geol.) Same as Intrusive.

In*trud"er (?), n. One who intrudes; one who thrusts himself in, or enters without right, or without leave or welcome; a trespasser.

> They were all strangers and intruders.

Locke.

In*trud"ress (?), n. A female intruder.

In*trunk" (?), v. t. To inclose as in a trunk; to incase. [R.] Ford.

In*tru"sion (?), n. [Cf. F. intrusion. See Intrude.]

1. The act of intruding, or of forcing in; especially, the forcing (one's self) into a place without right or welcome; encroachment.

> Why this intrusion?
> Were not my orders that I should be private?

Addison.

2. (Geol.) The penetrating of one rock, while in a plastic or metal state, into the cavities of another.

3. (Law) The entry of a stranger, after a particular estate or freehold is determined, before the person who holds in remainder or reversion has taken possession.

4. (Scotch Ch.) The settlement of a minister over a congregation without their consent.

In*tru"sion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to intrusion.

In*tru"sion*ist, n. One who intrudes; especially, one who favors the appointment of a clergyman to a parish, by a patron, against the wishes of the parishioners.

In*tru"sive (?), a. Apt to intrude; characterized by intrusion; entering without right or welcome.

Intrusive rocks (Geol.), rocks which have been forced, while in a plastic or melted state, into the cavities or between the cracks or layers of other rocks. The term is sometimes used as equivalent to plutonic rocks. It is then contrasted with effusive or volcanic rocks.

-- In*tru"sive*ly, adv. -- In*tru"sive*ness, n.

In*trust" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Intrusted, p. pr. & vb. n. Intrusting.] To deliver (something) to another in trust; to deliver to (another) something in trust; to commit or surrender (something) to another with a certain confidence regarding his care, use, or disposal of it; as, to intrust a servant with one's money or intrust money or goods to a servant.

Syn. -- To commit; consign; confide. See Commit.

In`tu*ba"tion (?), n. [Pref. in- in + tube.] (Med.) The introduction of a tube into an organ to keep it open, as into the larynx in croup.

In`tu*i"tion (?), n. [L. intuitus, p. p. of intueri to look on; in- in, on + tueri: cf. F. intuition. See Tuition.]

1. A looking after; a regard to. [Obs.]

> What, no reflection on a reward! He might have an intuition at it, as the encouragement, though not the cause, of his pains.

Fuller.

2. Direct apprehension or cognition; immediate knowledge, as in perception or consciousness; -- distinguished from "mediate" knowledge, as in reasoning; as, the mind knows by intuition that black is not white, that a circle is not a square, that three are more than two, etc.; quick or ready insight or apprehension.

> Sagacity and a nameless something more, -- let us call it intuition.

Hawthorne.

3. Any object or truth discerned by direct cognition; especially, a first or primary truth.

In`tu*i"tion*al (?), a. Pertaining to, or derived from, intuition; characterized by intuition; perceived by intuition; intuitive.

In`tu*i"tion*al*ism (?), n. (Metaph.) The doctrine that the perception or recognition of primary truth is intuitive, or direct and immediate; -- opposed to sensationalism, and experientialism.

In`tu*i"tion*al*ist, n. One who holds the doctrine of intuitionalism.

In`tu*i"tion*ism (?), n. Same as Intuitionalism.

In`tu*i"tion*ist, n. Same as Intuitionalist. Bain.

In*tu"i*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. intuitif.]

1. Seeing clearly; as, an intuitive view; intuitive vision.

2. Knowing, or perceiving, by intuition; capable of knowing without deduction or reasoning.

> Whence the soul
> Reason receives, and reason is her being,
> Discursive, or intuitive.

Milton.

3. Received, reached, obtained, or perceived, by intuition; as, intuitive judgment or knowledge; -- opposed to deductive. Locke.

In*tu"i*tive*ly, adv. In an intuitive manner.

In*tu"i*tiv*ism (?), n. The doctrine that the ideas of right and wrong are intuitive. J. Grote.

In`tu*mesce" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Intumesced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Intumescing (?).] [L. intumescere; pref. in- in + tumescere to swell up, incho. fr. tumere to swell. See Tumid.] To enlarge or expand with heat; to swell; specifically, to swell up or bubble up under the action of heat, as before the blowpipe.

> In a higher heat, it intumesces, and melts into a yellowish black mass.

Kirwan.

In`tu*mes"cence (?), n. [Cf. F. intumescence.]

1. The act or process of swelling or enlarging; also, the state of being swollen; expansion; tumidity; especially, the swelling up of bodies under the action of heat.

> The intumescence of nations.

Johnson.

2. Anything swollen or enlarged, as a tumor.

In`tu*mes"cent (?), a. [L. intumescens, p. pr.] Swelling up; expanding.

In*tu"mu*la`ted (?), a. [L. intumulatus. See In- not, and Tumulate.] Unburied. [Obs.]

In*tune" (?), v. t. To intone. Cf. Entune.

In*tur"bid*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inturbidated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inturbidating.] [Pref. in- in + turbid.] To render turbid; to darken; to confuse. [R.]

> The confusion of ideas and conceptions under the same term painfully inturbidates his theology.

Coleridge.

In`tur*ges"cence (?), n. [L. inturgescens, p. pr. of inturgescere to swell up. See 1st In-, and Turgescent.] A swelling; the act of swelling, or state of being swelled. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

<! p. 784 !>

In"tuse (?), n. [L. intundere to bruise; pref. in- in + tundere, tusum, to beat, bruise.] A bruise; a contusion. [Obs.] Spenser.

In`tus*sus*cep"ted (?), a. [See Intussusception.] Received into some other thing or part, as a sword into a sheath; invaginated.

In`tus*sus*cep"tion (?), n. [L. intus within + susception. Cf. Introsusception.]

1. The reception of one part within another.

2. (Med.) The abnormal reception or slipping of a part of a tube, by inversion and descent, within a contiguous part of it; specifically, the reception or slipping of the upper part of the small intestine into the lower; introsusception; invagination. Dunglison.

3. (Bot.) The interposition of new particles of formative material among those already existing, as in a cell wall, or in a starch grain.

4. (Physiol.) The act of taking foreign matter, as food, into a living body; the process of nutrition, by which dead matter is absorbed by the living organism, and ultimately converted into the organized substance of its various tissues and organs.

> Dead bodies increase by apposition; living bodies by intussusception.

McKendrick.

In*twine" (?), v. t. [Cf. Entwine.] To twine or twist into, or together; to wreathe; as, a wreath of flowers intwined. [Written also entwine.]

In*twine", v. i. To be or to become intwined.

In*twine"ment (?), n. The act of intwining, or the state of being intwined.

In*twist" (?), v. t. [Cf. Entwist.] To twist into or together; to interweave. [Written also entwist.]

In`u*en"do (?), n. See Innuendo.

In"u*lin (?), n. [From NL. Inula Helenium, the elecampane: cf. F. inuline.] (Chem.) A substance of very wide occurrence. It is found dissolved in the sap of the roots and rhizomes of many composite and other plants, as Inula, Helianthus, Campanula, etc., and is extracted by solution as a tasteless, white, semicrystalline substance, resembling starch, with which it is isomeric. It is intermediate in nature between starch and sugar. Called also dahlin, helenin, alantin, etc.

In"u*loid (?), n. [Inulin + - oid.] (Chem.) A substance resembling inulin, found in the unripe bulbs of the dahlia.

In*um"brate (?), v. t. [L. inumbratus, p. p. of inumbrare to shade.] To shade; to darken. [Obs.]

In*unc"ted (?), a. [See Inunction.] Anointed. [Obs.] Cockeram.

In*unc"tion (?), n. [L. inunctio, fr. inungere, inunctum, to anoint. See 1st In-, and Unction.] The act of anointing, or the state of being anointed; unction; specifically (Med.), the rubbing of ointments into the pores of the skin, by which medicinal agents contained in them, such as mercury, iodide of potash, etc., are absorbed.

In*unc`tu*os"i*ty (?; 135), n. The want of unctuosity; freedom from greasiness or oiliness; as, the inunctuosity of porcelain clay. Kirwan.

In*un"dant (?), a. [L. inundans, p. pr. of inundare.] Overflowing. [R.] Shenstone.

In*un"date (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inundated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inundating.] [L. inundatus, p. p. of inundare to inundate; pref. in- in + undare to rise in waves, to overflow, fr. unda a wave. See Undulate.]

1. To cover with a flood; to overflow; to deluge; to flood; as, the river inundated the town.

2. To fill with an overflowing abundance or superfluity; as, the country was inundated with bills of credit.

Syn. -- To overflow; deluge; flood; overwhelm; submerge; drown.

In`un*da"tion (?), n. [L. inundatio: cf. F. inondation.]

1. The act of inundating, or the state of being inundated; an overflow; a flood; a rising and spreading of water over grounds.

> With inundation wide the deluge reigns,
> Drowns the deep valleys, and o'erspreads the plains.

Wilkie.

2. An overspreading of any kind; overflowing or superfluous abundance; a flood; a great influx; as, an inundation of tourists.

> To stop the inundation of her tears.

Shak.

In*un`der*stand"ing (?), a. Void of understanding. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.

In`ur*bane" (?), a. [L. inurbanus. See In- not, and Urbane.] Uncivil; unpolished; rude. M. Arnold. -- In`ur*bane"ly, adv. -- In`ur*bane"ness, n.

In`ur*ban"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. inurbanité.] Want of urbanity or courtesy; unpolished manners or deportment; inurbaneness; rudeness. Bp. Hall.

In*ure" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inuring.] [From pref. in- in + ure use, work. See Ure use, practice, Opera, and cf. Manure.] To apply in use; to train; to discipline; to use or accustom till use gives little or no pain or inconvenience; to harden; to habituate; to practice habitually. "To inure our prompt obedience." Milton.

> He . . . did inure them to speak little.

Sir T. North.

> Inured and exercised in learning.

Robynson (More's Utopia).

> The poor, inured to drudgery and distress.

Cowper.

In*ure", v. i. To pass into use; to take or have effect; to be applied; to serve to the use or benefit of; as, a gift of lands inures to the heirs. [Written also enure.]

In*ure"ment (?), n. Use; practice; discipline; habit; custom.

In*urn" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inurned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inurning.] To put in an urn, as the ashes of the dead; hence, to bury; to intomb.

> The sepulcher
> Wherein we saw thee quietly inurned.

Shak.

In*u"si*tate (?), a. [L. inusitatus unusual. See Use.] Unusual. [R.] Bramhall.

In*u"si*ta"tion (?), n. Want of use; disuse. [R.] Paley.

In*ust" (?), a. [L. inurere, inustum, to burn in; pref. in- in + urere to burn.] Burnt in. [Obs.]

In*us"tion (?), n. The act of burning or branding. [Obs.] T. Adams.

In*u"tile (?), a. [L. inutilis: cf. F. inutile. See In- not, Utile.] Useless; unprofitable. [Obs.] Bacon.

In`u*til"i*ty (?), n. [L. inutilitas: cf. F. inutilité.] Uselessness; the quality of being unprofitable; unprofitableness; as, the inutility of vain speculations and visionary projects.

In*ut"ter*a*ble (?), a. Unutterable; inexpressible. Milton.

||In` vac"u*o (?). [L.] (Physics) In a vacuum; in empty space; as, experiments in vacuo.

In*vade" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Invading.] [L. invadere, invasum; pref. in- in + vadere to go, akin to E. wade: cf. OF. invader, F. envahir. See Wade.]

1. To go into or upon; to pass within the confines of; to enter; -- used of forcible or rude ingress. [Obs.]

> Which becomes a body, and doth then invade
> The state of life, out of the grisly shade.

Spenser.

2. To enter with hostile intentions; to enter with a view to conquest or plunder; to make an irruption into; to attack; as, the Romans invaded Great Britain.

> Such an enemy
> Is risen to invade us.

Milton.

3. To attack; to infringe; to encroach on; to violate; as, the king invaded the rights of the people.

4. To grow or spread over; to affect injuriously and progressively; as, gangrene invades healthy tissue.

Syn. -- To attack; assail; encroach upon. See Attack.

In*vade", v. i. To make an invasion. Brougham.

In*vad"er (?), n. One who invades; an assailant; an encroacher; an intruder.

In*vag"i*nate (?), v. t. To insert as in a sheath; to produce intussusception in.

{ In*vag"i*nate (?), In*vag"i*na`ted (?), } a. (Biol.) (a) Sheathed. (b) Having one portion of a hollow organ drawn back within another portion.

In*vag`i*na"tion (?), n. [L. pref. in- + vagina sheath.]

1. (Biol.) The condition of an invaginated organ or part.

2. (Biol.) One of the methods by which the various germinal layers of the ovum are differentiated.

In embolic invagination, one half of the blastosphere is pushed in towards the other half, producing an embryonic form known as a gastrula. -- In epibolic invagination, a phenomenon in the development of some invertebrate ova, the epiblast appears to grow over or around the hypoblast.

In`va*les"cence (?), n. [L. invalescens, p. pr. of invalescere to become strong. See 1st In-, and Convalesce.] Strength; health. [Obs.]

In*val`e*tu"di*na*ry (?), a. Wanting health; valetudinary. [R.]

In*val"id (?), a. [Pref. in- not + valid: cf. F. invalide, L. invalidus infirm, weak. Cf. Invalid infirm.]

1. Of no force, weight, or cogency; not valid; weak.

2. (Law) Having no force, effect, or efficacy; void; null; as, an invalid contract or agreement.

In"va*lid (?; 277), n. [F. invalide, n. & a., L. invalidus, a. See Invalid null.] A person who is weak and infirm; one who is disabled for active service; especially, one in chronic ill health.

In"va*lid (?), a. [See Invalid, n.] Not well; feeble; infirm; sickly; as, he had an invalid daughter.

In"va*lid, v. t. 1. To make or render invalid or infirm. "Invalided, bent, and almost blind." Dickens.

2. To classify or enroll as an invalid.

> Peace coming, he was invalided on half pay.

Carlyle.

In*val"i*date (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invalidated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Invalidating.] [From Invalid null.] To render invalid; to weaken or lessen the force of; to destroy the authority of; to render of no force or effect; to overthrow; as, to invalidate an agreement or argument.

In*val`i*da"tion (?), n. The act of inavlidating, or the state of being invalidated.

> So many invalidations of their right.

Burke.

||In`va*lide" (?), n. [F.] See Invalid, n.

In"va*lid*ism (?), n. The condition of an invalid; sickness; infirmity.

In`va*lid"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. invalidité, LL. invaliditas want of health.]

1. Want of validity or cogency; want of legal force or efficacy; invalidness; as, the invalidity of an agreement or of a will.

2. Want of health; infirmity. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple.

In*val"id*ness (?), n. Invalidity; as, the invalidness of reasoning.

In*val"or*ous (?), a. Not valorous; cowardly.

In*val"u*a*ble (?), a. Valuable beyond estimation; inestimable; priceless; precious.

In*val"u*a*bly, adv. Inestimably. Bp. Hall.

In*val"ued (?), a. Inestimable. [R.] Drayton.

In*va`ri*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. invariabilité.] The quality of being invariable; invariableness; constancy; uniformity.

In*va"ri*a*ble (?), a. [Pref. in- not + variable: cf. F. invariable.] Not given to variation or change; unalterable; unchangeable; always uniform.

> Physical laws which are invariable.

I. Taylor.

-- In*va"ri*a*ble*ness, n. -- In*va"ri*a*bly, adv.

In*va"ri*a*ble (?), n. (Math.) An invariable quantity; a constant.

In*va"ri*ance (?), n. (Math.) The property of remaining invariable under prescribed or implied conditions. J. J. Sylvester.

In*va"ri*ant (?), n. (Math.) An invariable quantity; specifically, a function of the coefficients of one or more forms, which remains unaltered, when these undergo suitable linear transformations. J. J. Sylvester.

In*va"sion (?), n. [L. invasio: cf. F. invasion. See Invade.]

1. The act of invading; the act of encroaching upon the rights or possessions of another; encroachment; trespass.

2. A warlike or hostile entrance into the possessions or domains of another; the incursion of an army for conquest or plunder.

3. The incoming or first attack of anything hurtful or pernicious; as, the invasion of a disease.

Syn. -- Invasion, Irruption, Inroad. Invasion is the generic term, denoting a forcible entrance into a foreign country. Incursion signifies a hasty and sudden invasion. Irruption denotes particularly violent invasion. Inroad is entry by some unusual way involving trespass and injury.

In*va"sive (?), a. [LL. invasivus: cf. F. invasif. See Invade.] Tending to invade; characterized by invasion; aggressive. "Invasive war." Hoole.

In*vect" (?), v. i. To inveigh. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

In*vec"ted (?), a. [L. invectus carried in. See Inveigh.] (Her.) Having a border or outline composed of semicircles with the convexity outward; -- the opposite of engrailed.

In*vec"tion (?), n. [L. invectio. See Inveigh.] An inveighing against; invective. [Obs.] Fulke.

In*vec"tive (?), a. [L. invectivus: cf. F. invectif. See Inveigh.] Characterized by invection; critical; denunciatory; satirical; abusive; railing.

In*vec"tive, n. [F. invective.] An expression which inveighs or rails against a person; a severe or violent censure or reproach; something uttered or written, intended to cast opprobrium, censure, or reproach on another; a harsh or reproachful accusation; -- followed by against, having reference to the person or thing affected; as, an invective against tyranny.

> The world will be able to judge of his [Junius'] motives for writing such famous invectives.

Sir W. Draper.

Syn. -- Abuse; censure; reproach; satire; sarcasm; railing; diatribe. See Abuse.

In*vec"tive*ly, adv. In an invective manner. Shak.

In*veigh" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Inveighed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inveighing.] [L. invehere, invectum, to carry or bring into or against, to attack with words, to inveigh; pref. in- in + vehere to carry. See Vehicle, and cf. Invective.] To declaim or rail (against some person or thing); to utter censorious and bitter language; to attack with harsh criticism or reproach, either spoken or written; to use invectives; - - with against; as, to inveigh against character, conduct, manners, customs, morals, a law, an abuse.

> All men inveighed against him; all men, except court vassals, opposed him.

Milton.

> The artificial life against which we inveighed.

Hawthorne.

In*veigh"er (?), n. One who inveighs.

In*vei"gle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inveigled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inveigling (?).] [Prob. fr. F. aveugler to blind, to delude, OF. aveugler, avugler, avegler, fr. F. aveugle blind, OF. aveugle, avugle, properly, without eyes, fr. L. ab + oculus eye. The pref. in- seems to have been substituted for a- taken as the pref. F. à, L. ad. See Ocular.] To lead astray as if blind; to persuade to something evil by deceptive arts or flattery; to entice; to insnare; to seduce; to wheedle.

> Yet have they many baits and guileful spells
> To inveigle and invite the unwary sense.

Milton.

In*vei"gle*ment (?), n. The act of inveigling, or the state of being inveigled; that which inveigles; enticement; seduction. South.

In*vei"gler (?), n. One who inveigles.

In*veil" (?), v. t. To cover, as with a vail. W. Browne.

In*vend`i*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being invendible; invendibleness; unsalableness.

In*vend"i*ble (?), a. [L. invendibilis. See In- not, and Vendible.] Not vendible or salable. Jefferson. -- In*vend"i*ble*ness, n.

In*ven"om (?), v. t. See Envenom.

In*vent" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invented; p. pr. & vb. n. Inventing.] [L. inventus, p. p. of invenire to come upon, to find, invent; pref. in- in + venire to come, akin to E. come: cf. F. inventer. See Come.]

1. To come or light upon; to meet; to find. [Obs.]

> And vowed never to return again,
> Till him alive or dead she did invent.

Spenser.

2. To discover, as by study or inquiry; to find out; to devise; to contrive or produce for the first time; -- applied commonly to the discovery of some serviceable mode, instrument, or machine.

> Thus first Necessity invented stools.

Cowper.

3. To frame by the imagination; to fabricate mentally; to forge; -- in a good or a bad sense; as, to invent the machinery of a poem; to invent a falsehood.

> Whate'er his cruel malice could invent.

Milton.

> He had invented some circumstances, and put the worst possible construction on others.

Sir W. Scott.

Syn. -- To discover; contrive; devise; frame; design; fabricate; concoct; elaborate. See Discover.

In*vent"er (?), n. One who invents.

In*vent"ful (?), a. Full of invention. J. Gifford.

In*vent"i*ble (?), a. Capable of being invented.

In*vent"i*ble*ness, n. Quality of being inventible.

In*ven"tion (?), n. [L. inventio: cf. F. invention. See Invent.]

1. The act of finding out or inventing; contrivance or construction of that which has not before existed; as, the invention of logarithms; the invention of the art of printing.

<! p. 785 !>

> As the search of it [truth] is the duty, so the invention will be the happiness of man.

Tatham.

2. That which is invented; an original contrivance or construction; a device; as, this fable was the invention of Esop; that falsehood was her own invention.

> We entered by the drawbridge, which has an invention to let one fall if not premonished.

Evelyn.

3. Thought; idea. Shak.

4. A fabrication to deceive; a fiction; a forgery; a falsehood.

> Filling their hearers
> With strange invention.

Shak.

5. The faculty of inventing; imaginative faculty; skill or ingenuity in contriving anything new; as, a man of invention.

> They lay no less than a want of invention to his charge; a capital crime, . . . for a poet is a maker.

Dryden.

6. (Fine Arts, Rhet., etc.) The exercise of the imagination in selecting and treating a theme, or more commonly in contriving the arrangement of a piece, or the method of presenting its parts.

Invention of the cross (Eccl.), a festival celebrated May 3d, in honor of the finding of our Savior's cross by St. Helena.

In*ven"tious (?), a. Inventive. [Obs.]

In*vent"ive (?), a. [Cf. F. inventif.] Able and apt to invent; quick at contrivance; ready at expedients; as, an inventive head or genius. Dryden. -- In*vent"ive*ly, adv. -- In*vent"ive*ness, n.

In*vent"or (?), n. [L.: cf. F. inventeur.] One who invents or finds out something new; a contriver; especially, one who invents mechanical devices.

In`ven*to"ri*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to an inventory. -- In`ven*to"ri*al*ly, adv. Shak.

In"ven*to*ry (?), n.; pl. Inventories (#). [L. inventarium: cf. LL. inventorium, F. inventaire, OF. also inventoire. See Invent.] An account, catalogue, or schedule, made by an executor or administrator, of all the goods and chattels, and sometimes of the real estate, of a deceased person; a list of the property of which a person or estate is found to be possessed; hence, an itemized list of goods or valuables, with their estimated worth; specifically, the annual account of stock taken in any business.

> There take an inventory of all I have.

Shak.

Syn. -- List; register; schedule; catalogue. See List.

In"ven*to*ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inventoried (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inventorying.] [Cf. F. inventorier.] To make an inventory of; to make a list, catalogue, or schedule of; to insert or register in an account of goods; as, a merchant inventories his stock.

> I will give out divers schedules of my beauty; it shall be inventoried, and every particle and utensil labeled.

Shak.

In*vent"ress (?), n. [Cf. L. inventrix, F. inventrice.] A woman who invents. Dryden.

In`ve*rac"i*ty (?), n. Want of veracity.

In*ver`i*si*mil"i*tude (?), n. Want of verisimilitude or likelihood; improbability.

In*verse" (?), a. [L. inversus, p. p. of invertere: cf. F. inverse. See Invert.]

1. Opposite in order, relation, or effect; reversed; inverted; reciprocal; -- opposed to direct.

2. (Bot.) Inverted; having a position or mode of attachment the reverse of that which is usual.

3. (Math.) Opposite in nature and effect; -- said with reference to any two operations, which, when both are performed in succession upon any quantity, reproduce that quantity; as, multiplication is the inverse operation to division. The symbol of an inverse operation is the symbol of the direct operation with -1 as an index. Thus sin-1 x means the arc whose sine is x.

Inverse figures (Geom.), two figures, such that each point of either figure is inverse to a corresponding point in the order figure. -- Inverse points (Geom.), two points lying on a line drawn from the center of a fixed circle or sphere, and so related that the product of their distances from the center of the circle or sphere is equal to the square of the radius. -- Inverse, or Reciprocal, ratio (Math.), the ratio of the reciprocals of two quantities. -- Inverse, or Reciprocal, proportion, an equality between a direct ratio and a reciprocal ratio; thus, 4 : 2 : : : , or 4 : 2 : : 3 : 6, inversely.

In"verse, n. That which is inverse.

> Thus the course of human study is the inverse of the course of things in nature.

Tatham.

In*verse"ly (?), adv. In an inverse order or manner; by inversion; -- opposed to directly.

Inversely proportional. See Directly proportional, under Directly, and Inversion, 4.

In*ver"sion (?), n. [L. inversio: cf. F. inversion. See Invert.]

1. The act of inverting, or turning over or backward, or the state of being inverted.

2. A change by inverted order; a reversed position or arrangement of things; transposition.

> It is just the inversion of an act of Parliament; your lordship first signed it, and then it was passed among the Lords and Commons.

Dryden.

3. (Mil.) A movement in tactics by which the order of companies in line is inverted, the right being on the left, the left on the right, and so on.

4. (Math.) A change in the order of the terms of a proportion, so that the second takes the place of the first, and the fourth of the third.

5. (Geom.) A peculiar method of transformation, in which a figure is replaced by its inverse figure. Propositions that are true for the original figure thus furnish new propositions that are true in the inverse figure. See Inverse figures, under Inverse.

6. (Gram.) A change of the usual order of words or phrases; as, "of all vices, impurity is one of the most detestable," instead of, "impurity is one of the most detestable of all vices."

7. (Rhet.) A method of reasoning in which the orator shows that arguments advanced by his adversary in opposition to him are really favorable to his cause.

8. (Mus.) (a) Said of intervals, when the lower tone is placed an octave higher, so that fifths become fourths, thirds sixths, etc. (b) Said of a chord, when one of its notes, other than its root, is made the bass. (c) Said of a subject, or phrase, when the intervals of which it consists are repeated in the contrary direction, rising instead of falling, or vice versa. (d) Said of double counterpoint, when an upper and a lower part change places.

9. (Geol.) The folding back of strata upon themselves, as by upheaval, in such a manner that the order of succession appears to be reversed.

10. (Chem.) The act or process by which cane sugar (sucrose), under the action of heat and acids or ferments (as diastase), is broken or split up into grape sugar (dextrose), and fruit sugar (levulose); also, less properly, the process by which starch is converted into grape sugar (dextrose).

The terms invert and inversion, in this sense, owe their meaning to the fact that the plane of polarization of light, which is rotated to the right by cane sugar, is turned toward the left by levulose.

In*vert" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Inverting.] [L. invertere, inversum; pref. in- in + vertere to turn. See Verse.]

1. To turn over; to put upside down; to upset; to place in a contrary order or direction; to reverse; as, to invert a cup, the order of words, rules of justice, etc.

> That doth invert the attest of eyes and ears,
> As if these organs had deceptious functions.

Shak.

> Such reasoning falls like an inverted cone,
> Wanting its proper base to stand upon.

Cowper.

2. (Mus.) To change the position of; - - said of tones which form a chord, or parts which compose harmony.

3. To divert; to convert to a wrong use. [Obs.] Knolles.

4. (Chem.) To convert; to reverse; to decompose by, or subject to, inversion. See Inversion, n., 10.

In*vert", v. i. (Chem.) To undergo inversion, as sugar.

In"vert (?), a. (Chem.) Subjected to the process of inversion; inverted; converted; as, invert sugar.

Invert sugar (Chem.), a variety of sugar, consisting of a mixture of dextrose and levulose, found naturally in fruits, and produced artificially by the inversion of cane sugar (sucrose); also, less properly, the grape sugar or dextrose obtained from starch. See Inversion, Dextrose, Levulose, and Sugar.

In"vert, n. (Masonry) An inverted arch.

In*ver"te*bral (?), a. (Zoöl.) Same as Invertebrate.

||In*ver`te*bra"ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. in- not + vertebratus vertebrate.] (Zoöl.) A comprehensive division of the animal kingdom, including all except the Vertebrata.

In*ver"te*brate (?), a. (Zoöl.) Destitute of a backbone; having no vertebræ; of or pertaining to the Invertebrata. -- n. One of the Invertebrata.

Age of invertebrates. See Age, and Silurian.

In*ver"te*bra`ted (?), a. Having no backbone; invertebrate.

In*vert"ed (?), a.

1. Changed to a contrary or counterchanged order; reversed; characterized by inversion.

2. (Geol.) Situated apparently in reverse order, as strata when folded back upon themselves by upheaval.

Inverted arch (Arch.), an arch placed with crown downward; -- much used in foundations.

In*vert"ed*ly, adv. In an inverted order. Derham.

In*vert"i*ble (?), a. [From Invert.]

1. Capable of being inverted or turned.

2. (Chem.) Capable of being changed or converted; as, invertible sugar.

In*vert"i*ble, a. [Pref. in- not + L. vertere to turn + -ible.] Incapable of being turned or changed.

> An indurate and invertible conscience.

Cranmer.

In*vert"in (?), n. (Physiol. Chem.) An unorganized ferment which causes cane sugar to take up a molecule of water and be converted into invert sugar.

In*vest" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invested; p. pr. & vb. n. Investing.] [L. investire, investitum; pref. in- in + vestire to clothe, fr. vestis clothing: cf. F. investir. See Vest.]

1. To put garments on; to clothe; to dress; to array; -- opposed to divest. Usually followed by with, sometimes by in; as, to invest one with a robe.

2. To put on. [Obs.]

> Can not find one this girdle to invest.

Spenser.

3. To clothe, as with office or authority; to place in possession of rank, dignity, or estate; to endow; to adorn; to grace; to bedeck; as, to invest with honor or glory; to invest with an estate.

> I do invest you jointly with my power.

Shak.

4. To surround, accompany, or attend.

> Awe such as must always invest the spectacle of the guilt.

Hawthorne.

5. To confer; to give. [R.]

> It investeth a right of government.

Bacon.

6. (Mil.) To inclose; to surround or hem in with troops, so as to intercept succors of men and provisions and prevent escape; to lay siege to; as, to invest a town.

7. To lay out (money or capital) in business with the view of obtaining an income or profit; as, to invest money in bank stock.

In*vest" (?), v. i. To make an investment; as, to invest in stocks; -- usually followed by in.

In*vest"ient (?), a. [L. investiens, p. pr. of investire.] Covering; clothing. [R.] Woodward.

In*ves"ti*ga*ble (?), a. [L. investigabilis. See Investigate.] Capable or susceptible of being investigated; admitting research. Hooker.

In*ves"ti*ga*ble, a. [L. investigabilis. See In- not, and Vestigate.] Unsearchable; inscrutable. [Obs.]

> So unsearchable the judgment and so investigable the ways thereof.

Bale.

In*ves"ti*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Investigated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Investigating.] [L. investigatus, p. p. of investigare to investigate; pref. in- in + vestigare to track, trace. See Vestige.] To follow up step by step by patient inquiry or observation; to trace or track mentally; to search into; to inquire and examine into with care and accuracy; to find out by careful inquisition; as, to investigate the causes of natural phenomena.

In*ves"ti*gate, v. i. To pursue a course of investigation and study; to make investigation.

In*ves`ti*ga"tion (?), n. [L. investigatio: cf. F. investigation.] The act of investigating; the process of inquiring into or following up; research; study; inquiry, esp. patient or thorough inquiry or examination; as, the investigations of the philosopher and the mathematician; the investigations of the judge, the moralist.

In*ves"ti*ga*tive (?), a. Given to investigation; inquisitive; curious; searching.

In*ves"ti*ga`tor (?), n. [L.: cf. F. investigateur.] One who searches diligently into a subject.

In*ves"ti*ture (?; 135), n. [LL. investitura: cf. F. investiture.]

1. The act or ceremony of investing, or the state of being invested, as with an office; a giving possession; also, the right of so investing.

> He had refused to yield up to the pope the investiture of bishops.

Sir W. Raleigh.

2. (Feudal Law) Livery of seizin.

> The grant of land or a feud was perfected by the ceremony of corporal investiture, or open delivery of possession.

Blackstone.

3. That with which anyone is invested or clothed; investment; clothing; covering.

> While we yet have on
> Our gross investiture of mortal weeds.

Trench.

In*vest"ive (?), a. Investing. [R.] Mir. for Mag.

In*vest"ment (?), n. 1. The act of investing, or the state of being invested.

2. That with which anyone is invested; a vestment.

> Whose white investments figure innocence.

Shak.

3. (Mil.) The act of surrounding, blocking up, or besieging by an armed force, or the state of being so surrounded.

> The capitulation was signed by the commander of the fort within six days after its investments.

Marshall.

4. The laying out of money in the purchase of some species of property; the amount of money invested, or that in which money is invested.

> Before the investment could be made, a change of the market might render it ineligible.

A. Hamilton.

> An investment in ink, paper, and steel pens.

Hawthorne.

In*vest"or (?), n. One who invests.

In*ves"ture (?; 135), n. Investiture; investment. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.

In*ves"ture, v. t. To clothe; to invest; to install. [Obs.] "Monks . . . investured in their copes." Fuller.

In*vet"er*a*cy (?), n. [From Inveterate.]

1. Firm establishment by long continuance; firmness or deep-rooted obstinacy of any quality or state acquired by time; as, the inveteracy of custom, habit, or disease; -- usually in a bad sense; as, the inveteracy of prejudice or of error.

> An inveteracy of evil habits that will prompt him to contract more.

A. Tucker.

2. Malignity; spitefulness; virulency.

> The rancor of pamphlets, the inveteracy of epigrams, and the mortification of lampoons.

Guardian.

In*vet"er*ate (?), a. [L. inveteratus, p. p. of inveterare to render old; pref. in- in + vetus, veteris, old. See Veteran.]

1. Old; long-established. [Obs.]

> It is an inveterate and received opinion.

Bacon.

2. Firmly established by long continuance; obstinate; deep-rooted; of long standing; as, an inveterate disease; an inveterate abuse.

> Heal the inveterate canker of one wound.

Shak.

3. Having habits fixed by long continuance; confirmed; habitual; as, an inveterate idler or smoker.

4. Malignant; virulent; spiteful. H. Brooke.

In*vet"er*ate (?), v. t. To fix and settle by long continuance. [Obs.] Bacon.

In*vet"er*ate*ly (?), adv. In an inveterate manner or degree. "Inveterately tough." Hawthorne.

In*vet"er*ate*ness, n. Inveteracy. Sir T. Browne.

In*vet`er*a"tion (?), n. [L. inveteratio.] The act of making inveterate. [R.] Bailey.

In*vict" (?), a. [L. invictus. See In- not, and Victor.] Invincible. [Obs.] Joye.

In*vid"i*ous (?), a. [L. invidiosus, fr. invidia envy. See Envy, and cf. Envious.]

1. Envious; malignant. [Obs.] Evelyn.

2. Worthy of envy; desirable; enviable. [Obs.]

> Such a person appeareth in a far more honorable and invidious state than any prosperous man.

Barrow.

3. Likely to incur or produce ill will, or to provoke envy; hateful; as, invidious distinctions.

> Agamemnon found it an invidious affair to give the preference to any one of the Grecian heroes.

Broome.

-- In*vid"i*ous*ly, adv. -- In*vid"i*ous*ness, n.

{ In*vig"i*lance (?), In*vig"i*lan*cy (?), } n. [in- not + vigilance: cf. OF. invigilance.] Want of vigilance; neglect of watching; carelessness.

<! p. 786 !>

In*vig"or (n*vg"r), v. t. To invigorate. [Obs.]

In*vig"or*ate (-t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invigorated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Invigorating.] [Pref. in- in + vigor.] To give vigor to; to strengthen; to animate; to give life and energy to.

> Christian graces and virtues they can not be, unless fed, invigorated, and animated by universal charity.

Atterbury.

Syn. -- To refresh; animate; exhilarate; stimulate.

In*vig`or*a"tion (?), n. The act of invigorating, or the state of being invigorated.

In*vile" (?), v. t. To render vile. [Obs.] Daniel.

In*vil"laged (?; 48), p. a. Turned into, or reduced to, a village. [Obs.] W. Browne.

In*vin`ci*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. invincibilité.] The quality or state of being invincible; invincibleness.

In*vin"ci*ble (?), a. [L. invincibilis: cf. F. invincible. See In- not, and Vincible.] Incapable of being conquered, overcome, or subdued; unconquerable; insuperable; as, an invincible army, or obstacle.

> Lead forth to battle these my sons
> Invincible.

Milton.

-- In*vin"ci*ble*ness, n. -- In*vin"ci*bly, adv.

In*vi`o*la*bil"i*ty (?), n. [L. inviolabilitas: cf. F. inviolabilité.] The quality or state of being inviolable; inviolableness.

In*vi"o*la*ble (?), a. [L. inviolabilis: cf. F. inviolable. See Inviolate, a.]

1. Not violable; not susceptible of hurt, wound, or harm (used with respect to either physical or moral damage); not susceptible of being profaned or corrupted; sacred; holy; as, inviolable honor or chastity; an inviolable shrine.

> He tried a third, a tough, well-chosen spear,
> The inviolable body stood sincere.

Dryden.

2. Unviolated; uninjured; undefiled; uncorrupted.

> For thou, be sure, shalt give account
> To him who sent us, whose charge is to keep
> This place inviolable, and these from harm.

Milton.

3. Not capable of being broken or violated; as, an inviolable covenant, agreement, promise, or vow.

> Their almighty Maker first ordained
> And bound them with inviolable bands.

Spenser.

> And keep our faiths firm and inviolable.

Shak.

In*vi"o*la*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being inviolable; as, the inviolableness of divine justice.

In*vi"o*la*bly, adv. Without violation.

In*vi"o*la*cy (?), n. The state or quality of being inviolate; as, the inviolacy of an oath.

{ In*vi"o*late (?), In*vi"o*la`ted (?), } a. [L. inviolatus. See In- not, and Violate.]

1. Not violated; uninjured; unhurt; unbroken.

> His fortune of arms was still inviolate.

Bacon.

2. Not corrupted, defiled, or profaned; chaste; pure. "Inviolate truth." Denham.

> There chaste Alceste lives inviolate.

Spenser.

In*vi"o*late*ly (?), adv. In an inviolate manner.

In*vi"o*late*ness, n. The state of being inviolate.

In"vi*ous (?), a. [L. invius; pref. in- not + via way.] Untrodden. [R.] Hudibras. -- In"vi*ous*ness, n. [R.]

In*vi"rile (?), a. Deficient in manhood; unmanly; effeminate. Lowell.

In`vi*ril"i*ty (?), n. Absence of virility or manhood; effeminacy. Prynne.

In*vis"cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inviscated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inviscating (?).] [L. inviscatus, p. p. of inviscare to birdlime; pref. in- in + viscum, viscus, the mistletoe, birdlime.] To daub or catch with glue or birdlime; to entangle with glutinous matter. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

In*vis"cer*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inviscerated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Inviscerating.] [L. invisceratus, p. p. of inviscerare to put into the entrails. See Viscera.] To breed; to nourish. [R.] W. Montagu.

In*vis"cer*ate (?), a. [L. invisceratus, p. p.] Deep-seated; internal. [R.] W. Montagu.

In*vis`i*bil"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Invisibilities (#). [L. invisibilitas: cf. F. invisibilité.] The state or quality of being invisible; also, that which is invisible. "Atoms and invisibilities." Landor.

In*vis"i*ble (?), a. [F. invisible, L. invisibilis. See In- not, and Visible.] Incapable of being seen; not perceptible by vision; not visible.

> To us invisible, or dimly seen
> In these thy lowest works.

Milton.

Invisible bird (Zoöl.), a small, shy singing bird (Myadestes sibilons), of St. Vincent Islands. -- Invisible green, a very dark shade of green, approaching to black, and liable to be mistaken for it.

In*vis"i*ble, n. 1. An invisible person or thing; specifically, God, the Supreme Being.

2. A Rosicrucian; -- so called because avoiding declaration of his craft. [Obs.]

3. (Eccl. Hist.) One of those (as in the 16th century) who denied the visibility of the church. Shipley.

In*vis"i*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being invisible; invisibility.

In*vis"i*bly, adv. In an invisible manner. Denham.

In*vi"sion (?), n. Want of vision or of the power of seeing. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

In`vi*ta"tion (?), n. [L. invitatio: cf. F. invitation. See Invite.]

1. The act of inviting; solicitation; the requesting of a person's company; as, an invitation to a party, to a dinner, or to visit a friend.

2. A document written or printed, or spoken words, conveying the message by which one is invited.

3. Allurement; enticement. [R.]

> She gives the leer of invitation.

Shak.

In*vi"ta*to*ry (?), a. [L. invitatorius: cf. F. invitatoire.] Using or containing invitations.

> The "Venite" [Psalm xcv.], which is also called the invitatory psalm.

Hook.

In*vi"ta*to*ry (?), n.; pl. Invitatories (#). [LL. invitatorium: cf. F. invitatoire.] That which invites; specifically, the invitatory psalm, or a part of it used in worship.

In*vite" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invited; p. pr. & vb. n. Inviting.] [L. invitare: cf. F. inviter. See Vie.]

1. To ask; to request; to bid; to summon; to ask to do some act, or go to some place; esp., to ask to an entertainment or visit; to request the company of; as, to invite to dinner, or a wedding, or an excursion.

> So many guests invite as here are writ.

Shak.

> I invite his Grace of Castle Rackrent to reflect on this.

Carlyle.

2. To allure; to draw to; to tempt to come; to induce by pleasure or hope; to attract.

> To inveigle and invite the unwary sense.

Milton.

> Shady groves, that easy sleep invite.

Dryden.

> There no delusive hope invites despair.

Cowper.

3. To give occasion for; as, to invite criticism.

Syn. -- To solicit; bid; call; ask; summon; allure; attract; entice; persuade.

In*vite", v. i. To give invitation. Milton.

In*vite"ment (?), n. Invitation. [Obs.] Chapman.

In*vit"er (?), n. One who, or that which, invites.

In*vi"ti*ate (?), a. Not vitiated. Lowell.

In*vit"ing (?), a. Alluring; tempting; as, an inviting amusement or prospect.

> Nothing is so easy and inviting as the retort of abuse and sarcasm.

W. Irving.

-- In*vit"ing*ly, adv. -- In*vit"ing*ness, n. Jer. Taylor.

In*vit"ri*fi`a*ble (?), a. Not admitting of being vitrified, or converted into glass. Kirwan.

In"vo*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invocated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Invocating (?).] [L. invocatus, p. p. of invocare. See Invoke.] To invoke; to call on, or for, in supplication; to implore.

> If Dagon be thy god,
> Go to his temple, invocate his aid.

Milton.

In`vo*ca"tion (?), n. [F. invocation, L. invocatio.]

1. The act or form of calling for the assistance or presence of some superior being; earnest and solemn entreaty; esp., prayer offered to a divine being.

> Sweet invocation of a child; most pretty and pathetical!

Shak.

> The whole poem is a prayer to Fortune, and the invocation is divided between the two deities.

Addison.

2. (Law) A call or summons; especially, a judicial call, demand, or order; as, the invocation of papers or evidence into court.

In"vo*ca*to*ry (?), a. Making or containing invocation; invoking.

In"voice` (?), n. [F. envois things sent, goods forwarded, pl. of envoi a sending or things sent, fr. envoyer to send; cf. F. lettre d'envoi letter of advice of goods forwarded. See Envoy.]

1. (Com.) A written account of the particulars of merchandise shipped or sent to a purchaser, consignee, factor, etc., with the value or prices and charges annexed. Wharton.

2. The lot or set of goods as shipped or received; as, the merchant receives a large invoice of goods.

In"voice`, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invoiced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Invoicing (?).] To make a written list or account of, as goods to be sent to a consignee; to insert in a priced list; to write or enter in an invoice.

> Goods, wares, and merchandise imported from Norway, and invoiced in the current dollar of Norway.

Madison.

In*voke" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Invoked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Invoking.] [F. invoquer, L. invocare; pref. in- in, on + vocare to call, fr. vox voice. See Voice, and cf. Invocate.] To call on for aid or protection; to invite earnestly or solemnly; to summon; to address in prayer; to solicit or demand by invocation; to implore; as, to invoke the Supreme Being, or to invoke His and blessing.

> Go, my dread lord, to your great grandsire's tomb, . . .
> Invoke his warlike spirit.

Shak.

In*vol"u*cel (?; 277), n. [Dim. of involucre, or involucrum: cf. F. involucelle.] (Bot.) A partial, secondary, or small involucre. See Illust. of Involucre.

In`vo*lu"cel*late (?), a. (Bot.) Furnished with involucels.

||In`vo*lu*cel"lum (?), n.; pl. Involucella (#). [NL.] See Involucel.

In`vo*lu"cral (?), a. [Cf. F. involucral.] Pertaining to, possessing, or like, an involucrum.

{ In`vo*lu"crate (?), In`vo*lu"cra*ted (?), } a. (Bot.) Having an involucre; involucred.

In"vo*lu`cre (?; 277), n. [L. involucrum a covering, wrapper, fr. involvere to wrap up, envelop: cf. F. involucre. See Involve.] (Bot.) (a) A whorl or set of bracts around a flower, umbel, or head. (b) A continuous marginal covering of sporangia, in certain ferns, as in the common brake, or the cup-shaped processes of the filmy ferns. (c) The peridium or volva of certain fungi. Called also involucrum.

In"vo*lu`cred (?), a. (Bot.) Having an involucre, as umbels, heads, etc. Martyn.

In`vo*lu"cret (?), n. (Bot.) An involucel.

||In`vo*lu"crum (?), n.; pl. L. Involucra (#), E. Involucrums (#). [L. See Involucre.]

1. (Bot.) See Involucre.

2. (Zoöl.) A sheath which surrounds the base of the lasso cells in the Siphonophora.

In*vol"un*ta*ri*ly (?), adv. [From Involuntary.] In an involuntary manner; not voluntarily; not intentionally or willingly.

In*vol"un*ta*ri*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being involuntary; unwillingness; automatism.

In*vol"un*ta*ry (?), a. [L. involuntarius. See In- not, and Voluntary.]

1. Not having will or the power of choice.

2. Not under the influence or control of the will; not voluntary; as, the involuntary movements of the body; involuntary muscle fibers.

3. Not proceeding from choice; done unwillingly; reluctant; compulsory; as, involuntary submission.

{ In"vo*lute (?), In"vo*lu`ted (?), } a. [L. involutus, p. p. of involvere. See Involve.] 1. (Bot.) Rolled inward from the edges; -- said of leaves in vernation, or of the petals of flowers in æstivation. Gray.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) Turned inward at the margin, as the exterior lip of the Cyprea. (b) Rolled inward spirally.

In"vo*lute, n. (Geom.) A curve traced by the end of a string wound upon another curve, or unwound from it; -- called also evolvent. See Evolute.

In`vo*lu"tion (?), n. [L. involutio: cf. F. involution. See Involve.]

1. The act of involving or infolding.

2. The state of being entangled or involved; complication; entanglement.

> All things are mixed, and causes blended, by mutual involutions.

Glanvill.

3. That in which anything is involved, folded, or wrapped; envelope. Sir T. Browne.

4. (Gram.) The insertion of one or more clauses between the subject and the verb, in a way that involves or complicates the construction.

5. (Math.) The act or process of raising a quantity to any power assigned; the multiplication of a quantity into itself a given number of times; -- the reverse of evolution.

6. (Geom.) The relation which exists between three or more sets of points, a.a′, b.b′, c.c′, so related to a point O on the line, that the product Oa.Oa′ = Ob.Ob′ = Oc.Oc′ is constant. Sets of lines or surfaces possessing corresponding properties may be in involution.

7. (Med.) The return of an enlarged part or organ to its normal size, as of the uterus after pregnancy.

In*volve" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Involved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Involving.] [L. involvere, involutum, to roll about, wrap up; pref. in- in + volvere to roll: cf. OF. involver. See Voluble, and cf. Involute.]

1. To roll or fold up; to wind round; to entwine.

> Some of serpent kind . . . involved
> Their snaky folds.

Milton.

2. To envelop completely; to surround; to cover; to hide; to involve in darkness or obscurity.

> And leave a singèd bottom all involved
> With stench and smoke.

Milton.

3. To complicate or make intricate, as in grammatical structure. "Involved discourses." Locke.

4. To connect with something as a natural or logical consequence or effect; to include necessarily; to imply.

> He knows
> His end with mine involved.

Milton.

> The contrary necessarily involves a contradiction.

Tillotson.

5. To take in; to gather in; to mingle confusedly; to blend or merge. [R.]

> The gathering number, as it moves along,
> Involves a vast involuntary throng.

Pope.

> Earth with hell
> To mingle and involve.

Milton.

6. To envelop, infold, entangle, or embarrass; as, to involve a person in debt or misery.

7. To engage thoroughly; to occupy, employ, or absorb. "Involved in a deep study." Sir W. Scott.

8. (Math.) To raise to any assigned power; to multiply, as a quantity, into itself a given number of times; as, a quantity involved to the third or fourth power.

Syn. -- To imply; include; implicate; complicate; entangle; embarrass; overwhelm. -- To Involve, Imply. Imply is opposed to express, or set forth; thus, an implied engagement is one fairly to be understood from the words used or the circumstances of the case, though not set forth in form. Involve goes beyond the mere interpretation of things into their necessary relations; and hence, if one thing involves another, it so contains it that the two must go together by an indissoluble connection. War, for example, involves wide spread misery and death; the premises of a syllogism involve the conclusion.

In*volved" (?), a. (Zoöl.) Same as Involute.

In*volv"ed*ness (?), n. The state of being involved.

In*volve"ment (?), n. The act of involving, or the state of being involved. Lew Wallace.

In*vul"gar (?), v. t. [Pref. in- in + vulgar.] To cause to become or appear vulgar. [Obs.] Daniel.

In*vul"gar, a. [Pref. in- not + vulgar.] Not vulgar; refined; elegant. [Obs.] Drayton.

In*vul"ner*a*bil`i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. invulnérabilité.] Quality or state of being invulnerable.

In*vul"ner*a*ble (?), a. [L. invulnerabilis: cf. F. invulnérable. See In- not, and Vulnerable.]

1. Incapable of being wounded, or of receiving injury.

> Neither vainly hope
> To be invulnerable in those bright arms.

Milton.

2. Unanswerable; irrefutable; that can not be refuted or convinced; as, an invulnerable argument.

In*vul"ner*a*ble*ness, n. Invulnerability.

In*vul"ner*ate (?), a. [L. invulneratus unwounded.] Invulnerable.

In*wall" (n*wl"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Inwalled (-wld"); p. pr. & vb. n. Inwalling.] To inclose or fortify as with a wall. Spenser.

<! p. 787 !>

In"wall` (n"wl`), n. An inner wall; specifically (Metal.), the inner wall, or lining, of a blast furnace.

In"ward (n*wrd), a. [AS. inweard, inneweard, innanweard, fr. innan, inne, within (fr. in in; see In) + the suffix -weard, E. -ward.]

1. Being or placed within; inner; interior; - - opposed to outward. Milton.

2. Seated in the mind, heart, spirit, or soul. "Inward beauty." Shak.

3. Intimate; domestic; private. [Obs.]

> All my inward friends abhorred me.

Job xix. 19.

> He had had occasion, by one very inward with him, to know in part the discourse of his life.

Sir P. Sidney.

In"ward, n. 1. That which is inward or within; especially, in the plural, the inner parts or organs of the body; the viscera. Jer. Taylor.

> Then sacrificing, laid the inwards and their fat.

Milton.

2. The mental faculties; -- usually pl. [Obs.]

3. An intimate or familiar friend or acquaintance. [Obs.] "I was an inward of his." Shak.

{ In"ward (?), In"wards (?), } adv. [AS. inweard. The ending -s is prop. a genitive ending. See Inward, a., -wards.]

1. Toward the inside; toward the center or interior; as, to bend a thing inward.

2. Into, or toward, the mind or thoughts; inwardly; as, to turn the attention inward.

> So much the rather, thou Celestial Light,
> Shine inward.

Milton.

In"ward*ly (?), adv. [AS. inweardlice.]

1. In the inner parts; internally.

> Let Benedick, like covered fire,
> Consume away in sighs, waste inwardly.

Shak.

2. Toward the center; inward; as, to curve inwardly.

3. In the heart or mind; mentally; privately; secretly; as, he inwardly repines.

4. Intimately; thoroughly. [Obs.]

> I shall desire to know him more inwardly.

Beau. & Fl.

In"ward*ness, n. 1. Internal or true state; essential nature; as, the inwardness of conduct.

> Sense can not arrive to the inwardness
> Of things.

Dr. H. More.

2. Intimacy; familiarity. [Obs.] Shak.

3. Heartiness; earnestness.

> What was wanted was more inwardness, more feeling.

M. Arnold.

In"wards (?), adv. See Inward.

In*weave" (?), v. t. To weave in or together; to intermix or intertwine by weaving; to interlace.

> Down they cast
> Their crowns, inwove with amaranth and gold.

Milton.

In*wheel" (?), v. t. To encircle. [R.] Beau. & Fl.

In"wit (?), n. Inward sense; mind; understanding; conscience. [Obs.] Wyclif.

In*with" (?), prep. Within. [Obs.]

> This purse hath she inwith her bosom hid.

Chaucer.

In*work" (?), v. t. & i. [Pref. in- + work. Cf. Inwrought.] To work in or within.

In"worn` (?), p. a. Worn, wrought, or stamped in. [R.] Milton.

In*wrap" (?), v. t. [Written also enwrap.]

1. To cover by wrapping; to involve; to infold; as, to inwrap in a cloak, in smoke, etc.

2. To involve, as in difficulty or perplexity; to perplex. [R.] Bp. Hall.

In*wreathe" (?), v. t. To surround or encompass as with a wreath. [Written also enwreathe.]

> Resplendent locks, inwreathed with beams.

Milton.

In*wrought" (?), p. p. or a. [Pref. in- + wrought. Cf. Inwork.] Wrought or worked in or among other things; worked into any fabric so as to from a part of its texture; wrought or adorned, as with figures.

> His mantle hairy, and his bonnet sedge,
> Inwrought with figures dim.

Milton.

I"o (?), n.; pl. Ios (#). [L.; cf. Gr. "iw`.] An exclamation of joy or triumph; -- often interjectional.

I"od- (?). (Chem.) See Iodo- .

I"o*dal ("*dal), n. [Iod- + alcohol.] (Chem.) An oily liquid, CI3.CHO, analogous to chloral and bromal.

I"o*date ("*dt), n. (Chem.) A salt of iodic acid.

I`od*hy"drin (?), n. [Iod- + chlorhydrin.] (Chem.) One of a series of compounds containing iodine, and analogous to the chlorhydrins.

I*od"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. iodique. See Iodine.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, iodine; specif., denoting those compounds in which it has a relatively high valence; as, iodic acid.

Iodic acid, a monobasic acid, consisting of iodine with three parts of oxygen and one of hydrogen.

I"o*dide (?), n. (Chem.) A binary compound of iodine, or one which may be regarded as binary; as, potassium iodide.

I"o*dine ("*dn or -dn; 104), n. [Gr. 'iw`dhs violetlike; 'i`on a violet + e'i^dos form: cf. F. iode, iodine. The name was given from the violet color of its vapor. See Violet, Idyl.] (Chem.) A nonmetallic element, of the halogen group, occurring always in combination, as in the iodides. When isolated it is in the form of dark gray metallic scales, resembling plumbago, soft but brittle, and emitting a chlorinelike odor. Symbol I. Atomic weight 126.5. If heated, iodine volatilizes in beautiful violet vapors.

Iodine was formerly obtained from the ashes of seaweed (kelp or varec), but is now also extracted from certain natural brines. In the free state, iodine, even in very minute quantities, colors starch blue. Iodine and its compounds are largely used in medicine (as in liniments, antisyphilitics, etc.), in photography, in the preparation of aniline dyes, and as an indicator in titration.

Iodine green, an artificial green dyestuff, consisting of an iodine derivative of rosaniline; -- called also night green. -- Iodine scarlet, a pigment of an intense scarlet color, consisting of mercuric iodide. -- Iodine yellow, a brilliant yellow pigment, consisting of plumbic iodide.

I"o*dism (?), n. (Med.) A morbid state produced by the use of iodine and its compounds, and characterized by palpitation, depression, and general emaciation, with a pustular eruption upon the skin.

I"o*dize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Iodized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Iodizing (?).] To treat or impregnate with iodine or its compounds; as, to iodize a plate for photography. R. Hunt.

I"o*di`zer (?), n. One who, or that which, iodizes.

{ I"o*do- (?), I"od- (?). } (Chem.) A prefix, or combining from, indicating iodine as an ingredient; as, iodoform.

I*od"o*form (?), n. [Iodo- + formyl. See Formyl, and cf. Chloroform.] (Chem.) A yellow, crystalline, volatile substance, CI3H, having an offensive odor and sweetish taste, and analogous to chloroform. It is used in medicine as a healing and antiseptic dressing for wounds and sores.

I`o*do*qui"nine (?), n. [Iodo- + quinine.] (Chem.) A iodide of quinine obtained as a brown substance. It is the base of herapathite. See Herapathite.

I"o*dous (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, iodine. See -ous (chemical suffix).

Iodous acid, a hypothetical acid, analogous to chlorous acid.

I*od"u*ret (?), n. (Chem.) Iodide. [Obs.]

I*od"y*rite (?), n. [From Iodine.] (Min.) Silver iodide, a mineral of a yellowish color.

I"o*lite ("*lt), n. [Gr. 'i`on a violet + -lite.] (Min.) A silicate of alumina, iron, and magnesia, having a bright blue color and vitreous luster; cordierite. It is remarkable for its dichroism, and is also called dichroite.

I"o moth` (?; 115). (Zoöl.) A large and handsome American moth (Hyperchiria Io), having a large, bright-colored spot on each hind wing, resembling the spots on the tail of a peacock. The larva is covered with prickly hairs, which sting like nettles.

-ion (?; 106). [L. -io, acc. -ionem: cf. F. -ion.] A noun suffix denoting act, process, result of an act or a process, thing acted upon, state, or condition; as, revolution, the act or process of revolving; construction, the act or process of constructing; a thing constructed; dominion, territory ruled over; subjection, state of being subject; dejection; abstraction.

I"on ("n), n. [Gr. 'io`n, neut, of 'iw`n, p. pr. of 'ie`nai to go.] (Elec. Chem.) One of the elements which appear at the respective poles when a body is subjected to electro-chemical decomposition. Cf. Anion, Cation.

I*o"ni*an (?), a. [L. Ionius. See Ionic.] Of or pertaining to Ionia or the Ionians; Ionic. -- n. A native or citizen of Ionia.

I*on"ic (?), a. [L. Ionicus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; Ionia.]

1. Of or pertaining to Ionia or the Ionians.

2. (Arch.) Pertaining to the Ionic order of architecture, one of the three orders invented by the Greeks, and one of the five recognized by the Italian writers of the sixteenth century. Its distinguishing feature is a capital with spiral volutes. See Illust. of Capital.

Ionic dialect (Gr. Gram.), a dialect of the Greek language, used in Ionia. The Homeric poems are written in what is designated old Ionic, as distinguished from new Ionic, or Attic, the dialect of all cultivated Greeks in the period of Athenian prosperity and glory. -- Ionic foot. (Pros.) See Ionic, n., 1. -- Ionic, or Ionian, mode (Mus.), an ancient mode, supposed to correspond with the modern major scale of C. -- Ionic sect, a sect of philosophers founded by Thales of Miletus, in Ionia. Their distinguishing tenet was, that water is the original principle of all things. -- Ionic type, a kind of heavy- faced type (as that of the following line).

This is Nonpareil Ionic.

I*on"ic, n. 1. (Pros.) (a) A foot consisting of four syllables: either two long and two short, -- that is, a spondee and a pyrrhic, in which case it is called the greater Ionic; or two short and two long, -- that is, a pyrrhic and a spondee, in which case it is called the smaller Ionic. (b) A verse or meter composed or consisting of Ionic feet.

2. The Ionic dialect; as, the Homeric Ionic.

3. (Print.) Ionic type.

||I`o*nid"i*um (?), n. [NL. Cf. Iodine.] (Bot.) A genus of violaceous plants, chiefly found in tropical America, some species of which are used as substitutes for ipecacuanha.

I"o*qua shell` (?). [From the native name.] (Zoöl.) The shell of a large Dentalium (D. pretiosum), formerly used as shell money, and for ornaments, by the Indians of the west coast of North America.

I*o"ta (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'iw^ta. See Jot.]

1. The ninth letter of the Greek alphabet (ι) corresponding with the English i.

2. A very small quantity or degree; a jot; a particle.

> They never depart an iota from the authentic formulas of tyranny and usurpation.

Burke.

Iota subscript (Gr. Gram.), iota written beneath a preceding vowel, as a,, h,, w,, -- done when iota is silent.

I*o"ta*cism (*"t*sz'm), n. [Gr. 'iotakismo`s a laying too much stress upon the iota (ι): cf. F. iotacisme. See Iota.] The frequent use of the sound of iota (that of English e in be), as among the modern Greeks; also, confusion from sounding ε, ι, η, υ, ει, etc., like ι. Littré.

I O U (?). [i. e., I owe you.] A paper having on it these letters, with a sum named, and duly signed; -- in use in England as an acknowledgment of a debt, and taken as evidence thereof, but not amounting to a promissory note; a due bill. Wharton. Story.

I"o*was (?), n. pl.; sing. Iowa. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians which formerly occupied the region now included in the State of Iowa.

Ip"e*cac (p"*kk), n. An abbreviation of Ipecacuanha, and in more frequent use.

Ip`e*cac`u*an"ha (p`*kk`*n"), n. [Pg. ipecacuanha (cf. Sp. ipecacuana); fr. Braz. ipe-kaa-guena, prop., a creeping plant that causes vomiting.] (Med. & Bot.) The root of a Brazilian rubiaceous herb (Cephaëlis Ipecacuanha), largely employed as an emetic; also, the plant itself; also, a medicinal extract of the root. Many other plants are used as a substitutes; among them are the black or Peruvian ipecac (Psychotria emetica), the white ipecac (Ionidium Ipecacuanha), the bastard or wild ipecac (Asclepias Curassavica), and the undulated ipecac (Richardsonia scabra).

Ip"o*cras (?), n. Hippocras. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Ip`o*mœ"a (p`*m"), n. [NL. "Named, according to Linnæus, from Gr. 'i`ps, 'ipo`s, a bindweed [which it is not], and "o`moios like." Gray.] (Bot.) A genus of twining plants with showy monopetalous flowers, including the morning-glory, the sweet potato, and the cypress vine.

Ip`o*mœ"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained by the oxidation of convolvulin (obtained from jalap, the tubers of Ipomœa purga), and identical in most of its properties with sebacic acid.

Ir- (?). A form of the prefix in-. See In- .

I"ra*cund (?), a. [L. iracundus, fr. ira anger.] Irascible; choleric. "Iracund people." Carlyle.

I*ra"de (*rä"d), n. [Turk.] A decree of the Sultan.

I`ran" (`rän"), n. [Mod. Persian Irn. Cf. Aryan.] The native name of Persia.

I*ra"ni*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Iran. -- n. A native of Iran; also, the Iranian or Persian language, a division of the Aryan family of languages.

I*ran"ic (?), a. Iranian.

I*ras`ci*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. irascibilité.] The quality or state of being irascible; irritability of temper; irascibleness.

I*ras"ci*ble (?), a. [L. irascibilis, fr. irasci to be angry, ira anger: cf. F. irascible. See Ire.] Prone to anger; easily provoked or inflamed to anger; choleric; irritable; as, an irascible man; an irascible temper or mood. -- I*ras"ci*ble*ness, n. -- I*ras"ci*bly, adv.

I*rate" (?), a. [L. iratus, fr. irasci to be angry. See Ire.] Angry; incensed; enraged. [Recent]

> The irate colonel . . . stood speechless.

Thackeray.

> Mr. Jaggers suddenly became most irate.

Dickens.

Ire (?), n. [F., fr. L. ira.] Anger; wrath. [Poet.]

Syn. -- Anger; passion; rage; fury. See Anger.

Ire"ful (?), a. Full of ire; angry; wroth. "The ireful bastard Orleans." Shak. -- Ire"ful*ly, adv.

Ire"ful*ness, n. Wrathfulness. Wyclif.

I"re*narch (?), n. [L. irenarcha, irenarches, Gr. &?;; &?; peace + &?; to rule.] (Gr. Antiq.) An officer in the Greek empire having functions corresponding to those of a justice of the peace. [Written also eirenarch.]

{ I*ren"ic (?), I*ren"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;.] Fitted or designed to promote peace; pacific; conciliatory; peaceful. Bp. Hall.

||I*ren"i*con (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; peaceful, fr. &?; peace.] A proposition or device for securing peace, especially in the church. South.

I*ren"ics (?), n. (Eccl.) That branch of Christian science which treats of the methods of securing unity among Christians or harmony and union among the churches; -- called also Irenical theology. Schaff- Herzog.

Ire"stone` (?), n. (Mining) Any very hard rock.

I"ri*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to the iris. "Irian nerves." Dunglison.

I"ri*cism (?), n. Irishism. [R.] Jeffrey.

{ Ir`i*da"ceous (?), I*rid"e*ous (?), } a. [From NL. Iris, Iridis, the Iris.] (Bot.) Pertaining to, or resembling, a large natural order of endogenous plants (Iridaceæ), which includes the genera Iris, Ixia, Crocus, Gladiolus, and many others.

I"ri*dal (?; 277), a. [L. iris, iridis, rainbow. See Iris.] Of or pertaining to the iris or rainbow; prismatic; as, the iridal colors. Whewell.

Ir`i*dec"to*my (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, iris + &?; cutting out; &?; out + te`mnein to cut.] (Surg.) The act or process of cutting out a portion of the iris in order to form an artificial pupil.

Ir`i*des"cence (?), n. [See Iridescent.] Exhibition of colors like those of the rainbow; the quality or state of being iridescent; a prismatic play of color; as, the iridescence of mother-of-pearl.

Ir`i*des"cent (?; 277), a. [L. iris, iridis, the rainbow: cf. F. iridescent.] Having colors like the rainbow; exhibiting a play of changeable colors; nacreous; prismatic; as, iridescent glass.

I*rid"i*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to the iris or rainbow.

I*rid"i*a`ted (?), a. Iridescent.

I*rid"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to the iris of the eye.

I*rid"ic, a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to iridium; -- said specifically of those compounds in which iridium has a relatively high valence.

I*rid"i*o*scope (?), n. [See Iris, and -scope.] A kind of ophthalmoscope.

I*rid"i*ous (*rd"*s), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to iridium; -- applied specifically to compounds in which iridium has a low valence.

<! p. 788 !>

I*rid"i*um (*rd"*m), n. [NL., fr. L. iris, iridis, the rainbow. So called from the iridescence of some of its solutions. See Iris.] (Chem.) A rare metallic element, of the same group as platinum, which it much resembles, being silver-white, but harder, and brittle, and indifferent to most corrosive agents. With the exception of osmium, it is the heaviest substance known, its specific gravity being 22.4. Symbol Ir. Atomic weight 192.5.

Iridium usually occurs as a native alloy with osmium (iridosmine or osmiridium), which may occur alone or with platinum. Iridium, as an alloy with platinum, is used in bushing the vents of heavy ordnance. It is also used for the points of gold pens, and in a finely powdered condition (iridium black), for painting porcelain black.

Ir"i*dize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Iridized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Iridizing (?).]

1. To point or tip with iridium, as a gold pen.

2. To make iridescent; as, to iridize glass.

I*rid"o*line (?), n. [Iridescent + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous base C10H9N, extracted from coal-tar naphtha, as an oily liquid. It is a member of the quinoline series, and is probably identical with lepidine.

{ Ir`i*dos"mine (?), Ir`i*dos"mi*um (?), } n. [Iridium + osmium.] (Min.) The native compound of iridium and osmium. It is found in flattened metallic grains of extreme hardness, and is often used for pointing gold pens.

I"ris (?), n.; pl. E. Irises (#), L. Irides (#). [L. iris, iridis, the goddess, Gr. &?;, &?;, the rainbow, iris of the eye, the plant Iris. Cf. Orris.] 1. (Class. Myth.) The goddess of the rainbow, and swift-footed messenger of the gods. Shak.

2. The rainbow. Sir T. Browne.

3. An appearance resembling the rainbow; a prismatic play of colors. Tennyson.

4. (Anat.) The contractile membrane perforated by the pupil, and forming the colored portion of the eye. See Eye.

5. (Bot.) A genus of plants having showy flowers and bulbous or tuberous roots, of which the flower-de- luce (fleur-de-lis), orris, and other species of flag are examples. See Illust. of Flower-de-luce.

6. (Her.) See Fleur-de-lis, 2.

I"ris*a`ted (?), a. [See Iris.] Exhibiting the prismatic colors; irised; iridescent. W. Phillips.

I"ri*scope (?), n. [Iris + - scope.] A philosophical toy for exhibiting the prismatic tints by means of thin films.

I"rised (?), a. [See Iris.] Having colors like those of the rainbow; iridescent. Holmes.

I"rish (?), a. [AS. &?;risc, fr. &?;ras the Irish. Cf. Aryan, Erse.] Of or pertaining to Ireland or to its inhabitants; produced in Ireland.

Irish elk. (Zoöl.) See under Elk. -- Irish moss. (a) (Bot.) Carrageen. (b) A preparation of the same made into a blanc mange. -- Irish poplin. See Poplin. -- Irish potato, the ordinary white potato, so called because it is a favorite article of food in Ireland. -- Irish reef, or Irishman's reef (Naut.), the head of a sail tied up. -- Irish stew, meat, potatoes, and onions, cut in small pieces and stewed.

I*rish", n. sing. & pl. 1. pl. The natives or inhabitants of Ireland, esp. the Celtic natives or their descendants.

2. The language of the Irish; the Hiberno- Celtic.

3. An old game resembling backgammon.

I*rish"ism (?), n. A mode of speaking peculiar to the Irish; an Hibernicism.

I"rish*man (?), n.; pl. Irishmen (&?;). A man born in Ireland or of the Irish race; an Hibernian.

Irishman's hurricane (Naut.), a dead calm. -- Irishman's reef. (Naut.) See Irish reef, under Irish, a.

I"rish*ry (?), n. The Celtic people of Ireland. "The whole Irishry of rebels." Milton.

||I*ri"tis (?), n. [NL. See Iris, and -itis.] (Med.) An inflammation of the iris of the eye.

Irk (rk), v. t. [OE. irken to tire, become tired; cf. Sw. yrka to urge, enforce, press, or G. ekel disgust, MHG. erklich disgusting; perh. akin to L. urgere to urge, E. urge.] To weary; to give pain; to annoy; -- used only impersonally at present.

> To see this sight, it irks my very soul.

Shak.

> It irketh him to be here.

M. Arnold.

Irk"some (?), a. 1. Wearisome; tedious; disagreeable or troublesome by reason of long continuance or repetition; as, irksome hours; irksome tasks.

> For not to irksome toil, but to delight,
> He made us.

Milton.

2. Weary; vexed; uneasy. [Obs.]

> Let us therefore learn not to be irksome when God layeth his cross upon us.

Latimer.

Syn. -- Wearisome; tedious; tiresome; vexatious; burdensome. -- Irksome, Wearisome, Tedious. These epithets describe things which give pain or disgust. Irksome is applied to something which disgusts by its nature or quality; as, an irksome task. Wearisome denotes that which wearies or wears us out by severe labor; as, wearisome employment. Tedious is applied to something which tires us out by the length of time occupied in its performance; as, a tedious speech.

> Wearisome nights are appointed to me.

Job vii. 3.

> Pity only on fresh objects stays,
> But with the tedious sight of woes decays.

Dryden.

-- Irk"some*ly, adv. -- Irk"some*ness, n.

I"ron ("rn), n. [OE. iren, AS. ren, sen, sern; akin to D. ijzer, OS. sarn, OHG. sarn, san, G. eisen, Icel. sarn, jrn, Sw. & Dan. jern, and perh. to E. ice; cf. Ir. iarann, W. haiarn, Armor. houarn.]

1. (Chem.) The most common and most useful metallic element, being of almost universal occurrence, usually in the form of an oxide (as hematite, magnetite, etc.), or a hydrous oxide (as limonite, turgite, etc.). It is reduced on an enormous scale in three principal forms; viz., cast iron, steel, and wrought iron. Iron usually appears dark brown, from oxidation or impurity, but when pure, or on a fresh surface, is a gray or white metal. It is easily oxidized (rusted) by moisture, and is attacked by many corrosive agents. Symbol Fe (Latin Ferrum). Atomic weight 55.9. Specific gravity, pure iron, 7.86; cast iron, 7.1. In magnetic properties, it is superior to all other substances.

The value of iron is largely due to the facility with which it can be worked. Thus, when heated it is malleable and ductile, and can be easily welded and forged at a high temperature. As cast iron, it is easily fusible; as steel, is very tough, and (when tempered) very hard and elastic. Chemically, iron is grouped with cobalt and nickel. Steel is a variety of iron containing more carbon than wrought iron, but less that cast iron. It is made either from wrought iron, by roasting in a packing of carbon (cementation) or from cast iron, by burning off the impurities in a Bessemer converter (then called Bessemer steel), or directly from the iron ore (as in the Siemens rotatory and generating furnace).

2. An instrument or utensil made of iron; -- chiefly in composition; as, a flatiron, a smoothing iron, etc.

> My young soldier, put up your iron.

Shak.

3. pl. Fetters; chains; handcuffs; manacles.

> Four of the sufferers were left to rot in irons.

Macaulay.

4. Strength; power; firmness; inflexibility; as, to rule with a rod of iron.

Bar iron. See Wrought iron (below). -- Bog iron, bog ore; limonite. See Bog ore, under Bog. -- Cast iron (Metal.), an impure variety of iron, containing from three to six percent of carbon, part of which is united with a part of the iron, as a carbide, and the rest is uncombined, as graphite. It there is little free carbon, the product is white iron; if much of the carbon has separated as graphite, it is called gray iron. See also Cast iron, in the Vocabulary. -- Fire irons. See under Fire, n. -- Gray irons. See under Fire, n. -- Gray iron. See Cast iron (above). -- It irons (Naut.), said of a sailing vessel, when, in tacking, she comes up head to the wind and will not fill away on either tack. -- Magnetic iron. See Magnetite. -- Malleable iron (Metal.), iron sufficiently pure or soft to be capable of extension under the hammer; also, specif., a kind of iron produced by removing a portion of the carbon or other impurities from cast iron, rendering it less brittle, and to some extent malleable. -- Meteoric iron (Chem.), iron forming a large, and often the chief, ingredient of meteorites. It invariably contains a small amount of nickel and cobalt. Cf. Meteorite. -- Pig iron, the form in which cast iron is made at the blast furnace, being run into molds, called pigs. -- Reduced iron. See under Reduced. -- Specular iron. See Hematite. -- Too many irons in the fire, too many objects requiring the attention at once. -- White iron. See Cast iron (above). -- Wrought iron (Metal.), the purest form of iron commonly known in the arts, containing only about half of one per cent of carbon. It is made either directly from the ore, as in the Catalan forge or bloomery, or by purifying (puddling) cast iron in a reverberatory furnace or refinery. It is tough, malleable, and ductile. When formed into bars, it is called bar iron.

I"ron ("rn), a. [AS. ren, sen. See Iron, n.]

1. Of, or made of iron; consisting of iron; as, an iron bar, dust.

2. Resembling iron in color; as, iron blackness.

3. Like iron in hardness, strength, impenetrability, power of endurance, insensibility, etc.; as:

(a) Rude; hard; harsh; severe.

> Iron years of wars and dangers.

Rowe.

> Jove crushed the nations with an iron rod.

Pope.

(b) Firm; robust; enduring; as, an iron constitution.

(c) Inflexible; unrelenting; as, an iron will.

(d) Not to be broken; holding or binding fast; tenacious. "Him death's iron sleep oppressed." Philips.

Iron is often used in composition, denoting made of iron, relating to iron, of or with iron; producing iron, etc.; resembling iron, literally or figuratively, in some of its properties or characteristics; as, iron-shod, iron-sheathed, iron-fisted, iron-framed, iron-handed, iron-hearted, iron foundry or iron-foundry.

Iron age. (a) (Myth.) The age following the golden, silver, and bronze ages, and characterized by a general degeneration of talent and virtue, and of literary excellence. In Roman literature the Iron Age is commonly regarded as beginning after the taking of Rome by the Goths, A. D. 410. (b) (Archæol.) That stage in the development of any people characterized by the use of iron implements in the place of the more cumbrous stone and bronze. -- Iron cement, a cement for joints, composed of cast-iron borings or filings, sal ammoniac, etc. -- Iron clay (Min.), a yellowish clay containing a large proportion of an ore of iron. -- Iron cross, a Prussian order of military merit; also, the decoration of the order. -- Iron crown, a golden crown set with jewels, belonging originally to the Lombard kings, and indicating the dominion of Italy. It was so called from containing a circle said to have been forged from one of the nails in the cross of Christ. -- Iron flint (Min.), an opaque, flintlike, ferruginous variety of quartz. -- Iron founder, a maker of iron castings. -- Iron foundry, the place where iron castings are made. - - Iron furnace, a furnace for reducing iron from the ore, or for melting iron for castings, etc.; a forge; a reverberatory; a bloomery. -- Iron glance (Min.), hematite. -- Iron hat, a headpiece of iron or steel, shaped like a hat with a broad brim, and used as armor during the Middle Ages. -- Iron horse, a locomotive engine. [Colloq.] -- Iron liquor, a solution of an iron salt, used as a mordant by dyers. -- Iron man (Cotton Manuf.), a name for the self-acting spinning mule. -- Iron mold or mould, a yellow spot on cloth stained by rusty iron. -- Iron ore (Min.), any native compound of iron from which the metal may be profitably extracted. The principal ores are magnetite, hematite, siderite, limonite, Göthite, turgite, and the bog and clay iron ores. -- Iron pyrites (Min.), common pyrites, or pyrite. See Pyrites. -- Iron sand, an iron ore in grains, usually the magnetic iron ore, formerly used to sand paper after writing. -- Iron scale, the thin film which forms on the surface of wrought iron in the process of forging. It consists essentially of the magnetic oxide of iron, Fe3O4. -- Iron works, a furnace where iron is smelted, or a forge, rolling mill, or foundry, where it is made into heavy work, such as shafting, rails, cannon, merchant bar, etc.

I"ron, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ironed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ironing.]

1. To smooth with an instrument of iron; especially, to smooth, as cloth, with a heated flatiron; -- sometimes used with out.

2. To shackle with irons; to fetter or handcuff. "Ironed like a malefactor." Sir W. Scott.

3. To furnish or arm with iron; as, to iron a wagon.

I"ron*bark` tree` (?). (Bot.) The Australian Eucalyptus Sideroxylon, used largely by carpenters and shipbuilders; -- called also ironwood.

I"ron*bound` (?), a. 1. Bound as with iron; rugged; as, an ironbound coast.

2. Rigid; unyielding; as, ironbound traditions.

I"ron-cased` (?), a. Cased or covered with iron, as a vessel; ironclad.

I"ron*clad` (?), a. 1. Clad in iron; protected or covered with iron, as a vessel for naval warfare.

2. Rigorous; severe; exacting; as, an ironclad oath or pledge. [Colloq.]

I"ron*clad`, n. A naval vessel having the parts above water covered and protected by iron or steel usually in large plates closely joined and made sufficiently thick and strong to resist heavy shot.

I"ron*er (?), n. One who, or that which, irons.

I"ron-fist`ed (?), a. Closefisted; stingy; mean.

I"ron-gray` (?), a. Of a gray color, somewhat resembling that of iron freshly broken. -- n. An iron-gray color; also, a horse of this color.

I"ron*heads` (?), n. (Bot.) A European composite herb (Centaurea nigra); -- so called from the resemblance of its knobbed head to an iron ball fixed on a long handle. Dr. Prior.

I"ron-heart`ed (?), a. Hard- hearted; unfeeling; cruel; as, an iron-hearted master. Cowper.

I*ron"ic (?), a. Ironical. Sir T. Herbert.

I*ron"ic*al (?), a. [LL. ironicus, Gr. &?; dissembling: cf. F. ironique. See Irony.]

1. Pertaining to irony; containing, expressing, or characterized by, irony; as, an ironical remark.

2. Addicted to the use of irony; given to irony.

-- I*ron"ic*al*ly, adv. -- I*ron"ic*al*ness, n.

I"ron*ing (?), n. 1. The act or process of smoothing, as clothes, with hot flatirons.

2. The clothes ironed.

Ironing board, a flat board, upon which clothes are laid while being ironed.

I"ron*ish, a. Resembling iron, as in taste. Wood.

I"ron*ist (?), n. One who uses irony.

I"ron*mas`ter (?), n. A manufacturer of iron, or large dealer therein. Bp. Hurd.

I"ron*mon`ger (?), n. A dealer in iron or hardware.

I"ron*mon`ger*y (?), n. Hardware; a general name for all articles made of iron. Gwilt.

I"ron-sick` (?), a. (Naut.) Having the ironwork loose or corroded; -- said of a ship when her bolts and nails are so eaten with rust that she has become leaky.

I"ron-sid`ed (?), a. Having iron sides, or very firm sides.

I"ron*sides" (?), n. A cuirassier or cuirassiers; also, hardy veteran soldiers; -- applied specifically to Cromwell's cavalry.

I"ron*smith` (?), n. 1. A worker in iron; one who makes and repairs utensils of iron; a blacksmith.

2. (Zoöl.) An East Indian barbet (Megalaima faber), inhabiting the Island of Hainan. The name alludes to its note, which resembles the sounds made by a smith.

I"ron*stone` (?), n. A hard, earthy ore of iron.

Clay ironstone. See under Clay. -- Ironstone china, a hard white pottery, first made in England during the 18th century.

I"ron*ware` (?), n. Articles made of iron, as household utensils, tools, and the like.

I"ron*weed` (?), n. (Bot.) A tall weed with purplish flowers (Vernonia Noveboracensis). The name is also applied to other plants of the same genus.

I"ron*wood` (?), n. (Bot.) A tree unusually hard, strong, or heavy wood.

In the United States, the hornbeam and the hop hornbeam are so called; also the Olneya Tesota, a small tree of Arizona; in the West Indies, the Erythroxylon areolatum, and several other unrelated trees; in China, the Metrosideros vera; in India, the Mesua ferrea, and two species of Inga; in Australia, the Eucalyptus Sideroxylon, and in many countries, species of Sideroxylon and Diospyros, and many other trees.

I"ron*work` (?), n. Anything made of iron; -- a general name of such parts or pieces of a building, vessel, carriage, etc., as consist of iron.

I"ron works`. See under Iron, a.

I"ron*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) An herb of the Mint family (Sideritis), supposed to heal sword cuts; also, a species of Galeopsis.

I"ron*y (?), a. [From Iron.]

1. Made or consisting of iron; partaking of iron; iron; as, irony chains; irony particles. [R.] Woodward.

2. Resembling iron in taste, hardness, or other physical property.

I"ron*y (?), n. [L. ironia, Gr. &?; dissimulation, fr. &?; a dissembler in speech, fr. &?; to speak; perh. akin to E. word: cf. F. ironie.]

1. Dissimulation; ignorance feigned for the purpose of confounding or provoking an antagonist.

2. A sort of humor, ridicule, or light sarcasm, which adopts a mode of speech the meaning of which is contrary to the literal sense of the words.

Ir`o*quois" (?), n. sing. & pl. [F.] (Ethnol.) A powerful and warlike confederacy of Indian tribes, formerly inhabiting Central New York and constituting most of the Five Nations. Also, any Indian of the Iroquois tribes.

I"rous (?), a. [OF. iros, from ire. See Ire.] Irascible; passionate. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ Irp, Irpe } (rp), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A fantastic grimace or contortion of the body. [Obs.]

> Smirks and irps and all affected humors.

B. Jonson.

<! p. 789 !>

Irp (rp), a. Making irps. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

{ Ir*ra"di*ance (r*r"d*ans), Ir*ra"di*an*cy (- an*s), } n. [From Irradiant.]

1. The act of irradiating; emission of rays of light.

2. That which irradiates or is irradiated; luster; splendor; irradiation; brilliancy. Milton.

Ir*ra"di*ant (?), a. [L. irradians, -antis, p. pr. See Irradiate.] Irradiating or illuminating; as, the irradiant moon. Boyse.

Ir*ra"di*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Irradiated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Irradiating (?).] [L. irradiatus, p. p. of irradiate. See In- in, and Radiate.]

1. To throw rays of light upon; to illuminate; to brighten; to adorn with luster.

> Thy smile irradiates yon blue fields.

Sir W. Jones.

2. To enlighten intellectually; to illuminate; as, to irradiate the mind. Bp. Bull.

3. To animate by heat or light. Sir M. Hale.

4. To radiate, shed, or diffuse.

> A splendid façade, . . . irradiating hospitality.

H. James.

Ir*ra"di*ate, v. i. To emit rays; to shine.

Ir*ra"di*ate (?), a. [L. irradiatus, p. p.] Illuminated; irradiated. Mason.

Ir*ra`di*a"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. irradiation.]

1. Act of irradiating, or state of being irradiated.

2. Illumination; irradiance; brilliancy. Sir W. Scott.

3. Fig.: Mental light or illumination. Sir M. Hale.

4. (Opt.) The apparent enlargement of a bright object seen upon a dark ground, due to the fact that the portions of the retina around the image are stimulated by the intense light; as when a dark spot on a white ground appears smaller, or a white spot on a dark ground larger, than it really is, esp. when a little out of focus.

Ir*rad"i*cate (?), v. t. To root deeply. [R.]

Ir*ra"tion*al (?), a. [L. irrationalis: cf. F. irrationnel. See In- not, and Rational.]

1. Not rational; void of reason or understanding; as, brutes are irrational animals.

2. Not according to reason; absurd; foolish.

> It seemed utterly irrational any longer to maintain it.

I. Taylor.

3. (Math.) Not capable of being exactly expressed by an integral number, or by a vulgar fraction; surd; -- said especially of roots. See Surd.

Syn. -- Absurd; foolish; preposterous; unreasonable; senseless. See Absurd.

Ir*ra`tion*al"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being irrational. "Brutish irrationaliity." South.

Ir*ra"tion*al*ly (?), adv. In an irrational manner. Boyle.

Ir*ra"tion*al*ness, n. Irrationality.

Ir`re*but"ta*ble (?), a. Incapable of being rebutted. Coleridge.

Ir`re*cep"tive (?), a. Not receiving; incapable of receiving.

Ir`re*claim"a*ble (?), a. Incapable of being reclaimed. Addison. -- Ir`re*claim"a*bly, ad&?;.

Ir*rec`og*ni"tion (?), n. [Pref. in- not + recognition.] A failure to recognize; absence of recognition. Lamb.

Ir*rec"og*ni`za*ble (?; 277), a. Not recognizable. Carlyle.

Ir*rec`on*ci`la*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being irreconcilable; irreconcilableness.

Ir*rec"on*ci`la*ble (?; 277), a. [Pref. ir- not + reconcilable: cf. F. irréconciliable.] Not reconcilable; implacable; incompatible; inconsistent; disagreeing; as, irreconcilable enemies, statements. -- Ir*rec"on*ci`la*ble*ness, n. -- Ir*rec"on*ci`la*bly, adv.

Ir*rec"on*cile` (?), v. t. To prevent from being reconciled; to alienate or disaffect. [Obs.]

Ir*rec"on*cile`ment (?), n. The state or quality of being unreconciled; disagreement.

Ir*rec`on*cil`i*a"tion (?), n. Want of reconciliation; disagreement.

Ir`re*cord"a*ble (?), a. [Pref. ir-- not + record: cf. L. irrecordabilis not to be remembered.] Not fit or possible to be recorded.

Ir`re*cov"er*a*ble (?), a. Not capable of being recovered, regained, or remedied; irreparable; as, an irrecoverable loss, debt, or injury.

> That which is past is gone and irrecoverable.

Bacon.

Syn. -- Irreparable; irretrievable; irremediable; unalterable; incurable; hopeless.

-- Ir`re*cov"er*a*ble*ness, n. -- Ir`re*cov"er*a*bly, adv.

Ir`re*cu"per*a*ble (?), a. [L. irrecuperabilis: cf. OF. irrecuperable. See In- not, and Recuperate.] Irrecoverable. -- Ir`re*cu"per*a*bly, adv.

Ir`re*cured" (?), a. Incurable. [Obs.]

Ir`re*cu"sa*ble (?), a. [L. irrecusabilis; pref. ir-- not + recusabilis that should be rejected, fr. recusare to reject: cf. F. irrécusable.] Not liable to exception or rejection. Sir W. Hamilton.

Ir`re*deem`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being irredeemable; irredeemableness.

Ir`re*deem"a*ble (?), a. Not redeemable; that can not be redeemed; not payable in gold or silver, as a bond; -- used especially of such government notes, issued as currency, as are not convertible into coin at the pleasure of the holder. -- Ir`re*deem"a*ble*ness, adv.

Ir`re*du`ci*bil"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being irreducible.

Ir`re*du"ci*ble (?), a. 1. Incapable of being reduced, or brought into a different state; incapable of restoration to its proper or normal condition; as, an irreducible hernia.

2. (Math.) Incapable of being reduced to a simpler form of expression; as, an irreducible formula.

Irreducible case (Alg.), a particular case in the solution of a cubic equation, in which the formula commonly employed contains an imaginary quantity, and therefore fails in its application.

-- Ir`re*du"ci*ble*ness, n. -- -- Ir`re*du"ci*bly, adv.

Ir`re*flec"tion (?), n. Want of reflection.

Ir`re*flect"ive (?), a. Not reflective. De Quincey.

Ir`re*form"a*ble (?), a. Incapable of being reformed; incorrigible. Joseph Cook.

Ir*ref`ra*ga*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being irrefragable; incapability of being refuted.

Ir*ref"ra*ga*ble (r*rf"r*g*b'l), a. [F. irréfragable, L. irrefragabilis. See Refragable.] Not refragable; not to be gainsaid or denied; not to be refuted or overthrown; unanswerable; incontestable; undeniable; as, an irrefragable argument; irrefragable evidence. -- Ir*ref"ra*ga*ble*ness, n. -- Ir*ref"ra*ga*bly, adv.

Syn. -- Incontrovertible; unanswerable; indisputable; unquestionable; incontestable; indubitable; undeniable; irrefutable.

Ir`re*fran`gi*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being irrefrangible; irrefrangibleness.

Ir`re*fran"gi*ble (?), a. Not refrangible; that can not be refracted in passing from one medium to another. -- Ir`re*fran"gi*ble*ness, n.

Ir`re*fut"a*ble (?; 277), a. [L. irrefutabilis: cf. F. irréfutable. See Refute.] Incapable of being refuted or disproved; indisputable. -- Ir`re*fut"a*ble*ness, n. -- Ir`re*fut"a*bly, adv.

Ir`re*gen"er*a*cy (?), n. Unregeneracy.

Ir`re*gen`er*a"tion (?), n. An unregenerate state. [Obs.]

Ir*reg"u*lar (?), a. [Pref. ir- not + regular: cf. F. irrégulier.] Not regular; not conforming to a law, method, or usage recognized as the general rule; not according to common form; not conformable to nature, to the rules of moral rectitude, or to established principles; not normal; unnatural; immethodical; unsymmetrical; erratic; no straight; not uniform; as, an irregular line; an irregular figure; an irregular verse; an irregular physician; an irregular proceeding; irregular motion; irregular conduct, etc. Cf. Regular.

> Mazes intricate,
> Eccentric, intervolved, yet regular
> Then most when most irregular they seem.

Milton.

> Leading the men of Herefordshire to fight
> Against the irregular and wild Glendower.

Shak.

> A flowery meadow through which a clear stream murmured in many irregular meanders.

Jones.

Syn. -- Immethodical; unsystematic; abnormal; unnatural; anomalous; erratic; devious; crooked; eccentric; unsettled; uneven; variable; changeable; mutable; desultory; disorderly; wild; immoderate; intemperate; inordinate; vicious.

Ir*reg"u*lar, n. One who is not regular; especially, a soldier not in regular service.

Ir*reg"u*lar*ist, n. One who is irregular. Baxter.

Ir*reg`u*lar"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Irregularities (#). [Cf. F. irrégularité.] The state or quality of being irregular; that which is irregular.

Ir*reg"u*lar*ly, adv. In an irregular manner.

Ir*reg"u*late (?), v. t. To make irregular; to disorder. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Ir*reg"u*lous (?), a. Lawless. [Obs.] Shak.

Ir`re*ject"a*ble (?), a. That can not be rejected; irresistible. Boyle.

Ir`re*laps"a*ble (?), a. Not liable to relapse; secure. Dr. H. More.

Ir`re*late (?), a. Irrelative; unconnected.

Ir`re*la"tion (?), n. The quality or state of being irrelative; want of connection or relation.

Ir*rel"a*tive (?), a. Not relative; without mutual relations; unconnected. -- Ir*rel"a*tive*ly, adv.

Irrelative chords (Mus.), those having no common tone. -- Irrelative repetition (Biol.), the multiplication of parts that serve for a common purpose, but have no mutual dependence or connection. Owen.

Ir*rel"a*vance (?), n. Irrelevancy.

Ir*rel"a*van*cy (?), n. The quality or state of being irrelevant; as, the irrelevancy of an argument.

Ir*rel"a*vant (?), a. Not relevant; not applicable or pertinent; not bearing upon or serving to support; foreign; extraneous; as, testimony or arguments irrelevant to a case. -- Ir*rel"a*vant*ly, adv.

Ir`re*liev"a*ble (?), a. Not admitting relief; incurable; hopeless.

Ir`re*li"gion (?), n. [L. irreligio: cf. F. irréligion. See In- not, and Religion.] The state of being irreligious; want of religion; impiety.

Ir`re*li"gion*ist, n. One who is irreligious.

Ir`re*li"gious (?), a. [L. irreligiosus: cf. F. irréligieux.]

1. Destitute of religion; not controlled by religious motives or principles; ungodly. Cf. Impious.

> Shame and reproach are generally the portion of the impious and irreligious.

South.

2. Indicating a want of religion; profane; wicked; as, irreligious speech.

Ir`re*li"gious*ly, adv. In an irreligious manner.

Ir`re*li"gious*ness, n. The state or quality of being irreligious; ungodliness.

Ir*re"me*a*ble (?), a. [L. irremeabilis; pref. ir- not + remeabilis returning, fr. remeare: cf. F. irréméable. See Remeant.] Admitting no return; as, an irremeable way. [Obs.] Dryden.

Ir`re*me"di*a*ble (?), a. [L. irremediabilis: cf. F. irrémédiable. See In- not, and Remediable.] Not to be remedied, corrected, or redressed; incurable; as, an irremediable disease or evil.

Ir`re*me"di*a*ble*ness, n. The state or quality of being irremediable.

Ir`re*me"di*a*bly, adv. In a manner, or to a degree, that precludes remedy, cure, or correction.

Ir`re*mis"si*ble (?), a. [L. irremissibilis: cf. F. irrémissible. See In- not, and Remissible.] Not remissible; unpardonable; as, irremissible crimes. Burke. -- Ir`re*mis"si*ble, n. -- Ir`re*mis"si*bly, adv.

Ir`re*mis"sion (?), n. Refusal of pardon.

Ir`re*mis"sive (?), a. Not remitting; unforgiving.

Ir`re*mit"ta*ble (?), a. Not capable of being remitted; irremissible. Holinshed.

Ir`re*mov`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being irremovable; immovableness.

Ir`re*mov"a*ble (?), a. Not removable; immovable; inflexible. Shak. -- Ir`re*mov"a*bly, adv.

Ir`re*mov"al (?), n. Absence of removal.

Ir`re*mu"ner*a*ble (?), a. [L. irremunerabilis: cf. F. irrémunérable. See Remunerate.] Not remunerable; not capable of remuneration.

Ir`re*nowned" (?), a. Not renowned. [Obs.]

Ir*rep`a*ra*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. irréparabilité.] The quality or state of being irreparable; irreparableness. Sterne.

Ir*rep"a*ra*ble (?), a. [L. irreparabilis: cf. F. irréparable. See In- not, and Reparable.] Not reparable; not capable of being repaired, recovered, regained, or remedied; irretrievable; irremediable; as, an irreparable breach; an irreparable loss. Shak.

Ir*rep"a*ra*ble*ness, n. Quality of being irreparable.

Ir*rep"a*ra*bly, adv. In an irreparable manner.

Ir`re*peal`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being irrepealable.

Ir`re*peal"a*ble (?), a. Not repealable; not capable of being repealed or revoked, as a law. -- Ir`re*peal"a*ble*ness, n. -- Ir`re*peal"a*bly, adv.

Ir`re*pent"ance (?), n. Want of repentance; impenitence. Bp. Montagu.

{ Ir`re*plev"i*a*ble (?), Ir`re*plev"i*sa*ble (?), } a. (Law) Not capable of being replevied.

Ir*rep`re*hen"si*ble (?), a. [L. irreprehensibilis: cf. F. irrépréhensible. See Reprehensible.] Not reprehensible; blameless; innocent. -- Ir*rep`re*hen"si*ble*ness, n. -- Ir*rep`re*hen"si*bly, adv.

Ir*rep`re*sent"a*ble (?), a. Not capable of being represented or portrayed.

Ir`re*press"i*ble (?), a. Not capable of being repressed, restrained, or controlled; as, irrepressible joy; an irrepressible conflict. W. H. Steward.

Ir`re*press"i*bly, adv. In a manner or to a degree that can not be repressed.

Ir`re*proach"a*ble (?), a. [Pref. ir- not + reproachable: cf. F. irréprochable.] Not reproachable; above reproach; not deserving reproach; blameless.

> He [Berkely] erred, -- and who is free from error? -- but his intentions were irreproachable.

Beattie.

Ir`re*proach"a*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being irreproachable; integrity; innocence.

Ir`re*proach"a*bly, adv. In an irreproachable manner; blamelessly.

Ir`re*prov"a*ble (?), a. Incapable of being justly reproved; irreproachable; blameless; upright. - - Ir`re*prov"a*ble*ness, n. -- Ir`re*prov"a*bly, adv.

Ir`rep*ti"tious (?), a. [L. irrepere, irreptum, to creep in; pref. ir- in + repere to creep.] Surreptitious; spurious. [Obs.] Dr. Castell (1673).

Ir*rep"u*ta*ble (?), a. Disreputable. [Obs.]

Ir`re*sil"i*ent (?), a. Not resilient; not recoiling or rebounding; inelastic.

Ir`re*sist"ance (?), n. Nonresistance; passive submission.

Ir`re*sist`i*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. irrésistibilité.] The quality or state of being irresistible, irresistibleness.

Ir`re*sist"i*ble (?), a. [Pref. ir- not + resistible: cf. F. irrésistible.] That can not be successfully resisted or opposed; superior to opposition; resistless; overpowering; as, an irresistible attraction.

> An irresistible law of our nature impels us to seek happiness.

J. M. Mason.

Ir`re*sist"i*ble*ness, n. Quality of being irresistible.

Ir`re*sist"i*bly, adv. In an irresistible manner.

Ir`re*sist"less, a. Irresistible. [Obs.] Glanvill.

Ir*res"o*lu*ble (?), a. [L. irresolubilis: cf. F. irrésoluble. See Resoluble, and cf. Irresolvable.]

1. Incapable of being dissolved or resolved into parts; insoluble. Boyle.

2. Incapable of being relieved or assisted. [Obs.]

> The second is in the irresoluble condition of our souls after a known sin committed.

Bp. Hall.

Ir*res"o*lu*ble*ness, n. The state or quality of being irresoluble; insolubility.

Ir*res"o*lute (?), a. [Pref. ir- not + resolute: cf. F. irrésolu, L. irresolutus not loosened.] Not resolute; not decided or determined; wavering; given to doubt or irresolution.

> Weak and irresolute is man.

Cowper.

Syn. -- Wavering; vacillating; undetermined; undecided; unsettled; fickle; changeable; inconstant.

-- Ir*res"o*lute*ly, adv. -- Ir*res"o*lute*ness, n.

Ir*res`o*lu"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. irrésolution.] Want of resolution; want of decision in purpose; a fluctuation of mind, as in doubt, or between hope and fear; irresoluteness; indecision; vacillation.

> Irresolution on the schemes of life which offer themselves to our choice, and inconstancy in pursuing them, are the greatest causes of all unhappiness.

Addison.

Ir`re*solv`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being irresolvable; irresolvableness.

Ir`re*solv"a*ble (?), a. [Pref. ir- not + resolvable. Cf. Irresoluble.] Incapable of being resolved; not separable into component parts.

Irresolvable nebulæ (Astron.), nebulæ of a cloudlike appearance, which have not yet been resolved by the telescope into stars. Sir W. Herschel.

Ir`re*solv"a*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being irresolvable; irresolvability.

Ir`re*solv"ed*ly, adv. Without settled determination; in a hesitating manner; doubtfully. [R.]

Ir`re*spec"tive (-spk"tv), a. 1. Without regard for conditions, circumstances, or consequences; unbiased; independent; impartial; as, an irrespective judgment.

<! p. 790 !>

> According to this doctrine, it must be resolved wholly into the absolute, irrespective will of God.

Rogers.

2. Disrespectful. [Obs.] Sir C. Cornwallis.

Irrespective of, regardless of; without regard to; as, irrespective of differences.

Ir`re*spec"tive*ly (r`r*spk"tv*l), adv. Without regard to conditions; not taking circumstances into consideration.

> Prosperity, considered absolutely and irrespectively, is better and more desirable than adversity.

South.

Ir*res"pi*ra*ble (?), a. [L. irrespirabilis: cf. F. irrespirable. See Respirable.] Unfit for respiration; not having the qualities necessary to support animal life; as, irrespirable air.

Ir`re*spon`si*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. irresponsabilité.] Want of, or freedom from, responsibility or accountability.

Ir`re*spon"si*ble (?), a. [Pref. ir- not + responsible: cf. F. irresponsable.]

1. Nor responsible; not liable or able to answer for consequences; innocent.

2. Not to be trusted; unreliable.

Ir`re*spon"si*bly, adv. So as not to be responsible.

Ir`re*spon"sive (?), a. Not responsive; not able, ready, or inclined to respond.

Ir`re*sus"ci*ta*ble (?), a. Incapable of being resuscitated or revived. -- Ir`re*sus"ci*ta*bly, adv.

Ir`re*ten"tion (?), n. Want of retaining power; forgetfulness. De Quincey.

Ir`re*ten"tive (?), a. Not retentive; as, an irretentive memory.

Ir`re*trace"a*ble (?), a. Incapable of being retraced; not retraceable.

Ir`re*tract"ile (?), a. 1. Not retractile.

2. Not tractile or ductile. [R.] Sir W. Hamilton.

Ir`re*triev"a*ble (?), a. Not retrievable; irrecoverable; irreparable; as, an irretrievable loss.

Syn. -- Irremediable; incurable; irrecoverable.

Ir`re*triev"a*ble*ness, n. The state or quality of being irretrievable.

Ir`re*triev"a*bly, adv. In an irretrievable manner.

Ir`re*turn"a*ble (?), a. Not to be returned.

Ir`re*veal"a*ble (?), a. Incapable of being revealed. -- Ir`re*veal"a*bly, adv.

Ir*rev"er*ence (?), n. [L. irreverentia: cf. F. irrévérence.] The state or quality of being irreverent; want of proper reverence; disregard of the authority and character of a superior.

Ir*rev"er*end (?), a. Irreverent. [Obs.]

> Immodest speech, or irreverend gesture.

Strype.

Ir*rev"er*ent (?), a. [L. irreverens, -entis: cf. F. irrévérent. See In- not, and Reverent.] Not reverent; showing a want of reverence; expressive of a want of veneration; as, an irreverent babbler; an irreverent jest.

Ir*rev"er*ent*ly, adv. In an irreverent manner.

Ir`re*vers`i*bil"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being irreversible; irreversibleness.

Ir`re*vers"i*ble (?), a. 1. Incapable of being reversed or turned about or back; incapable of being made to run backward; as, an irreversible engine.

2. Incapable of being reversed, recalled, repealed, or annulled; as, an irreversible sentence or decree.

> This rejection of the Jews, as it is not universal, so neither is it final and irreversible.

Jortin.

Syn. -- Irrevocable; irrepealable; unchangeable.

Ir`re*vers"i*ble*ness (?), n. The state or quality of being irreversible.

Ir`re*vers"i*bly, adv. In an irreversible manner.

Ir*rev`o*ca*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. irrévocabilité.] The state or quality of being irrevocable; irrevocableness.

Ir*rev"o*ca*ble (?), a. [L. irrevocabilis: cf. F. irrévocable. See In- not, and Revoke, and cf. Irrevocable.] Incapable of being recalled or revoked; unchangeable; irreversible; unalterable; as, an irrevocable promise or decree; irrevocable fate.

> Firm and irrevocable is my doom.

Shak.

-- Ir*rev"o*ca*ble*ness, n. -- Ir*rev"o*ca*bly, adv.

Ir`re*vok"a*ble (?), a. [Pref. ir- not + revoke.] Irrevocable. [R.]

Ir*rev"o*lu*ble (?), a. That has no finite period of revolution; not revolving. [R.]

> The dateless and irrevoluble circle of eternity.

Milton.

Ir`rhe*tor"ic*al (?), a. Not rhetorical.

Ir"ri*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Irrigated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Irrigating (?).] [L. irrigatus, p. p. of irrigare to irrigate: ir- in + rigare to water; prob. akin to E. rain. See Rain.]

1. To water; to wet; to moisten with running or dropping water; to bedew.

2. (Agric.) To water, as land, by causing a stream to flow upon, over, or through it, as in artificial channels.

Ir`ri*ga"tion (?), n. [L. irrigatio: cf. F. irrigation.] The act or process of irrigating, or the state of being irrigated; especially, the operation of causing water to flow over lands, for nourishing plants.

Ir*rig"u*ous (?), a. [L. irriguus. See Irrigate.]

1. Watered; watery; moist; dewy. [Obs.]

> The flowery lap
> Of some irriguous valley spreads her store.

Milton.

2. Gently penetrating or pervading. [Obs.] J. Philips.

Ir*ris"i*ble (?), a. [Pref. ir- not + risible. See Irrision.] Not risible. [R.]

Ir*ri"sion (?), n. [L. irrisio, fr. irridere, irrisum, to laugh at; pref. ir- in + ridere to laugh: cf. F. irrision.] The act of laughing at another; derision.

> This being spoken scepticè, or by way of irrision.

Chapman.

Ir`ri*ta*bil"i*ty (?), n. [L. irritabilitas: cf. F. irritabilité.]

1. The state or quality of being irritable; quick excitability; petulance; fretfulness; as, irritability of temper.

2. (Physiol.) A natural susceptibility, characteristic of all living organisms, tissues, and cells, to the influence of certain stimuli, response being manifested in a variety of ways, -- as that quality in plants by which they exhibit motion under suitable stimulation; esp., the property which living muscle possesses, of responding either to a direct stimulus of its substance, or to the stimulating influence of its nerve fibers, the response being indicated by a change of form, or contraction; contractility.

3. (Med.) A condition of morbid excitability of an organ or part of the body; undue susceptibility to the influence of stimuli. See Irritation, n., 3.

Ir"ri*ta*ble (?), a. [L. irritabilis: cf. F. irritable. See Irritate.]

1. Capable of being irritated.

2. Very susceptible of anger or passion; easily inflamed or exasperated; as, an irritable temper.

> Vicious, old, and irritable.

Tennyson.

3. (Physiol.) Endowed with irritability; susceptible of irritation; capable of being excited to action by the application of certain stimuli.

4. (Med.) Susceptible of irritation; unduly sensitive to irritants or stimuli. See Irritation, n., 3.

Syn. -- Excitable; irascible; touchy; fretful; peevish.

Ir"ri*ta*ble*ness, n. Irritability.

Ir"ri*ta*bly, adv. In an irritable manner.

Ir"ri*tan*cy (?), n. [From 1st Irritant.] (Scots Law) The state or quality of being null and void; invalidity; forfeiture. Burrill.

Ir"ri*tan*cy, n. [From 2d Irritant.] The state or quality of being irritant or irritating.

Ir"ri*tant (?), a. [LL. irritants, -antis, p. pr. of irritare to make null, fr. L. irritus void; pref. ir- not + ratus established.] (Scots Law) Rendering null and void; conditionally invalidating.

> The states elected Harry, Duke of Anjou, for their king, with this clause irritant; that, if he did violate any part of his oath, the people should owe him no allegiance.

Hayward.

Ir"ri*tant, a. [L. irritans, -antis, p. pr. of irritare: cf. F. irritant. See Irritate to excite.] Irritating; producing irritation or inflammation.

Ir"ri*tant, n. [Cf. F. irritant.]

1. That which irritates or excites.

2. (Physiol. & Med.) Any agent by which irritation is produced; as, a chemical irritant; a mechanical or electrical irritant.

3. (Toxicology) A poison that produces inflammation.

Counter irritant. See under Counter. -- Pure irritant (Toxicology), a poison that produces inflammation without any corrosive action upon the tissues.

Ir"ri*tate (?), v. t. [See 1 st Irritant.] To render null and void. [R.] Abp. Bramhall.

Ir"ri*tate, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Irritated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Irritating (?).] [L. irritatus, p. p. of irritare. Of doubtful origin.]

1. To increase the action or violence of; to heighten excitement in; to intensify; to stimulate.

> Cold maketh the spirits vigorous and irritateth them.

Bacon.

2. To excite anger or displeasure in; to provoke; to tease; to exasperate; to annoy; to vex; as, the insolence of a tyrant irritates his subjects.

> Dismiss the man, nor irritate the god:
> Prevent the rage of him who reigns above.

Pope.

3. (Physiol.) To produce irritation in; to stimulate; to cause to contract. See Irritation, n., 2.

4. (Med.) To make morbidly excitable, or oversensitive; to fret; as, the skin is irritated by friction; to irritate a wound by a coarse bandage.

Syn. -- To fret; inflame; excite; provoke; tease; vex; exasperate; anger; incense; enrage. -- To Irritate, Provoke, Exasperate. These words express different stages of excited or angry feeling. Irritate denotes an excitement of quick and slightly angry feeling which is only momentary; as, irritated by a hasty remark. To provoke implies the awakening of some open expression of decided anger; as, a provoking insult. Exasperate denotes a provoking of anger at something unendurable. Whatever comes across our feelings irritates; whatever excites anger provokes; whatever raises anger to a high point exasperates. "Susceptible and nervous people are most easily irritated; proud people are quickly provoked; hot and fiery people are soonest exasperated." Crabb.

Ir"ri*tate (?), a. Excited; heightened. [Obs.]

Ir`ri*ta"tion (?), n. [L. irritatio: cf. F. irritation.]

1. The act of irritating, or exciting, or the state of being irritated; excitement; stimulation, usually of an undue and uncomfortable kind; especially, excitement of anger or passion; provocation; annoyance; anger.

> The whole body of the arts and sciences composes one vast machinery for the irritation and development of the human intellect.

De Quincey.

2. (Physiol.) The act of exciting, or the condition of being excited to action, by stimulation; -- as, the condition of an organ of sense, when its nerve is affected by some external body; esp., the act of exciting muscle fibers to contraction, by artificial stimulation; as, the irritation of a motor nerve by electricity; also, the condition of a muscle and nerve, under such stimulation.

3. (Med.) A condition of morbid excitability or oversensitiveness of an organ or part of the body; a state in which the application of ordinary stimuli produces pain or excessive or vitiated action.

Ir"ri*ta*tive (?), a. 1. Serving to excite or irritate; irritating; as, an irritative agent.

2. Accompanied with, or produced by, increased action or irritation; as, an irritative fever. E. Darwin.

Ir"ri*ta*to*ry (?), a. Exciting; producing irritation; irritating. [R.] Hales.

Ir"ro*rate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Irrorated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Irrorating.] [L. irroratus, p. p. of irrorare to bedew; pref. ir- in + ros, roris, dew.] To sprinkle or moisten with dew; to bedew. [Obs.]

Ir"ro*rate (?), a. (Zoöl.) Covered with minute grains, appearing like fine sand.

Ir`ro*ra"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. irroration.] The act of bedewing; the state of being moistened with dew. [Obs.] Chambers.

Ir`ro*ta"tion*al (?), a. (Physics) Not rotatory; passing from one point to another by a movement other than rotation; -- said of the movement of parts of a liquid or yielding mass. Sir W. Thomson.

Ir*ru"bric*al (?), a. Contrary to the rubric; not rubrical.

Ir"ru*gate (?), v. t. [L. irrugatus, p. p. of irrugare to wrinkle.] To wrinkle. [Obs.]

Ir*rupt"ed (?), a. [L. irruptus, p. p. of irrumpere to break in; pref. ir- in + rumpere to break or burst. See Rupture.] Broken with violence.

Ir*rup"tion (?), n. [L. irruptio: cf. F. irruption. See Irrupted.]

1. A bursting in; a sudden, violent rushing into a place; as, irruptions of the sea.

> Lest evil tidings, with too rude irruption
> Hitting thy aged ear, should pierce too deep.

Milton.

2. A sudden and violent inroad, or entrance of invaders; as, the irruptions of the Goths into Italy. Addison.

Syn. -- Invasion; incursion; inroad. See Invasion.

Ir*rup"tive (?), a. Rushing in or upon.

Ir"ving*ite (?), n. (Eccl.) The common designation of one a sect founded by the Rev. Edward Irving (about 1830), who call themselves the Catholic Apostolic Church. They are highly ritualistic in worship, have an elaborate hierarchy of apostles, prophets, etc., and look for the speedy coming of Christ.

Is- (?). See Iso-.

Is (?), v. i. [AS. is; akin to G. & Goth. ist, L. est, Gr. &?;, Skr. asti. √9. Cf. Am, Entity, Essence, Absent.] The third person singular of the substantive verb be, in the indicative mood, present tense; as, he is; he is a man. See Be.

In some varieties of the Northern dialect of Old English, is was used for all persons of the singular.

> For thy is I come, and eke Alain.

Chaucer.

> Aye is thou merry.

Chaucer.

The idiom of using the present for future events sure to happen is a relic of Old English in which the present and future had the same form; as, this year Christmas is on Friday.

> To-morrow is the new moon.

1 Sam. xx. 5.

{ Is"a*bel (?), n., Is"a*bel col"or (?). } [F. isabelle.] See Isabella.

{ Is`a*bel"la (?), n., Is`a*bel"la col"or (?) }. [Said to be named from the Spanish princess Isabella, daughter of king Philip II., in allusion to the color assumed by her shift, which she wore without change from 1601 to 1604, in consequence of a vow made by her.] A brownish yellow color.

Is`a*bel"la grape` (?). (Bot.) A favorite sweet American grape of a purple color. See Fox grape, under Fox.

Is`a*bel"la moth` (?; 115). (Zoöl.) A common American moth (Pyrrharctia isabella), of an isabella color. The larva, called woolly bear and hedgehog caterpillar, is densely covered with hairs, which are black at each end of the body, and red in the middle part.

Is`a*bel"line (?), a. Of an isabel or isabella color.

Is*ag"e*lous (s*g"*ls), a. [Is- + Gr. a`gelos information.] Containing the same information; as, isagelous sentences. "The coded message and the original, though appearing entirely unlike, are completely isagelous." Bacon "The complementary strands have isagelous sequences." J. D. Watson. -- Is"a*gel n. One of two or more objects containing the same information.

I"sa*goge (?), n. [L., fr. Fr. &?;, fr. &?; to introduce; &?; into + &?; to lead.] An introduction. [Obs.] Harris.

{ I"sa*gog"ic (?), I"sa*gog"ic*al (?), } a. [L. isagogicus, Gr. &?;.] Introductory; especially, introductory to the study of theology.

I"sa*gog"ics (?), n. (Theol.) That part of theological science directly preliminary to actual exegesis, or interpretation of the Scriptures.

I"sa*gon ("s*gn), n. [Gr. 'i`sos equal + gwni`a angle: cf. F. isagone, a.] (Math.) A figure or polygon whose angles are equal.

Is*ap`os*tol"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;.] Having equal, or almost equal, authority with the apostles of their teachings.

{ I*sat"ic (?), I`sa*tin"ic (?), } a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, isatin; as, isatic acid, which is also called trioxindol.

I"sa*tide (?), n. (Chem.) A white crystalline substance obtained by the partial reduction of isatin. [Written also isatyde.]

I"sa*tin (?), n. [See Isatis.] (Chem.) An orange-red crystalline substance, C8H5NO2, obtained by the oxidation of indigo blue. It is also produced from certain derivatives of benzoic acid, and is one important source of artificial indigo. [Written also, less properly, isatine.]

||I"sa*tis (?; 277), n. [L., a kind of plant, Gr. &?; woad.] (Bot.) A genus of herbs, some species of which, especially the Isatis tinctoria, yield a blue dye similar to indigo; woad.

I*sat"o*gen (?), n. [Isatin + -gen.] (Chem.) A complex nitrogenous radical, C8H4NO2, regarded as the essential residue of a series of compounds, related to isatin, which easily pass by reduction to indigo blue. -- I*sat`o*gen"ic (#), a.

I`sa*trop"ic (?), a. [Is- + atropine.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained from atropine, and isomeric with cinnamic acid.

Is"chi*ac (s"k*k), a. (Anat.) See Ischial.

Is`chi*ad"ic (s`k*d"k), a. [L. ischiadicus, Gr. 'ischiadoko`s, fr. 'ischi`on the hip joint, hip or loin. Cf. Sciatic.] (Anat.) Ischial. [R.]

Ischiadic passion or disease (Med.), a rheumatic or neuralgic affection of some part about the hip joint; -- called also sciatica.

Is"chi*al (s"k*al), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the ischium or hip; ischiac; ischiadic; ischiatic.

Ischial callosity (Zoöl.), one of the patches of thickened, hairless, and often bright-colored skin, on the buttocks of many apes, as the drill.

<! p. 791 !>

Is`chi*at"ic (s`k*d"k), a. (Anat.) Same as Ischial.

Is`chi*o*cap"su*lar (?; 135) a. [Ischium + capsular.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the ischium and the capsule of the hip joint; as, the ischiocapsular ligament.

Is`chi*o*ce"rite (?), n. [Gr. 'ischi`on the hip + ke`ras a horn.] (Zoöl.) The third joint or the antennæ of the Crustacea.

{ ||Is"chi*on (?), ||Is"chi*um (?), } n. [L., Gr. 'ischi`on.] 1. (Anat.) The ventral and posterior of the three principal bones composing either half of the pelvis; seat bone; the huckle bone.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the pleuræ of insects.

Is`chi*op"o*dite (?), n. [Gr. 'ischi`on the hip joint + &?;, &?;, foot.] (Zoöl.) The third joint of the typical appendages of Crustacea.

Is`chi*o*rec"tal (?), a. [Ischium + rectal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the region between the rectum and ishial tuberosity.

Is`chu*ret"ic (?), a. Having the quality of relieving ischury. -- n. An ischuretic medicine.

Is"chu*ry (?), n. [L. ischuria, Gr. &?;; &?; to hold, check + &?; urine: cf. F. ischurie.] (Med.) A retention or suppression of urine.

-ise (?). See -ize.

I`sen*trop"ic (?), a. [Is- + entropy + -ic.] (Physics) Having equal entropy.

Isentropic lines, lines which pass through points having equal entropy.

I*seth`i*on"ic (?), a. [Is- + ethionic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, an acid, HO.C2H4.SO3H, obtained as an oily or crystalline substance, by the action of sulphur trioxide on alcohol or ether. It is derivative of sulphuric acid.

-ish (?). [AS. -isc; akin to G. -isch, OHG. -isc, Goth. & Dan. -isk, Gr. &?;. Cf. -esque.] A suffix used to from adjectives from nouns and from adjectives. It denotes relation, resemblance, similarity, and sometimes has a diminutive force; as, selfish, boyish, brutish; whitish, somewhat white.

-ish. [OE. -issen, fr. F. -is, -iss- (found in the present particle, etc., of certain verbs, as finir to finish, fleurir to flourish), corresponding to L. -escere, an inchoative ending.] A verb ending, originally appearing in certain verbs of French origin; as, abolish, cherish, finish, furnish, garnish, impoverish.

Ish"ma*el*ite (?), n. 1. A descendant of Ishmael (the son of Abraham and Hagar), of whom it was said, "His hand will be against every man, and every man's hand against him." Gen. xvi. 12.

2. One at enmity with society; a wanderer; a vagabond; an outcast. Thackeray.

3. See Ismaelian.

Ish"ma*el*i`tish (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, an Ishmaelite or the Ishmaelites.

I"si*ac (?), a. [L. Isiacus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?;.] Pertaining to the goddess Isis; as, Isiac mysteries.

I"si*cle (?), n. A icicle. [Obs.]

Is`i*do"ri*an (?), a. Pertaining, or ascribed, to Isidore; as, the Isidorian decretals, a spurious collection of decretals published in the ninth century.

I"sin*glass (?), n. [Prob. corrupted fr. D. huizenblas (akin to G. hausenblase), lit., bladder of the huso, or large sturgeon; huizen sturgeon + blas bladder. Cf. Bladder, Blast a gust of wind.]

1. A semitransparent, whitish, and very pure form of gelatin, chiefly prepared from the sounds or air bladders of various species of sturgeons (as the Acipenser huso) found in the rivers of Western Russia. It used for making jellies, as a clarifier, etc. Cheaper forms of gelatin are not unfrequently so called. Called also fish glue.

2. (Min.) A popular name for mica, especially when in thin sheets.

I"sis (?), n. [L., the goddess Isis, fr. Gr. &?;.]

1. (Myth.) The principal goddess worshiped by the Egyptians. She was regarded as the mother of Horus, and the sister and wife of Osiris. The Egyptians adored her as the goddess of fecundity, and as the great benefactress of their country, who instructed their ancestors in the art of agriculture.

2. (Zoöl.) Any coral of the genus Isis, or family Isidæ, composed of joints of white, stony coral, alternating with flexible, horny joints. See Gorgoniacea.

3. (Astron.) One of the asteroids.

Is"lam (?), n. [Ar. islm obedience to the will of God, submission, humbling one's self, resigning one's self to the divine disposal. Cf. Moslem.]

1. The religion of the Mohammedans; Mohammedanism; Islamism. Their formula of faith is: There is no God but Allah, and Mohammed is his prophet.

2. The whole body of Mohammedans, or the countries which they occupy.

Is"lam*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. islamisme.] The faith, doctrines, or religious system of the Mohammedans; Mohammedanism; Islam.

Is"lam*ite (?), n. A Mohammedan.

Is`lam*it"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to Islam; Mohammedan.

Is"lam*ize (?), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Islamized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Islamizing (?).] To conform, or cause to conform, to the religion of Islam.

Is"land (?), n. [OE. iland, yland, AS. gland, &?;gland, &?;glond; g, &?;g, island + land, lond, land. AS. g, &?;g, is akin to AS. eá water, river, OHG. &?;uwa, G. au meadow, Icel. ey island, Dan. & Sw. ö, Goth. ahwa a stream, water, L. aqua water. The s is due to confusion with isle. Cf. Ait, Eyot, Ewer, Aquatic.]

1. A tract of land surrounded by water, and smaller than a continent. Cf. Continent.

2. Anything regarded as resembling an island; as, an island of ice.

3. (Zoöl.) See Isle, n., 2.

Islands of the blessed (Myth.), islands supposed to lie in the Western Ocean, where the favorites of the gods are conveyed at death, and dwell in everlasting joy.

Is"land (?), v. t. 1. To cause to become or to resemble an island; to make an island or islands of; to isle. Shelley.

2. To furnish with an island or with islands; as, to island the deep. Southey.

Is"land*er (?), n. An inhabitant of an island.

Is"land*y (?), a. Of or pertaining to islands; full of islands. Cotgrave.

Isle (?), n. [Obs.] See Aisle.

Isle (?), n. [OF. isle, F. île, L. insula; cf. Lith. sala. Cf. Insulate.]

1. An island. [Poetic]

> Imperial rule of all the seagirt isles.

Milton.

2. (Zoöl.) A spot within another of a different color, as upon the wings of some insects.

Isle, v. t. To cause to become an island, or like an island; to surround or encompass; to island. [Poetic]

> Isled in sudden seas of light.

Tennyson.

Is"let (?), n. [OF. islette (cf. F. îlot), dim. of isle.] A little island.

-ism (?). [F. -isme, or L. -ismus, Gr. &?;.] A suffix indicating an act, a process, the result of an act or a process, a state; also, a characteristic (as a theory, doctrine, idiom, etc.); as, baptism, galvanism, organism, hypnotism, socialism, sensualism, Anglicism.

Ism, n. [See ism, above.] A doctrine or theory; especially, a wild or visionary theory. E. Everett.

> The world grew light-headed, and forth came a spawn of isms which no man can number.

S. G. Goodrich.

{ Is`ma*e"li*an (?), Is"ma*el*ite (?), } n. (Eccl.) One of a sect of Mohammedans who favored the pretensions of the family of Mohammed ben Ismael, of the house of Ali.

{ I"so- (?), Is- (?). } [Gr. 'i`sos equal.] A prefix or combining form, indicating identity, or equality; the same numerical value; as in isopod, isomorphous, isochromatic. Specif.: (a) (Chem.) Applied to certain compounds having the same composition but different properties; as in isocyanic. (b) (Organic Chem.) Applied to compounds of certain isomeric series in whose structure one carbon atom, at least, is connected with three other carbon atoms; -- contrasted with neo- and normal; as in isoparaffine; isopentane.

I"so*bar (?), n. [Iso- + Gr. &?; weight.] (Phys. Geog.) A line connecting or marking places upon the surface of the earth where height of the barometer reduced to sea level is the same either at a given time, or for a certain period (mean height), as for a year; an isopiestic line. [Written also isobare.]

I`so*bar"ic (?), a. (Phys. Geog.) Denoting equal pressure; as, an isobaric line; specifically, of or pertaining to isobars.

I"so*bar*ism (?), n. The quality or state of being equal in weight, especially in atmospheric pressure. Also, the theory, method, or application of isobaric science.

I`so*bar`o*met"ric (?), a. [Iso + barometric.] (Phys. Geog.) Indicating equal barometric pressure.

I`so*bath"y*therm (?), n. [Iso- + Gr. &?; deep + &?; heat.] (Phys. Geog.) A line connecting the points on the surface of the earth where a certain temperature is found at the same depth.

I`so*bath"y*ther"mic (?), a. Of or pertaining to an isobathytherm; possessing or indicating the same temperature at the same depth.

I`so*ceph"a*lism (?), n. [From Gr. &?; like-headed. See Iso-, and Cephalon.] (Art) A peculiarity in the design of bas-relief by which the heads of human figures are kept at the same height from the ground, whether the personages are seated, standing, or mounted on horseback; -- called also isokephaleia.

I"so*chasm (?), n. [Iso- + chasm.] (Phys. Geog.) A line connecting places on the earth's surface at which there is the same mean frequency of auroras.

I`so*chas"mic (?), a. Indicating equal auroral display; as, an isochasmic line.

I"so*cheim ("s*km), n. [Iso- + Gr. &?;, &?;, winter.] (Phys. Geog.) A line connecting places on the earth having the same mean winter temperature. Cf. Isothere.

{ I`so*chei"mal, I`so*chi"mal } (?), a. Pertaining to, having the nature of, or making, isocheims; as, an isocheimal line; an isocheimal chart.

{ I`so*chei"me*nal (?), I`so*chi"me*nal } a. The same as Isocheimal.

I`so*chei"mic (?), a. The same as Isocheimal.

I`so*chi"mene (?), n. The same as Isocheim.

I`so*chro*mat"ic (?), a. [Iso- + chromatic.] (Opt.) Having the same color; connecting parts having the same color, as lines drawn through certain points in experiments on the chromatic effects of polarized light in crystals.

I*soch"ro*nal (?), a. [See Isochronous.] Uniform in time; of equal time; performed in equal times; recurring at regular intervals; as, isochronal vibrations or oscillations.

I`so*chron"ic (?), a. Isochronal.

I*soch"ro*nism (?), n. The state or quality of being isochronous.

I*soch"ro*non (?), n. [NL. See Isochronous.] A clock that is designed to keep very accurate time.

I*soch"ro*nous (?), a. [Gr. &?;; &?; equal + &?; time.] Same as Isochronal.

I*soch"ro*ous (?), a. [Iso- + Gr. &?; color.] Having the same tint or color throughout; uniformly or evenly colored.

{ I`so*cli"nal (?), I`so*clin"ic (?), } a. [Iso- + Gr. &?; to incline.] Of or pertaining to, or indicating, equality of inclination or dip; having equal inclination or dip.

Isoclinal lines (Magnetism), lines on the earth's surface connecting places at which a dipping needle indicates the same inclination or dip.

I`so*cry"mal (?), a. (Phys. Geog.) Pertaining to, having the nature of, or illustrating, an isocryme; as, an isocrymal line; an isocrymal chart.

I"so*cryme (?), n. [Iso- + Gr. &?; cold.] (Phys. Geog.) A line connecting points on the earth's surface having the same mean temperature in the coldest month of the year.

I`so*crym"ic (?), a. Isocrymal.

I`so*cy*an"ic (?), a. [Iso- + cyanic.] (Chem.) Designating an acid isomeric with cyanic acid.

Isocyanic acid, an acid metameric with cyanic acid, and resembling it in its salts. It is obtained as a colorless, mobile, unstable liquid by the heating cyanuric acid. Called technically carbimide.

I`so*cy`a*nu"ric (?), a. [Iso- + cyanuric.] (Chem.) Designating, or pertaining to, an acid isomeric with cyanuric acid, and called also fulminuric acid. See under Fulminuric.

I`so*di`a*bat"ic (?), a. [Iso- + Gr. &?; to pass through.] (Physics) Pertaining to the reception or the giving out of equal quantities of heat by a substance. Rankine.

Isodiabatic lines or curves, a pair of lines or curves exhibiting, on a diagram of energy, the law of variation of the pressure and density of a fluid, the one during the lowering, and the other during the raising, of its temperature, when the quantity of heat given out by the fluid during any given stage of the one process is equal to the quantity received during the corresponding stage of the other. Such lines are said to be isodiabatic with respect to each other. Compare Adiabatic.

I`so*di`a*met"ric (?), a. [Iso- + diametric.]

1. (Crystallog.) Developed alike in the directions of the several lateral axes; -- said of crystals of both the tetragonal and hexagonal systems.

2. (Bot.) Having the several diameters nearly equal; -- said of the cells of ordinary parenchyma.

I`so*di*mor"phic (?), a. [Iso- + dimorphic.] Isodimorphous.

I`so*di*mor"phism (?), n. Isomorphism between the two forms severally of two dimorphous substances.

I`so*di*mor"phous (?), a. [Iso- + dimorphous.] Having the quality of isodimorphism.

I`so*dul"cite (?), n. [Iso- + dulcite.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, sugarlike substance, obtained by the decomposition of certain glucosides, and intermediate in nature between the hexacid alcohols (dulcite, mannite, etc.) and the glucoses.

I`so*dy*nam"ic (?), a. [Iso- + dynamic.] Of, pertaining to, having, or denoting, equality of force.

Isodynamic foods (Physiol.), those foods that produce a similar amount of heat. -- Isodynamic lines (Magnetism), lines on the earth's surface connecting places at which the magnetic intensity is the same.

I`so*dy"na*mous (?), a. [Gr. &?;. See Isodynamic.] Of equal force or size.

I`so*ge"o*therm (?), n. [Iso- + Gr. gh^ the earth + qe`rmh heat.] (Phys. Geog.) A line or curved surface passing beneath the earth's surface through points having the same mean temperature.

{ I`so*ge`o*ther"mal (?), I`so*ge`o*ther"mic (?), } a. Pertaining to, having the nature of, or marking, isogeotherms; as, an isogeothermal line or surface; as isogeothermal chart. -- n. An isogeotherm.

I`so*gon"ic (?), a. [Iso- + Gr. gwni`a angle.] Pertaining to, or noting, equal angles.

Isogonic lines (Magnetism), lines traced on the surface of the globe, or upon a chart, connecting places at which the deviation of the magnetic needle from the meridian or true north is the same.

I`so*gon"ic, a. (Zoöl.) Characterized by isogonism.

I*sog"o*nism (?), n. [Iso- + Gr. &?; offspring, generative parts.] (Zoöl.) The quality of having similar sexual zooids or gonophores and dissimilar hydrants; -- said of certain hydroids.

I`so*graph"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to isography.

I*sog"ra*phy (?), n. [Iso- + -graphy.] Imitation of another's handwriting.

I`so*hy"e*tose` (?), a. [Iso- + Gr. "yeto`s rain.] (Phys. Geog.) Of or pertaining to lines connecting places on the earth's surface which have a mean annual rainfall. -- n. An isohyetose line.

I"so*la*ble (?), a. [See Isolate.] (Chem.) Capable of being isolated, or of being obtained in a pure state; as, gold is isolable.

I"so*late (?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Isolated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Isolating (?).] [It. isolato, p. p. of isolare to isolate, fr. isola island, L. insula. See 2d Isle, and cf. Insulate.]

1. To place in a detached situation; to place by itself or alone; to insulate; to separate from others.

> Short isolated sentences were the mode in which ancient wisdom delighted to convey its precepts.

Bp. Warburton.

2. (Elec.) To insulate. See Insulate.

3. (Chem.) To separate from all foreign substances; to make pure; to obtain in a free state.

I"so*la`ted (?), a. Placed or standing alone; detached; separated from others.

Isolated point of a curve. (Geom.) See Acnode.

I"so*la`ted*ly (?), adv. In an isolated manner.

I`so*la"tion (-l"shn), n. [Cf. F. isolation.] The act of isolating, or the state of being isolated; insulation; separation; loneliness. Milman.

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I"so*la`tor ("s*l`tr or s"*l`tr), n. One who, or that which, isolates.

I*sol"o*gous (?), a. [Iso- + Gr. lo`gos proportion.] (Chem.) Having similar proportions, similar relations, or similar differences of composition; -- said specifically of groups or series which differ by a constant difference; as, ethane, ethylene, and acetylene, or their analogous compounds, form an isologous series.

I"so*mer ("s*mr), n. [See Isomeric.] (Chem.) A body or compound which is isomeric with another body or compound; a member of an isomeric series.

I`so*mer"ic (-mr"k), a. [Iso- + Gr. me`ros part: cf. F. isomérique.] (Chem.) Having the same percentage composition; -- said of two or more different substances which contain the same ingredients in the same proportions by weight, often used with with. Specif.: (a) Polymeric; i. e., having the same elements united in the same proportion by weight, but with different molecular weights; as, acetylene and benzine are isomeric (polymeric) with each other in this sense. See Polymeric. (b) Metameric; i. e., having the same elements united in the same proportions by weight, and with the same molecular weight, but with a different structure or arrangement of the ultimate parts; as, ethyl alcohol and methyl ether are isomeric (metameric) with each other in this sense. See Metameric.

I*som"er*ide (?), n. (Chem.) An isomer. [R.]

I*som"er*ism (?), n. (Chem.) The state, quality, or relation, of two or more isomeric substances.

Physical isomerism (Chem.), the condition or relation of certain (metameric) substances, which, while chemically identical (in that they have the same composition, the same molecular weights, and the same ultimate constitution), are yet physically different, as in their action on polarized light, as dextro- and lævo-tartaric acids. In such compounds there is usually at least one unsymmetrical carbon atom. See Unsymmetrical.

I`so*mer`o*mor"phism (?), n. [Isomer + Gr. &?; form + -ism.] (Crystallog.) Isomorphism between substances that are isomeric.

{ I`so*met"ric (?), I`so*met"ric*al (?), } a. [Iso- + Gr. me`tron measure.] 1. Pertaining to, or characterized by, equality of measure.

2. (Crystallog.) Noting, or conforming to, that system of crystallization in which the three axes are of equal length and at right angles to each other; monometric; regular; cubic. Cf. Crystallization.

Isometric lines (Thermodynamics), lines representing in a diagram the relations of pressure and temperature in a gas, when the volume remains constant. -- Isometrical perspective. See under Perspective. -- Isometrical projection, a species of orthographic projection, in which but a single plane of projection is used. It is so named from the fact that the projections of three equal lines, parallel respectively to three rectangular axes, are equal to one another. This kind of projection is principally used in delineating buildings or machinery, in which the principal lines are parallel to three rectangular axes, and the principal planes are parallel to three rectangular planes passing through the three axes.

I"so*morph (?), n. [See Isomorphous.] A substance which is similar to another in crystalline form and composition.

I`so*mor"phic (?), a. Isomorphous.

I`so*mor"phism (?), n. [Cf. F. isomorphisme.] (Crystallog.) A similarity of crystalline form between substances of similar composition, as between the sulphates of barium (BaSO4) and strontium (SrSO4). It is sometimes extended to include similarity of form between substances of unlike composition, which is more properly called homœomorphism.

I`so*mor"phous (?), a. [Iso- + -morphous.] Having the quality of isomorphism.

||I`so*nan"dra (?), n. [Iso- + Gr. &?;, &?;, a man, male.] (Bot.) A genus of sapotaceous trees of India. Isonandra Gutta is the principal source of gutta-percha.

I`so*ne*phel"ic (?), a. [Iso- + Gr. &?; a cloud.] (Phys. Geog.) Having, or indicating, an equal amount of cloudiness for a given period; as, isonephelic regions; an isonephelic line.

I`so*nic"o*tine (?), n. [Iso- + nicotine.] (Chem.) A crystalline, nitrogenous base, C10H14N2, isomeric with nicotine.

I`so*nic`o*tin"ic (?), a. (Chem.) (a) Pertaining to, or derived from, isonicotine. (b) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid isomeric with nicotinic acid.

I`so*ni*tro"so- (?). [Iso- + nitroso-.] (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively), signifying: Pertaining to, or designating, the characteristic, nitrogenous radical, NOH, called the isonitroso group.

I`so*nom"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;; &?; equal + no`mos law.] The same, or equal, in law or right; one in kind or origin; analogous; similar. Dana.

I*son"o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. isonomie. See Isonomic.] Equal law or right; equal distribution of rights and privileges; similarity.

I*sop"a*thy (?), n. [Iso- + Gr. &?; suffering.] (Med.) (a) The system which undertakes to cure a disease by means of the virus of the same disease. (b) The theory of curing a diseased organ by eating the analogous organ of a healthy animal. Mayne. (c) The doctrine that the power of therapeutics is equal to that of the causes of disease.

I`so*pep"sin (?), n. [Iso- + pepsin.] (Physiol. Chem.) Pepsin modified by exposure to a temperature of from 40° to 60° C.

I`so*per`i*met"ric*al (?), a. [Gr. &?;; &?; equal + &?; circumference: cf. F. isopérimètre. See Perimeter.] (Geom.) Having equal perimeters of circumferences; as, isoperimetrical figures or bodies.

I`so*per*im"e*try (?), n. (Geom.) The science of figures having equal perimeters or boundaries.

I`so*pi*es"tic (?), a. [Iso- + Gr. &?; to press.] (Thermodynamics) Having equal pressure.

Isopiestic lines, lines showing, in a diagram, the relations of temperature and volume, when the elastic force is constant; -- called also isobars.

||I`so*pleu"ra (?), n. pl. [NL. See Iso-, and Pleura.] (Zoöl.) A subclass of Gastropoda, in which the body is symmetrical, the right and left sides being equal.

The intestine terminates at the posterior end of the body, and the gills and circulatory and reproductive organs are paired. It includes the chitons (Polyplacophora), together with Neomenia and Chætoderma, which are wormlike forms without a shell.

I"so*pod (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the legs similar in structure; belonging to the Isopoda. -- n. One of the Isopoda.

||I*sop"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL. See Iso-, and -poda.] (Zoöl.) An order of sessile-eyed Crustacea, usually having seven pairs of legs, which are all similar in structure.

The body is usually depressed, with the abdominal segments short, and often consolidated in part. The branchiæ are on the abdominal appendages. The group includes the terrestrial pill bugs and sow bugs, with numerous marine forms. See Arthrostrata, Gribble.

I`so*pod"i*form (?), a. [Isopod + -form.] (Zoöl.) Having the shape of an isopod; -- said of the larvæ of certain insects.

I*sop"o*dous (?), a. Same as Isopod.

I`so*pog"o*nous (?), a. [Iso- + Gr. &?; beard.] (Zoöl.) Having the two webs equal in breadth; -- said of feathers.

I"so*prene (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Chem.) An oily, volatile hydrocarbon, obtained by the distillation of caoutchouc or gutta-percha.

I`so*pyc"nic (?), a. [Iso- + Gr. pykno`s dense.] (Physics) Having equal density, as different regions of a medium; passing through points at which the density is equal; as, an isopycnic line or surface.

I`so*pyc"nic, n. (Physics) A line or surface passing through those points in a medium, at which the density is the same.

I*sor"cin (?), n. [Iso- + orcin.] (Chem.) A crystalline hydrocarbon derivative, metameric with orcin, but produced artificially; -- called also cresorcin.

I`sor*rop"ic (?), a. [Gr. 'iso`rropos in equipoise; 'i`sos equal + "roph` downward inclination or momentum.] Of equal value.

Isorropic line (in a diagram) (Geom.), the locus of all the points for which a specified function has a constant value. Newcomb.

I*sos"ce*les (?), a. [L., fr. Gr. &?;; 'i`sos equal + &?; leg.] (Geom.) Having two legs or sides that are equal; -- said of a triangle.

||I`so*spon"dy*li (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. 'i`sos equal + &?;, &?;, a vertebra.] (Zoöl.) An extensive order of fishes, including the salmons, herrings, and many allied forms.

I`so*spon"dy*lous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Isospondyli; having the anterior vertebræ separate and normal.

I`so*spor"ic (?), a. [Iso- + Gr. &?; fruit.] (Bot.) Producing but one kind of spore, as the ferns and Equiseta. Cf. Heterosporic.

I`so*stem"o*nous (?), a. [Iso- + Gr. sth`mwn thread.] (Bot.) Having exactly as many stamens as petals.

I`so*stem"o*ny (?), n. (Bot.) The quality or state of being isostemonous.

I`so*sul`pho*cy"a*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of isosulphocyanic acid.

I`so*sul`pho*cy*an"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid, HNCS, isomeric with sulphocyanic acid.

I*soth"er*al (?), a. Having the nature of an isothere; indicating the distribution of temperature by means of an isothere; as, an isotheral chart or line.

I"so*there (?), n. [Iso- + Gr. &?; summer, &?; to heat.] (Phys. Geog.) A line connecting points on the earth's surface having the same mean summer temperature.

I"so*therm (?), n. [Iso- + Gr. &?; heat, fr. &?; hot.] (Phys. Geog.) A line connecting or marking points on the earth's surface having the same temperature. This may be the temperature for a given time of observation, or the mean temperature for a year or other period. Also, a similar line based on the distribution of temperature in the ocean.

I`so*ther"mal (?), a. [Cf. F. isotherme.] (a) Relating to equality of temperature. (b) (Phys. Geog.) Having reference to the geographical distribution of temperature, as exhibited by means of isotherms; as, an isothermal line; an isothermal chart.

Isothermal line. (a) An isotherm. (b) A line drawn on a diagram of energy such that its ordinates represent the pressures of a substance corresponding to various volumes, while the absolute temperature is maintained at a constant value. -- Isothermal zones, spaces on opposite sides of the equator having the same mean temperature, and bounded by corresponding isothermal lines.

I`so*ther"mo*bath (?), n. [Iso- + Gr. &?; hot + &?; depth.] (Phys. Geog) A line drawn through points of equal temperature in a vertical section of the ocean.

I`so*ther`mo*bath"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to an isothermobath; possessing or indicating equal temperatures in a vertical section, as of the ocean.

I*soth`er*om"brose (?), n. [Iso- + Gr. qe`ros summer + 'o`mbros rain.] (Phys. Geog) A line connecting or marking points on the earth's surface, which have the same mean summer rainfall.

I`so*ton"ic (?), a. [Iso- + tonic.] Having or indicating, equal tones, or tension.

Isotonic system (Mus.), a system consisting of intervals, in which each concord is alike tempered, and in which there are twelve equal semitones.

I`so*tri*mor"phic (?), a. Isotrimorphous.

I`so*tri*mor"phism (?), n. [Iso- + Gr. &?; thrice + &?; form.] Isomorphism between the three forms, severally, of two trimorphous substances.

I`so*tri*mor"phous (?), a. Having the quality of isotrimorphism; isotrimorphic.

I`so*trop"ic (?), a. [Iso- + Gr. &?; a turning, fr. &?; to turn.] (Physics) Having the same properties in all directions; specifically, equally elastic in all directions.

I*sot"ro*pism (?), n. Isotropy.

I*sot"ro*pous (?), a. Isotropic.

I*sot"ro*py (?), n. (Physics) Uniformity of physical properties in all directions in a body; absence of all kinds of polarity; specifically, equal elasticity in all directions.

I`so*u"ric (?), a. [Iso- + uric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a complex nitrogenous acid, isomeric with uric acid.

Is"ra*el*ite (?), n. [L. Israëlites, Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, &?;, Israel, Heb. Yisr&?;l, i. e., champion of God; srh to fight + &?;l God.] A descendant of Israel, or Jacob; a Hebrew; a Jew.

{ Is`ra*el*it"ic (?), Is"ra*el*i`tish (?), } a. Of or pertaining to Israel, or to the Israelites; Jewish; Hebrew.

Is"su*a*ble (?), a. [From Issue.]

1. Leading to, producing, or relating to, an issue; capable of being made an issue at law. Burrill.

2. Lawful or suitable to be issued; as, a writ issuable on these grounds.

Issuable plea (Law), a plea to the merits, on which the adverse party may take issue and proceed to trial.

Is"su*a*bly (?), adv. In an issuable manner; by way of issue; as, to plead issuably.

Is"su*ance (?), n. The act of issuing, or giving out; as, the issuance of an order; the issuance of rations, and the like.

Is"su*ant (?), a. (Her.) Issuing or coming up; -- a term used to express a charge or bearing rising or coming out of another.

Is"sue (sh"), n. [OF. issue, eissue, F. issue, fr. OF. issir, eissir, to go out, L. exire; ex out of, from + ire to go, akin to Gr. 'ie`nai, Skr. i, Goth. iddja went, used as prefect of gaggan to go. Cf. Ambition, Count a nobleman, Commence, Errant, Exit, Eyre, Initial, Yede went.]

1. The act of passing or flowing out; a moving out from any inclosed place; egress; as, the issue of water from a pipe, of blood from a wound, of air from a bellows, of people from a house.

2. The act of sending out, or causing to go forth; delivery; issuance; as, the issue of an order from a commanding officer; the issue of money from a treasury.

3. That which passes, flows, or is sent out; the whole quantity sent forth or emitted at one time; as, an issue of bank notes; the daily issue of a newspaper.

4. Progeny; a child or children; offspring. In law, sometimes, in a general sense, all persons descended from a common ancestor; all lineal descendants.

> If the king
> Should without issue die.

Shak.

5. Produce of the earth, or profits of land, tenements, or other property; as, A conveyed to B all his right for a term of years, with all the issues, rents, and profits.

6. A discharge of flux, as of blood. Matt. ix. 20.

7. (Med.) An artificial ulcer, usually made in the fleshy part of the arm or leg, to produce the secretion and discharge of pus for the relief of some affected part.

8. The final outcome or result; upshot; conclusion; event; hence, contest; test; trial.

> Come forth to view
> The issue of the exploit.

Shak.

> While it is hot, I 'll put it to the issue.

Shak.

9. A point in debate or controversy on which the parties take affirmative and negative positions; a presentation of alternatives between which to choose or decide.

10. (Law) In pleading, a single material point of law or fact depending in the suit, which, being affirmed on the one side and denied on the other, is presented for determination. See General issue, under General, and Feigned issue, under Feigned. Blount. Cowell.

At issue, in controversy; disputed; opposing or contesting; hence, at variance; disagreeing; inconsistent.

> As much at issue with the summer day
> As if you brought a candle out of doors.

Mrs. Browning.

-- Bank of issue, Collateral issue, etc. See under Bank, Collateral, etc. -- Issue pea, a pea, or a similar round body, used to maintain irritation in a wound, and promote the secretion and discharge of pus. -- To join, or take, issue, to take opposing sides in a matter in controversy.

Is"sue, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Issued (sh"d); p. pr. & vb. n. Issuing.]

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1. To pass or flow out; to run out, as from any inclosed place.

> From it issued forced drops of blood.

Shak.

2. To go out; to rush out; to sally forth; as, troops issued from the town, and attacked the besiegers.

3. To proceed, as from a source; as, water issues from springs; light issues from the sun.

4. To proceed, as progeny; to be derived; to be descended; to spring.

> Of thy sons that shall issue from thee.

2 Kings xx. 18.

5. To extend; to pass or open; as, the path issues into the highway.

6. To be produced as an effect or result; to grow or accrue; to arise; to proceed; as, rents and profits issuing from land, tenements, or a capital stock.

7. To close; to end; to terminate; to turn out; as, we know not how the cause will issue.

8. (Law) In pleading, to come to a point in fact or law, on which the parties join issue.

Is"sue (sh"), v. t. 1. To send out; to put into circulation; as, to issue notes from a bank.

2. To deliver for use; as, to issue provisions.

3. To send out officially; to deliver by authority; as, to issue an order; to issue a writ.

Is"sue*less, a. Having no issue or progeny; childless. "The heavens . . . have left me issueless." Shak.

Is"su*er (?), n. One who issues, emits, or publishes.

-ist (?). [Gr. &?;: cf. F. -iste.] A noun suffix denoting an agent, or doer, one who practices, a believer in; as, theorist, one who theorizes; socialist, one who holds to socialism; sensualist, one given to sensuality.

Is't (?). A contraction of is it.

Isth"mi*an (?), a. [L. Isthmius, Gr. &?;. See Isthmus.] Of or pertaining to an isthmus, especially to the Isthmus of Corinth, in Greece.

Isthmian games (Gr. Antiq.), one of the four great national festivals of Greece, celebrated on the Isthmus of Corinth in the spring of every alternate year. They consisted of all kinds of athletic sports, wrestling, boxing, racing on foot and in chariots, and also contests in music and poetry. The prize was a garland of pine leaves.

Isth"mus (?; 277), n.; pl. Isthmuses (#). [L. isthmus, Gr. 'isqmo`s a neck, a neck of land between two seas, an isthmus, especially the Isthmus of Corinth; prob. from the root of 'ie`nai to go; cf. Icel. eið isthmus. See Issue.] (Geog.) A neck or narrow slip of land by which two continents are connected, or by which a peninsula is united to the mainland; as, the Isthmus of Panama; the Isthmus of Suez, etc.

Isthmus of the fauces. (Anat.) See Fauces.

Is"tle (?), n. Same as Ixtle.

I*su"ret (?), n. [Iso- + urea.] (Chem.) An artificial nitrogenous base, isomeric with urea, and forming a white crystalline substance; -- called also isuretine.

It (t), pron. [OE. it, hit, AS. hit; cf. D. het. √181. See He.] The neuter pronoun of the third person, corresponding to the masculine pronoun he and the feminine she, and having the same plural (they, their or theirs, them).

The possessive form its is modern, being rarely found in the writings of Shakespeare and Milton, and not at all in the original King James's version of the Bible. During the transition from the regular his to the anomalous its, it was to some extent employed in the possessive without the case ending. See His, and He. In Dryden's time its had become quite established as the regular form.

> The day present hath ever inough to do with it owne grief.

Genevan Test.

> Do, child, go to it grandam, child.

Shak.

> It knighthood shall do worse. It shall fright all it friends with borrowing letters.

B. Jonson.

In the course of time, the nature of the neuter sign t in it, the form being found in but a few words, became misunderstood. Instead of being looked upon as an affix, it passed for part of the original word. Hence was formed from it the anomalous genitive its, superseding the Saxon his. Latham.

> The fruit tree yielding fruit after his (its) kind.

Gen. i. 11.

It is used,
1. As a substance for any noun of the neuter gender; as, here is the book, take it home.

2. As a demonstrative, especially at the beginning of a sentence, pointing to that which is about to be stated, named, or mentioned, or referring to that which apparent or well known; as, I saw it was John.

> It is I; be not afraid.

Matt. xiv. 27.

> Peter heard that it was the Lord.

John xxi. 7.

Often, in such cases, as a substitute for a sentence or clause; as, it is thought he will come; it is wrong to do this.

3. As an indefinite nominative for a impersonal verb; as, it snows; it rains.

4. As a substitute for such general terms as, the state of affairs, the condition of things, and the like; as, how is it with the sick man?

> Think on me when it shall be well with thee.

Gen. xl. 14.

5. As an indefinite object after some intransitive verbs, or after a substantive used humorously as a verb; as, to foot it (i. e., to walk).

> The Lacedemonians, at the Straits of Thermopylæ, when their arms failed them, fought it out with nails and teeth.

Dryden.

> Whether the charmer sinner it, or saint it,
> If folly grows romantic, I must paint it.

Pope.

Its self. See Itself.

I"ta*cism (?), n. [Cf. F. itacisme. See Etacism, and cf. Iotacism.] (Greek Gram.) Pronunciation of η (eta) as the modern Greeks pronounce it, that is, like e in the English word be. This was the pronunciation advocated by Reuchlin and his followers, in opposition to the etacism of Erasmus. See Etacism.

> In all such questions between ε and αι the confusing element of itacism comes in.

Alford.

I"ta*cist (?), n. [Cf. F. itaciste.] One who is in favor of itacism.

It`a*col"u*mite (?), n. [From Itacolumi, a mountain of Brazil.] (Min.) A laminated, granular, siliceous rocks, often occurring in regions where the diamond is found.

It`a*con"ic (?), a. [From aconitic, by transposition of the letters.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid, C5H6O4, which is obtained as a white crystalline substance by decomposing aconitic and other organic acids.

It"a*la (?), n. [Fem. of L. Italus Italian.] An early Latin version of the Scriptures (the Old Testament was translated from the Septuagint, and was also called the Italic version).

I*tal"ian (?), a. [Cf. F. italien, It. italiano. Cf. Italic.] Of or pertaining to Italy, or to its people or language.

Italian cloth a light material of cotton and worsted; -- called also farmer's satin. -- Italian iron, a heater for fluting frills. -- Italian juice, Calabrian liquorice.

I*tal"ian, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Italy.

2. The language used in Italy, or by the Italians.

I*tal"ian*ate (?), v. t. [Cf. It. italianare.] To render Italian, or conformable to Italian customs; to Italianize. [R.] Ascham.

I*tal"ian*ate (?), a. Italianized; Italianated. "Apish, childish, and Italianate." Marlowe.

I*tal"ian*ism (?), n. 1. A word, phrase, or idiom, peculiar to the Italians; an Italicism.

2. Attachment to, or sympathy for, Italy.

I*tal"ian*ize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Italianized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Italianizing (?).] [Cf. F. italianiser, It. italianizzare.]

1. To play the Italian; to speak Italian. Cotgrave.

2. To render Italian in any respect; to Italianate. "An Englishman Italianized." Lowell.

I*tal"ic (?), a. [L. Italicus: cf. F. italique. Cf. Italian.]

1. Relating to Italy or to its people.

2. Applied especially to a kind of type in which the letters do not stand upright, but slope toward the right; - - so called because dedicated to the States of Italy by the inventor, Aldus Manutius, about the year 1500.

Italic languages, the group or family of languages of ancient Italy. -- Italic order (Arch.), the composite order. See Composite. - - Italic school, a term given to the Pythagorean and Eleatic philosophers, from the country where their doctrines were first promulgated. -- Italic version. See Itala.

I*tal"ic, n.; pl. Italics (&?;). (Print.) An Italic letter, character, or type (see Italic, a., 2.); -- often in the plural; as, the Italics are the author's. Italic letters are used to distinguish words for emphasis, importance, antithesis, etc. Also, collectively, Italic letters.

I*tal"i*cism (?), n. 1. A phrase or idiom peculiar to the Italian language; to Italianism.

2. The use of Italics.

I*tal"i*cize (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Italicized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Italicizing (?).] To print in Italic characters; to underline written letters or words with a single line; as, to Italicize a word; Italicizes too much.

I"ta palm` (?). (Bot.) A magnificent species of palm (Mauritia flexuosa), growing near the Orinoco. The natives eat its fruit and buds, drink its sap, and make thread and cord from its fiber.

Itch (ch), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Itched (cht); p. pr. & vb. n. Itching.] [OE. icchen, icchen, AS. giccan; akin to D. jeuken, joken, G. jucken, OHG. jucchen.]

1. To have an uneasy sensation in the skin, which inclines the person to scratch the part affected.

> My mouth hath itched all this long day.

Chaucer.

2. To have a constant desire or teasing uneasiness; to long for; as, itching ears. "An itching palm." Shak.

Itch, n. 1. (Med.) An eruption of small, isolated, acuminated vesicles, produced by the entrance of a parasitic mite (the Sarcoptes scabei), and attended with itching. It is transmissible by contact.

2. Any itching eruption.

3. A sensation in the skin occasioned (or resembling that occasioned) by the itch eruption; -- called also scabies, psora, etc.

4. A constant irritating desire.

> An itch of being thought a divine king.

Dryden.

Baker's itch. See under Baker. - - Barber's itch, sycosis. -- Bricklayer's itch, an eczema of the hands attended with much itching, occurring among bricklayers. -- Grocer's itch, an itching eruption, being a variety of eczema, produced by the sugar mite (Tyrogluphus sacchari). -- Itch insect (Zoöl.), a small parasitic mite (Sarcoptes scabei) which burrows and breeds beneath the human skin, thus causing the disease known as the itch. See Illust. in Append. -- Itch mite. (Zoöl.) Same as Itch insect, above. Also, other similar mites affecting the lower animals, as the horse and ox. -- Sugar baker's itch, a variety of eczema, due to the action of sugar upon the skin. -- Washerwoman's itch, eczema of the hands and arms, occurring among washerwomen.

Itch"i*ness (?), n. The state of being itchy.

Itch"less, a. Free from itching.

Itch"y (?), a. Infected with the itch, or with an itching sensation. Cowper.

-ite (?). [From Gr. &?;, &?;.] 1. A suffix denoting one of a party, a sympathizer with or adherent of, and the like, and frequently used in ridicule; as, a Millerite; a Benthamite.

2. A suffix used in naming minerals; as, chlorite, from its characteristic green color; barite, from its heaviness; graphite, from its use in writing.

3. (Chem.) A suffix used to denote the salts formed from those acids whose names end in -ous; as, sulphite, from sulphurous; nitrite, from nitrous acid, etc.

I"tem (?), adv. [L. See Iterate.] Also; as an additional article.

I"tem (?), n. [From Item, adv.]

1. An article; a separate particular in an account; as, the items in a bill.

2. A hint; an innuendo. [Obs.]

> A secret item was given to some of the bishops . . . to absent themselves.

Fuller.

3. A short article in a newspaper; a paragraph; as, an item concerning the weather.

I"tem, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Itemed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Iteming.] To make a note or memorandum of.

> I have itemed it in my memory.

Addison.

I"tem*ize (?), v. t. To state in items, or by particulars; as, to itemize the cost of a railroad. [Local, U. S.]

||I"ter (?), n. [L. See Eyre.] (Anat.) A passage; esp., the passage between the third and fourth ventricles in the brain; the aqueduct of Sylvius.

It"er*a*ble (?), a. [L. iterabilis. See Iterate.] Capable of being iterated or repeated. [Obs.]

It"er*ance (?), n. Iteration. [Obs.]

It"er*ant (?), a. [L. iterans, p. pr. of iterare.] Repeating; iterating; as, an iterant echo. Bacon.

It"er*ate (?), a. [L. iteratus, p. p. of iterare to repeat, fr. iterum again, prop. a compar. from the stem of is he, that; cf. L. ita so, item likewise, also, Skr. itara other, iti thus. Cf. Identity, Item.] Uttered or done again; repeated. [Obs.] Bp. Gardiner.

It"er*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Iterated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Iterating.] To utter or do a second time or many times; to repeat; as, to iterate advice.

> Nor Eve to iterate
> Her former trespass feared.

Milton.

It"er*ate (?), adv. By way of iteration.

It`er*a"tion (?), n. [L. iteratio.] Recital or performance a second time; repetition. Bacon.

> What needs this iteration, woman?

Shak.

It"er*a*tive (?), a. [L. iterativus: cf. F. itératif.] Repeating. Cotgrave. -- It"er*a*tive*ly, adv.

Ith`y*phal"lic (?), a. [L. ithyphallicus, fr. ithyphallus, Gr. &?;, membrum virile erectum, or a figure thereof carried in the festivals of Bacchus.] Lustful; lewd; salacious; indecent; obscene.

I*tin"er*a*cy (?), n. The act or practice of itinerating; itinerancy.

I*tin"er*an*cy (?), n. [See Itinerant.]

1. A passing from place to place. Dr. H. More.

2. A discharge of official duty involving frequent change of residence; the custom or practice of discharging official duty in this way; also, a body of persons who thus discharge official duty.

I*tin"er*ant (?), a. [LL. itinerans, -antis, p. pr. of itinerare to make a journey, fr. L. iter, itineris, a walk, way, journey. See Errant, Issue.] Passing or traveling about a country; going or preaching on a circuit; wandering; not settled; as, an itinerant preacher; an itinerant peddler.

> The king's own courts were then itinerant, being kept in the king's palace, and removing with his household in those royal progresses which he continually made.

Blackstone.

I*tin"er*ant, a. One who travels from place to place, particularly a preacher; one who is unsettled.

> Glad to turn itinerant,
> To stroll and teach from town to town.

Hudibras.

I*tin"er*ant*ly, adv. In an itinerant manner.

I*tin"er*a*ry (?), a. [L. itinerarius: cf. F. itinéraire. See Itinerant.] Itinerant; traveling; passing from place to place; done on a journey.

> It was rather an itinerary circuit of justice than a progress.

Bacon.

I*tin"er*a*ry, n.; pl. Itineraries (#). [L. itinerarium: cf. F. itinéraire. See Itinerary, a.] An account of travels, or a register of places and distances as a guide to travelers; as, the Itinerary of Antoninus.

I*tin"er*ate (?). v. i. [imp. & p. p. Itinerated (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Itinerating (#).] [LL. itineratus, p. p. of itinerari, itinerare. See Itinerant.] To wander without a settled habitation; to travel from place or on a circuit, particularly for the purpose of preaching, lecturing, etc.

-i"tis (?), [Gr. &?;, orig, fem. adjective suffix.] A suffix used in medical terms to denote an inflammatory disease of; as, arthritis; bronchitis, phrenitis.

Its (?). Possessive form of the pronoun it. See It.

It*self" (?), pron. The neuter reciprocal pronoun of It; as, the thing is good in itself; it stands by itself.

> Borrowing of foreigners, in itself, makes not the kingdom rich or poor.

Locke.

It"tri*a (?), n. [NL.] See Yttria.

It"tri*um (?), n. [NL.] See Yttrium.

It"zi*bu (?), n. [Jap. ichibu.] (Numis.) A silver coin of Japan, worth about thirty-four cents. [Written also itzebu, ichebu, itcheboo, etc.]

I*u"li*dan (?), n. [See Iulus.] (Zoöl.) One of the Iulidæ, a family of myriapods, of which the genus Iulus is the type. See Iulus.

||I*u"lus (?), n. [L., down, Gr. &?; down, centipede.] (Zoöl.) A genus of chilognathous myriapods. The body is long and round, consisting of numerous smooth, equal segments, each of which bears two pairs of short legs. It includes the galleyworms. See Chilognatha.

I*van" I*van"o*vitch (?). An ideal personification of the typical Russian or of the Russian people; -- used as "John Bull" is used for the typical Englishman.

I've (?). Colloquial contraction of I have.

-ive (?). [L. -ivus.] An adjective suffix signifying relating or belonging to, of the nature of, tending to; as affirmative, active, conclusive, corrective, diminutive.

I"vied (?), a. [From Ivy.] Overgrown with ivy.

I"vo*ride (?), n. A composition resembling ivory in appearance and used as a substitute for it.

I"vo*ry ("v*r), n.; pl. Ivories (#). [OE. ivori, F. ivoire, fr. L. eboreus made of ivory, fr. ebur, eboris, ivory, cf. Skr. ibha elephant. Cf. Eburnean.]

<! p. 794 !>

1. The hard, white, opaque, fine-grained substance constituting the tusks of the elephant. It is a variety of dentine, characterized by the minuteness and close arrangement of the tubes, as also by their double flexure. It is used in manufacturing articles of ornament or utility.

Ivory is the name commercially given not only to the substance constituting the tusks of the elephant, but also to that of the tusks of the hippopotamus and walrus, the hornlike tusk of the narwhal, etc.

2. The tusks themselves of the elephant, etc.

3. Any carving executed in ivory. Mollett.

4. pl. Teeth; as, to show one's ivories. [Slang]

Ivory black. See under Black, n. -- Ivory gull (Zoöl.), a white Arctic gull (Larus eburneus). -- Ivory nut (Bot.), the nut of a species of palm, the Phytephas macroarpa, often as large as a hen's egg. When young the seed contains a fluid, which gradually hardness into a whitish, close-grained, albuminous substance, resembling the finest ivory in texture and color, whence it is called vegetable ivory. It is wrought into various articles, as buttons, chessmen, etc. The palm is found in New Grenada. A smaller kind is the fruit of the Phytephas microarpa. The nuts are known in commerce as Corosso nuts. -- Ivory palm (Bot.), the palm tree which produces ivory nuts. -- Ivory shell (Zoöl.), any species of Eburna, a genus of marine gastropod shells, having a smooth surface, usually white with red or brown spots. -- Vegetable ivory, the meat of the ivory nut. See Ivory nut (above).

I"vo*ry-bill` ("v*r*bl`), n. (Zoöl.) A large, handsome, North American woodpecker (Campephilus principalis), having a large, sharp, ivory-colored beak. Its general color is glossy black, with white secondaries, and a white dorsal stripe. The male has a large, scarlet crest. It is now rare, and found only in the Gulf States.

I"vo*ry*type` (?), n. (Photog.) A picture produced by superposing a very light print, rendered translucent by varnish, and tinted upon the back, upon a stronger print, so as to give the effect of a photograph in natural colors; -- called also hellenotype. Knight.

I"vy (?), n.; pl. Ivies (#). [AS. fig; akin to OHG. ebawi, ebah, G. epheu.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Hedera (H. helix), common in Europe. Its leaves are evergreen, dark, smooth, shining, and mostly five- pointed; the flowers yellowish and small; the berries black or yellow. The stem clings to walls and trees by rootlike fibers.

> Direct
> The clasping ivy where to climb.

Milton.

> Ye myrtles brown, with ivy never sere.

Milton.

American ivy. (Bot.) See Virginia creeper. -- English ivy (Bot.), a popular name in America for the ivy proper (Hedera helix). -- German ivy (Bot.), a creeping plant, with smooth, succulent stems, and fleshy, light-green leaves; a species of Senecio (S. scandens). -- Ground ivy. (Bot.) Gill (Nepeta Glechoma). -- Ivy bush. (Bot.) See Mountain laurel, under Mountain. -- Ivy owl (Zoöl.), the barn owl. -- Ivy tod (Bot.), the ivy plant. Tennyson. -- Japanese ivy (Bot.), a climbing plant (Ampelopsis tricuspidata), closely related to the Virginia creeper. -- Poison ivy (Bot.), an American woody creeper (Rhus Toxicodendron), with trifoliate leaves, and greenish-white berries. It is exceedingly poisonous to the touch for most persons. -- To pipe in an ivy leaf, to console one's self as best one can. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- West Indian ivy, a climbing plant of the genus Marcgravia.

I"vy-man`tled (?), a. Covered with ivy.

I*wis" (?), adv. Indeed; truly. See Ywis. [Written also iwys, iwisse, etc.] [Obs.] Ascham.

Ix"i*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; birdlime. So called because of the viscid nature of some of the species.] (Bot.) A South African bulbous plant of the Iris family, remarkable for the brilliancy of its flowers.

||Ix*o"des (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; like birdlime; &?; birdlime + &?; form.] (Zoöl.) A genus of parasitic Acarina, which includes various species of ticks. See Tick, the insect.

Ix*o"di*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) A tick of the genus Ixodes, or the family Ixodidæ.

{ Ix"tle, Ix"tli } (x"tl), n. (Bot.) A Mexican name for a variety of Agave rigida, which furnishes a strong coarse fiber; also, the fiber itself, which is called also pita, and Tampico fiber. [Written also istle.]

Iz"ard (?), n. (Zoöl.) A variety of the chamois found in the Pyrenees.

-ize (?). [F. -iser, L. -izare, Gr. &?;.] A verb suffix signifying to make, to do, to practice; as, apologize, baptize, theorize, tyrannize.

In the case of certain words the spelling with -ise (after analogy with F. -iser) is the usual form; as, catechise, criticise. With regard to most words, however, which have this suffix there is a diversity of usage, some authorities spelling -ise, others (as in this book) - ize.

Iz"e*di (?), n. One of an Oriental religious sect which worships Satan or the Devil.

> The Izedis or Yezdis, the so-called Devil worshipers, still remain a numerous though oppressed people in Mesopotamia and adjacent countries.

Tylor.

Iz"e*dism (?), n. The religion of the Izedis.

Iz"zard (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Izard.

Iz"zard (?), n. [Formerly ezed, prob. fr. F. et zÉde and z.] The letter z; -- formerly so called.

J.

J (j). J is the tenth letter of the English alphabet. It is a later variant form of the Roman letter I, used to express a consonantal sound, that is, originally, the sound of English y in yet. The forms J and I have, until a recent time, been classed together, and they have been used interchangeably.

In medical prescriptions j is still used in place of i at the end of a number, as a Roman numeral; as, vj, xij.

J is etymologically most closely related to i, y, g; as in jot, iota; jest, gesture; join, jugular, yoke. See I.

J is a compound vocal consonant, nearly equivalent in sound to dzh. It is exactly the same as g in gem. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 179, 211, 239.

Jaal" goat` (?). (Zoöl.) A species of wild goat (Capra Nubiana) found in the mountains of Abyssinia, Upper Egypt, and Arabia; -- called also beden, and jaela.

Jab (?), v. t. [Cf. Job.] To thrust; to stab; to punch. See Job, v. t. [Scot. & Colloq. U. S.]

Jab, n. A thrust or stab. [Scot. & Colloq. U. S.]

Jab"ber (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jabbered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jabbering.] [Cf. Gibber, Gabble.] To talk rapidly, indistinctly, or unintelligibly; to utter gibberish or nonsense; to chatter. Swift.

Jab"ber, v. t. To utter rapidly or indistinctly; to gabble; as, to jabber French. Addison.

Jab"ber, n. Rapid or incoherent talk, with indistinct utterance; gibberish. Swift.

Jab"ber*er (?), n. One who jabbers.

Jab"ber*ing*ly, adv. In a jabbering manner.

Jab"ber*ment (?), n. Jabber. [R.] Milton.

Jab"ber*nowl` (?), n. Same as Jobbernowl.

Jab"i*ru (?), n. [Braz. jabirú, jaburú.] (Zoöl.) One of several large wading birds of the genera Mycteria and Xenorhynchus, allied to the storks in form and habits.

The American jabiru (Mycteria Americana) is white, with the head and neck black and nearly bare of feathers. The East Indian and Australian (Xenorhynchus Australis) has the neck, head, and back covered with glossy, dark green feathers, changing on the head to purple. The African jabiru (Mycteria, or Ephippiorhynchus, Senegalensis) has the neck, head, wing coverts, and tail, black, and is called also saddle-billed stork.

Jab`o*ran"di (?), n. (Bot.) The native name of a South American rutaceous shrub (Pilocarpus pennatifolius). The leaves are used in medicine as an diaphoretic and sialogogue.

Jab"o*rine (?), n. [From Jaborandi.] (Chem.) An alkaloid found in jaborandi leaves, from which it is extracted as a white amorphous substance. In its action it resembles atropine.

||Jab"ot (?), n. [F.]

1. Originally, a kind of ruffle worn by men on the bosom of the shirt.

2. An arrangement of lace or tulle, looped ornamentally, and worn by women on the front of the dress.

Jac"a*mar` (?), n. [F. jacamar, Braz. jacamarica; cf. Sp. jacamar.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of tropical American birds of the genus Galbula and allied genera. They are allied to the kingfishers, but climb on tree trunks like nuthatches, and feed upon insects. Their colors are often brilliant.

Jac"a*na` (?), n. [Cf. Sp. jacania.] (Zoöl.) Any of several wading birds belonging to the genus Jacana and several allied genera, all of which have spurs on the wings. They are able to run about over floating water weeds by means of their very long, spreading toes. Called also surgeon bird.

The most common South American species is Jacana spinosa. The East Indian or pheasant jacana (Hydrophasianus chirurgus) is remarkable for having four very long, curved, middle tail feathers.

Jac`a*ran"da (?), n. [Braz.; cf. Sp. & Pg. jacaranda.] (Bot.) (a) The native Brazilian name for certain leguminous trees, which produce the beautiful woods called king wood, tiger wood, and violet wood. (b) A genus of bignoniaceous Brazilian trees with showy trumpet-shaped flowers.

Jac"a*re` (?), n. [Pg. jacaré; of Brazilian origin.] (Zoöl.) A cayman. See Yacare.

Jac"chus (?), n. [NL., fr. L. Jacchus a mystic name of Bacchus, Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) The common marmoset (Hapale vulgaris). Formerly, the name was also applied to other species of the same genus.

Jac"co*net (?), n. See Jaconet.

Ja"cent (?), a. [L. jacens, p. pr. of jacere to lie: cf. F. jacent.] Lying at length; as, the jacent posture. [R.] Sir H. Wotton.

Ja"cinth (?), n. [F. jacinthe, L. hyacinthus. See Hyacinth.] See Hyacinth. Tennyson.

Jack (jk), n. [Pg. jaca, Malayalam, tsjaka.] (Bot.) A large tree, the Artocarpus integrifolia, common in the East Indies, closely allied to the breadfruit, from which it differs in having its leaves entire. The fruit is of great size, weighing from thirty to forty pounds, and through its soft fibrous matter are scattered the seeds, which are roasted and eaten. The wood is of a yellow color, fine grain, and rather heavy, and is much used in cabinetwork. It is also used for dyeing a brilliant yellow. [Written also jak.]

Jack (?), n. [F. Jacques James, L. Jacobus, Gr. &?;, Heb. Ya 'aqb Jacob; prop., seizing by the heel; hence, a supplanter. Cf. Jacobite, Jockey.]

1. A familiar nickname of, or substitute for, John.

> You are John Rugby, and you are Jack Rugby.

Shak.

2. An impertinent or silly fellow; a simpleton; a boor; a clown; also, a servant; a rustic. "Jack fool." Chaucer.

> Since every Jack became a gentleman,
> There 's many a gentle person made a Jack.

Shak.

3. A popular colloquial name for a sailor; -- called also Jack tar, and Jack afloat.

4. A mechanical contrivance, an auxiliary machine, or a subordinate part of a machine, rendering convenient service, and often supplying the place of a boy or attendant who was commonly called Jack; as: (a) A device to pull off boots. (b) A sawhorse or sawbuck. (c) A machine or contrivance for turning a spit; a smoke jack, or kitchen jack. (b) (Mining) A wooden wedge for separating rocks rent by blasting. (e) (Knitting Machine) A lever for depressing the sinkers which push the loops down on the needles. (f) (Warping Machine) A grating to separate and guide the threads; a heck box. (g) (Spinning) A machine for twisting the sliver as it leaves the carding machine. (h) A compact, portable machine for planing metal. (i) A machine for slicking or pebbling leather. (k) A system of gearing driven by a horse power, for multiplying speed. (l) A hood or other device placed over a chimney or vent pipe, to prevent a back draught. (m) In the harpsichord, an intermediate piece communicating the action of the key to the quill; -- called also hopper. (n) In hunting, the pan or frame holding the fuel of the torch used to attract game at night; also, the light itself. C. Hallock.

5. A portable machine variously constructed, for exerting great pressure, or lifting or moving a heavy body through a small distance. It consists of a lever, screw, rack and pinion, hydraulic press, or any simple combination of mechanical powers, working in a compact pedestal or support and operated by a lever, crank, capstan bar, etc. The name is often given to a jackscrew, which is a kind of jack.

6. The small bowl used as a mark in the game of bowls. Shak.

> Like an uninstructed bowler who thinks to attain the jack by delivering his bowl straight forward upon it.

Sir W. Scott.

7. The male of certain animals, as of the ass.

8. (Zoöl.) (a) A young pike; a pickerel. (b) The jurel. (c) A large, California rock fish (Sebastodes paucispinus); -- called also boccaccio, and mérou. (d) The wall-eyed pike.

9. A drinking measure holding half a pint; also, one holding a quarter of a pint. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

10. (Naut.) (a) A flag, containing only the union, without the fly, usually hoisted on a jack staff at the bowsprit cap; -- called also union jack. The American jack is a small blue flag, with a star for each State. (b) A bar of iron athwart ships at a topgallant masthead, to support a royal mast, and give spread to the royal shrouds; -- called also jack crosstree. R. H. Dana, Jr.

<! p. 795 !>

11. The knave of a suit of playing cards.

Jack is used adjectively in various senses. It sometimes designates something cut short or diminished in size; as, a jack timber; a jack rafter; a jack arch, etc.

Jack arch, an arch of the thickness of one brick. -- Jack back (Brewing & Malt Vinegar Manuf.), a cistern which receives the wort. See under 1st Back. -- Jack block (Naut.), a block fixed in the topgallant or royal rigging, used for raising and lowering light masts and spars. -- Jack boots, boots reaching above the knee; -- worn in the 17 century by soldiers; afterwards by fishermen, etc. -- Jack crosstree. (Naut.) See 10, b, above. -- Jack curlew (Zoöl.), the whimbrel. -- Jack frame. (Cotton Spinning) See 4 (g), above. -- Jack Frost, frost personified as a mischievous person. -- Jack hare, a male hare. Cowper. -- Jack lamp, a lamp for still hunting and camp use. See def. 4 (n.), above. -- Jack plane, a joiner's plane used for coarse work. -- Jack post, one of the posts which support the crank shaft of a deep-well-boring apparatus. -- Jack pot (Poker Playing), the name given to the stakes, contributions to which are made by each player successively, till such a hand is turned as shall take the "pot," which is the sum total of all the bets. -- Jack rabbit (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large American hares, having very large ears and long legs. The California species (Lepus Californicus), and that of Texas and New Mexico (L. callotis), have the tail black above, and the ears black at the tip. They do not become white in winter. The more northern prairie hare (L. campestris) has the upper side of the tail white, and in winter its fur becomes nearly white. -- Jack rafter (Arch.), in England, one of the shorter rafters used in constructing a hip or valley roof; in the United States, any secondary roof timber, as the common rafters resting on purlins in a trussed roof; also, one of the pieces simulating extended rafters, used under the eaves in some styles of building. -- Jack salmon (Zoöl.), the wall-eyed pike, or glasseye. -- Jack sauce, an impudent fellow. [Colloq. & Obs.] -- Jack shaft (Mach.), the first intermediate shaft, in a factory or mill, which receives power, through belts or gearing, from a prime mover, and transmits it, by the same means, to other intermediate shafts or to a line shaft. -- Jack sinker (Knitting Mach.), a thin iron plate operated by the jack to depress the loop of thread between two needles. -- Jack snipe. (Zoöl.) See in the Vocabulary. -- Jack staff (Naut.), a staff fixed on the bowsprit cap, upon which the jack is hoisted. -- Jack timber (Arch.), any timber, as a rafter, rib, or studding, which, being intercepted, is shorter than the others. -- Jack towel, a towel hung on a roller for common use. -- Jack truss (Arch.), in a hip roof, a minor truss used where the roof has not its full section. -- Jack tree. (Bot.) See 1st Jack, n. -- Jack yard (Naut.), a short spar to extend a topsail beyond the gaff.

Blue jack, blue vitriol; sulphate of copper. -- Hydraulic jack, a jack used for lifting, pulling, or forcing, consisting of a compact portable hydrostatic press, with its pump and a reservoir containing a supply of liquid, as oil. -- Jack-at-a-pinch. (a) One called upon to take the place of another in an emergency. (b) An itinerant parson who conducts an occasional service for a fee. -- Jack-at- all-trades, one who can turn his hand to any kind of work. -- Jack-by-the-hedge (Bot.), a plant of the genus Erysimum (E. alliaria, or Alliaria officinalis), which grows under hedges. It bears a white flower and has a taste not unlike garlic. Called also, in England, sauce-alone. Eng. Cyc. -- Jack- in-a-box. (a) (Bot.) A tropical tree (Hernandia sonora), which bears a drupe that rattles when dry in the inflated calyx. (b) A child's toy, consisting of a box, out of which, when the lid is raised, a figure springs. (c) (Mech.) An epicyclic train of bevel gears for transmitting rotary motion to two parts in such a manner that their relative rotation may be variable; applied to driving the wheels of tricycles, road locomotives, and to cotton machinery, etc.; an equation box; a jack frame; -- called also compensating gearing. (d) A large wooden screw turning in a nut attached to the crosspiece of a rude press. -- Jack-in-office, an insolent fellow in authority. Wolcott. -- Jack-in-the- bush (Bot.), a tropical shrub with red fruit (Cordia Cylindrostachya). -- Jack-in-the- green, a chimney sweep inclosed in a framework of boughs, carried in Mayday processions. -- Jack-in-the- pulpit (Bot.), the American plant Arisæma triphyllum, or Indian turnip, in which the upright spadix is inclosed. -- Jack-of-the- buttery (Bot.), the stonecrop (Sedum acre). -- Jack-of-the-clock, a figure, usually of a man, on old clocks, which struck the time on the bell. -- Jack-on-both-sides, one who is or tries to be neutral. -- Jack-out-of-office, one who has been in office and is turned out. Shak. - - Jack the Giant Killer, the hero of a well- known nursery story. -- Jack-with-a-lantern, Jack-o'-lantern. (a) An ignis fatuus; a will-o'-the-wisp. "[Newspaper speculations] supplying so many more jack-o'-lanterns to the future historian." Lowell. (b) A lantern made of a pumpkin so prepared as to show in illumination the features of a human face, etc. -- Yellow Jack (Naut.), the yellow fever; also, the quarantine flag. See Yellow flag, under Flag.

Jack (?), n. [F. jaque, jacque, perh. from the proper name Jacques. Cf. Jacquerie.] A coarse and cheap mediæval coat of defense, esp. one made of leather.

> Their horsemen are with jacks for most part clad.

Sir J. Harrington.

Jack (?), n. [Named from its resemblance to a jack boot.] A pitcher or can of waxed leather; -- called also black jack. [Obs.] Dryden.

Jack, v. i. To hunt game at night by means of a jack. See 2d Jack, n., 4, n.

Jack, v. t. To move or lift, as a house, by means of a jack or jacks. See 2d Jack, n., 5.

Jack`-a-dan"dy (?), n. A little dandy; a little, foppish, impertinent fellow.

Jack"al` (?), n. [Pers. shaghl: cf. OF. jackal, F. chacal; cf. Skr. çr.gla.]

1. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of carnivorous animals inhabiting Africa and Asia, related to the dog and wolf. They are cowardly, nocturnal, and gregarious. They feed largely on carrion, and are noted for their piercing and dismal howling.

The common species of Southern Asia (Canis aureus) is yellowish gray, varied with brown on the shoulders, haunches, and legs. The common African species (C. anthus) is darker in color.

2. One who does mean work for another's advantage, as jackals were once thought to kill game which lions appropriated. [Colloq.] Ld. Lytton.

Jack"-a-lent (?), n. A small stuffed puppet to be pelted in Lent; hence, a simple fellow.

Jack"a*napes (?), n. [For Jack o' (= of) apes; prop., a man who exhibits apes.] [Written also jackanape.]

1. A monkey; an ape. Shak.

2. A coxcomb; an impertinent or conceited fellow.

> A young upstart jackanapes.

Arbuthnot.

Jack"ass` (?), n. [2d jack + ass.]

1. The male ass; a donkey.

2. A conceited dolt; a perverse blockhead.

Jackass bark (Naut.), a three-masted vessel, with only the foremast square-rigged; a barkentine. -- Jackass deer (Zoöl.), the koba. -- Jackass hare, Jackass rabbit (Zoöl.). See Jack rabbit, under 2d Jack, n. -- Jackass penguin (Zoöl.), any species of penguin of the genus Spheniscus, of which several are known. One species (S. demersus) inhabits the islands near the Cape of Good Hope; another (S. Magellanicus) is found at the Falkland Islands. They make a noise like the braying of an ass; -- hence the name. -- Laughing jackass. (Zoöl.) See under Laughing.

Jack"daw` (?), n. [Prob. 2d jack + daw, n.] (Zoöl.) See Daw, n.

Jack*een" (?), n. A drunken, dissolute fellow. [Ireland] S. C. Hall.

Jack"et (?), n. [F. jaquette, dim. of jaque. See 3d Jack, n.]

1. A short upper garment, extending downward to the hips; a short coat without skirts.

2. An outer covering for anything, esp. a covering of some nonconducting material such as wood or felt, used to prevent radiation of heat, as from a steam boiler, cylinder, pipe, etc.

3. (Mil.) In ordnance, a strengthening band surrounding and reënforcing the tube in which the charge is fired.

4. A garment resembling a waistcoat lined with cork, to serve as a life preserver; -- called also cork jacket.

Blue jacket. (Naut.) See under Blue. -- Steam jacket, a space filled with steam between an inner and an outer cylinder, or between a casing and a receptacle, as a kettle. -- To dust one's jacket, to give one a beating. [Colloq.]

Jack"et, v. t. 1. To put a jacket on; to furnish, as a boiler, with a jacket.

2. To thrash; to beat. [Low]

Jack"et*ed, a. Wearing, or furnished with, a jacket.

Jack"et*ing, n. The material of a jacket; as, nonconducting jacketing.

Jack" Ketch" (?). [Perh. fr. Jack, the proper name + Prov. E. ketch a hangman, fr. ketch, for catch to seize; but see the citations below.] A public executioner, or hangman. [Eng.]

> The manor of Tyburn was formerly held by Richard Jaquett, where felons for a long time were executed; from whence we have Jack Ketch.

Lloyd's MS., British Museum.

> [Monmouth] then accosted John Ketch, the executioner, a wretch who had butchered many brave and noble victims, and whose name has, during a century and a half, been vulgarly given to all who have succeeded him in his odious office.

Macaulay.

Jack"knife` (?), n. A large, strong clasp knife for the pocket; a pocket knife.

Jack"man (?), n.; pl. Jackmen (&?;).

1. One wearing a jack; a horse soldier; a retainer. See 3d Jack, n.

> Christie . . . the laird's chief jackman.

Sir W. Scott.

2. A cream cheese. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

Jack"-o'-lan`tern (?), n. See Jack-with-a-lantern, under 2d Jack.

Jack"pud`ding (?), n. A merry- andrew; a buffoon. Milton.

Jack"saw` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The merganser.

Jack"screw` (?), n. A jack in which a screw is used for lifting, or exerting pressure. See Illust. of 2d Jack, n., 5.

Jack"slave` (?), n. A low servant; a mean fellow. Shak.

Jack"smith` (?), n. A smith who makes jacks. See 2d Jack, 4, c. Dryden.

Jack"snipe` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) A small European snipe (Limnocryptes gallinula); -- called also judcock, jedcock, juddock, jed, and half snipe. (b) A small American sandpiper (Tringa maculata); -- called also pectoral sandpiper, and grass snipe.

Jack"stay` (?), n. (Naut.) A rail of wood or iron stretching along a yard of a vessel, to which the sails are fastened.

Jack"stone` (?), n. (a) One of the pebbles or pieces used in the game of jackstones. (b) (pl.) A game played with five small stones or pieces of metal. See 6th Chuck.

Jack"straw` (?), n. 1. An effigy stuffed with straw; a scarecrow; hence, a man without property or influence. Milton.

2. One of a set of straws of strips of ivory, bone, wood, etc., for playing a child's game, the jackstraws being thrown confusedly together on a table, to be gathered up singly by a hooked instrument, without touching or disturbing the rest of the pile. See Spilikin.

Jack"wood` (?), n. Wood of the jack (Artocarpus integrifolia), used in cabinetwork.

Ja"cob (?), n. [Cf. F. Jacob. See 2d Jack.] A Hebrew patriarch (son of Isaac, and ancestor of the Jews), who in a vision saw a ladder reaching up to heaven (Gen. xxviii. 12); -- also called Israel.

> And Jacob said . . . with my staff I passed over this Jordan, and now I am become two bands.

Gen. xxxii. 9, 10.

> Thy name shall be called no more Jacob, but Israel.

Gen. xxxii. 28.

Jacob's ladder. (a) (Bot.) A perennial herb of the genus Polemonium (P. cœruleum), having corymbs of drooping flowers, usually blue. Gray. (b) (Naut.) A rope ladder, with wooden steps, for going aloft. R. H. Dana, Jr. (c) (Naut.) A succession of short cracks in a defective spar. -- Jacob's membrane. See Retina. -- Jacob's staff. (a) A name given to many forms of staff or weapon, especially in the Middle Ages; a pilgrim's staff. [Obs.] Spenser. (b) (Surveying) See under Staff.

Jac`o*bæ"an lil"y (?). [See Jacobean.] (Bot.) A bulbous plant (Amaryllis, or Sprekelia, formosissima) from Mexico. It bears a single, large, deep, red, lilylike flower. [Written also Jacobean.]

{ Ja*co"be*an (?; 277), Ja*co"bi*an (?), } a. [From L. Jacobus James. See 2d Jack.] Of or pertaining to a style of architecture and decoration in the time of James the First, of England. "A Jacobean table." C. L. Eastlake.

Jac"o*bin (?), n. [F. See 2d Jack, Jacobite.]

1. (Eccl. Hist.) A Dominican friar; -- so named because, before the French Revolution, that order had a convent in the Rue St. Jacques, Paris.

2. One of a society of violent agitators in France, during the revolution of 1789, who held secret meetings in the Jacobin convent in the Rue St. Jacques, Paris, and concerted measures to control the proceedings of the National Assembly. Hence: A plotter against an existing government; a turbulent demagogue.

3. (Zoöl.) A fancy pigeon, in which the feathers of the neck form a hood, -- whence the name. The wings and tail are long, and the beak moderately short.

Jac"o*bin, a. Same as Jacobinic.

Jac"o*bine (?), n. A Jacobin.

{ Jac`o*bin"ic (?), Jac`o*bin"ic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to the Jacobins of France; revolutionary; of the nature of, or characterized by, Jacobinism. Burke. -- Jac`o*bin"ic*al*ly, adv.

Jac"o*bin*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. Jacobinisme.] The principles of the Jacobins; violent and factious opposition to legitimate government.

> Under this new stimulus, Burn's previous Jacobitism passed towards the opposite, but not very distant, extreme of Jacobinism.

J. C. Shairp.

Jac"o*bin*ize` (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jacobinized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jacobinizing (?).] [Cf. F. Jacobiniser.] To taint with, or convert to, Jacobinism.

> France was not then jacobinized.

Burke.

Jac"o*bite (?), n. [L. Jacobus James: cf. F. Jacobite. See 2d Jack.]

1. (Eng. Hist.) A partisan or adherent of James the Second, after his abdication, or of his descendants, an opposer of the revolution in 1688 in favor of William and Mary. Macaulay.

2. (Eccl.) One of the sect of Syrian Monophysites. The sect is named after Jacob Baradæus, its leader in the sixth century.

Jac"o*bite, a. Of or pertaining to the Jacobites.

{ Jac`o*bit"ic (?), Jac`o*bit"ic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to the Jacobites; characterized by Jacobitism. -- Jac`o*bit"ic*al*ly, adv.

Jac"o*bit*ism` (?), n. The principles of the Jacobites. Mason.

Ja*co"bus (?), n.; pl. Jacobuses (#). [See Jacobite.] An English gold coin, of the value of twenty-five shillings sterling, struck in the reign of James I.

Jac"o*net (?), n. [F. jaconas.] A thin cotton fabric, between cambric and muslin, used for dresses, neckcloths, etc. [Written also jacconet.]

Jac*quard" (?), a. Pertaining to, or invented by, Jacquard, a French mechanician, who died in 1834.

Jacquard apparatus or arrangement, a device applied to looms for weaving figured goods, consisting of mechanism controlled by a chain of variously perforated cards, which cause the warp threads to be lifted in the proper succession for producing the required figure. -- Jacquard card, one of the perforated cards of a Jacquard apparatus. -- Jacquard loom, a loom with Jacquard apparatus.

||Jacque"mi*not (?), n. A half- hardy, deep crimson rose of the remontant class; -- so named after General Jacqueminot, of France.

||Jacque`rie" (?), n. [F.] The name given to a revolt of French peasants against the nobles in 1358, the leader assuming the contemptuous title, Jacques Bonhomme, given by the nobles to the peasantry. Hence, any revolt of peasants.

Jac"tan*cy (jk"tan*s), n. [L. jactantia, fr. jactans, p. pr. of jactare to throw, boast, freq. fr. jacere to throw; cf. F. jactance.] A boasting; a bragging. [Obs.]

<! p. 796 !>

Jac*ta"tion (jk*t"shn), n. [L. jactatio, fr. jactare: af. F. jactation. See Jactancy.] A throwing or tossing of the body; a shaking or agitation. Sir. W. Temple.

Jac"ti*ta"tion (?), n. [L. jactitare to utter in public, from jactare. See Jactancy.]

1. (Law) Vain boasting or assertions repeated to the prejudice of another's right; false claim. Mozley & W.

2. (Med.) A frequent tossing or moving of the body; restlessness, as in delirium. Dunglison.

Jactitation of marriage (Eng. Eccl. Law), a giving out or boasting by a party that he or she is married to another, whereby a common reputation of their matrimony may ensue. Blackstone.

Jac"u*la*ble (?), a. Fit for throwing. [Obs.]

Jac"u*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jaculated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jaculating.] [L. jaculatus, p. p. of jaculari. See Ejaculate.] To throw or cast, as a dart; to throw out; to emit.

Jac`u*la"tion (?), n. [L. jaculatio.] The act of tossing, throwing, or hurling, as spears.

> Hurled to and fro with jaculation dire.

Milton.

Jac"u*la`tor (?), [L.] 1. One who throws or casts. [R.]

2. (Zoöl.) The archer fish (Toxotes jaculator).

Jac"u*la*to*ry (?), a. [L. jaculatorius: cf. F. jaculatoire.] Darting or throwing out suddenly; also, suddenly thrown out; uttered in short sentences; ejaculatory; as, jaculatory prayers. Smart.

Jad"ding (?), n. (Mining) See Holing.

Jade (?), n. [F., fr. Sp. jade, fr. piedra de ijada stone of the side, fr. ijada flank, side, pain in the side, the stone being so named because it was supposed to cure this pain. Sp. ijada is derived fr. L. ilia flanks. Cf. Iliac.] (Min.) A stone, commonly of a pale to dark green color but sometimes whitish. It is very hard and compact, capable of fine polish, and is used for ornamental purposes and for implements, esp. in Eastern countries and among many early peoples.

The general term jade includes nephrite, a compact variety of tremolite with a specific gravity of 3, and also the mineral jadeite, a silicate of alumina and soda, with a specific gravity of 3.3. The latter is the more highly prized and includes the feitsui of the Chinese. The name has also been given to other tough green minerals capable of similar use.

Jade, n. [OE. jade; cf. Prov. E. yaud, Scot. yade, yad, yaud, Icel. jalda a mare.]

1. A mean or tired horse; a worthless nag. Chaucer.

> Tired as a jade in overloaden cart.

Sir P. Sidney.

2. A disreputable or vicious woman; a wench; a quean; also, sometimes, a worthless man. Shak.

> She shines the first of battered jades.

Swift.

3. A young woman; -- generally so called in irony or slight contempt.

> A souple jade she was, and strang.

Burns.

Jade, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Jading.]

1. To treat like a jade; to spurn. [Obs.] Shak.

2. To make ridiculous and contemptible. [Obs.]

> I do now fool myself, to let imagination jade me.

Shak.

3. To exhaust by overdriving or long- continued labor of any kind; to tire or wear out by severe or tedious tasks; to harass.

> The mind, once jaded by an attempt above its power, . . . checks at any vigorous undertaking ever after.

Locke.

Syn. -- To fatigue; tire; weary; harass. -- To Jade, Fatigue, Tire, Weary. Fatigue is the generic term; tire denotes fatigue which wastes the strength; weary implies that a person is worn out by exertion; jade refers to the weariness created by a long and steady repetition of the same act or effort. A little exertion will tire a child or a weak person; a severe or protracted task wearies equally the body and the mind; the most powerful horse becomes jaded on a long journey by a continual straining of the same muscles. Wearied with labor of body or mind; tired of work, tired out by importunities; jaded by incessant attention to business.

Jade, v. i. To become weary; to lose spirit.

> They . . . fail, and jade, and tire in the prosecution.

South.

Jade"ite (?), n. (Min.) See Jade, the stone.

Jad"er*y (?), n. The tricks of a jade.

Jad"ish, a. 1. Vicious; ill-tempered; resembling a jade; -- applied to a horse.

2. Unchaste; -- applied to a woman. L'Estrange.

||Jae"ger (?), n. See Jager.

Jag (?), n. [Prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. gag aperture, cleft, chink; akin to Ir. & Gael. gag.] [Written also jagg.]

1. A notch; a cleft; a barb; a ragged or sharp protuberance; a denticulation.

> Arethuss arose . . .
> From rock and from jag.

Shelley.

> Garments thus beset with long jags.

Holland.

2. A part broken off; a fragment. Bp. Hacket.

3. (Bot.) A cleft or division.

Jag bolt, a bolt with a nicked or barbed shank which resists retraction, as when leaded into stone.

Jag, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jagged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jagging (?).] To cut into notches or teeth like those of a saw; to notch. [Written also jagg.]

Jagging iron, a wheel with a zigzag or jagged edge for cutting cakes or pastry into ornamental figures.

Jag, n. [Scot. jag, jaug, a leather bag or wallet, a pocket. Cf. Jag a notch.] A small load, as of hay or grain in the straw, or of ore. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] [Written also jagg.] Forby.

Jag, v. t. To carry, as a load; as, to jag hay, etc. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.]

{ ||Jag`a*nat"ha (?), ||Jag`a*nat"ha (?), } n. See Juggernaut.

Ja"ger (?), n. [G. jäger a hunter, a sportsman. Cf. Yager.] [Written also jaeger.] 1. (Mil.) A sharpshooter. See Yager.

2. (Zoöl.) Any species of gull of the genus Stercorarius. Three species occur on the Atlantic coast. The jagers pursue other species of gulls and force them to disgorge their prey. The two middle tail feathers are usually decidedly longer than the rest. Called also boatswain, and marline-spike bird. The name is also applied to the skua, or Arctic gull (Megalestris skua).

Jagg (?), v. t. & n. See Jag.

Jag"ged (jg"gd), a. Having jags; having rough, sharp notches, protuberances, or teeth; cleft; laciniate; divided; as, jagged rocks. " Jagged vine leaves' shade." Trench. -- Jag"ged*ly, adv. -- Jag"ged*ness, n.

Jag"ger (jg"gr), n. One who carries about a small load; a peddler. See 2d Jag. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Jag"ger, n. [From 4th Jag.] One who, or that which, jags; specifically: (a) jagging iron used for crimping pies, cakes, etc. (b) A toothed chisel. See Jag, v. t.

Jagger spring, a spring beneath a seat, and resting on cleats or blocks in the body of a vehicle. Knight.

Jag"ger*y (?), n. [Hind jgr. Cf. Sugar.] Raw palm sugar, made in the East Indies by evaporating the fresh juice of several kinds of palm trees, but specifically that of the palmyra (Borassus flabelliformis). [Written also jagghery.]

Jag"gy (?), a. Having jags; set with teeth; notched; uneven; as, jaggy teeth. Addison.

||Ja"ghir (?), n. [Per. jgr.] A village or district the government and revenues of which are assigned to some person, usually in consideration of some service to be rendered, esp. the maintenance of troops. [Written also jaghire, jagir, etc.] [India] Whitworth.

||Ja"ghir*dar` (?), n. [Per. jgr-dr.] The holder of a jaghir.

Ja"gua palm` (?). [Sp. jagua the fruit of the jagua palm.] (Bot.) A great Brazilian palm (Maximiliana regia), having immense spathes which are used for baskets and tubs.

Ja*guar" (?), n. [Braz. yagoára: cf. & Pg. jaguar.] (Zoöl.) A large and powerful feline animal (Felis onca), ranging from Texas and Mexico to Patagonia. It is usually brownish yellow, with large, dark, somewhat angular rings, each generally inclosing one or two dark spots. It is chiefly arboreal in its habits. Called also the American tiger.

||Ja`gua*ron"di (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A South American wild cat (Felis jaguarondi), having a long, slim body and very short legs. Its color is grayish brown, varied with a blackish hue. It is arboreal in its habits and feeds mostly on birds.

Jah (jä), n. [Heb. yh.] Jehovah. Ps. lxviii. 4.

Jail (?), n. [OE. jaile, gail, gayhol, OF. gaole, gaiole, jaiole, F. geôle, LL. gabiola, dim. of gabia cage, for L. cavea cavity, cage. See Cage.] A kind of prison; a building for the confinement of persons held in lawful custody, especially for minor offenses or with reference to some future judicial proceeding. [Written also gaol.]

> This jail I count the house of liberty.

Milton.

Jail bird, a prisoner; one who has been confined in prison. [Slang] -- Jail delivery, the release of prisoners from jail, either legally or by violence. -- Jail delivery commission. See under Gaol. -- Jail fever (Med.), typhus fever, or a disease resembling it, generated in jails and other places crowded with people; -- called also hospital fever, and ship fever. -- Jail liberties, or Jail limits, a space or district around a jail within which an imprisoned debtor was, on certain conditions, allowed to go at large. Abbott. -- Jail lock, a peculiar form of padlock; -- called also Scandinavian lock.

Jail, v. t. To imprison. [R.] T. Adams (1614).

> [Bolts] that jail you from free life.

Tennyson.

Jail"er (?), n. [OE. jailer, gailer, OF. geolier, F. geôlier. See Jail.] The keeper of a jail or prison. [Written also jailor, gaoler.]

{ Jain (?), Jai"na, } n. [Skr. Jaina, fr. Jina, a proper name, fr. jina victorious.] One of a numerous sect in British India, holding the tenets of Jainism.

Jain"ism (?), n. The heterodox Hindoo religion, of which the most striking features are the exaltation of saints or holy mortals, called jins, above the ordinary Hindoo gods, and the denial of the divine origin and infallibility of the Vedas. It is intermediate between Brahmanism and Buddhism, having some things in common with each.

||Jai*rou" (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) The ahu or Asiatic gazelle.

Jak (?), n. (Bot.) see 1st Jack.

Jakes (?), n. [Prob. fr. F. Jacques, the proper name. See 2d Jack.] A privy. Shak.

Ja"kie (?), n. (Zoöl.) A South American striped frog (Pseudis paradoxa), remarkable for having a tadpole larger than the adult, and hence called also paradoxical frog.

Jak"o (jk"), n. (Zoöl.) An African parrot (Psittacus erithacus), very commonly kept as a cage bird; -- called also gray parrot.

Jak"wood` (?), n. See Jackwood.

Jal"ap (?), n. [F., fr. Sp. jalapa; -- so called from Jalapa, a town in Mexico, whence it was first obtained.] (Med.) The tubers of the Mexican plant Ipomœa purga (or Exogonium purga), a climber much like the morning-glory. The abstract, extract, and powder, prepared from the tubers, are well known purgative medicines. Other species of Ipomœa yield several inferior kinds of jalap, as the I. Orizabensis, and I. tuberosa.

False jalap, the root of Mirabilis Jalapa, four-o'clock, or marvel of Peru.

Ja*lap"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to jalap.

Jal"a*pin (?), n. (Chem.) A glucoside found in the stems of the jalap plant and scammony. It is a strong purgative.

||Ja`lons", n. pl. [F. Of unknown origin.] (Mil.) Long poles, topped with wisps of straw, used as landmarks and signals. Farrow.

||Ja`lou`sie", n. [F. See Jealousy.] A Venetian or slatted inside window blind.

Ja`lou`sied" (?), a. Furnished with jalousies; as, jalousied porches.

Jam (?), n. [Per. or Hind. jmah garment, robe.] A kind of frock for children.

Jam, n. (Mining) See Jamb.

Jam, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jammed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jamming.] [Either fr. jamb, as if squeezed between jambs, or more likely from the same source as champ See Champ.]

1. To press into a close or tight position; to crowd; to squeeze; to wedge in.

> The . . . jammed in between two rocks.

De Foe.

2. To crush or bruise; as, to jam a finger in the crack of a door. [Colloq.]

3. (Naut.) To bring (a vessel) so close to the wind that half her upper sails are laid aback. W. C. Russell.

Jam, n. 1. A mass of people or objects crowded together; also, the pressure from a crowd; a crush; as, a jam in a street; a jam of logs in a river.

2. An injury caused by jamming. [Colloq.]

Jam, n. [Prob. fr. jam, v.; but cf. also Ar. jamad ice, jelly, jmid congealed, jamd congelation, ice.] A preserve of fruit boiled with sugar and water; as, raspberry jam; currant jam; grape jam.

Jam nut. See Check nut, under Check. -- Jam weld (Forging), a butt weld. See under Butt.

||Jam`a*ci"na (?), n. [NL.] Jamaicine.

||Jam"a*dar (?), n. Same as Jemidar.

Ja*mai"ca (?), n. One of the West India islands.

Jamaica ginger, a variety of ginger, called also white ginger, prepared in Jamaica from the best roots, which are deprived of their epidermis and dried separately. -- Jamaica pepper, allspice. -- Jamaica rose (Bot.), a West Indian melastomaceous shrub (Blakea trinervis), with showy pink flowers.

Ja*mai"can (?), a. Of or pertaining to Jamaica. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Jamaica.

Ja*ma"i*cine (?), n. [From Jamaica.] (Chem.) An alkaloid said to be contained in the bark of Geoffroya inermis, a leguminous tree growing in Jamaica and Surinam; -- called also jamacina. Watts.

Jamb (?), n. [Prov. E. jaumb, jaum, F. jambe a leg, jambe de force a principal rafter. See Gambol.]

1. (Arch) The vertical side of any opening, as a door or fireplace; hence, less properly, any narrow vertical surface of wall, as the of a chimney-breast or of a pier, as distinguished from its face. Gwilt.

2. (Mining) Any thick mass of rock which prevents miners from following the lode or vein.

Jamb (?), v. t. See Jam, v. t.

Jam*bee" (?), n. [See Jamb, n.: cf. OF. jamboier to walk.] A fashionable cane. [Obs.] Tatler.

{ Jambes (?), Jam"beux (?), } n. pl. [From F. jambe a leg: cf. OF. jambiere. See Jamb, n.] (Ancient Armor) In the Middle Ages, armor for the legs below the knees. [Written also giambeux.] Chaucer.

||Jam`bo*la"na (?), n. [Cf. Pg. jambolão a kind of tropical fruit.] (Bot.) A myrtaceous tree of the West Indies and tropical America (Calyptranthes Jambolana), with astringent bark, used for dyeing. It bears an edible fruit.

||Jam"da*ni (?), n. A silk fabric, with a woven pattern of sprigs of flowers. [Written also jamdanee.] Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Ja"me*son*ite (?), n. [From Prof. Jameson, of Edinburgh.] (Min.) A steel-gray mineral, of metallic luster, commonly fibrous massive. It is a sulphide of antimony and lead, with a little iron.

James"'s pow`der (?). (Med.) Antimonial powder, first prepared by Dr. James, an English physician; -- called also fever powder.

James"town` weed` (?). (Bot.) The poisonous thorn apple or stramonium (Datura stramonium), a rank weed early noticed at Jamestown, Virginia. See Datura.

This name is often corrupted into jimson, jimpson, and gympsum.

<! p. 797 !>

Jan (jn), n. [Ar.] (Moham. Myth.) One of an intermediate order between angels and men.

Jane (jn), n. [LL. Janua Genoa; L. Genua, also OE. Jean.] 1. A coin of Genoa; any small coin. Chaucer.

2. A kind of twilled cotton cloth. See Jean.

Jane"-of-apes" (?), n. A silly, pert girl; -- corresponding to jackanapes. Massinger.

Jan"gle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jangled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jangling (?).] [OE. janglen to quarrel, OF. jangler to rail, quarrel; of Dutch or German origin; cf. D. jangelen, janken, to whimper, chide, brawl, quarrel.]

1. To sound harshly or discordantly, as bells out of tune.

2. To talk idly; to prate; to babble; to chatter; to gossip. "Thou janglest as a jay." Chaucer.

3. To quarrel in words; to altercate; to wrangle.

> Good wits will be jangling; but, gentles, agree.

Shak.

> Prussian Trenck . . . jargons and jangles in an unmelodious manner.

Carlyle.

Jan"gle, v. t. To cause to sound harshly or inharmoniously; to produce discordant sounds with.

> Like sweet bells jangled, out of tune, and harsh.

Shak.

Jan"gle, n. [Cf. OF. jangle.]

1. Idle talk; prate; chatter; babble. Chaucer.

2. Discordant sound; wrangling.

> The musical jangle of sleigh bells.

Longfellow.

Jan"gler (?), n. [Cf. OF. jangleor.]

1. An idle talker; a babbler; a prater. Chaucer.

2. A wrangling, noisy fellow.

Jan"gler*ess, n. A female prater or babbler.

Jan"gler*y, n. [Cf. OF. janglerie chattering, talk.] Jangling. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Jan"gling (?), a. Producing discordant sounds. "A jangling noise." Milton.

Jan"gling, n. 1. Idle babbling; vain disputation.

> From which some, having swerved, have turned aside unto vain jangling.

1 Tim. i. 6.

2. Wrangling; altercation. Lamb.

Jan"is*sa*ry (?), n. See Janizary.

Jan"i*tor (?), n. [L., fr. janua a door.] A door-keeper; a porter; one who has the care of a public building, or a building occupied for offices, suites of rooms, etc.

{ Jan"i*tress (?), Jan"i*trix (?), } n. [L. janitrix. See Janitor.] A female janitor.

Jan"i*zar` (?), n. A janizary. [R.] Byron.

Jan`i*za"ri*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to the janizaries, or their government. Burke.

Jan"i*za*ry (?), n.; pl. Janizaries (#). [F. janissaire, fr. Turk. ye&?;i-tsheri new soldiers or troops.] A soldier of a privileged military class, which formed the nucleus of the Turkish infantry, but was suppressed in 1826. [written also janissary.]

Jan"ker (?), n. A long pole on two wheels, used in hauling logs. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Jan"sen*ism (?), n. [F. Jansénisme.] (Eccl. Hist.) The doctrine of Jansen regarding free will and divine grace.

Jan"sen*ist, n. [F. Janséniste.] (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Cornelius Jansen, a Roman Catholic bishop of Ypres, in Flanders, in the 17th century, who taught certain doctrines denying free will and the possibility of resisting divine grace.

Jant (?), v. i. See Jaunt.

||Jan"thi*na (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Ianthina.

Jan"ti*ly (?), adv. See Jauntily.

Jan"ti*ness, n. See Jauntiness.

||Jan"tu (?) n. A machine of great antiquity, used in Bengal for raising water to irrigate land. Knight.

Jan"ty (?), a. See Jaunty.

Jan"u*a*ry (?), n. [L. Januarius, fr. Janus an old Latin deity, the god of the sun and the year, to whom the month of January was sacred; cf. janua a door, Skr. y to go.] The first month of the year, containing thirty-one days.

Before the adoption of New Style, the commencement of the year was usually reckoned from March 25.

Ja"nus (?), n. [L. See January.] (Rom. Antiq.) A Latin deity represented with two faces looking in opposite directions. Numa is said to have dedicated to Janus the covered passage at Rome, near the Forum, which is usually called the Temple of Janus. This passage was open in war and closed in peace. Dr. W. Smith.

Janus cloth, a fabric having both sides dressed, the sides being of different colors, -- used for reversible garments.

Ja"nus-faced` (?), a. Double- faced; deceitful.

Janus-faced lock, one having duplicate faces so as to go upon a right or a left hand door, the key entering on either side indifferently. Knight.

Ja"nus-head`ed (?), a. Double- headed.

Ja*pan" (j*pn"), n. [From Japan, the country.] Work varnished and figured in the Japanese manner; also, the varnish or lacquer used in japanning.

Ja*pan", a. Of or pertaining to Japan, or to the lacquered work of that country; as, Japan ware.

Japan allspice (Bot.), a spiny shrub from Japan (Chimonanthus fragrans), related to the Carolina allspice. -- Japan black (Chem.), a quickly drying black lacquer or varnish, consisting essentially of asphaltum dissolved in naphtha or turpentine, and used for coating ironwork; -- called also Brunswick black, Japan lacquer, or simply Japan. -- Japan camphor, ordinary camphor brought from China or Japan, as distinguished from the rare variety called borneol or Borneo camphor. -- Japan clover, or Japan pea (Bot.), a cloverlike plant (Lespedeza striata) from Eastern Asia, useful for fodder, first noticed in the Southern United States about 1860, but now become very common. During the Civil War it was called variously Yankee clover and Rebel clover. -- Japan earth. See Catechu. -- Japan ink, a kind of writing ink, of a deep, glossy black when dry. -- Japan varnish, a varnish prepared from the milky juice of the Rhus vernix, a small Japanese tree related to the poison sumac.

Ja*pan" (j*pn"), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Japanned (j*pnd"); p. pr. & vb. n. Japanning.]

1. To cover with a coat of hard, brilliant varnish, in the manner of the Japanese; to lacquer.

2. To give a glossy black to, as shoes. [R.] Gay.

Jap`a*nese" (?), a. Of or pertaining to Japan, or its inhabitants.

Jap`a*nese", n. sing. & pl.

1. A native or inhabitant of Japan; collectively, the people of Japan.

2. sing. The language of the people of Japan.

Ja*panned" (?), a. Treated, or coated, with varnish in the Japanese manner.

Japanned leather, leather treated with coatings of Japan varnish, and dried in a stove. Knight.

Ja*pan"ner (?), n. 1. One who varnishes in the manner of the Japanese, or one skilled in the art.

2. A bootblack. [R.]

Ja*pan"ning (?), n. The art or act of varnishing in the Japanese manner.

Ja*pan"nish (?), a. After the manner of the Japanese; resembling japanned articles. Carlyle.

Jape (?), v. i. [Prob. from the same source as gab, influenced by F. japper to yelp. See Gab to deceive.] To jest; to play tricks; to jeer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Jape, v. t. To mock; to trick. Chaucer.

> I have not been putting a jape upon you.

Sir W. Scott.

> The coy giggle of the young lady to whom he has imparted his latest merry jape.

W. Besant.

Jap"er (?), n. A jester; a buffoon. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Jap"er*y (?), n. [Cf. OF. japerie a yelping.] Jesting; buffoonery. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ja"pheth*ite (?), n. A Japhetite. Kitto.

Ja*phet"ic (?), a. Pertaining to, or derived from, Japheth, one of the sons of Noah; as, Japhetic nations, the nations of Europe and Northern Asia; Japhetic languages.

Ja"phet*ite (?), n. A descendant of Japheth.

Ja*pon"i*ca (?), n. [NL., Japanese, fr. Japonia Japan.] (Bot.) A species of Camellia (Camellia Japonica), a native of Japan, bearing beautiful red or white flowers. Many other genera have species of the same name.

Jar (jär), n. [See Ajar.] A turn. [Only in phrase.]

On the jar, on the turn, ajar, as a door.

Jar (jär), n. [F. jarre, Sp. jarra, from Ar. jarrah ewer; cf. Pers. jarrah.] 1. A deep, broad-mouthed vessel of earthenware or glass, for holding fruit, preserves, etc., or for ornamental purposes; as, a jar of honey; a rose jar. Dryden.

2. The measure of what is contained in a jar; as, a jar of oil; a jar of preserves.

Bell jar, Leyden jar. See in the Vocabulary.

Jar, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jarred (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jarring (?).] [Cf. OE. charken to creak, AS. cearcian to gnash, F. jars a gander, L. garrire to chatter, prate, OHG. kerran to chatter, croak, G. quarren to grumble, and E. jargon, ajar.]

1. To give forth a rudely quivering or tremulous sound; to sound harshly or discordantly; as, the notes jarred on my ears.

> When such strings jar, what hope of harmony ?

Shak.

> A string may jar in the best master's hand.

Roscommon.

2. To act in opposition or disagreement; to clash; to interfere; to quarrel; to dispute.

> When those renowned noble peers Greece
> Through stubborn pride among themselves did jar.

Spenser.

> For orders and degrees
> Jar not with liberty, but well consist.

Milton.

Jar, v. t. 1. To cause a short, tremulous motion of, to cause to tremble, as by a sudden shock or blow; to shake; to shock; as, to jar the earth; to jar one's faith.

2. To tick; to beat; to mark or tell off. [Obs.]

> My thoughts are minutes, and with sighs they jar
> Their watches on unto mine eyes.

Shak.

Jar, n. 1. A rattling, tremulous vibration or shock; a shake; a harsh sound; a discord; as, the jar of a train; the jar of harsh sounds.

2. Clash of interest or opinions; collision; discord; debate; slight disagreement.

> And yet his peace is but continual jar.

Spenser.

> Cease, cease these jars, and rest your minds in peace.

Shak.

3. A regular vibration, as of a pendulum.

> I love thee not a jar of the clock.

Shak.

4. pl. In deep well boring, a device resembling two long chain links, for connecting a percussion drill to the rod or rope which works it, so that the drill is driven down by impact and is jerked loose when jammed.

||Jar`a*ra"ca (?), n. [Pg., from the native name.] (Zoöl.) A poisonous serpent of Brazil (Bothrops jararaca), about eighteen inches long, and of a dusky, brownish color, variegated with red and black spots.

Jar"ble (?), v. t. To wet; to bemire. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

||Jar`di`nière" (?), n. [F., fem. of jardinier gardener. See Garden.] An ornamental stand or receptacle for plants, flowers, etc., used as a piece of decorative furniture in room.

Jards (?), n. [F. jarde, jardon.] (Far.) A callous tumor on the leg of a horse, below the hock.

Jar"gle (?), v. i. [Cf. OSw. jerga to repeat angrily, to brawl, Icel. jarg tedious iteration, F. jargonner to talk jargon. See Jargon gabble.] To emit a harsh or discordant sound. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Jar"gon (?), n. [F. jargon, OF. also gargon, perh. akin to E. garrulous, or gargle.] Confused, unintelligible language; gibberish; hence, an artificial idiom or dialect; cant language; slang. "A barbarous jargon." Macaulay. "All jargon of the schools." Prior.

> The jargon which serves the traffickers.

Johnson.

Jar"gon (jär"gn), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jargoned (-gnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Jargoning.] To utter jargon; to emit confused or unintelligible sounds; to talk unintelligibly, or in a harsh and noisy manner.

> The noisy jay,
> Jargoning like a foreigner at his food.

Longfellow.

Jar"gon, n. [E. jargon, It. jiargone; perh. fr. Pers. zarg&?;n gold-colored, fr. zar gold. Cf. Zircon.] (Min.) A variety of zircon. See Zircon.

Jar`go*nelle" (?), n. [F. jargonelle a very gritty variety of pear. See Jargon zircon.] A variety of pear which ripens early.

Jar*gon"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to the mineral jargon.

Jar"gon*ist (?), n. One addicted to jargon; one who uses cant or slang. Macaulay.

||Jarl (?), n. [Icel., nobleman, chief. See Earl.] A chief; an earl; in English history, one of the leaders in the Danish and Norse invasions. Longfellow.

Jar"nut` (?), n. [Of Scand. origin: cf. Dan. jordnöd.] (Bot.) An earthnut. Dr. Prior.

Ja*ro"site (?), n. [From Barranco Jaroso, in Spain.] (Min.) An ocher-yellow mineral occurring in minute rhombohedral crystals. It is a hydrous sulphate of iron and potash.

Jar"-owl` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The goatsucker.

Jar"rah (?), n. The mahoganylike wood of the Australian Eucalyptus marginata. See Eucalyptus.

Jar"ring (?), a. [See Jar.] Shaking; disturbing; discordant. "A jarring sound." Dryden.

Jar"ring n. 1. A shaking; a tremulous motion; as, the jarring of a steamship, caused by its engines.

2. Discord; a clashing of interests. "Endless jarrings and immortal hate." Dryden.

Jar"ring*ly, adv. In a jarring or discordant manner.

{ Jar"vey, Jar"vy } (?), n. 1. The driver of a hackney coach. [Slang, Eng.] Carlyle.

2. A hackney coach. [Slang, Eng.]

> The litter at the bottom of the jarvy.

T. Hook.

Ja"sey (?), n. A wig; -- so called, perhaps, from being made of, or resembling, Jersey yarn. Thackeray.

Jas"hawk` (?), n. [A corruption of eyas hawk.] (Zoöl.) A young hawk. Booth.

Jas"mine (?), n. [F. jasmin, Sp. jazmin, Ar. ysmn, Pers. ysmn; cf. It. gesmino, gelsomino. Cf. Jessamine.] (Bot.) A shrubby plant of the genus Jasminum, bearing flowers of a peculiarly fragrant odor. The J. officinale, common in the south of Europe, bears white flowers. The Arabian jasmine is J. Sambac, and, with J. angustifolia, comes from the East Indies. The yellow false jasmine in the Gelseminum sempervirens (see Gelsemium). Several other plants are called jasmine in the West Indies, as species of Calotropis and Faramea. [Written also jessamine.]

Cape jasmine, or Cape jessamine, the Gardenia florida, a shrub with fragrant white flowers, a native of China, and hardy in the Southern United States.

Jasp (?), n. Jasper. [Obs.] Spenser.

Jas"pa*chate (?), n. [L. iaspachates, Gr. &?;.] (Min.) Agate jasper. [Obs.]

Jas"per (?), n. [OE. jaspre, jaspe, OF. jaspre, jaspe, F. jaspe, L. iaspis, Gr. &?;; cf. Per. yashp, yashf, Ar. yashb, yasb, yasf, Heb. yshpheh. Cf. Diaper.] (Min.) An opaque, impure variety of quartz, of red, yellow, and other dull colors, breaking with a smooth surface. It admits of a high polish, and is used for vases, seals, snuff boxes, etc. When the colors are in stripes or bands, it is called striped or banded jasper. The Egyptian pebble is a brownish yellow jasper.

Jasper opal, a yellow variety of opal resembling jasper. -- Jasper ware, a delicate kind of earthenware invented by Josiah Wedgwood. It is usually white, but is capable of receiving color.

Jas"per*a`ted (?), a. mixed with jasper; containing particles of jasper; as, jasperated agate.

Jas"per*ize (?), v. t. [Usually p. p. Jasperized (&?;).] To convert into, or make to resemble, jasper.

> Polished specimens of jasperized and agatized woods.

Pop. Sci. Monthly.

Jas"per*y (?), a. Of the nature of jasper; mixed with jasper.

{ Jas*pid"e*an (?), Jas*pid"e*ous (?), } a. [L. iaspideus. See Jasper.] Consisting of jasper, or containing jasper; jaspery; jasperlike.

Jas"pi*lite (?), n. [Jasper + -lite.] (Min.) A compact siliceous rock resembling jasper.

Jas"poid (?), a. [F. jaspoïde; jaspe jasper + Gr. &?; form.] Resembling jasper. [R.]

Jasp`o"nyx (?), n. [L. iasponyx, Gr. &?;. See Jasper, and Onyx.] (min.) An onyx, part or all of whose layers consist of jasper.

Ja*troph"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to physic nuts, the seeds of plants of the genus Jatropha.

Jaunce (?), v. i. [OF. jancer. Cf. Jounce, Jaunt.] To ride hard; to jounce. [Obs.]

> Spurr'd, galled and tired by jauncing Bolingbroke.

Shak.

Jaun"dice (?; 277), n. [OE. jaunis, F. jaunisse, fr. jaune yellow, orig. jalne, fr. L. galbinus yellowish, fr. galbus yellow.] (Med.) A morbid condition, characterized by yellowness of the eyes, skin, and urine, whiteness of the fæces, constipation, uneasiness in the region of the stomach, loss of appetite, and general languor and lassitude. It is caused usually by obstruction of the biliary passages and consequent damming up, in the liver, of the bile, which is then absorbed into the blood.

Blue jaundice. See Cyanopathy.

<! p. 798 !>

Jaun"dice (?), v. t. To affect with jaundice; to color by prejudice or envy; to prejudice.

> The envy of wealth jaundiced his soul.

Ld. Lytton.

Jaun"diced (?), a. 1. Affected with jaundice.

> Jaundiced eyes seem to see all objects yellow.

Bp. Hall.

2. Prejudiced; envious; as, a jaundiced judgment.

Jaunt (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jaunted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jaunting.] [Cf. Scot. jaunder to ramble, jaunt to taunt, jeer, dial. Sw. ganta to play the buffoon, romp, jest; perh. akin to E. jump. Cf. Jaunce.]

1. To ramble here and there; to stroll; to make an excursion.

2. To ride on a jaunting car.

Jaunting car, a kind of low-set open vehicle, used in Ireland, in which the passengers ride sidewise, sitting back to back. [Written also jaunty car.] Thackeray.

Jaunt, v. t. To jolt; to jounce. [Obs.] Bale.

Jaunt, n. 1. A wearisome journey. [R.]

> Our Savior, meek, and with untroubled mind
> After his aëry jaunt, though hurried sore.
> Hungry and cold, betook him to his rest.

Milton.

2. A short excursion for pleasure or refreshment; a ramble; a short journey.

Jaun"ti*ly (?), adv. In a jaunty manner.

Jaun"ti*ness, n. The quality of being jaunty.

> That jauntiness of air I was once master of.

Addison.

Jaun"ty (?), a. [Compar. Jauntier (?); superl. Jauntiest.] [Formerly spelt janty, fr. F. gentil. See Gentle, and cf. Genty.] Airy; showy; finical; hence, characterized by an affected or fantastical manner.

Ja"va (?), n. 1. One of the islands of the Malay Archipelago belonging to the Netherlands.

2. Java coffee, a kind of coffee brought from Java.

Java cat (Zoöl.), the musang. -- Java sparrow (Zoöl.), a species of finch (Padda oryzivora), native of Java, but very commonly kept as a cage bird; -- called also ricebird, and paddy bird. In the male the upper parts are glaucous gray, the head and tail black, the under parts delicate rose, and the cheeks white. The bill is large and red. A white variety is also kept as a cage bird.

Jav`a*nese" (?), a. Of or pertaining to Java, or to the people of Java. -- n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Java.

Jav"el (?), n. A vagabond. [Obs.] Spenser.

Jave"lin (?), n. [F. javeline; akin to Sp. jabalina, It. giavelina, and F. javelot, OF. gavlot. Cf. Gavelock.] A sort of light spear, to be thrown or cast by the hand; anciently, a weapon of war used by horsemen and foot soldiers; now used chiefly in hunting the wild boar and other fierce game.

> Flies the javelin swifter to its mark,
> Launched by the vigor of a Roman arm?

Addison.

Jave"lin, v. t. To pierce with a javelin. [R.] Tennyson.

Jave`lin*ier" (?), n. A soldier armed with a javelin. Holland.

Jaw (?), n. [A modification of chaw, formed under the influence of F. joue the cheek. See Chaw, Chew.]

1. (Anat.) (a) One of the bones, usually bearing teeth, which form the framework of the mouth. (b) Hence, also, the bone itself with the teeth and covering. (c) In the plural, the mouth.

2. Fig.: Anything resembling the jaw of an animal in form or action; esp., pl., the mouth or way of entrance; as, the jaws of a pass; the jaws of darkness; the jaws of death. Shak.

3. (Mach.) (a) A notch or opening. (b) A notched or forked part, adapted for holding an object in place; as, the jaw of a railway-car pedestal. See Axle guard. (b) One of a pair of opposing parts which are movable towards or from each other, for grasping or crushing anything between them, as, the jaws of a vise, or the jaws of a stone-crushing machine.

4. (Naut.) The inner end of a boom or gaff, hollowed in a half circle so as to move freely on a mast.

5. Impudent or abusive talk. [Slang] H. Kingsley.

Jaw bit (Railroad), a bar across the jaws of a pedestal underneath an axle box. -- Jaw breaker, a word difficult to pronounce. [Obs.] -- Jaw rope (Naut.), a rope which holds the jaws of a gaff to the mast. -- Jaw tooth, a molar or grinder; a back tooth.

Jaw, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jawed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jawing.] To scold; to clamor. [Low] Smollett.

Jaw, v. t. To assail or abuse by scolding. [Low]

Jaw"bone` (?), n. The bone of either jaw; a maxilla or a mandible.

Jawed (jd), a. Having jaws; - - chiefly in composition; as, lantern-jawed. "Jawed like a jetty." Skelton.

Jaw"-fall` (?), n. Depression of the jaw; hence, depression of spirits. M. Griffith (1660).

Jaw"-fall`en (?), a. Dejected; chopfallen.

Jaw"foot` (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Maxilliped.

Jaw"ing, n. Scolding; clamorous or abusive talk. [Slang] H. Kingsley.

Jawn (?), v. i. See Yawn. [Obs.] Marston.

Jaw"y (?), a. Relating to the jaws. Gayton.

Jay (?), n. [F. geai, OF. gai, jaj, perh. fr. OHG. ghi. Cf. Gay.] (Zoöl.) Any one of the numerous species of birds belonging to Garrulus, Cyanocitta, and allied genera. They are allied to the crows, but are smaller, more graceful in form, often handsomely colored, and usually have a crest.

The European jay (Garrulus glandarius) is a large and handsomely colored species, having the body pale reddish brown, lighter beneath; tail and wing quills blackish; the primary coverts barred with bright blue and black; throat, tail coverts, and a large spot on the wings, white. Called also jay pie, Jenny jay, and kæ. The common blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata.), and the related species, are brilliantly colored, and have a large erectile crest. The California jay (Aphelocoma Californica), the Florida jay (A. Floridana), and the green jay (Xanthoura luxuosa), of Texas and Mexico, are large, handsome, crested species. The Canada jay (Perisoreus Canadensis), and several allied species, are much plainer and have no crest. See Blue jay, and Whisky jack.

Jay thrush (Zoöl.), any one several species of Asiatic singing birds, of the genera Garrulax, Grammatoptila, and related genera of the family Crateropodidæ; as, the white-throated jay thrush (G. albogularis), of India.

Jay"et (?), n. (Min.) See Jet. [Obs.]

Jay"hawk`er (?), n. A name given to a free-booting, unenlisted, armed man or guerrilla. [A term of opprobrium used in the war of 1861-65, U. S.]

Ja"zel (?), n. A gem of an azure color. [Obs.]

Jaz"er*ant (?), n. [OF. jacerant, jaseran, Sp. jacerina, cota jacerina, fr. jazarino Algerine, fr. Ar. jazr Algiers.] A coat of defense made of small plates of metal sewed upon linen or the like; also, this kind of armor taken generally; as, a coat of jazerant.

Jeal"ous (?), a. [OE. jalous, gelus, OF. jalous, F. jaloux, LL. zelosus zealous, fr. zelus emulation, zeal, jealousy, Gr. zh^los. See Zeal, and cf. Zealous.]

1. Zealous; solicitous; vigilant; anxiously watchful.

> I have been very jealous for the Lord God of hosts.

Kings xix. 10.

> How nicely jealous is every one of us of his own repute!

Dr. H. More.

2. Apprehensive; anxious; suspiciously watchful.

> 'This doing wrong creates such doubts as these,
> Renders us jealous and disturbs our peace.

Waller.

> The people are so jealous of the clergy's ambition.

Swift.

3. Exacting exclusive devotion; intolerant of rivalry.

> Thou shalt worship no other God; for the Lord, whose name is Jealous, is a jealous God.

Ex. xxxiv. 14.

4. Disposed to suspect rivalry in matters of interest and affection; apprehensive regarding the motives of possible rivals, or the fidelity of friends; distrustful; having morbid fear of rivalry in love or preference given to another; painfully suspicious of the faithfulness of husband, wife, or lover.

> If the spirit of jealousy come upon him, and he be jealous of his wife.

Num. v. 14.

> To both these sisters have I sworn my love:
> Each jealous of the other, as the stung
> Are of the adder.

Shak.

> It is one of the best bonds, both of chastity and obedience, in the wife, if she think her husband wise; which she will never do if she find him jealous.

Bacon.

Syn. -- Suspicious; anxious; envious. Jealous, Suspicious. Suspicious is the wider term. We suspect a person when we distrust his honesty and imagine he has some bad design. We are jealous when we suspect him of aiming to deprive us of what we dearly prize. Iago began by awakening the suspicions of Othello, and converted them at last into jealousy. "Suspicion may be excited by some kind of accusation, not supported by evidence sufficient for conviction, but sufficient to trouble the repose of confidence." "Jealousy is a painful apprehension of rivalship in cases that are peculiarly interesting to us." Cogan.

Jeal"ous*hood (?), n. Jealousy. [Obs.] Shak.

Jeal"ous*ly, adv. In a jealous manner.

Jeal"ous*ness, n. State or quality of being jealous.

Jeal"ous*y (?), n.; pl. Jealousies (#). [ F. jalousie. See Jealous, and cf. Jalousie.] The quality of being jealous; earnest concern or solicitude; painful apprehension of rivalship in cases nearly affecting one's happiness; painful suspicion of the faithfulness of husband, wife, or lover.

> I was jealous for jealousy.

Zech. viii. 2.

> Jealousy is the . . . apprehension of superiority.

Shenstone.

> Whoever had qualities to alarm our jealousy, had excellence to deserve our fondness.

Rambler.

Jeames (?), n. [Corrup. of James.] A footman; a flunky. [Slang, Eng.] Thackeray.

Jean (?), n. [Prob. named from Genoa. See Jane.] A twilled cotton cloth.

Satin jean, a kind of jean woven smooth and glossy, after the manner of satin.

Jears (?), n. pl. (Naut.) See 1st Jeer (b).

Jeat (?), n. (Min.) See Jet. [Obs.]

Jed"ding ax` (?), n. A stone mason's tool, having a flat face and a pointed part. Knight.

Jee (?), v. t. & i. See Gee.

Jeel (?), n. [Hind. jhl.] A morass; a shallow lake. [Written also jhil.] [India] Whitworth.

Jeer (?), n. [Cf. Gear.] (Naut.) (a) A gear; a tackle. (b) pl. An assemblage or combination of tackles, for hoisting or lowering the lower yards of a ship.

Jeer capstan (Naut.), an extra capstan usually placed between the foremast and mainmast.

Jeer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jeered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jeering.] [Perh. a corrup. of cheer to salute with cheers, taken in an ironical sense; or more prob. fr. D. gekscheren to jeer, lit., to shear the fool; gek a fool (see 1st Geck) + scheren to shear. See Shear, v.] To utter sarcastic or scoffing reflections; to speak with mockery or derision; to use taunting language; to scoff; as, to jeer at a speaker.

> But when he saw her toy and gibe and jeer.

Spenser.

Syn. -- To sneer; scoff; flout; gibe; mock.

Jeer (?), v. t. To treat with scoffs or derision; to address with jeers; to taunt; to flout; to mock at.

> And if we can not jeer them, we jeer ourselves.

B. Jonson.

Jeer, n. A railing remark or reflection; a scoff; a taunt; a biting jest; a flout; a jibe; mockery.

> Midas, exposed to all their jeers,
> Had lost his art, and kept his ears.

Swift.

Jeer"er (?), n. A scoffer; a railer; a mocker.

Jeer"ing, a. Mocking; scoffing. -- n. A mocking utterance. -- Jeer"ing*ly, adv.

Jeers (?), n. pl. (Naut.) See 1st Jeer (b).

||Jef`fer*so"ni*a (?), n. [NL. Named after Thomas Jefferson.] (Bot.) An American herb with a pretty, white, solitary blossom, and deeply two-cleft leaves (Jeffersonia diphylla); twinleaf.

Jef`fer*so"ni*an (?), a. Pertaining to, or characteristic of, Thomas Jefferson or his policy or political doctrines. Lowell.

Jef"fer*son*ite (?), n. [Named after Thomas Jefferson.] (Min.) A variety of pyroxene of olive-green color passing into brown. It contains zinc.

Jeg (?), n. (Mach.) See Jig, 6.

Je*ho"vah (?), n. [Heb. usually yhvh (with the vowel points of dni Lord), sometimes (to avoid repetition) yhvih (with the vowel points of lhm God); but only the four Heb, consonants yhvh are conceded to be certainly known.] A Scripture name of the Supreme Being, by which he was revealed to the Jews as their covenant God or Sovereign of the theocracy; the "ineffable name" of the Supreme Being, which was not pronounced by the Jews.

Je*ho"vist (?), n. 1. One who maintains that the vowel points of the word Jehovah, in Hebrew, are the proper vowels of that word; -- opposed to adonist.

2. The writer of the passages of the Old Testament, especially those of the Pentateuch, in which the Supreme Being is styled Jehovah. See Elohist.

> The characteristic manner of the Jehovist differs from that of his predecessor [the Elohist]. He is fuller and freer in his descriptions; more reflective in his assignment of motives and causes; more artificial in mode of narration.

S. Davidson.

Je`ho*vis"tic (?), a. Relating to, or containing, Jehovah, as a name of God; -- said of certain parts of the Old Testament, especially of the Pentateuch, in which Jehovah appears as the name of the Deity. See Elohistic.

Je"hu (?), n. [From Jehu, son of Nimshi. 2 Kings ix. 20.] A coachman; a driver; especially, one who drives furiously. [Colloq.]

Je*ju"nal (?), a. Pertaining to the jejunum.

Je*june" (?), a. [L. jejunus fasting, hungry, dry, barren, scanty; of unknown origin.]

1. Lacking matter; empty; void of substance.

2. Void of interest; barren; meager; dry; as, a jejune narrative.

- Je*june"ly, adv. -- Je*june"ness, n. Bacon.

Je*ju"ni*ty (?), n. The quality of being jejune; jejuneness.

||Je*ju"num (?), n. [NL., fr. L. jejunus empty, dry.] (Anat.) The middle division of the small intestine, between the duodenum and ileum; -- so called because usually found empty after death.

||Jel"er*ang (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A large, handsome squirrel (Sciurus Javensis), native of Java and Southern Asia; -- called also Java squirrel.

Jell (?), v. i. To jelly. [Colloq.]

Jel"lied (?), a. Brought to the state or consistence of jelly.

Jel"ly (?), n.; pl. Jellies (#). [ Formerly gelly, gely, F. gelée jelly, frost, fr. geler to freeze. L. gelare; akin to gelu frost. See Gelid.]

1. Anything brought to a gelatinous condition; a viscous, translucent substance in a condition between liquid and solid; a stiffened solution of gelatin, gum, or the like.

2. The juice of fruits or meats boiled with sugar to an elastic consistence; as, currant jelly; calf's- foot jelly.

Jelly bag, a bag through which the material for jelly is strained. -- Jelly mold, a mold for forming jelly in ornamental shapes. -- Jelly plant (Bot.), Australian name of an edible seaweed (Eucheuma speciosum), from which an excellent jelly is made. J. Smith. -- Jelly powder, an explosive, composed of nitroglycerin and collodion cotton; -- so called from its resemblance to calf's-foot jelly.

Jel"ly, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jellied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jellying.] To become jelly; to come to the state or consistency of jelly.

Jel"ly*fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of the acalephs, esp. one of the larger species, having a jellylike appearance. See Medusa.

||Jem"i*dar` (jm"*där`), n. [Per. & Hind. jama-dr.] The chief or leader of a band or body of persons; esp., in the native army of India, an officer of a rank corresponding to that of lieutenant in the English army. [Written also jemadar, jamadar.]

Jem"lah goat` (jm"l gt`). (Zoöl.) The jharal.

Jem"mi*ness (?), n. Spruceness. [Slang, Eng.] Pegge (1814).

Jem"my (?), a. [Cf. Gim, and Gimp, a.] Spruce. [Slang, Eng.] Smart.

Jem"my, n. 1. A short crowbar. See Jimmy.

2. A baked sheep's head. [Slang, Eng.] Dickens.

||Je*ni"quen (?), n. [Sp. jeniquen.] (Bot.) A Mexican name for the Sisal hemp (Agave rigida, var. Sisalana); also, its fiber. [Written also henequen.]

Je"nite (?), n. (Min.) See Yenite.

Jen"kins (?), n. A name of contempt for a flatterer of persons high in social or official life; as, the Jenkins employed by a newspaper. [Colloq. Eng. & U.S.] G. W. Curtis.

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Jen"net (jn"nt), n. [F. genet, Sp. jinete, orig., a mounted soldier, Ar. zenta a tribe of Barbary celebrated for its cavalry.] A small Spanish horse; a genet.

Jen"net*ing, n. [Prob. fr. a dim. of Jean John, so named as becoming ripe about St. John's day, June 24. F. Jean is fr. L. Johannes. See Zany.] A variety of early apple. See Juneating. [Written also geniting.]

Jen"ny (?), n.; pl. Jennies (&?;).

1. A familiar or pet form of the proper name Jane.

2. (Zoöl.) A familiar name of the European wren.

Jenny ass (Zoöl.), a female ass.

Jen"ny, n. [A corruption of gin an engine; influenced by Jenny, the proper name. See Gin an engine, and cf. Ginny-carriage.] A machine for spinning a number of threads at once, -- used in factories.

Jent"ling (?), n. (Zoöl.) A fish of the genus Leuciscus; the blue chub of the Danube.

Jeof"ail (jf"l), n. [F. j'ai failli I have failed.] (Law) An oversight in pleading, or the acknowledgment of a mistake or oversight. Blackstone.

Jeop"ard (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jeoparded; p. pr. & vb. n. Jeoparding.] [From Jeopardy.] To put in jeopardy; to expose to loss or injury; to imperil; to hazard. Sir T. North.

> A people that jeoparded their lives unto the death.

Judg. v. 18.

Syn. -- To hazard; risk; imperil; endanger; expose.

Jeop"ard*er (?), n. One who puts in jeopardy. [R.]

Jeop"ard*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jeopardized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jeopardizing (?).] To expose to loss or injury; to risk; to jeopard.

> That he should jeopardize his willful head
> Only for spite at me.

H. Taylor.

Jeop"ard*ous (?), a. Perilous; hazardous.

> His goodly, valiant, and jeopardous enterprise.

Fuller.

-- Jeop"ard*ous*ly, adv. Huloet.

Jeop"ard*y (?), n. [OE. jupartie, juperti, jeuparti, OF. jeu parti an even game, a game in which the chances are even; OF. jeu, ju, F. jeu (L. jocus jest) + F. partier to divide, L. partire to divide. See Joke, and Part.] Exposure to death, loss, or injury; hazard; danger.

> There came down a storm of wind on the lake; and they were filled with water, and were in jeopardy.

Luke viii. 23.

> Look to thyself, thou art in jeopardy.

Shak.

Syn. -- Danger; peril; hazard; risk. See Danger.

Jeop"ard*y, v. t. To jeopardize. [R.] Thackeray.

Jer*bo"a (?), n. [Ar. yarb&?;'.] (Zoöl.) Any small jumping rodent of the genus Dipus, esp. D. Ægyptius, which is common in Egypt and the adjacent countries. The jerboas have very long hind legs and a long tail. [Written also gerboa.]

The name is also applied to other small jumping rodents, as the Pedetes Caffer, of the Cape of Good Hope.

Jerboa kangaroo (Zoöl.), small Australian kangaroo (Bettongia penicillata), about the size of a common hare.

Jer*eed" (?), n. [Ar. jerd. Cf. Djereed.] A blunt javelin used by the people of the Levant, especially in mock fights. [Written also jerreed, jerid.] Byron.

{ Jer`e*mi"ad, Jer`e*mi"ade }, n. [From Jeremiah, the prophet: cf. F. jérémiade.] A tale of sorrow, disappointment, or complaint; a doleful story; a dolorous tirade; -- generally used satirically.

> He has prolonged his complaint into an endless jeremiad.

Lamb.

Jer"fal`con (?), n. (Zoöl.) The gyrfalcon.

Jer"guer (?), n. See Jerquer.

Jer*id" (?), n. Same as Jereed.

Jerk (jrk), v. t. [Corrupted from Peruv. charqui dried beef.] To cut into long slices or strips and dry in the sun; as, to jerk beef. See Charqui.

Jerk, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jerked (jrkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Jerking.] [Akin to yerk, and perh. also to yard a measure.]

1. To beat; to strike. [Obs.] Florio.

2. To give a quick and suddenly arrested thrust, push, pull, or twist, to; to yerk; as, to jerk one with the elbow; to jerk a coat off.

3. To throw with a quick and suddenly arrested motion of the hand; as, to jerk a stone.

Jerk, v. i.

1. To make a sudden motion; to move with a start, or by starts. Milton.

2. To flout with contempt.

Jerk, n.

1. A short, sudden pull, thrust, push, twitch, jolt, shake, or similar motion.

> His jade gave him a jerk.

B. Jonson.

2. A sudden start or spring.

> Lobsters . . . swim backwards by jerks or springs.

Grew.

Jerk"er (?), n.

1. A beater. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

2. One who jerks or moves with a jerk.

3. (Zoöl.) A North American river chub (Hybopsis biguttatus).

Jer"kin (?), n. [Dim. of D. jurk a frock.] A jacket or short coat; a close waistcoat. Shak.

Jer"kin, n. (Zoöl.) A male gyrfalcon.

Jerk"ing (?), n. The act of pulling, pushing, or throwing, with a jerk. -- Jerk"ing*ly, adv.

Jer"kin*head` (?), n. (Arch.) The hipped part of a roof which is hipped only for a part of its height, leaving a truncated gable.

Jerk"y (?), a. Moving by jerks and starts; characterized by abrupt transitions; as, a jerky vehicle; a jerky style.

Jer*moon"al (?), n. (Zoöl.) The Himalayan snow partridge.

Je*ron"y*mite (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) One belonging of the mediæval religious orders called Hermits of St. Jerome. [Written also Hieronymite.]

Jer`o*pig"i*a (?), n. See Geropigia.

Jer"quer (?), n. [Cf. F. chercher to search, E. search.] A customhouse officer who searches ships for unentered goods. [Eng.] [Written also jerguer.]

Jer"quing (?), n. The searching of a ship for unentered goods. [Eng.] [Written also jerguer.]

Jer"quing (?), n. The searching of a ship for unentered goods. [Eng.]

Jer"ry-built` (?), a. Built hastily and of bad materials; as, jerry-built houses. [Colloq. Eng.]

Jer"sey (?), n.; pl. Jerseys (#). [From Jersey, the largest of the Channel Islands.]

1. The finest of wool separated from the rest; combed wool; also, fine yarn of wool.

2. A kind of knitted jacket; hence, in general, a closefitting jacket or upper garment made of an elastic fabric (as stockinet).

3. One of a breed of cattle in the Island of Jersey. Jerseys are noted for the richness of their milk.

Je*ru"sa*lem (j*r"s*lm), n. [Gr. 'Ieroysalh`m, fr. Heb. Yrshlaim.] The chief city of Palestine, intimately associated with the glory of the Jewish nation, and the life and death of Jesus Christ.

Jerusalem artichoke [Perh. a corrupt. of It. girasole i.e., sunflower, or turnsole. See Gyre, Solar.] (Bot.) (a) An American plant, a perennial species of sunflower (Helianthus tuberosus), whose tubers are sometimes used as food. (b) One of the tubers themselves. -- Jerusalem cherry (Bot.), the popular name of either of two species of Solanum (S. Pseudo- capsicum and S. capsicastrum), cultivated as ornamental house plants. They bear bright red berries of about the size of cherries. -- Jerusalem oak (Bot.), an aromatic goosefoot (Chenopodium Botrys), common about houses and along roadsides. -- Jerusalem sage (Bot.), a perennial herb of the Mint family (Phlomis tuberosa). -- Jerusalem thorn (Bot.), a spiny, leguminous tree (Parkinsonia aculeata), widely dispersed in warm countries, and used for hedges. -- The New Jerusalem, Heaven; the Celestial City.

Jer"vine (?), n. [Prob. fr. Sp. yerba herb, OSp., the poison of the veratrum.] (Chem.) A poisonous alkaloid resembling veratrine, and found with it in white hellebore (Veratrum album); -- called also jervina.

Jess (?), n.; pl. Jesses (#). [OF. gies, giez, prop. pl. of giet, get, jet, F. jet, a throwing, jess. See Jet a shooting forth.] (falconry) A short strap of leather or silk secured round the leg of a hawk, to which the leash or line, wrapped round the falconer's hand, was attached when used. See Illust. of Falcon.

> Like a hawk, which feeling freed
> From bells and jesses which did let her flight.

Spenser.

Jes"sa*mine (?), n. (Bot.) Same as Jasmine.

Jes"sant (?), a. (Her.) Springing up or emerging; -- said of a plant or animal.

Jes"se (?), n. [LL. Jesse, the father of David, fr. Gr. &?;, fr. Herb. Yishai.] Any representation or suggestion of the genealogy of Christ, in decorative art; as: (a) A genealogical tree represented in stained glass. (b) A candlestick with many branches, each of which bears the name of some one of the descendants of Jesse; -- called also tree of Jesse.

Jesse window (Arch.), a window of which the glazing and tracery represent the tree of Jesse.

Jessed (?), a. (Her.) Having jesses on, as a hawk.

Jest (?), n. [OE. jeste, geste, deed, action, story, tale, OF. geste, LL. gesta, orig., exploits, neut. pl. from L. gestus, p. p. of gerere to bear, carry, accomplish, perform; perh. orig., to make to come, bring, and perh. akin to E. come. Cf. Gest a deed, Register, n.]

1. A deed; an action; a gest. [Obs.]

> The jests or actions of princes.

Sir T. Elyot.

2. A mask; a pageant; an interlude. [Obs.] Nares.

> He promised us, in honor of our guest,
> To grace our banquet with some pompous jest.

Kyd.

3. Something done or said in order to amuse; a joke; a witticism; a jocose or sportive remark or phrase. See Synonyms under Jest, v. i.

> I must be sad . . . smile at no man's jests.

Shak.

> The Right Honorable gentleman is indebted to his memory for his jests, and to his imagination for his facts.

Sheridan.

4. The object of laughter or sport; a laughingstock.

> Then let me be your jest; I deserve it.

Shak.

In jest, for mere sport or diversion; not in truth and reality; not in earnest.

> And given in earnest what I begged in jest.

Shak.

-- Jest book, a book containing a collection of jests, jokes, and amusing anecdotes; a Joe Miller.

Jest, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jested; p. pr. & vb. n. Jesting.]

1. To take part in a merrymaking; -- especially, to act in a mask or interlude. [Obs.] Shak.

2. To make merriment by words or actions; to joke; to make light of anything.

> He jests at scars that never felt a wound.

Shak.

Syn. -- To joke; sport; rally. -- To Jest, Joke. One jests in order to make others laugh; one jokes to please himself. A jest is usually at the expense of another, and is often ill-natured; a joke is a sportive sally designed to promote good humor without wounding the feelings of its object. "Jests are, therefore, seldom harmless; jokes frequently allowable. The most serious subject may be degraded by being turned into a jest." Crabb.

Jest"er, n. [Cf. Gestour.]

1. A buffoon; a merry-andrew; a court fool.

> This . . . was Yorick's skull, the king's jester.

Shak.

> Dressed in the motley garb that jesters wear.

Longfellow.

2. A person addicted to jesting, or to indulgence in light and amusing talk.

> He ambled up and down
> With shallow jesters.

Shak.

Jest"ful (?), a. Given to jesting; full of jokes.

Jest"ing, a. Sportive; not serious; fit for jests.

> He will find that these are no jesting matters.

Macaulay.

Jest"ing, n. The act or practice of making jests; joking; pleasantry. Eph. v. 4.

Jest"ing*ly, adv. In a jesting manner.

Jes"u*it (?), n. [F. Jésuite, Sp. Jesuita: cf. It. Gesuita.]

1. (R. C. Ch.) One of a religious order founded by Ignatius Loyola, and approved in 1540, under the title of The Society of Jesus.

The order consists of Scholastics, the Professed, the Spiritual Coadjutors, and the Temporal Coadjutors or Lay Brothers. The Jesuit novice after two years becomes a Scholastic, and takes his first vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience simply. Some years after, at the close of a second novitiate, he takes his second vows and is ranked among the Coadjutors or Professed. The Professed are bound by a fourth vow, from which only the pope can dispense, requiring them to go wherever the pope may send them for missionary duty. The Coadjutors teach in the schools, and are employed in general missionary labors. The Society is governed by a General who holds office for life. He has associated with him "Assistants" (five at the present time), representing different provinces. The Society was first established in the United States in 1807. The Jesuits have displayed in their enterprises a high degree of zeal, learning, and skill, but, by their enemies, have been generally reputed to use art and intrigue in promoting or accomplishing their purposes, whence the words Jesuit, Jesuitical, and the like, have acquired an opprobrious sense.

2. Fig.: A crafty person; an intriguer.

Jesuits' bark, Peruvian bark, or the bark of certain species of Cinchona; -- so called because its medicinal properties were first made known in Europe by Jesuit missionaries to South America. -- Jesuits' drops. See Friar's balsam, under Friar. -- Jesuits' nut, the European water chestnut. -- Jesuits' powder, powdered cinchona bark. -- Jesuits' tea, a Chilian leguminous shrub, used as a tea and medicinally.

Jes"u*it*ed, a. Conforming to the principles of the Jesuits. Milton.

Jes"u*it*ess, n. [Cf. F. Jésuitesse.] (R. C. Hist.) One of an order of nuns established on the principles of the Jesuits, but suppressed by Pope Urban in 1633.

{ Jes`u*it"ic (?), Jes`u*it"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. jésuitique.]

1. Of or pertaining to the Jesuits, or to their principles and methods.

2. Designing; cunning; deceitful; crafty; -- an opprobrious use of the word. Dryden.

Jes`u*it"ic*al*ly, adv. In a jesuitical manner.

Jes"u*it*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. jésuitisme.]

1. The principles and practices of the Jesuits.

2. Cunning; deceit; deceptive practices to effect a purpose; subtle argument; -- an opprobrious use of the word.

Jes`u*it*oc"ra*cy (?), n. [Jesuit + -cracy, as in aristocracy.] Government by Jesuits; also, the whole body of Jesuits in a country. [R.] C. Kingsley.

Jes"u*it*ry (?), n. Jesuitism; subtle argument. [R.] Carlyle.

Je"sus (j"zs), n. [L. Jesus, Gr. &?;, from Heb. Ysha'; Yh Jehovah + hsha' to help.] The Savior; the name of the Son of God as announced by the angel to his parents; the personal name of Our Lord, in distinction from Christ, his official appellation. Luke i. 31.

> Thou shalt call his name Jesus; for he shall save his people from their sins.

Matt. i. 21.

The form Jesu is often used, esp. in the vocative.

> Jesu, do thou my soul receive.

Keble.

The Society of Jesus. See Jesuit.

Jet (?), n. Same as 2d Get. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Jet, n. [OF. jet, jayet, F. jaïet, jais, L. gagates, fr. Gr. &?;; -- so called from &?; or &?;, a town and river in Lycia.] [written also jeat, jayet.] (Min.) A variety of lignite, of a very compact texture and velvet black color, susceptible of a good polish, and often wrought into mourning jewelry, toys, buttons, etc. Formerly called also black amber.

Jet ant (Zoöl.), a blackish European ant (Formica fuliginosa), which builds its nest of a paperlike material in the trunks of trees.

Jet, n. [F. jet, OF. get, giet, L. jactus a throwing, a throw, fr. jacere to throw. Cf. Abject, Ejaculate, Gist, Jess, Jut.]

1. A shooting forth; a spouting; a spurt; a sudden rush or gush, as of water from a pipe, or of flame from an orifice; also, that which issues in a jet.

2. Drift; scope; range, as of an argument. [Obs.]

3. The sprue of a type, which is broken from it when the type is cold. Knight.

Jet propeller (Naut.), a device for propelling vessels by means of a forcible jet of water ejected from the vessel, as by a centrifugal pump. -- Jet pump, a device in which a small jet of steam, air, water, or other fluid, in rapid motion, lifts or otherwise moves, by its impulse, a larger quantity of the fluid with which it mingles.

Jet, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jetted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jetting.] [F. jeter, L. jactare, freq. fr. jacere to throw. See 3d Jet, and cf. Jut.]

1. To strut; to walk with a lofty or haughty gait; to be insolent; to obtrude. [Obs.]

> he jets under his advanced plumes!

Shak.

> To jet upon a prince's right.

Shak.

2. To jerk; to jolt; to be shaken. [Obs.] Wiseman.

3. To shoot forward or out; to project; to jut out.

Jet, v. t. To spout; to emit in a stream or jet.

> A dozen angry models jetted steam.

Tennyson.

Jet"-black` (?), a. Black as jet; deep black.

||Jet` d'eau" (?), pl. Jets d'eau (&?;). [F., a throw of water. See Jet a shooting forth.] A stream of water spouting from a fountain or pipe (especially from one arranged to throw water upward), in a public place or in a garden, for ornament.

||Jet"e*rus (?), n. (Bot.) A yellowness of the parts of plants which are normally green; yellows.

{ ||Jet"sam (?), ||Jet"son (?), } n. [F. jeter to throw: cf. OF. getaison a throwing. Cf. Flotsam, Jettison.]

1. (Mar. Law) Goods which sink when cast into the sea, and remain under water; -- distinguished from flotsam, goods which float, and ligan, goods which are sunk attached to a buoy.

2. Jettison. See Jettison, 1.

<! p. 800 !>

Jet"teau (jt"t), n. See Jet d'eau. [R.] Addison.

Jet"tee (-t), n. See Jetty, n. Burke.

Jet"ter (-tr), n. One who struts; one who bears himself jauntily; a fop. [Obs.] Palsgrave.

Jet"ti*ness (-t*ns). n. The state of being jetty; blackness. Pennant.

Jet"ti*son (?). n. [See Jetsam.]

1. (Mar. Law) The throwing overboard of goods from necessity, in order to lighten a vessel in danger of wreck.

2. See Jetsam, 1.

Jet"ton (?), n. [F. jeton.] A metal counter used in playing cards.

Jet"ty (?), a. Made of jet, or like jet in color.

> The people . . . are of a jetty.

Sir T. Browne.

Jet"ty, n.; pl. Jetties (#). [F. jetée a pier, a jetty, a causeway. See Jet a shooting forth, and cf. Jutty.]

1. (Arch.) A part of a building that jets or projects beyond the rest, and overhangs the wall below.

2. A wharf or pier extending from the shore.

3. (Hydraul. Engin.) A structure of wood or stone extended into the sea to influence the current or tide, or to protect a harbor; a mole; as, the Eads system of jetties at the mouth of the Mississippi River.

Jetty head (Naut.), a projecting part at the end of a wharf; the front of a wharf whose side forms one of the cheeks of a dock.

Jet"ty, v. i. To jut out; to project. [Obs.] Florio.

||Jeu" d'es`prit" (?). [F., play of mind.] A witticism.

Jew (?), n. [OF. Juis, pl., F. Juif, L. Judaeus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; the country of the Jews, Judea, fr. Heb. Y&?;h&?;dh Judah, son of Jacob. Cf. Judaic.] Originally, one belonging to the tribe or kingdom of Judah; after the return from the Babylonish captivity, any member of the new state; a Hebrew; an Israelite.

Jew's frankincense, gum styrax, or benzoin. -- Jew's mallow (Bot.), an annual herb (Corchorus olitorius) cultivated in Syria and Egypt as a pot herb, and in India for its fiber. -- Jew's pitch, asphaltum; bitumen. -- The Wandering Jew, an imaginary personage, who, for his cruelty to the Savior during his passion, is doomed to wander on the earth till Christ's second coming.

Jew"bush` (?), n. (Bot.) A euphorbiaceous shrub of the genus Pedilanthus (P. tithymaloides), found in the West Indies, and possessing powerful emetic and drastic qualities.

Jew"el (j"l or j"l), n. [OE. juel, jowel, OF. jouel, juel, joiel, F. joyau, dim. of OF. joie joy, jewel, F. joie joy. See Joy.]

1. An ornament of dress usually made of a precious metal, and having enamel or precious stones as a part of its design.

> Plate of rare device, and jewels
> Of rich and exquisite form.

Shak.

2. A precious stone; a gem. Shak.

3. An object regarded with special affection; a precious thing. "Our prince (jewel of children)." Shak.

4. A bearing for a pivot a pivot in a watch, formed of a crystal or precious stone, as a ruby.

Jewel block (Naut.), block at the extremity of a yard, through which the halyard of a studding sail is rove.

Jew"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jeweled (?), or Jewelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Jeweling, or Jewelling.] To dress, adorn, deck, or supply with jewels, as a dress, a sword hilt, or a watch; to bespangle, as with jewels.

> The long gray tufts . . . are jeweled thick with dew.

M. Arnold.

Jew"el*er (?), n. [Cf. F. joaillier.] One who makes, or deals in, jewels, precious stones, and similar ornaments. [Written also jeweller.]

Jeweler's gold. See under Gold.

Jew"el*ler*y (?), n. See Jewelry. Burke.

Jew"el*ry (?), n. [Cf. F. joaillerie.]

1. The art or trade of a jeweler. Cotgrave.

2. Jewels, collectively; as, a bride's jewelry.

Jew"el*weed` (?), n. (Bot.) See Impatiens.

Jew"ess, n., fem. of Jew. A Hebrew woman.

Jew"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.)

1. A very large serranoid fish (Promicrops itaiara) of Florida and the Gulf of Mexico. It often reaches the weight of five hundred pounds. Its color is olivaceous or yellowish, with numerous brown spots. Called also guasa, and warsaw.

2. A similar gigantic fish (Stereolepis gigas) of Southern California, valued as a food fish.

3. The black grouper of Florida and Texas.

4. A large herringlike fish; the tarpum.

Jew*ise" (?), n. Same as Juise. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Jew"ish (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Jews or Hebrews; characteristic of or resembling the Jews or their customs; Israelitish. -- Jew"ish*ly, adv. -- Jew"ish*ness, n.

Jew"ry (?), n. [OE. Jewerie, OF. Juierie, F. Juiverie.] Judea; also, a district inhabited by Jews; a Jews' quarter. Chaucer.

> Teaching throughout all Jewry.

Luke xxiii. 5.

Jew's"-ear` (?), n. (Bot.) A species of fungus (Hirneola Auricula-Judæ, or Auricula), bearing some resemblance to the human ear.

Jew's-harp` (?), n. [Jew + harp; or possibly a corrupt. of jaw's harp; cf. G. maultrommel, lit., mouthdrum.] 1. An instrument of music, which, when placed between the teeth, gives, by means of a bent metal tongue struck by the finger, a sound which is modulated by the breath; -- called also Jew's-trump.

2. (Naut.) The shackle for joining a chain cable to an anchor.

{ Jew's-stone` (?), Jew"stone` (?) }, n. (Paleon.) A large clavate spine of a fossil sea urchin.

Jez"e*bel (?), n. [From Jezebel, Heb. Izebel, the wife of Ahab king of Israel.] A bold, vicious woman; a termagant. Spectator.

Jha"ral (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A wild goat (Capra Jemlaica) which inhabits the loftiest mountains of India. It has long, coarse hair, forming a thick mane on its head and neck.

Jib (?), n. [Named from its shifting from side to side. See Jib, v. i.., Jibe.]

1. (Naut.) A triangular sail set upon a stay or halyard extending from the foremast or fore-topmast to the bowsprit or the jib boom. Large vessels often carry several jibs; as, inner jib; outer jib; flying jib; etc.

2. (Mach.) The projecting arm of a crane, from which the load is suspended.

Jib boom (Naut.), a spar or boom which serves as an extension of the bowsprit. It is sometimes extended by another spar called the flying jib boom. [Written also gib boom.] -- Jib crane (Mach.), a crane having a horizontal jib on which a trolley moves, bearing the load. -- Jib door (Arch.), a door made flush with the wall, without dressings or moldings; a disguised door. -- Jib header (Naut.), a gaff-topsail, shaped like a jib; a jib-headed topsail. -- Jib topsail (Naut.), a small jib set above and outside of all the other jibs. -- The cut of one's jib, one's outward appearance. [Colloq.] Sir W. Scott.

Jib (?), v. i. [Connected with jibe; cf. OF. giber to shake.] To move restively backward or sidewise, -- said of a horse; to balk. [Written also jibb.] [Eng.]

Jib"ber (?), n. A horse that jibs. [Eng.]

Jibe (jb), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jibed (jbd); p. pr. & vb. n. Jibing (jb"ng).] [Cf. Dan. gibbe, D. gijpen, v. i., and dial. Sw. gippa to jerk. Cf. Jib, n. & v. i.] (Naut.) To shift, as the boom of a fore-and-aft sail, from one side of a vessel to the other when the wind is aft or on the quarter. See Gybe.

Jibe, v. i. 1. (Naut.) To change a ship's course so as to cause a shifting of the boom. See Jibe, v. t., and Gybe.

2. To agree; to harmonize. [Colloq.] Bartlett.

Jif"fy (?), n. [Perh. corrupt. fr. gliff.] [Written also giffy.] A moment; an instant; as, I will be ready in a jiffy. [Colloq.] J. & H. Smith.

Jig (?), n. [OF. gigue a stringed instrument, a kind of dance, F. gigue dance, tune, gig; of German origin; cf. MHG. gge fiddle, G. geige. Cf. Gig a fiddle, Gig a whirligig.]

1. (Mus.) A light, brisk musical movement.

> Hot and hasty, like a Scotch jig.

Shak.

3. A light, humorous piece of writing, esp. in rhyme; a farce in verse; a ballad. [Obs.]

> A jig shall be clapped at, and every rhyme
> Praised and applauded.

Beau. & Fl.

4. A piece of sport; a trick; a prank. [Obs.]

> Is't not a fine jig,
> A precious cunning, in the late Protector?

Beau. & Fl.

5. A trolling bait, consisting of a bright spoon and a hook attached.

6. (Mach.) (a) A small machine or handy tool; esp.: (Metal Working) A contrivance fastened to or inclosing a piece of work, and having hard steel surfaces to guide a tool, as a drill, or to form a shield or templet to work to, as in filing. (b) (Mining) An apparatus or a machine for jigging ore.

Drill jig, a jig for guiding a drill. See Jig, 6 (a). -- Jig drilling, Jig filing (Metal Working), a process of drilling or filing in which the action of the tool is directed or limited by a jig. -- Jig saw, a sawing machine with a narrow, vertically reciprocating saw, used to cut curved and irregular lines, or ornamental patterns in openwork, a scroll saw; -- called also gig saw.

Jig, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jigged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jigging (?).]

1. To sing to the tune of a jig.

> Jig off a tune at the tongue's end.

Shak.

2. To trick or cheat; to cajole; to delude. Ford.

3. (Mining) To sort or separate, as ore in a jigger or sieve. See Jigging, n.

4. (Metal Working) To cut or form, as a piece of metal, in a jigging machine.

Jig, v. i. To dance a jig; to skip about.

> You jig, you amble, and you lisp.

Shak.

Jig"ger (?), n. [A corrupt. of chigre.] (Zoöl.) A species of flea (Sarcopsylla, or Pulex, penetrans), which burrows beneath the skin. See Chigoe.

Jig"ger, n. [See Jig, n. & v.]

1. One who, or that which, jigs; specifically, a miner who sorts or cleans ore by the process of jigging; also, the sieve used in jigging.

2. (Pottery) (a) A horizontal table carrying a revolving mold, on which earthen vessels are shaped by rapid motion; a potter's wheel. (b) A templet or tool by which vessels are shaped on a potter's wheel.

3. (Naut.) (a) A light tackle, consisting of a double and single block and the fall, used for various purposes, as to increase the purchase on a topsail sheet in hauling it home; the watch tackle. Totten. (b) A small fishing vessel, rigged like a yawl. [New Eng.] (c) A supplementary sail. See Dandy, n., 2 (b).

4. A pendulum rolling machine for slicking or graining leather; same as Jack, 4 (i).

Jigger mast. (Naut.) (a) The after mast of a four-masted vessel. (b) The small mast set at the stern of a yawl-rigged boat.

Jig"ging (?), n. (Mining) The act or using a jig; the act of separating ore with a jigger, or wire-bottomed sieve, which is moved up and down in water.

Jigging machine. (a) (Mining) A machine for separating ore by the process of jigging. (b) (Metal Working) A machine with a rotary milling cutter and a templet by which the action of the cutter is guided or limited; -- used for forming the profile of an irregularly shaped piece; a profiling machine.

Jig"gish (?), a. 1. Resembling, or suitable for, a jig, or lively movement. Tatler.

2. Playful; frisky. [R.]

> She is never sad, and yet not jiggish.

Habington.

Jig"gle (?), v. i. [Freq. of jig.] To wriggle or frisk about; to move awkwardly; to shake up and down.

Jig"jog` (?), n. A jolting motion; a jogging pace.

Jig"jog, a. Having a jolting motion.

Jill (?), n. [See Gill sweetheart.] A young woman; a sweetheart. See Gill. Beau. & Fl.

Jill"-flirt` (?), n. A light, giddy, or wanton girl or woman. See Gill-flirt.

Jilt (?), n. [Contr. fr. Scot. jillet a giddy girl, a jill-flirt, dim. of jill a jill.] A woman who capriciously deceives her lover; a coquette; a flirt. Otway.

Jilt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jilted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jilting.] To cast off capriciously or unfeelingly, as a lover; to deceive in love. Locke.

Jilt, v. i. To play the jilt; to practice deception in love; to discard lovers capriciously. Congreve.

Jim"crack` (?), n. See Gimcrack.

Jim"-crow` (?), n. (Mach.) 1. A machine for bending or straightening rails.

2. A planing machine with a reversing tool, to plane both ways.

Jim"my (?), n.; pl. Jimmies (#). [Cf. Jemmy.] A short crowbar used by burglars in breaking open doors. [Written also jemmy.]

Jimp (?), a. [Cf. Gimp, a.] Neat; handsome; elegant. See Gimp.

Jim"son weed` (?). See Jamestown weed. [Local, U.S.]

{ Jin, Jinn (?) }, n. See Jinnee. "Solomon is said to have had power over the jin." Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Jin*gal" (?), n. [Hind. jangl a swivel, a large musket.] A small portable piece of ordnance, mounted on a swivel. [Written also gingal and jingall.] [India]

Jin"gle (?), v. i. [OE. gingelen, ginglen; prob. akin to E. chink; cf. also E. jangle.]

1. To sound with a fine, sharp, rattling, clinking, or tinkling sound; as, sleigh bells jingle. [Written also gingle.]

2. To rhyme or sound with a jingling effect. "Jingling street ballads." Macaulay.

Jin"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jingled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jingling (?).] To cause to give a sharp metallic sound as a little bell, or as coins shaken together; to tinkle.

> The bells she jingled, and the whistle blew.

Pope.

Jin"gle, n. 1. A rattling, clinking, or tinkling sound, as of little bells or pieces of metal.

2. That which makes a jingling sound, as a rattle.

> If you plant where savages are, do not only entertain them with trifles and jingles, but use them justly.

Bacon.

3. A correspondence of sound in rhymes, especially when the verse has little merit; hence, the verse itself." The least jingle of verse." Guardian.

Jingle shell. See Gold shell (b), under Gold.

Jin"gler (?), n. One who, or that which, jingles.

Jin"gling (?), n. The act or process of producing a jingle; also, the sound itself; a chink. "The jingling of the guinea." Tennyson.

Jin"gling*ly, adv. So as to jingle. Lowell.

Jin"go (?), n.; pl. Jingoes (#). [Said to be a corruption of St. Gingoulph.]

1. A word used as a jocular oath. "By the living jingo." Goldsmith.

2. A statesman who pursues, or who favors, aggressive, domineering policy in foreign affairs. [Cant, Eng.]

This sense arose from a doggerel song which was popular during the Turco-Russian war of 1877 and 1878. The first two lines were as follows: --

> We don't want to fight, but by Jingo if we do,
> We 've got the ships, we 've got the men, we 've got the money too.

Jin"go*ism (?), n. The policy of the Jingoes, so called. See Jingo, 2. [Cant, Eng.]

Jin"nee (jn"n), n.; pl. Jinn (jn). [Ar.] (Arabian & Mohammedan Myth.) A genius or demon; one of the fabled genii, good and evil spirits, supposed to be the children of fire, and to have the power of assuming various forms. [Written also jin, djinnee, etc.]

Jinn is also used as sing., with pl. jinns (&?;).

Jin"ny road` (?). [Cf. Gin an engine, Ginnycarriage.] (Mining) An inclined road in a coal mine, on which loaded cars descend by gravity, drawing up empty ones. Knight.

Jin*rik"i*sha (?), n. [Jap. jin man + riki power + sha carriage.] A small, two- wheeled, hooded vehicle drawn by one or more men. [Japan]

Jip"po (jp"p), n. [Abbrev. fr. juppon.] A waistcoat or kind of stays for women.

Jo (?), n.; pl. Joes (#). [Etymol. uncertain.] A sweetheart; a darling. [Scot.] Burns.

Job (jb), n. [Prov. E. job, gob, n., a small piece of wood, v., to stab, strike; cf. E. gob, gobbet; perh. influenced by E. chop to cut off, to mince. See Gob.]

1. A sudden thrust or stab; a jab.

2. A piece of chance or occasional work; any definite work undertaken in gross for a fixed price; as, he did the job for a thousand dollars.

3. A public transaction done for private profit; something performed ostensibly as a part of official duty, but really for private gain; a corrupt official business.

4. Any affair or event which affects one, whether fortunately or unfortunately. [Colloq.]

<! p. 801 !>

5. A situation or opportunity of work; as, he lost his job. [Colloq.]

Job is used adjectively to signify doing jobs, used for jobs, or let on hire to do jobs; as, job printer; job master; job horse; job wagon, etc.

By the job, at a stipulated sum for the work, or for each piece of work done; -- distinguished from time work; as, the house was built by the job. -- Job lot, a quantity of goods, usually miscellaneous, sold out of the regular course of trade, at a certain price for the whole; as, these articles were included in a job lot. -- Job master, one who lest out horses and carriages for hire, as for family use. [Eng.] -- Job printer, one who does miscellaneous printing, esp. circulars, cards, billheads, etc. -- Odd job, miscellaneous work of a petty kind; occasional work, of various kinds, or for various people.

Job (jb), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jobbed (jbd); p. pr. & vb. n. Jobbing.]

1. To strike or stab with a pointed instrument. L'Estrange.

2. To thrust in, as a pointed instrument. Moxon.

3. To do or cause to be done by separate portions or lots; to sublet (work); as, to job a contract.

4. (Com.) To buy and sell, as a broker; to purchase of importers or manufacturers for the purpose of selling to retailers; as, to job goods.

5. To hire or let by the job or for a period of service; as, to job a carriage. Thackeray.

Job, v. i. 1. To do chance work for hire; to work by the piece; to do petty work.

> Authors of all work, to job for the season.

Moore.

2. To seek private gain under pretense of public service; to turn public matters to private advantage.

> And judges job, and bishops bite the town.

Pope.

3. To carry on the business of a jobber in merchandise or stocks.

Job (jb), n. The hero of the book of that name in the Old Testament; the typical patient man.

Job's comforter. (a) A false friend; a tactless or malicious person who, under pretense of sympathy, insinuates rebukes. (b) A boil. [Colloq.] -- Job's news, bad news. Carlyle. -- Job's tears (Bot.), a kind of grass (Coix Lacryma), with hard, shining, pearly grains.

Jo*ba"tion (?), n. [Prov. E. job to scold, to reprove, perh. fr. Job, the proper name.] A scolding; a hand, tedious reproof. [Low] Grose.

Job"ber (?), n. 1. One who works by the job.

2. A dealer in the public stocks or funds; a stockjobber. [Eng.]

3. One who buys goods from importers, wholesalers, or manufacturers, and sells to retailers.

4. One who turns official or public business to private advantage; hence, one who performs low or mercenary work in office, politics, or intrigue.

Job"ber*nowl` (?), n. [OE. jobbernoule, fr. jobarde a stupid fellow; cf. E. noll.] A blockhead. [Colloq. & Obs.] H. Taylor.

Job"ber*y (?), n. 1. The act or practice of jobbing.

2. Underhand management; official corruption; as, municipal jobbery. Mayhew.

Job"bing (?), a. 1. Doing chance work or odd jobs; as, a jobbing carpenter.

2. Using opportunities of public service for private gain; as, a jobbing politician. London Sat. Rev.

Jobbing house, a mercantile establishment which buys from importers, wholesalers or manufacturers, and sells to retailers. [U.S.]

Jo"cant*ry (?), n. [L. jocans, p. pr. of jocare to jest, fr. jocus a jest.] The act or practice of jesting. [Obs.]

Jock"ey (?), n.; pl. Jockeys (#). [Dim. of Jack, Scot. Jock; orig., a boy who rides horses. See 2d Jack.]

1. A professional rider of horses in races. Addison.

2. A dealer in horses; a horse trader. Macaulay.

3. A cheat; one given to sharp practice in trade.

Jock"ey, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jockeyed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jockeying.] 1. " To jostle by riding against one." Johnson.

2. To play the jockey toward; to cheat; to trick; to impose upon in trade; as, to jockey a customer.

Jock"ey, v. i. To play or act the jockey; to cheat.

Jock"ey*ing (?), n. The act or management of one who jockeys; trickery. Beaconsfield.

Jock"ey*ism (?), n. The practice of jockeys.

Jock"ey*ship, n. The art, character, or position, of a jockey; the personality of a jockey.

> Go flatter Sawney for his jockeyship.

Chatterton.

> Where can at last his jockeyship retire?

Cowper.

Jo*cose" (?), a. [L jocosus, fr. jocus joke. See Joke.] Given to jokes and jesting; containing a joke, or abounding in jokes; merry; sportive; humorous.

> To quit their austerity and be jocose and pleasant with an adversary.

Shaftesbury.

> All . . . jocose or comical airs should be excluded.

I. Watts.

Syn. -- Jocular; facetious; witty; merry; pleasant; waggish; sportive; funny; comical.

-- Jo*cose"ly, adv. -- Jo*cose"ness, n.

> Spondanus imagines that Ulysses may possibly speak jocosely, but in truth Ulysses never behaves with levity.

Broome.

> He must beware lest his letter should contain anything like jocoseness; since jesting is incompatible with a holy and serious life.

Buckle.

Jo`co*se"ri*ous (?), a. [Jocose + serious.] Mingling mirth and seriousness. M. Green.

Jo*cos"i*ty (?), n. A jocose act or saying; jocoseness. Sir T. Browne.

Joc"u*lar (?), a. [L. jocularis, fr. joculus, dim. of jocus joke. See Joke.]

1. Given to jesting; jocose; as, a jocular person.

2. Sportive; merry. "Jocular exploits." Cowper.

> The style is serious and partly jocular.

Dryden.

Joc`u*lar"i*ty (?), n. Jesting; merriment.

Joc"u*lar*ly (?), adv. In jest; for sport or mirth; jocosely.

Joc"u*la*ry (?), a. [L. jocularius. Cf. Jocular.] Jocular; jocose; sportive. Bacon.

Joc"u*la`tor (?), n. [L. See Juggler.] A jester; a joker. [Obs.] Strutt.

Joc"u*la*to*ry (?), a. [L. joculatorius.] Droll; sportive. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Joc"und (?), [L. jocundus, jucundus, orig., helpful, fr. juvare to help. See Aid.] Merry; cheerful; gay; airy; lively; sportive.

> Night's candles are burnt out, and jocund day
> Stands tiptoe on the misty mountain tops.

Shak.

> Rural sports and jocund strains.

Prior.

-- Joc"und*ly (#), adv. -- Joc"und*ness, n.

Joc"und, adv. Merrily; cheerfully. Gray.

Jo*cun"di*ty (?), n. [L. jocunditas jucunditas. See Jocund, and cf. Jucundity.] The state or quality of being jocund; gayety; sportiveness.

Joe (?), n. See Johannes.

Joe" Mil"ler (?). [From Joseph Miller, a comic actor, whose name was attached, after his death, to a popular jest book published in 1739.] A jest book; a stale jest; a worn-out joke. [Colloq.]

> It is an old Joe Miller in whist circles, that there are only two reasons that can justify you in not returning trumps to your partner's lead; i. e., first, sudden illness; secondly, having none.

Pole.

Joe`-Pye" weed` (?). (Bot.) A tall composite plant of the genus Eupatorium (E. purpureum), with purplish flowers, and whorled leaves.

Jog (jg), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jogged (jgd); p. pr. & vb. n. Jogging (-gng).] [OE. joggen; cf. W. gogi to shake, and also E. shog, shock, v.]

1. To push or shake with the elbow or hand; to jostle; esp., to push or touch, in order to give notice, to excite one's attention, or to warn.

> Now leaps he upright, jogs me, and cries: Do you see
> Yonder well-favored youth?

Donne.

> Sudden I jogged Ulysses, who was laid
> Fast by my side.

Pope.

2. To suggest to; to notify; to remind; to call the attention of; as, to jog the memory.

3. To cause to jog; to drive at a jog, as a horse. See Jog, v. i.

Jog, v. i. To move by jogs or small shocks, like those of a slow trot; to move slowly, leisurely, or monotonously; -- usually with on, sometimes with over.

> Jog on, jog on, the footpath way.

Shak.

> So hung his destiny, never to rot,
> While he might still jog on and keep his trot.

Milton.

> The good old ways our sires jogged safely over.

R. Browning.

Jog, n. 1. A slight shake; a shake or push intended to give notice or awaken attention; a push; a jolt.

> To give them by turns an invisible jog.

Swift.

2. A rub; a slight stop; an obstruction; hence, an irregularity in motion of from; a hitch; a break in the direction of a line or the surface of a plane. Glanvill.

Jog trot, a slow, regular, jolting gait; hence, a routine habit or method, persistently adhered to. T. Hook.

Jog"ger (?), n. One who jogs. Dryden.

Jog"ging (?), n. The act of giving a jog or jogs; traveling at a jog.

Jog"gle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Joggled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Joggling (?).] [Freq. of jog.]

1. To shake slightly; to push suddenly but slightly, so as to cause to shake or totter; to jostle; to jog.

2. (Arch.) To join by means of joggles, so as to prevent sliding apart; sometimes, loosely, to dowel.

> The struts of a roof are joggled into the truss posts.

Gwilt.

Jog"gle, v. i. To shake or totter; to slip out of place.

Jog"gle, n. [Arch.] A notch or tooth in the joining surface of any piece of building material to prevent slipping; sometimes, but incorrectly, applied to a separate piece fitted into two adjacent stones, or the like.

Joggle joint (Arch.), a joint in any kind of building material, where the joining surfaces are made with joggles.

Jo`han*ne"an (j`hn*n"an), a. Of or pertaining to John, esp. to the Apostle John or his writings. M. Stuart.

Jo*han"nes (j*hn"nz), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, Heb. Yhkhnn, Ykhnn, i. e., one whom Jehovah has blessed; hence F. Jean, E. John.] (Numis.) A Portuguese gold coin of the value of eight dollars, named from the figure of King John which it bears; -- often contracted into joe; as, a joe, or a half joe.

Jo*han"nis*ber`ger (?), n. [G.] A fine white wine produced on the estate of Schloss (or Castle) Johannisberg, on the Rhine.

John (jn), n. [See Johannes.] A proper name of a man.

John-apple, a sort of apple ripe about St. John's Day. Same as Apple-john. -- John Bull, an ideal personification of the typical characteristics of an Englishman, or of the English people. -- John Bullism, English character. W. Irving. -- John Doe (Law), the name formerly given to the fictitious plaintiff in an action of ejectment. Mozley & W. -- John Doree, John Dory. [John (or F. jaune yellow) + Doree, Dory.] (Zoöl.) An oval, compressed, European food fish (Zeus faber). Its color is yellow and olive, with golden, silvery, and blue reflections. It has a round dark spot on each side. Called also dory, doree, and St. Peter's fish.

John"a*dreams` (?), n. A dreamy, idle fellow. Shak.

John"ny (?), n.; pl. Johnnies (&?;). 1. A familiar diminutive of John.

2. (Zoöl.) A sculpin. [Local cant]

Johny Crapaud (&?;), a jocose designation of a Frenchman, or of the French people, collectively.

John"ny*cake` (-kk`), n. A kind of bread made of the meal of maize (Indian corn), mixed with water or milk, etc., and baked. [U.S.] J. Barlow.

John`son*ese" (?), n. The literary style of Dr. Samuel Johnson, or one formed in imitation of it; an inflated, stilted, or pompous style, affecting classical words. E. Everett.

John"son grass` (?). [Named after W. Johnson of Alabama, who planted it about 1840-1845.] (Bot.) A tall perennial grass (Sorghum Halepense), valuable in the Southern and Western States for pasture and hay. The rootstocks are large and juicy and are eagerly sought by swine. Called also Cuba grass, Means grass, Evergreen millet, and Arabian millet.

John*so"ni*an (?), a. Pertaining to or resembling Dr. Johnson or his style; pompous; inflated.

John*so"ni*an*ism (?), n. A manner of acting or of writing peculiar to, or characteristic of, Dr. Johnson. [Written also Johnsonism.]

John's"-wort` (?), n. See St. John's-wort.

Join (join), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Joined (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Joining.] [OE. joinen, joignen, F. joindre, fr. L. jungere to yoke, bind together, join; akin to jugum yoke. See Yoke, and cf. Conjugal, Junction, Junta.]

1. To bring together, literally or figuratively; to place in contact; to connect; to couple; to unite; to combine; to associate; to add; to append.

> Woe unto them that join house to house.

Is. v. 8.

> Held up his left hand, which did flame and burn
> Like twenty torches joined.

Shak.

> Thy tuneful voice with numbers join.

Dryden.

2. To associate one's self to; to be or become connected with; to league one's self with; to unite with; as, to join a party; to join the church.

> We jointly now to join no other head.

Dryden.

3. To unite in marriage.

> He that joineth his virgin in matrimony.

Wyclif.

> What, therefore, God hath joined together, let not man put asunder.

Matt. xix. 6.

4. To enjoin upon; to command. [Obs. & R.]

> They join them penance, as they call it.

Tyndale.

5. To accept, or engage in, as a contest; as, to join encounter, battle, issue. Milton.

To join battle, To join issue. See under Battle, Issue.

Syn. -- To add; annex; unite; connect; combine; consociate; couple; link; append. See Add.

Join, v. i. To be contiguous, close, or in contact; to come together; to unite; to mingle; to form a union; as, the bones of the skull join; two rivers join.

> Whose house joined hard to the synagogue.

Acts xviii. 7.

> Should we again break thy commandments, and join in affinity with the people of these abominations?

Ezra ix. 14.

> Nature and fortune joined to make thee great.

Shak.

Join, n. (Geom.) The line joining two points; the point common to two intersecting lines. Henrici.

Join"ant (?), a. [OF. & F. joignant, p. pr. of joindre to join.] Adjoining. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Join"der (?), n. [F. joindre. See Join, v. t.]

1. The act of joining; a putting together; conjunction.

> Confirmed by mutual joinder of your hands.

Shak.

2. (Law) (a) A joining of parties as plaintiffs or defendants in a suit. (b) Acceptance of an issue tendered in law or fact. (c) A joining of causes of action or defense in civil suits or criminal prosecutions.

Join"er, n. 1. One who, or that which, joins.

2. One whose occupation is to construct articles by joining pieces of wood; a mechanic who does the woodwork (as doors, stairs, etc.) necessary for the finishing of buildings. "One Snug, the joiner." Shak.

3. A wood-working machine, for sawing, plaining, mortising, tenoning, grooving, etc.

Syn. -- See Carpenter.

Join"er*y (?), n. The art, or trade, of a joiner; the work of a joiner.

> A piece of joinery . . . whimsically dovetailed.

Burke.

Join"hand` (?), n. Writing in which letters are joined in words; -- distinguished from writing in single letters. Addison.

Joint (joint), n. [F. joint, fr. joindre, p. p. joint. See Join.]

1. The place or part where two things or parts are joined or united; the union of two or more smooth or even surfaces admitting of a close-fitting or junction; junction; as, a joint between two pieces of timber; a joint in a pipe.

2. A joining of two things or parts so as to admit of motion; an articulation, whether movable or not; a hinge; as, the knee joint; a node or joint of a stem; a ball and socket joint. See Articulation.

> A scaly gauntlet now, with joints of steel,
> Must glove this hand.

Shak.

> To tear thee joint by joint.

Milton.

3. The part or space included between two joints, knots, nodes, or articulations; as, a joint of cane or of a grass stem; a joint of the leg.

4. Any one of the large pieces of meat, as cut into portions by the butcher for roasting.

5. (Geol.) A plane of fracture, or divisional plane, of a rock transverse to the stratification.

6. (Arch.) The space between the adjacent surfaces of two bodies joined and held together, as by means of cement, mortar, etc.; as, a thin joint.

7. The means whereby the meeting surfaces of pieces in a structure are secured together.

Coursing joint (Masonry), the mortar joint between two courses of bricks or stones. -- Fish joint, Miter joint, Universal joint, etc. See under Fish, Miter, etc. -- Joint bolt, a bolt for fastening two pieces, as of wood, one endwise to the other, having a nut embedded in one of the pieces. -- Joint chair (Railroad), the chair that supports the ends of abutting rails. -- Joint coupling, a universal joint for coupling shafting. See under Universal. -- Joint hinge, a hinge having long leaves; a strap hinge. -- Joint splice, a reënforce at a joint, to sustain the parts in their true relation. -- Joint stool. (a) A stool consisting of jointed parts; a folding stool. Shak. (b) A block for supporting the end of a piece at a joint; a joint chair. -- Out of joint, out of place; dislocated, as when the head of a bone slips from its socket; hence, not working well together; disordered. "The time is out of joint." Shak.

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Joint (joint), a. [F., p. p. of joindre. See Join.]

1. Joined; united; combined; concerted; as, joint action.

2. Involving the united activity of two or more; done or produced by two or more working together.

> I read this joint effusion twice over.

T. Hook.

3. United, joined, or sharing with another or with others; not solitary in interest or action; holding in common with an associate, or with associates; acting together; as, joint heir; joint creditor; joint debtor, etc. "Joint tenants of the world." Donne.

4. Shared by, or affecting two or more; held in common; as, joint property; a joint bond.

> A joint burden laid upon us all.

Shak.

Joint committee (Parliamentary Practice), a committee composed of members of the two houses of a legislative body, for the appointment of which concurrent resolutions of the two houses are necessary. Cushing. -- Joint meeting, or Joint session, the meeting or session of two distinct bodies as one; as, a joint meeting of committees representing different corporations; a joint session of both branches of a State legislature to chose a United States senator. "Such joint meeting shall not be dissolved until the electoral votes are all counted and the result declared." Joint Rules of Congress, U. S. -- Joint resolution (Parliamentary Practice), a resolution adopted concurrently by the two branches of a legislative body. "By the constitution of the United States and the rules of the two houses, no absolute distinction is made between bills and joint resolutions." Barclay (Digest). -- Joint rule (Parliamentary Practice), a rule of proceeding adopted by the concurrent action of both branches of a legislative assembly. "Resolved, by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), that the sixteenth and seventeenth joint rules be suspended for the remainder of the session." Journal H. of R., U. S. -- Joint and several (Law), a phrase signifying that the debt, credit, obligation, etc., to which it is applied is held in such a way that the parties in interest are engaged both together and individually thus a joint and several debt is one for which all the debtors may be sued together or either of them individually. -- Joint stock, stock held in company. -- Joint- stock company (Law), a species of partnership, consisting generally of a large number of members, having a capital divided, or agreed to be divided, into shares, the shares owned by any member being usually transferable without the consent of the rest. -- Joint tenancy (Law), a tenure by two or more persons of estate by unity of interest, title, time, and possession, under which the survivor takes the whole. Blackstone. -- Joint tenant (Law), one who holds an estate by joint tenancy.

Joint, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jointed; p. pr. & vb. n. Jointing.]

1. To unite by a joint or joints; to fit together; to prepare so as to fit together; as, to joint boards.

> Pierced through the yielding planks of jointed wood.

Pope.

2. To join; to connect; to unite; to combine.

> Jointing their force 'gainst Cæsar.

Shak.

3. To provide with a joint or joints; to articulate.

> The fingers are jointed together for motion.

Ray.

4. To separate the joints; of; to divide at the joint or joints; to disjoint; to cut up into joints, as meat. "He joints the neck." Dryden.

> Quartering, jointing, seething, and roasting.

Holland.

Joint, v. i. To fit as if by joints; to coalesce as joints do; as, the stones joint, neatly.

Joint"ed, a. Having joints; articulated; full of nodes; knotty; as, a jointed doll; jointed structure. "The jointed herbage." J. Philips. -- Joint"ed*ly, adv.

Joint"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, joints.

2. A plane for smoothing the surfaces of pieces which are to be accurately joined; especially: (a) The longest plane used by a joiner. (b) (Coopering) A long stationary plane, for planing the edges of barrel staves.

3. (Masonry) (a) A bent piece of iron inserted to strengthen the joints of a wall. (b) A tool for pointing the joints in brickwork.

Joint"-fir` (?), n. (Bot.) A genus (Ephedra) of leafless shrubs, with the stems conspicuously jointed; -- called also shrubby horsetail. There are about thirty species, of which two or three are found from Texas to California.

Joint"ing, n. The act or process of making a joint; also, the joints thus produced.

Jointing machine, a planing machine for wood used in furniture and piano factories, etc. -- Jointing plane. See Jointer, 2. -- Jointing rule (Masonry), a long straight rule, used by bricklayers for securing straight joints and faces.

Joint"less, a. Without a joint; rigid; stiff.

Joint"ly, adv. In a joint manner; together; unitedly; in concert; not separately.

> Then jointly to the ground their knees they bow.

Shak.

Joint"ress (?), n. (Law) A woman who has a jointure. [Written also jointuress.] Blackstone.

Join"ture (?), n. [F. jointure a joint, orig., a joining, L. junctura, fr. jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Juncture.]

1. A joining; a joint. [Obs.]

2. (Law) An estate settled on a wife, which she is to enjoy after husband's decease, for her own life at least, in satisfaction of dower.

> The jointure that your king must make,
> Which with her dowry shall be counterpoised.

Shak.

Join"ture (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jointured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jointuring.] To settle a jointure upon.

Join"ture*less, a. Having no jointure.

Join"tur*ess, n. See Jointress. Bouvier.

Joint"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) A slender, nearly leafless, American herb (Polygonum articulatum), with jointed spikes of small flowers.

Joint"worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The larva of a small, hymenopterous fly (Eurytoma hordei), which is found in gall-like swellings on the stalks of wheat, usually at or just above the first joint. In some parts of America it does great damage to the crop.

Joist (joist), n. [OE. giste, OF. giste, F. gîte, fr. gesir to lie, F. gésir. See Gist.] (Arch.) A piece of timber laid horizontally, or nearly so, to which the planks of the floor, or the laths or furring strips of a ceiling, are nailed; -- called, according to its position or use, binding joist, bridging joist, ceiling joist, trimming joist, etc. See Illust. of Double-framed floor, under Double, a.

Joist, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Joisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Joisting.] To fit or furnish with joists. Johnson.

Joke, n. [L. jocus. Cf Jeopardy, Jocular, Juggler.]

1. Something said for the sake of exciting a laugh; something witty or sportive (commonly indicating more of hilarity or humor than jest); a jest; a witticism; as, to crack good-natured jokes.

> And gentle dullness ever loves a joke.

Pope.

> Or witty joke our airy senses moves
> To pleasant laughter.

Gay.

2. Something not said seriously, or not actually meant; something done in sport.

> Inclose whole downs in walls, 't is all a joke.

Pope.

In joke, in jest; sportively; not meant seriously. -- Practical joke. See under Practical.

Joke, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Joked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Joking.] To make merry with; to make jokes upon; to rally; to banter; as, to joke a comrade.

Joke, v. i. [L. jocari.] To do something for sport, or as a joke; to be merry in words or actions; to jest.

> He laughed, shouted, joked, and swore.

Macaulay.

Syn. -- To jest; sport; rally; banter. See Jest.

Jok"er (?), n. 1. One who makes jokes or jests; a humorist; a wag.

2. (Card Playing) See Best bower, under 2d Bower.

Jok"ing*ly, adv. In a joking way; sportively.

{ Jole, Joll } (?), v. t. & n. Same as Jowl. Shak.

Jol*if" (?), a. [See Jolly.] Joyful; merry; pleasant; jolly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Jol`li*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Jolly + L. -ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] A merrymaking; noisy festivity. [Colloq.]

> We have had a jollification or so together.

Sir W. Scott.

Jol"li*ly (?), adv. In a jolly manner.

Jol"li*ment (?), n. Jollity. [Obs.] Spenser.

Jol"li*ness, n. Jollity; noisy mirth. Chaucer.

Jol"li*ty (?), n. [From Jolly: cf. OF. jolieté, joliveté.] Noisy mirth; gayety; merriment; festivity; boisterous enjoyment. Chaucer.

> All now was turned to jollity and game.

Milton.

> He with a proud jollity commanded him to leave that quarrel only for him, who was only worthy to enter into it.

Sir P. Sidney.

Syn. -- Merriment; mirth; gayety; festivity; hilarity.

Jol"ly (jl"l), a. [Compar. Jollier (-l*r); superl. Jolliest.] [OF. joli, jolif, joyful, merry, F. joli pretty; of Scand. origin, akin to E. yule; cf. Icel. jl yule, Christmas feast. See Yule.]

1. Full of life and mirth; jovial; joyous; merry; mirthful.

> Like a jolly troop of huntsmen.

Shak.

> "A jolly place," said he, "in times of old!
> But something ails it now: the spot is cursed."

Wordsworth.

2. Expressing mirth, or inspiring it; exciting mirth and gayety.

> And with his jolly pipe delights the groves.

Prior.

> Their jolly notes they chanted loud and clear.

Fairfax.

3. Of fine appearance; handsome; excellent; lively; agreeable; pleasant. "A jolly cool wind." Sir T. North. [Now mostly colloq.]

> Full jolly knight he seemed, and fair did sit.

Spenser.

> The coachman is swelled into jolly dimensions.

W. Irving.

Jol"ly-boat` (?), n. [A corruption of Dan. jolle yawl, or of D. jol yawl + E. boat. See Yawl the boat.] (Naut.) A boat of medium size belonging to a ship.

Jol"ly*head (?), n. Jollity. [Obs.] Spenser.

Jolt (jlt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jolted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jolting.] [Prob. fr. jole, joll, jowl, and originally meaning, to knock on the head. See Jowl.] To shake with short, abrupt risings and fallings, as a carriage moving on rough ground; as, the coach jolts.

Jolt, v. t. To cause to shake with a sudden up and down motion, as in a carriage going over rough ground, or on a high-trotting horse; as, the horse jolts the rider; fast driving jolts the carriage and the passengers.

Jolt, n. A sudden shock or jerk; a jolting motion, as in a carriage moving over rough ground.

> The first jolt had like to have shaken me out.

Swift.

Jolt"er (?), n. One who, or that which, jolts.

{ Jolt"er*head`, Jolt"head` } (?), n. [See Jolt, Jowl.] A dunce; a blockhead. Sir T. North.

Jolt"ing*ly, adv. In a jolting manner.

Jolt"y (?), a. That jolts; as, a jolty coach. [Colloq.]

Jo"nah (?), n. The Hebrew prophet, who was cast overboard as one who endangered the ship; hence, any person whose presence is unpropitious.

Jonah crab (Zoöl.), a large crab (Cancer borealis) of the eastern coast of the United States, sometimes found between tides, but usually in deep water.

Jo*ne"sian (?), a. Of or pertaining to Jones.

The Jonesian system, a system of transliterating Oriental words by English letters, invented by Sir William Jones.

{ Jon"gleur (?), Jon"gler (?), } n. [F. jongleur. See Juggler.]

1. In the Middle Ages, a court attendant or other person who, for hire, recited or sang verses, usually of his own composition. See Troubadour.

> Vivacity and picturesquenees of the jongleur's verse.

J R. Green.

2. A juggler; a conjuror. See Juggler. Milton.

{ Jon"quil, Jon"quille }, n. [F. jonquille, fr. L. juncus a rush, because it has rushlike leaves.] (Bot.) A bulbous plant of the genus Narcissus (N. Jonquilla), allied to the daffodil. It has long, rushlike leaves, and yellow or white fragrant flowers. The root has emetic properties. It is sometimes called the rush-leaved daffodil. See Illust. of Corona.

Jo"ram (?), n. See Jorum.

{ Jor"dan (?), Jor"den (?), } n. [Prob. fr. the river Jordan, and shortened fr. Jordan bottle a bottle of water from the Jordan, brought back by pilgrims.]

1. A pot or vessel with a large neck, formerly used by physicians and alchemists. [Obs.] Halliwell.

2. A chamber pot. [Obs.] Chaucer. Shak.

Jo"rum (?), n. [Perh. corrupted fr. jorden an earthen pot.] A large drinking vessel; also, its contents. [Colloq. Eng.] Forby.

Jo"seph (?), n. An outer garment worn in the 18th century; esp., a woman's riding habit, buttoned down the front. Fairholt.

Jo"seph's flow"er (?). (Bot.) A composite herb (Tragopogon pratensis), of the same genus as the salsify.

Jo"so (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small gudgeon.

Joss (?), n. [Chinese, corrupt. fr. Pg. deos God, L. deus.] A Chinese household divinity; a Chinese idol. "Critic in jars and josses." Colman (1761).

Joss house, a Chinese temple or house for the Chinese mode of worship. -- Joss stick, a reed covered with a paste made of the dust of odoriferous woods, or a cylinder made wholly of the paste; -- burned by the Chinese before an idol.

Jos"sa (?), interj. A command to a horse, probably meaning "stand still." [Obs.] Chaucer.

Jos"tle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jostled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jostling (?).] [A dim. of joust, just, v. See Joust, and cf. Justle.] [Written also justle.] To run against and shake; to push out of the way; to elbow; to hustle; to disturb by crowding; to crowd against. "Bullies jostled him." Macaulay.

> Systems of movement, physical, intellectual, and moral, which are perpetually jostling each other.

I. Taylor.

Jos"tle, v. i. To push; to crowd; to hustle.

> None jostle with him for the wall.

Lamb.

Jos"tle, n. A conflict by collisions; a crowding or bumping together; interference.

> The jostle of South African nationalities and civilization.

The Nation.

Jos"tle*ment (?), n. Crowding; hustling.

Jot (?), n. [L. iota, Gr. &?; the name of the letter (E. i, Heb. y&?;d), the smallest letter of the Greek alphabet. Cf. Iota.] An iota; a point; a tittle; the smallest particle. Cf. Bit, n.

> Till heaven and earth pass, one jot or one tittle shall in no wise pass from the law, till all be fulfilled.

Matt. v. 18.

> Neither will they bate
> One jot of ceremony.

Shak.

Jot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Jotting.] To set down; to make a brief note of; -- usually followed by down.

Jot"ter (?), n. 1. One who jots down memoranda.

2. A memorandum book.

Jougs (?), n. [F. joug a yoke, L. jugum. See Yoke.] An iron collar fastened to a wall or post, formerly used in Scotland as a kind of pillory. [Written also juggs.] See Juke. Sir W. Scott.

Jou"is*sance (?), n. [F., fr. jouir to enjoy, fr. L. gaudere to rejoice.] Jollity; merriment. [Obs.] Spenser.

Jouk (?), v. i. See Juke.

Joul (?), v. t. See Jowl.

Joule (jl), n. [From the distinguished English physicist, James P. Joule.] (Physics.) A unit of work which is equal to 107 units of work in the C. G. S. system of units (ergs), and is practically equivalent to the energy expended in one second by an electric current of one ampere in a resistance of one ohm. One joule is approximately equal to 0.738 foot pounds.

Joule's equivalent. See under Equivalent, n.

Jounce (jouns), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Jounced (jounst); p. pr. & vb. n. Jouncing (joun"sng).] [Cf. Jaunce.] To jolt; to shake, especially by rough riding or by driving over obstructions.

Jounce, n. A jolt; a shake; a hard trot.

Jour"nal (?), a. [F., fr. L. diurnalis diurnal, fr. diurnus belonging to the day, fr. dies day. See Diurnal.] Daily; diurnal. [Obs.]

> Whiles from their journal labors they did rest.

Spenser.

Jour"nal, n. [F. journal. See Journal, a.]

1. A diary; an account of daily transactions and events. Specifically: (a) (Bookkeeping) A book of accounts, in which is entered a condensed and grouped statement of the daily transactions. (b) (Naut.) A daily register of the ship's course and distance, the winds, weather, incidents of the voyage, etc. (c) (Legislature) The record of daily proceedings, kept by the clerk. (d) A newspaper published daily; by extension, a weekly newspaper or any periodical publication, giving an account of passing events, the proceedings and memoirs of societies, etc.; a periodical; a magazine.

<! p. 803 !>

2. That which has occurred in a day; a day's work or travel; a day's journey. [Obs. & R.] B. Jonson.

3. (Mach.) That portion of a rotating piece, as a shaft, axle, spindle, etc., which turns in a bearing or box. See Illust. of Axle box.

Journal box, or Journal bearing (Mach.) the carrier of a journal; the box in which the journal of a shaft, axle, or pin turns.

Jour"nal*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. journalisme.]

1. The keeping of a journal or diary. [Obs.]

2. The periodical collection and publication of current news; the business of managing, editing, or writing for, journals or newspapers; as, political journalism.

> Journalism is now truly an estate of the realm.

Ed. Rev.

Jour"nal*ist, n. [Cf. F. journaliste.]

1. One who keeps a journal or diary. [Obs.] Mickle.

2. The conductor of a public journal, or one whose business it to write for a public journal; an editorial or other professional writer for a periodical. Addison.

Jour"nal*is"tic (?), a. Pertaining to journals or to journalists; contained in, or characteristic of, the public journals; as, journalistic literature or enterprise.

Jour"nal*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Journalized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Journalizing (?).] To enter or record in a journal or diary. Johnson.

Jour"nal*ize, v. i. to conduct or contribute to a public journal; to follow the profession of a journalist.

Jour"ney (?), n.; pl. Journeys (#). [OE. jornee, journee, prop., a day's journey, OF. jornée, jurnée, a day, a day's work of journey, F. journée, fr. OF. jorn, jurn, jor a day, F. jour, fr. L. diurnus. See Journal.]

1. The travel or work of a day. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> We have yet large day, for scarce the sun
> Hath finished half his journey.

Milton.

2. Travel or passage from one place to another; hence, figuratively, a passage through life.

> The good man . . . is gone a long journey.

Prov. vii. 19.

> We must all have the same journey's end.

Bp. Stillingfleet.

Syn. -- Tour; excursion; trip; expedition; pilgrimage. -- Journey, Tour, Excursion, Pilgrimage. The word journey suggests the idea of a somewhat prolonged traveling for a specific object, leading a person to pass directly from one point to another. In a tour, we take a roundabout course from place to place, more commonly for pleasure, though sometimes on business. An excursion is usually a brief tour or trip for pleasure, health, etc. In a pilgrimage we travel to a place hallowed by our religions affections, or by some train of sacred or tender associations. A journey on important business; the tour of Europe; an excursion to the lakes; a pilgrimage to the Holy Land.

Jour"ney, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Journeyed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Journeying.] To travel from place to place; to go from home to a distance.

> Abram journeyed, going on still toward the south.

Gen. xii. 9.

Jour"ney, v. t. To traverse; to travel over or through. [R.] "I journeyed many a land." Sir W. Scott.

Jour"ney-bat`ed (?), a. Worn out with journeying. [Obs.] Shak.

Jour"ney*er (?), n. One who journeys.

Jour"ney*man (?), n.; pl. Journeymen (&?;). Formerly, a man hired to work by the day; now, commonly, one who has mastered a handicraft or trade; -- distinguished from apprentice and from master workman.

> I have thought some of nature's journeymen had made men, and not made them well.

Shak.

Jour"ney*work` (?), n. Originally, work done by the day; work done by a journeyman at his trade.

Joust (?), v. i. [OE. justen, jousten, OF. jouster, jouster, joster, F. jouter, fr. L. juxta near to, nigh, from the root of jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Jostle.] To engage in mock combat on horseback, as two knights in the lists; to tilt. [Written also just.]

> For the whole army to joust and tourney.

Holland.

Joust, n. [OE. juste, jouste, OF. juste, jouste, joste, F. joute. See Joust, v. i.] A tilting match; a mock combat on horseback between two knights in the lists or inclosed field. [Written also just.]

> Gorgeous knights at joust and tournament.

Milton.

Joust"er, n. One who jousts or tilts.

Jove (?), n. [L. Jupiter, gen. Jovis, OL. Jovis, nom. & gen. for Djovis; akin to E. Tuesday. See Tuesday, and cf. Jupiter.]

1. The chief divinity of the ancient Romans; Jupiter.

2. (Astron.) The planet Jupiter. [R.] Pope.

3. (Alchemy) The metal tin.

Bird of Jove, the eagle.

Jo"vi*al (?), a. [F., fr. L. Jovialis pertaining to Jove. The planet Jupiter was thought to make those born under it joyful or jovial. See Jove.]

1. Of or pertaining to the god, or the planet, Jupiter. [Obs.]

> Our jovial star reigned at his birth.

Shak.

> The fixed stars astrologically differenced by the planets, and esteemed Martial or Jovial according to the colors whereby they answer these planets.

Sir T. Browne.

2. Sunny; serene. [Obs.] "The heavens always joviall." Spenser.

3. Gay; merry; joyous; jolly; mirth- inspiring; hilarious; characterized by mirth or jollity; as, a jovial youth; a jovial company; a jovial poem.

> Be bright and jovial among your guests.

Shak.

> His odes are some of them panegyrical, others moral; the rest are jovial or bacchanalian.

Dryden.

This word is a relic of the belief in planetary influence. Other examples are saturnine, mercurial, martial, lunatic, etc.

Syn. -- Merry; joyous; gay; festive; mirthful; gleeful; jolly; hilarious.

Jo"vi*al*ist (?), n. One who lives a jovial life. Bp. Hall.

Jo`vi*al"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. jovialité.] The quality or state of being jovial. Sir T. Herbert.

Jo"vi*al*ly (?), adv. In a jovial manner; merrily; gayly. B. Jonson.

Jo"vi*al*ness, n. Noisy mirth; joviality. Hewyt.

Jo"vi*al*ty (?), n. Joviality. [R.] Barrow.

Jo"vi*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Jove, or Jupiter (either the deity or the planet).

Jo`vi*cen"tric (?), a. [See Jove, and Center.] (Astron.) Revolving around the planet Jupiter; appearing as viewed from Jupiter. [R.] J. R. Hind.

Jo*vin"ian*ist (?), n. (Script. Hist.) An adherent to the doctrines of Jovinian, a monk of the fourth century, who denied the virginity of Mary, and opposed the asceticism of his time.

Jowl (?), n. [For older chole, chaul, AS. ceaft jaw. Cf. Chaps.] The cheek; the jaw. [Written also jole, choule, chowle, and geoule.]

Cheek by jowl, with the cheeks close together; side by side; in close proximity. "I will go with thee cheek by jole." Shak. " Sits cheek by jowl." Dryden.

Jowl, v. t. To throw, dash, or knock. [Obs.]

> How the knave jowls it to the ground.

Shak.

Jowl"er (?), n. (Zoöl.) A dog with large jowls, as the beagle.

Jow"ter (?), n. A mounted peddler of fish; -- called also jouster. [Obs.] Carew.

Joy (?), n. [OE. joye, OF. joye, joie, goie, F. joie, L. gaudia, pl. of gaudium joy, fr. gaudere to rejoice, to be glad; cf. Gr. &?; to rejoice, &?; proud. Cf. Gaud, Jewel.]

1. The passion or emotion excited by the acquisition or expectation of good; pleasurable feelings or emotions caused by success, good fortune, and the like, or by a rational prospect of possessing what we love or desire; gladness; exhilaration of spirits; delight.

> Her heavenly form beheld, all wished her joy.

Dryden.

> Glides the smooth current of domestic joy.

Johnson.

> Who, for the joy that was set before him, endured the cross, despising the shame.

Heb. xii. 2.

> Tears of true joy for his return.

Shak.

> Joy is a delight of the mind, from the consideration of the present or assured approaching possession of a good.

Locke.

2. That which causes joy or happiness.

> For ye are our glory and joy.

1 Thess. ii. 20.

> A thing of beauty is a joy forever.

Keats.

3. The sign or exhibition of joy; gayety; mirth; merriment; festivity.

> Such joy made Una, when her knight she found.

Spenser.

> The roofs with joy resound.

Dryden.

Joy is used in composition, esp. with participles, to from many self-explaining compounds; as, joy-bells, joy-bringing, joy-inspiring, joy-resounding, etc.

Syn. -- Gladness; pleasure; delight; happiness; exultation; transport; felicity; ecstasy; rapture; bliss; gayety; mirth; merriment; festivity; hilarity.

Joy, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Joyed (joid); p. pr. & vb. n. Joying.] [OF. joir, F. jouir. See Joy, n.] To rejoice; to be glad; to delight; to exult.

> I will joy in the God of my salvation.

Hab. iii. 18.

> In whose sight all things joy.

Milton.

Joy, v. t. 1. To give joy to; to congratulate. [Obs.] "Joy us of our conquest." Dryden.

> To joy the friend, or grapple with the foe.

Prior.

2. To gladden; to make joyful; to exhilarate. [Obs.]

> Neither pleasure's art can joy my spirits.

Shak.

3. To enjoy. [Obs.] See Enjoy.

> Who might have lived and joyed immortal bliss.

Milton.

Joy"ance (?), n. [OF. joiance.] Enjoyment; gayety; festivity; joyfulness. Spenser.

> Some days of joyance are decreed to all.

Byron.

> From what hid fountains doth thy joyance flow?

Trench.

Joy"an*cy (?), n. Joyance. [R.] Carlyle.

Joy"ful (?), a. Full of joy; having or causing joy; very glad; as, a joyful heart. "Joyful tidings." Shak.

> My soul shall be joyful in my God.

Is. lxi. 10.

> Sad for their loss, but joyful of our life.

Pope.

-- Joy"ful*ly, adv. -- Joy"ful*ness, n.

Joy"less, a. Not having joy; not causing joy; unenjoyable. -- Joy"less*ly, adv. -- Joy"less*ness, n.

> With downcast eyes the joyless victor sat.

Dryden.

> Youth and health and war are joyless to him.

Addison.

> [He] pining for the lass,
> Is joyless of the grove, and spurns the growing grass.

Dryden.

Joy"ous (?), a. [OE. joyous, joious, joios, F. joyeux.See Joy.] Glad; gay; merry; joyful; also, affording or inspiring joy; with of before the word or words expressing the cause of joy.

> Is this your joyous city?

Is. xxiii. 7.

> They all as glad as birds of joyous prime.

Spenser.

> And joyous of our conquest early won.

Dryden.

Syn. -- Merry; lively; blithe; gleeful; gay; glad; mirthful; sportive; festive; joyful; happy; blissful; charming; delightful.

-- Joy"ous*ly, adv. -- Joy"ous*ness, n.

Joy"some (&?;), a. Causing joyfulness. [R.]

> This all joysome grove.

T. Browne.

Jub (?), n. [Perh. corrupted fr. jug.] A vessel for holding ale or wine; a jug. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Ju"ba (?), n.; pl. Jubæ (-b). [L., a mane.]

1. (Zoöl.) The mane of an animal.

2. (Bot.) A loose panicle, the axis of which falls to pieces, as in certain grasses.

Ju"bate (?), a. [L. jubatus having a mane.] (Zoöl.) Fringed with long, pendent hair.

||Ju`bé" (?), n. [F.] (Arch.) (a) A chancel screen or rood screen. (b) The gallery above such a screen, from which certain parts of the service were formerly read. See Rood loft, under Rood.

Ju"bi*lant (?), a. [L. jubilans, -antis, p. pr. of jubilare to shout for joy: cf. F. jubilant. See Jubilate.] Uttering songs of triumph; shouting with joy; triumphant; exulting. "The jubilant age." Coleridge.

> While the bright pomp ascended jubilant.

Milton.

Ju"bi*lant*ly, adv. In a jubilant manner.

Ju"bi*lar (?), a. [Cf. F. jubilaire.] Pertaining to, or having the character of, a jubilee. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Ju`bi*la"te (?), n. [L., imperat. of jubilare to shout for joy.]

1. The third Sunday after Easter; -- so called because the introit is the 66th Psalm, which, in the Latin version, begins with the words, "Jubilate Deo."

2. A name of the 100th Psalm; -- so called from its opening word in the Latin version.

Ju"bi*late (?), v. i. [L. jubilatus, p. p. of jubilare.] To exult; to rejoice. [R.] De Quincey.

Ju`bi*la"tion (?), n. [L. jubilatio: cf. F. jubilation.] A triumphant shouting; rejoicing; exultation. "Jubilations and hallelujahs." South.

Ju"bi*lee (?), n. [F. jubilé, L. jubilaeus, Gr. &?;, fr. Heb. y&?;bel the blast of a trumpet, also the grand sabbatical year, which was announced by sound of trumpet.]

1. (Jewish Hist.) Every fiftieth year, being the year following the completion of each seventh sabbath of years, at which time all the slaves of Hebrew blood were liberated, and all lands which had been alienated during the whole period reverted to their former owners. [In this sense spelled also, in some English Bibles, jubile.] Lev. xxv. 8-17.

2. The joyful commemoration held on the fiftieth anniversary of any event; as, the jubilee of Queen Victoria's reign; the jubilee of the American Board of Missions.

3. (R. C. Ch.) A church solemnity or ceremony celebrated at Rome, at stated intervals, originally of one hundred years, but latterly of twenty-five; a plenary and extraordinary indulgence granted by the sovereign pontiff to the universal church. One invariable condition of granting this indulgence is the confession of sins and receiving of the eucharist.

4. A season of general joy.

> The town was all a jubilee of feasts.

Dryden.

5. A state of joy or exultation. [R.] "In the jubilee of his spirits." Sir W. Scott.

Ju*cun"di*ty (?), n. [L. jucunditas, from jucundus.] Pleasantness; agreeableness. See Jocundity. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Ju"dah*ite (?), n. One of the tribe of Judah; a member of the kingdom of Judah; a Jew. Kitto.

{ Ju*da"ic (?), Ju*da"ic*al (?), } a. [L. Judaïcus, fr. Judaea, the country Judea: cf. F. Judaïque. See Jew.] Of or pertaining to the Jews. "The natural or Judaical [religion]." South.

Ju*da"ic*al*ly, adv. After the Jewish manner. Milton.

Ju"da*ism (?), n. [L. Judaïsmus: cf. F. judaïsme.]

1. The religious doctrines and rites of the Jews as enjoined in the laws of Moses. J. S. Mill.

2. Conformity to the Jewish rites and ceremonies.

Ju"da*ist, n. One who believes and practices Judaism.

Ju`da*is"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to Judaism.

Ju`da*i*za"tion (?), n. The act of Judaizing; a conforming to the Jewish religion or ritual. [R.]

Ju"da*ize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Judaized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Judaizing (?).] [Cf. F. judaïser.] To conform to the doctrines, observances, or methods of the Jews; to inculcate or impose Judaism.

> They . . . prevailed on the Galatians to Judaize so far as to observe the rites of Moses in various instances.
> They were Judaizing doctors, who taught the observation of the Mosaic law.

Bp. Bull.

Ju"da*ize, v. t. To impose Jewish observances or rites upon; to convert to Judaism.

> The heretical Theodotion, the Judaized Symmachus.

Milton.

Ju"da*i`zer (?), n. One who conforms to or inculcates Judaism; specifically, pl. (Ch. Hist.), those Jews who accepted Christianity but still adhered to the law of Moses and worshiped in the temple at Jerusalem.

Ju"das (?), n. The disciple who betrayed Christ. Hence: A treacherous person; one who betrays under the semblance of friendship. -- a. Treacherous; betraying.

Judas hole, a peephole or secret opening for spying. -- Judas kiss, a deceitful and treacherous kiss. -- Judas tree (Bot.), a leguminous tree of the genus Cercis, with pretty, rose- colored flowers in clusters along the branches. Judas is said to have hanged himself on a tree of this genus (C. Siliquastrum). C. Canadensis and C. occidentalis are the American species, and are called also redbud.

Ju"das-col`ored (?), a. Red; -- from a tradition that Judas Iscariot had red hair and beard.

> There's treachery in that Judas-colored beard.

Dryden.

Jud"dock (jd"dk), n. [For judcock; jud (equiv. to Prov. E. gid a jacksnipe, W. giach snipe) + cock.] (Zoöl.) See Jacksnipe.

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Ju*de"an (j*d"an), a. [L. Judaeus. See Jew.] Of or pertaining to Judea. -- n. A native of Judea; a Jew.

Judge (jj), n. [OE. juge, OF. & F. juge, fr. OF. jugier, F. juger, to judge. See Judge, v. i.]

1. (Law) A public officer who is invested with authority to hear and determine litigated causes, and to administer justice between parties in courts held for that purpose.

> The parts of a judge in hearing are four: to direct the evidence; to moderate length, repetition, or impertinency of speech; to recapitulate, select, and collate the material points of that which hath been said; and to give the rule or sentence.

Bacon.

2. One who has skill, knowledge, or experience, sufficient to decide on the merits of a question, or on the quality or value of anything; one who discerns properties or relations with skill and readiness; a connoisseur; an expert; a critic.

> A man who is no judge of law may be a good judge of poetry, or eloquence, or of the merits of a painting.

Dryden.

3. A person appointed to decide in a trial of skill, speed, etc., between two or more parties; an umpire; as, a judge in a horse race.

4. (Jewish Hist.) One of the supreme magistrates, with both civil and military powers, who governed Israel for more than four hundred years.

5. pl. The title of the seventh book of the Old Testament; the Book of Judges.

Judge Advocate (Mil. & Nav.), a person appointed to act as prosecutor at a court-martial; he acts as the representative of the government, as the responsible adviser of the court, and also, to a certain extent, as counsel for the accused, when he has no other counsel. -- Judge-Advocate General, in the United States, the title of two officers, one attached to the War Department and having the rank of brigadier general, the other attached to the Navy Department and having the rank of colonel of marines or captain in the navy. The first is chief of the Bureau of Military Justice of the army, the other performs a similar duty for the navy. In England, the designation of a member of the ministry who is the legal adviser of the secretary of state for war, and supreme judge of the proceedings of courts-martial.

Syn. -- Judge, Umpire, Arbitrator, Referee. A judge, in the legal sense, is a magistrate appointed to determine questions of law. An umpire is a person selected to decide between two or more who contend for a prize. An arbitrator is one chosen to allot to two contestants their portion of a claim, usually on grounds of equity and common sense. A referee is one to whom a case is referred for final adjustment. Arbitrations and references are sometimes voluntary, sometimes appointed by a court.

Judge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Judged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Judging.] [OE. jugen, OF. jugier, F. juger, L. judicare, fr. judex judge; jus law or right + dicare to proclaim, pronounce, akin to dicere to say. See Just, a., and Diction, and cf. Judicial.]

1. To hear and determine, as in causes on trial; to decide as a judge; to give judgment; to pass sentence.

> The Lord judge between thee and me.

Gen. xvi. 5.

> Father, who art judge
> Of all things made, and judgest only right!

Milton.

2. To assume the right to pass judgment on another; to sit in judgment or commendation; to criticise or pass adverse judgment upon others. See Judge, v. t., 3.

> Forbear to judge, for we are sinners all.

Shak.

3. To compare facts or ideas, and perceive their relations and attributes, and thus distinguish truth from falsehood; to determine; to discern; to distinguish; to form an opinion about.

> Judge not according to the appearance.

John vii. 24.

> She is wise if I can judge of her.

Shak.

Judge, v. t. 1. To hear and determine by authority, as a case before a court, or a controversy between two parties. "Chaos [shall] judge the strife." Milton.

2. To examine and pass sentence on; to try; to doom.

> God shall judge the righteous and the wicked.

Eccl. iii. 7.

> To bring my whole cause 'fore his holiness,
> And to be judged by him.

Shak.

3. To arrogate judicial authority over; to sit in judgment upon; to be censorious toward.

> Judge not, that ye be not judged.

Matt. vii. 1.

4. To determine upon or deliberation; to esteem; to think; to reckon.

> If ye have judged me to be faithful to the Lord.

Acts xvi. 15.

5. To exercise the functions of a magistrate over; to govern. [Obs.]

> Make us a king to judge us.

1 Sam. viii. 5.

Judg"er (?), n. One who judges. Sir K. Digby.

Judge"ship (?), n. The office of a judge.

Judg"ment (?), n. [OE. jugement, F. jugement, LL. judicamentum, fr. L. judicare. See Judge, v. i.]

1. The act of judging; the operation of the mind, involving comparison and discrimination, by which a knowledge of the values and relations of thins, whether of moral qualities, intellectual concepts, logical propositions, or material facts, is obtained; as, by careful judgment he avoided the peril; by a series of wrong judgments he forfeited confidence.

> I oughte deme, of skilful jugement,
> That in the salte sea my wife is deed.

Chaucer.

2. The power or faculty of performing such operations (see 1); esp., when unqualified, the faculty of judging or deciding rightly, justly, or wisely; good sense; as, a man of judgment; a politician without judgment.

> He shall judge thy people with righteousness and thy poor with judgment.

Ps. lxxii. 2.

> Hernia. I would my father look'd but with my eyes.
> Theseus. Rather your eyes must with his judgment look.

Shak.

3. The conclusion or result of judging; an opinion; a decision.

> She in my judgment was as fair as you.

Shak.

> Who first his judgment asked, and then a place.

Pope.

4. The act of determining, as in courts of law, what is conformable to law and justice; also, the determination, decision, or sentence of a court, or of a judge; the mandate or sentence of God as the judge of all.

> In judgments between rich and poor, consider not what the poor man needs, but what is his own.

Jer. Taylor.

> Most heartily I do beseech the court
> To give the judgment.

Shak.

5. (Philos.) (a) That act of the mind by which two notions or ideas which are apprehended as distinct are compared for the purpose of ascertaining their agreement or disagreement. See 1. The comparison may be threefold: (1) Of individual objects forming a concept. (2) Of concepts giving what is technically called a judgment. (3) Of two judgments giving an inference. Judgments have been further classed as analytic, synthetic, and identical. (b) That power or faculty by which knowledge dependent upon comparison and discrimination is acquired. See 2.

> A judgment is the mental act by which one thing is affirmed or denied of another.

Sir W. Hamilton.

> The power by which we are enabled to perceive what is true or false, probable or improbable, is called by logicians the faculty of judgment.

Stewart.

6. A calamity regarded as sent by God, by way of recompense for wrong committed; a providential punishment. "Judgments are prepared for scorners." Prov. xix. 29. "This judgment of the heavens that makes us tremble." Shak.

7. (Theol.) The final award; the last sentence.

Judgment, abridgment, acknowledgment, and lodgment are in England sometimes written, judgement, abridgement, acknowledgement, and lodgement.

Judgment is used adjectively in many self-explaining combinations; as, judgment hour; judgment throne.

Judgment day (Theol.), the last day, or period when final judgment will be pronounced on the subjects of God's moral government. -- Judgment debt (Law), a debt secured to the creditor by a judge's order. -- Judgment hall, a hall where courts are held. -- Judgment seat, the seat or bench on which judges sit in court; hence, a court; a tribunal. "We shall all stand before the judgment seat of Christ." Rom. xiv. 10. -- Judgment summons (Law), a proceeding by a judgment creditor against a judgment debtor upon an unsatisfied judgment.

Arrest of judgment. (Law) See under Arrest, n. -- Judgment of God, a term formerly applied to extraordinary trials of secret crimes, as by arms and single combat, by ordeal, etc.; it being imagined that God would work miracles to vindicate innocence. See under Ordeal.

Syn. -- Discernment; decision; determination; award; estimate; criticism; taste; discrimination; penetration; sagacity; intelligence; understanding. See Taste.

Ju"di*ca*ble (?), a. [L. judicabilis. See Judge, v. i.] Capable of being judged; capable of being tried or decided upon. Jer. Taylor.

Ju"di*ca*tive (?), a. Having power to judge; judicial; as, the judicative faculty. Hammond.

Ju"di*ca*to*ry (?), a. [L. judicatorius.] Pertaining to the administration of justice; dispensing justice; judicial; as, judicatory tribunals. T. Wharton.

> Power to reject in an authoritative or judicatory way.

Bp. Hall.

Ju"di*ca*to*ry (277), n. [L. judicatorium.]

1. A court of justice; a tribunal. Milton.

2. Administration of justice.

> The supreme court of judicatory.

Clarendon.

Ju"di*ca*ture (?; 135), n. [F., fr. LL. judicatura.]

1. The state or profession of those employed in the administration of justice; also, the dispensing or administration of justice.

> The honor of the judges in their judicature is the king's honor.

Bacon.

2. A court of justice; a judicatory. South.

3. The right of judicial action; jurisdiction; extent jurisdiction of a judge or court.

> Our Savior disputes not here the judicature, for that was not his office, but the morality, of divorce.

Milton.

Ju*di"cial (?), a. [L. judicialis, fr. judicium judgment, fr. judex judge: cf. OF. judicial. See Judge.]

1. Pertaining or appropriate to courts of justice, or to a judge; practiced or conformed to in the administration of justice; sanctioned or ordered by a court; as, judicial power; judicial proceedings; a judicial sale. "Judicial massacres." Macaulay.

> Not a moral but a judicial law, and so was abrogated.

Milton.

2. Fitted or apt for judging or deciding; as, a judicial mind.

3. Belonging to the judiciary, as distinguished from legislative, administrative, or executive. See Executive.

4. Judicious. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Ju*di"cial*ly, adv. In a judicial capacity or judicial manner. "The Lords . . . sitting judicially." Macaulay.

Ju*di"cia*ry (?; 277), a. [L. judiciarius, fr. judicium judgment: cf. F. judiciare. See Judicial.] Of or pertaining to courts of judicature, or legal tribunals; judicial; as, a judiciary proceeding. Bp. Burnet.

Ju*di"cia*ry, n. [Cf. LL. judiciaria, F. judiciaire.] That branch of government in which judicial power is vested; the system of courts of justice in a country; the judges, taken collectively; as, an independent judiciary; the senate committee on the judiciary.

Ju*di"cious (?), a. [F. judicieux, fr. L. judicium judgment. See Judicial.] Of or relating to a court; judicial. [Obs.]

> His last offenses to us
> Shall have judicious hearing.

Shak.

2. Directed or governed by sound judgment; having sound judgment; wise; prudent; sagacious; discreet.

> He is noble, wise, judicious, and best knows
> The fits o' the season.

Shak.

Syn. -- Prudent; discreet; rational; wise; skillful; discerning; sagacious; well-advised.

Ju*di"cious*ly, adv. In a judicious manner; with good judgment; wisely.

Ju*di"cious*ness, n. The quality or state of being judicious; sagacity; sound judgment.

Jug (?), n. [Prob. fr. Jug, a corruption of, or nickname for, Joanna; cf. 2d Jack, and Jill. See Johannes.]

1. A vessel, usually of coarse earthenware, with a swelling belly and narrow mouth, and having a handle on one side.

2. A pitcher; a ewer. [Eng.]

3. A prison; a jail; a lockup. [Slang] Gay.

Jug (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jugged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jugging (?).]

1. To seethe or stew, as in a jug or jar placed in boiling water; as, to jug a hare.

2. To commit to jail; to imprison. [Slang]

Jug, v. i. (Zoöl.) 1. To utter a sound resembling this word, as certain birds do, especially the nightingale.

2. To nestle or collect together in a covey; -- said of quails and partridges.

Ju"gal (?), a. [L. jugalis, fr. jugum yoke.]

1. Relating to a yoke, or to marriage. [Obs.]

2. (Anat.) Pertaining to, or in the region of, the malar, or cheek bone.

||Ju*ga"ta (?), n. pl. [Neut. pl. of L. jugatus, p. p. of jugare to join.] (Numis.) The figures of two heads on a medal or coin, either side by side or joined.

Ju"ga*ted (?), a. (Bot.) Coupled together.

Juge (?), n. A judge. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Jug"e*ment (?), n. Judgment. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ju"ger (?), n. [L. jugerum.] A Roman measure of land, measuring 28,800 square feet, or 240 feet in length by 120 in breadth.

Jug"ger (?), n. (Zoöl.) An East Indian falcon. See Lugger.

Jug"ger*naut` (?), n. [Skr. jaganntha lord of the world.] One of the names under which Vishnu, in his incarnation as Krishna, is worshiped by the Hindoos. [Written also Juggernnath, Jaganath, Jaganatha, etc.]

The principal seat of the worship of Juggernaut is at Pûri in Orissa. At certain times the idol is drawn from the temple by the multitude, on a high car with sixteen wheels. Formerly, fanatics sometimes threw themselves under the wheels to be crushed as a sacrifice to the god.

Jug"gle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Juggled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Juggling (?).] [OE. juglen; cf. OF. jogler, jugler, F. jongler. See Juggler.]

1. To play tricks by sleight of hand; to cause amusement and sport by tricks of skill; to conjure.

2. To practice artifice or imposture.

> Be these juggling fiends no more believed.

Shak.

Jug"gle, v. t. To deceive by trick or artifice.

> Is't possible the spells of France should juggle
> Men into such strange mysteries?

Shak.

Jug"gle, n. 1. A trick by sleight of hand.

2. An imposture; a deception. Tennyson.

> A juggle of state to cozen the people.

Tillotson.

3. A block of timber cut to a length, either in the round or split. Knight.

Jug"gler (?), n. [OE. jogelour, juglur, OF. jogleor, jugleor, jongleor, F. jongleur, fr. L. joculator a jester, joker, fr. joculus a little jest or joke, dim. of jocus jest, joke. See Joke, and cf. Jongleur, Joculator.]

1. One who practices or exhibits tricks by sleight of hand; one skilled in legerdemain; a conjurer.

> As nimble jugglers that deceive the eye.

Shak.

> Jugglers and impostors do daily delude them.

Sir T. Browne.

2. A deceiver; a cheat. Shak.

Jug"gler*ess, n. 1. A female juggler. T. Warton.

Jug"gler*y (?), n. [OE. & OF. joglerie, F. jonglerie.]

1. The art or act of a juggler; sleight of hand.

2. Trickery; imposture; as, political jugglery.

Jug"gling (?), a. Cheating; tricky. -- Jug"gling*ly, adv.

Jug"gling, n. Jugglery; underhand practice.

Juggs (?), n. pl. See Jougs. [Scot.]

Jug"lan*din (?), n. [L. juglans, -andis, a walnut: cf. F. juglandine.] (Chem.) An extractive matter contained in the juice of the green shucks of the walnut (Juglans regia). It is used medicinally as an alterative, and also as a black hair dye.

Jug"lan*dine (?), n. An alkaloid found in the leaves of the walnut (Juglans regia).

||Jug"lans (?), n. [L., walnut.] (Bot.) A genus of valuable trees, including the true walnut of Europe, and the America black walnut, and butternut.

Ju"glone (?), n. [L. juglans the walnut + -one.] (Chem.) A yellow crystalline substance resembling quinone, extracted from green shucks of the walnut (Juglans regia); -- called also nucin.

Ju"gu*lar (?), a. [L. jugulum the collar bone, which joins together the shoulders and the breast, the throat, akin to jungere to yoke, to join: cf. F. jugulaire. See Join.]

1. (Anat.) (a) Of or pertaining to the throat or neck; as, the jugular vein. (b) Of or pertaining to the jugular vein; as, the jugular foramen.

2. (Zoöl.) Having the ventral fins beneath the throat; -- said of certain fishes.

Ju"gu*lar, n. [Cf. F. jugulaire. See Jugular, a.]

1. (Anat.) One of the large veins which return the blood from the head to the heart through two chief trunks, an external and an internal, on each side of the neck; -- called also the jugular vein.

2. (Zoöl.) Any fish which has the ventral fins situated forward of the pectoral fins, or beneath the throat; one of a division of fishes (Jugulares).

Ju"gu*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jugulated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jugulating (?).] [L. jugulatus, p. p. of jugulare, fr. jugulatum. See Jugular.] To cut the throat of. [R.] Jacob Bigelow.

||Ju"gu*lum (?), n.; pl. Jugula (#). [L.] (Zoöl.) The lower throat, or that part of the neck just above the breast.

||Ju"gum (?), n.; pl. L. Juga (#), E. Jugums (#). [L., a yoke, ridge.] (Bot.) (a) One of the ridges commonly found on the fruit of umbelliferous plants. (b) A pair of the opposite leaflets of a pinnate plant.

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Juice (js), n. [OE. juse, F. jus broth, gravy, juice, L. jus; akin to Skr. ysha.] The characteristic fluid of any vegetable or animal substance; the sap or part which can be expressed from fruit, etc.; the fluid part which separates from meat in cooking.

> An animal whose juices are unsound.

Arbuthnot.

> The juice of July flowers.

B. Jonson.

> The juice of Egypt's grape.

Shak.

> Letters which Edward Digby wrote in lemon juice.

Macaulay.

> Cold water draws the juice of meat.

Mrs. Whitney.

Juice (js), v. t. To moisten; to wet. [Obs.] Fuller.

Juice"less, a. Lacking juice; dry. Dr. H. More.

Jui"ci*ness (?), n. The state or quality of being juicy; succulence plants.

Jui"cy (?), a. [Compar. Juicier; superl. Juiciest.] A bounding with juice; succulent. Bacon.

Ju*ise" (?), n. [OF. juise. L. judicium. See Judicial.] Judgment; justice; sentence. [Obs.]

> Up [on] pain of hanging and high juise.

Chaucer.

Ju"jube (j"jb), n. [F., fr. L. zizyphum, Gr. zi`zyfon, Per. zzfn, zizafn, zayzafn.] The sweet and edible drupes (fruits) of several Mediterranean and African species of small trees, of the genus Zizyphus, especially the Z. jujuba, Z. vulgaris, Z. mucronata, and Z. Lotus. The last named is thought to have furnished the lotus of the ancient Libyan Lotophagi, or lotus eaters.

Jujube paste, the dried or inspissated jelly of the jujube; also, a confection made of gum arabic sweetened.

Juke (?), v. i. [from Scottish jouk to bow.] To bend the neck; to bow or duck the head. [Written also jook and jouk.]

> The money merchant was so proud of his trust that he went juking and tossing of his head.

L' Estrange.

Juke, n. The neck of a bird. [Prov. Eng.]

Juke, v. i. [F. juc a roost, perch, jucher to roost, to perch.] To perch on anything, as birds do. [Obs.]

Ju*la"ceous (?), a. [See Julus.] (Bot.) Like an ament, or bearing aments; amentaceous.

Ju"lep (?), n. [F., fr. Sp. julepe, fr. Ar. & Per. julb, jullb, fr. Per. gulb rose water and julep; gul rose + b water.]

1. A refreshing drink flavored with aromatic herbs; esp. (Med.), a sweet, demulcent, acidulous, or mucilaginous mixture, used as a vehicle. Milton.

> Honey in woods, juleps in brooks.

H. Vaughan.

2. A beverage composed of brandy, whisky, or some other spirituous liquor, with sugar, pounded ice, and sprigs of mint; -- called also mint julep. [U.S.]

Jul"ian (?; 277) a. [L. Julianus, fr. Julius. Cf. July, Gillian.] Relating to, or derived from, Julius Cæsar.

Julian calendar, the calendar as adjusted by Julius Cæsar, in which the year was made to consist of 365 days, each fourth year having 366 days. -- Julian epoch, the epoch of the commencement of the Julian calendar, or 46 b. c. -- Julian period, a chronological period of 7,980 years, combining the solar, lunar, and indiction cycles (28 x 19 x 15 = 7,980), being reckoned from the year 4713 B. C., when the first years of these several cycles would coincide, so that if any year of the period be divided by 28, 19, or 15, the remainder will be the year of the corresponding cycle. The Julian period was proposed by Scaliger, to remove or avoid ambiguities in chronological dates, and was so named because composed of Julian years. -- Julian year, the year of 365 days, 6 hours, adopted in the Julian calendar, and in use until superseded by the Gregorian year, as established in the reformed or Gregorian calendar.

||Ju`li*enne" (?), n. [F.] A kind of soup containing thin slices or shreds of carrots, onions, etc.

Ju"li*form (?), a. [Julus + - form.] (Bot.) Having the shape or appearance of a julus or catkin.

||Ju"lus (?), n.; pl.Juli (#). [Of the same origin as iulus.] (Bot.) A catkin or ament. See Ament.

Ju*ly" (?), n.; pl. Julies (#). [L. Julius; -- named from Caius Julius Cæsar, who was born in this month: cf. F. Juillet.] The seventh month of the year, containing thirty-one days.

This month was called Quintilis, or the fifth month, according to the old Roman calendar, in which March was the first month of the year.

Ju*ly"-flow`er (?), n. See Gillyflower.

Ju"mart (?), n. [F.] The fabled offspring of a bull and a mare. Locke.

Jum"ble (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Jumbled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jumbling (?).] [Prob. fr. jump, i. e., to make to jump, or shake.] To mix in a confused mass; to put or throw together without order; -- often followed by together or up.

> Why dost thou blend and jumble such inconsistencies together?

Burton.

> Every clime and age
> Jumbled together.

Tennyson.

Jum"ble, v. i. To meet or unite in a confused way; to mix confusedly. Swift.

Jum"ble, n. 1. A confused mixture; a mass or collection without order; as, a jumble of words.

2. A small, thin, sugared cake, usually ring- shaped.

Jum"ble*ment (?), n. Confused mixture. [Low]

Jum"bler (?), n. One who confuses things.

Jum"bling*ly (?), adv. In a confused manner.

Ju"ment (?), n. [L. jumentum a beast of burden: cf. F. jument a mare, OF., a beast of burden.] A beast; especially, a beast of burden. [Obs.]

> Fitter for juments than men to feed on.

Burton.

Jump (?), n. [Cf. F. jupe a long petticoat, a skirt. Cf. Juppon.] (a) A kind of loose jacket for men. (b) pl. A bodice worn instead of stays by women in the 18th century.

Jump, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jumped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jumping.] [Akin to OD. gumpen, dial. G. gumpen, jumpen.]

1. To spring free from the ground by the muscular action of the feet and legs; to project one's self through the air; to spring; to bound; to leap.

> Not the worst of the three but jumps twelve foot and a half by the square.

Shak.

2. To move as if by jumping; to bounce; to jolt. "The jumping chariots." Nahum iii. 2.

> A flock of geese jump down together.

Dryden.

3. To coincide; to agree; to accord; to tally; -- followed by with. "It jumps with my humor." Shak.

To jump at, to spring to; hence, fig., to accept suddenly or eagerly; as, a fish jumps at a bait; to jump at a chance.

Jump (?), v. t. 1. To pass by a spring or leap; to overleap; as, to jump a stream.

2. To cause to jump; as, he jumped his horse across the ditch.

3. To expose to danger; to risk; to hazard. [Obs.]

> To jump a body with a dangerous physic.

Shak.

4. (Smithwork) (a) To join by a butt weld. (b) To thicken or enlarge by endwise blows; to upset.

5. (Quarrying) To bore with a jumper.

To jump a claim, to enter upon and take possession of land to which another has acquired a claim by prior entry and occupation. [Western U. S. & Australia] See Claim, n., 3. -- To jump one's bail, to abscond while at liberty under bail bonds. [Slang, U. S.]

Jump, n. 1. The act of jumping; a leap; a spring; a bound. "To advance by jumps." Locke.

2. An effort; an attempt; a venture. [Obs.]

> Our fortune lies
> Upon thisjump.

Shak.

3. The space traversed by a leap.

4. (Mining) A dislocation in a stratum; a fault.

5. (Arch.) An abrupt interruption of level in a piece of brickwork or masonry.

From the jump, from the start or beginning. [Colloq.] -- Jump joint. (a) A butt joint. (b) A flush joint, as of plank in carvel-built vessels. -- Jump seat. (a) A movable carriage seat. (b) A carriage constructed with a seat which may be shifted so as to make room for second or extra seat. Also used adjectively; as, a jump-seat wagon.

Jump, a. Nice; exact; matched; fitting; precise. [Obs.] "Jump names." B. Jonson.

Jump, adv. Exactly; pat.[Obs.] Shak.

Jump"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, jumps.

2. A long drilling tool used by masons and quarrymen.

3. A rude kind of sleigh; -- usually, a simple box on runners which are in one piece with the poles that form the thills. [U.S.] J. F. Cooper.

4. (Zoöl.) The larva of the cheese fly. See Cheese fly, under Cheese.

5. (Eccl.) A name applied in the 18th century to certain Calvinistic Methodists in Wales whose worship was characterized by violent convulsions.

6. (Horology) spring to impel the star wheel, also a pawl to lock fast a wheel, in a repeating timepiece.

Baby jumper. See in the Vocabulary. -- Bounty jumper. See under Bounty.

Jump"er, n. [See 1st Jump.] A loose upper garment; as: (a) A sort of blouse worn by workmen over their ordinary dress to protect it. (b) A fur garment worn in Arctic journeys.

Jump"ing, p. a. & vb. n. of Jump, to leap.

Jumping bean, a seed of a Mexican Euphorbia, containing the larva of a moth (Carpocapsa saltitans). The larva by its sudden movements causes the seed to roll to roll and jump about. -- Jumping deer (Zoöl.), a South African rodent (Pedetes Caffer), allied to the jerboa. -- Jumping jack, a toy figure of a man, jointed and made to jump or dance by means of strings. -- Jumping louse (Zoöl.), any of the numerous species of plant lice belonging to the family Psyllidæ, several of which are injurious to fruit trees. -- Jumping mouse (Zoöl.), North American mouse (Zapus Hudsonius), having a long tail and large hind legs. It is noted for its jumping powers. Called also kangaroo mouse. -- Jumping mullet (Zoöl.), gray mullet. -- Jumping shrew (Zoöl.), any African insectivore of the genus Macroscelides. They are allied to the shrews, but have large hind legs adapted for jumping. -- Jumping spider (Zoöl.), spider of the genus Salticus and other related genera; one of the Saltigradæ; -- so called because it leaps upon its prey.

Jump"weld` (?), v. t. See Buttweld, v. t.

Jun*ca"ceous (?), a. [See Juncate.] (Bot.) Of. pertaining to, or resembling, a natural order of plants (Juncaceæ), of which the common rush (Juncus) is the type.

Jun"cate (?), n. See Junket.[Obs.] Spenser.

Jun"cite (?), n. [L. juncus a rush.] (Paleon.) A fossil rush.

Jun"co (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any bird of the genus Junco, which includes several species of North American finches; -- called also snowbird, or blue snowbird.

Jun"cous (?), a. [L. juncosus, fr. juncus a rush.] Full of rushes: resembling rushes; juncaceous. [R.] Johnson.

Junc"tion (?), n. [L. junctio, fr. jungere, junctum, to join: cf. F. jonction. See Join.]

1. The act of joining, or the state of being joined; union; combination; coalition; as, the junction of two armies or detachments; the junction of paths.

2. The place or point of union, meeting, or junction; specifically, the place where two or more lines of railway meet or cross.

Junction plate (Boilers), a covering or break-join plate riveted to and uniting the edges of sheets which make a butt joint. -- Junction rails (Railroads), the switch, or movable, rails, connecting one line of track with another.

Junc"ture (jk"tr; 135), n. [L. junctura, fr. jungere to join. See Jointure.] 1. A joining; a union; an alliance. [Obs.] "Devotional compliance and juncture of hearts." Eikon Basilike.

2. The line or point at which two bodies are joined; a joint; an articulation; a seam; as, the junctures of a vessel or of the bones. Boyle.

3. A point of time; esp., one made critical or important by a concurrence of circumstances; hence, a crisis; an exigency. "Extraordinary junctures." Addison.

> In such a juncture, what can the most plausible and refined philosophy offer?

Berkeley.

June (?), n. [L. Junius: cf. F. Juin. So called either from Junius, the name of a Roman gens, or from Juno, the goddess.] The sixth month of the year, containing thirty days.

> And what is so rare as a day in June?
> Then, if ever, come perfect days.

Lowell.

June beetle, June bug (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large brown beetles of the genus Lachnosterna and related genera; -- so called because they begin to fly, in the northern United States, about the first of June. The larvæ of the June beetles live under ground, and feed upon the roots of grasses and other plants. Called also May bug or May beetle. -- June grass (Bot.), a New England name for Kentucky blue grass. See Blue glass, and Illustration in Appendix.

June"a*ting (?), n. A kind of early apple. [Written also jenneting.]

June"ber`ry (?), n. (Bot.) (a) The small applelike berry of American trees of genus Amelanchier; -- also called service berry. (b) The shrub or tree which bears this fruit; -- also called shad bush, and shad tree.

||Jun`ger*man"ni*a (?), n.; pl. Jungermanniæ (#). [NL. Named after Ludwig Jungermann, a German botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of hepatic mosses, now much circumscribed, but formerly comprising most plants of the order, which is sometimes therefore called Jungermanniaceæ.

Jun"gle (j"g'l), n. [Hind. jangal desert, forest, jungle; Skr. ja&?;gala desert.] A dense growth of brushwood, grasses, reeds, vines, etc.; an almost impenetrable thicket of trees, canes, and reedy vegetation, as in India, Africa, Australia, and Brazil.

> The jungles of India are of bamboos, canes, and other palms, very difficult to penetrate.

Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Jungle bear (Zoöl.), the aswail or sloth bear. -- Jungle cat (Zoöl.), the chaus. -- Jungle cock (Zoöl.), the male of a jungle fowl. -- Jungle fowl. (Zoöl.) (a) Any wild species of the genus Gallus, of which several species inhabit India and the adjacent islands; as, the fork-tailed jungle fowl (G. varius) of Java, G. Stanleyi of Ceylon, and G. Bankiva of India. The latter, which resembles the domestic gamecock, is supposed to be one of the original species from which the domestic fowl was derived. (b) An Australian grallatorial bird (Megapodius tumulus) which is allied to the brush turkey, and, like the latter, lays its eggs in mounds of vegetable matter, where they are hatched by the heat produced by decomposition.

Jun"gly (-gl), a. Consisting of jungles; abounding with jungles; of the nature of a jungle.

Jun"ior (jn"yr; 277), a. [L. contr. fr. juvenior, compar. of juvenis young. See Juvenile.]

1. Less advanced in age than another; younger.

Junior is applied to distinguish the younger of two persons bearing the same name in the same family, and is opposed to senior or elder. Commonly applied to a son who has the same Christian name as his father.

2. Lower in standing or in rank; later in office; as, a junior partner; junior counsel; junior captain.

3. Composed of juniors, whether younger or a lower standing; as, the junior class; of or pertaining to juniors or to a junior class. See Junior, n., 2.

4. Belonging to a younger person, or an earlier time of life.

> Our first studies and junior endeavors.

Sir T. Browne.

Jun"ior, n. 1. A younger person.

> His junior she, by thirty years.

Byron.

2. Hence: One of a lower or later standing; specifically, in American colleges, one in the third year of his course, one in the fourth or final year being designated a senior; in some seminaries, one in the first year, in others, one in the second year, of a three years' course.

Jun*ior"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being junior.

Ju"ni*per (?), n. [L. juniperus, prop., youth-producing, and so called from its evergreen appearance, from the roots of E. juvenile, and parent. Cf. Gin the liquor.] (Bot.) Any evergreen shrub or tree, of the genus Juniperus and order Coniferæ.

The common juniper (J. communis) is a shrub of a low, spreading form, having awl-shaped, rigid leaves in whorls of threes, and bearing small purplish blue berries (or galbuli), of a warm, pungent taste, used as diuretic and in flavoring gin. A resin exudes from the bark, which has erroneously been considered identical with sandarach, and is used as pounce. The oil of juniper is acrid, and used for various purposes, as in medicine, for making varnish, etc. The wood of several species is of a reddish color, hard and durable, and is used in cabinetwork under the names of red cedar, Bermuda cedar, etc.

Juniper worm (Zoöl.), the larva of a geometrid moth (Drepanodes varus). It feeds upon the leaves of the juniper, and mimics the small twigs both in form and color, in a remarkable manner.

Ju"ni*per*in (?), n. (Chem.) A yellow amorphous substance extracted from juniper berries.

Ju"ni*per*ite (?), n. (Paleon.) One of the fossil Coniferæ, evidently allied to the juniper.

<! p. 806 !>

Junk (?), n. A fragment of any solid substance; a thick piece. See Chunk. [Colloq.] Lowell.

Junk, n. [Pg. junco junk, rush, L. juncus a bulrush, of which ropes were made in early ages. Cf. Junket.]

1. Pieces of old cable or old cordage, used for making gaskets, mats, swabs, etc., and when picked to pieces, forming oakum for filling the seams of ships.

2. Old iron, or other metal, glass, paper, etc., bought and sold by junk dealers.

3. (Naut.) Hard salted beef supplied to ships.

Junk bottle , a stout bottle made of thick dark-colored glass. -- Junk dealer, a dealer in old cordage, old metal, glass, etc. -- Junk hook (Whaling), a hook for hauling heavy pieces of blubber on deck. -- Junk ring. (a) A packing of soft material round the piston of a steam engine. (b) A metallic ring for retaining a piston packing in place; (c) A follower. -- Junk shop, a shop where old cordage, and ship's tackle, old iron, old bottles, old paper, etc., are kept for sale. -- Junk vat (Leather Manuf.), a large vat into which spent tan liquor or ooze is pumped. -- Junk wad (Mil.), a wad used in proving cannon; also used in firing hot shot.

Junk, n. [Pg. junco; cf. Jav. & Malay jong, ajong, Chin. chwan.] (Naut.) A large vessel, without keel or prominent stem, and with huge masts in one piece, used by the Chinese, Japanese, Siamese, Malays, etc., in navigating their waters.

||Jun"ker (?), n. [G. Cf. Yonker.] A young German noble or squire; esp., a member of the aristocratic party in Prussia.

Jun"ker*ism (?), n. The principles of the aristocratic party in Prussia.

Jun"ket (?), n. [Formerly also juncate, fr. It. giuncata cream cheese, made in a wicker or rush basket, fr. L. juncus a rush. See 2d Junk, and cf. Juncate.]

1. A cheese cake; a sweetmeat; any delicate food.

> How Faery Mab the junkets eat.

Milton.

> Victuals varied well in taste,
> And other junkets.

Chapman.

2. A feast; an entertainment.

> A new jaunt or junket every night.

Thackeray.

Jun"ket, v. i. To feast; to banquet; to make an entertainment; -- sometimes applied opprobriously to feasting by public officers at the public cost.

> Job's children junketed and feasted together often.

South.

Jun"ket, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Junketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Junketing.] To give entertainment to; to feast.

> The good woman took my lodgings over my head, and was in such a hurry to junket her neighbors.

Walpole.

Jun"ket*ing, n. A feast or entertainment; a revel.

> All those snug junketings and public gormandizings for which the ancient magistrates were equally famous with their modern successors.

W. Irving.

> The apostle would have no reveling or junketing upon the altar.

South.

Jun"ket*ries (?), n. pl. Sweetmeats. [Obs.]

Ju"no (j"n), n.; pl. Junos (-nz). [L.]

1. (Rom. Myth.) The sister and wife of Jupiter, the queen of heaven, and the goddess who presided over marriage. She corresponds to the Greek Hera.

> Sweeter than the lids of Juno's eyes.

Shak.

2. (Astron.) One of the early discovered asteroids.

Bird of Juno, the peacock.

Jun"ta (jn"t), n.; pl. Juntas (-tz). [Sp., fr. L. junctus joined, p. p. of jungere to join. See Join, and cf. Junto.] A council; a convention; a tribunal; an assembly; esp., the grand council of state in Spain.

Jun"to (-t), n.; pl. Juntos (-tz). [Sp. junto united. See Junta.] A secret council to deliberate on affairs of government or politics; a number of men combined for party intrigue; a faction; a cabal; as, a junto of ministers; a junto of politicians.

> The puzzling sons of party next appeared,
> In dark cabals and mighty juntos met.

Thomson.

Jup"ar*tie (?), n. Jeopardy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ju`pa*ti" palm` (?). (Bot.) A great Brazilian palm tree (Raphia tædigera), used by the natives for many purposes.

Jupe (?), n. Same as Jupon.

Ju"pi*ter (?), n. [L., fr. Jovis pater. See Jove.]

1. (Rom. Myth.) The supreme deity, king of gods and men, and reputed to be the son of Saturn and Rhea; Jove. He corresponds to the Greek Zeus.

2. (Astron.) One of the planets, being the brightest except Venus, and the largest of them all, its mean diameter being about 85,000 miles. It revolves about the sun in 4,332.6 days, at a mean distance of 5.2028 from the sun, the earth's mean distance being taken as unity.

Jupiter's beard. (Bot.) (a) A South European herb, with cymes of small red blossoms (Centranthus ruber). (b) The houseleek (Sempervivum tectorum); -- so called from its massive inflorescence, like the sculptured beard of Jove. Prior. (c) the cloverlike Anthyllis Barba-Jovis. -- Jupiter's staff (Bot.), the common mullein; -- so called from its long, rigid spike of yellow blossoms.

{ Ju*pon" (?), Jup*pon" (?), } n. [F. jupon, fr. jupe skirt, Sp. aljuba a Moorish garment, Ar. jubba.] [Written variously jupe, jump, juppo, etc.]

1. A sleeveless jacket worn over the armor in the 14th century. It fitted closely, and descended below the hips. Dryden.

2. A petticoat. Halliwell.

Ju"ra (?), n. [F. & L.] 1. A range of mountains between France and Switzerland.

2. (Geol.) The Jurassic period. See Jurassic.

Ju"ral (?), a. [L. jus, juris, right.]

1. Pertaining to natural or positive right. [R.]

> By the adjective jural we shall denote that which has reference to the doctrine of rights and obligations; as by the adjective "moral" we denote that which has reference to the doctrine of duties.

Whewell.

2. (Law) Of or pertaining to jurisprudence.

||Ju`ra*men"tum (?), n.; pl. Juramenta (&?;). [L.] (Roman & Old Eng. Law) An oath.

Ju*ras"sic (?), a. (Geol.) Of the age of the middle Mesozoic, including, as divided in England and Europe, the Lias, Oölite, and Wealden; -- named from certain rocks of the Jura mountains. -- n. The Jurassic period or formation; -- called also the Jura.

Ju"rat (?), n. [Prov. F. jurat, fr. L. juratus sworn, p. p. of jurare to swear. See Jury, n.]

1. A person under oath; specifically, an officer of the nature of an alderman, in certain municipal corporations in England. Burrill.

2. (Law) The memorandum or certificate at the end of an asffidavit, or a bill or answer in chancery, showing when, before whom, and (in English practice), where, it was sworn or affirmed. Wharton. Bouvier.

Ju"ra*to*ry (?), a. [L. juratorius, fr. jurare to swear: cf. F. juratoire.] Relating to or comprising an oath; as, juratory caution. Ayliffe.

Ju`ra-tri"as (?), n. (Geol.) A term applied to many American Mesozoic strata, in which the characteristics of the Jurassic and Triassic periods appear to be blended. -- Ju`ra-tri*as"sic (#), a.

Jur*dic"ci*on (jr*dk"s*n), n. Jurisdiction. [Obs.]

Jur"don (jûr"dn), n. Jordan. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ju"rel (?), n. (Zoöl.) A yellow carangoid fish of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts (Caranx chrysos), most abundant southward, where it is valued as a food fish; -- called also hardtail, horse crevallé, jack, buffalo jack, skipjack, yellow mackerel, and sometimes, improperly, horse mackerel. Other species of Caranx (as C. fallax) are also sometimes called jurel.

{ Ju*rid"ic (?), Ju*rid"ic*al (?), } a. [L. juridicus relating to the administration of justice; jus, juris, right, law + dicare to pronounce: cf. F. juridique. See Just, a., and Diction.] Pertaining to a judge or to jurisprudence; acting in the distribution of justice; used in courts of law; according to law; legal; as, juridical law. "This juridical sword." Milton.

> The body corporate of the kingdom, in juridical construction, never dies.

Burke.

Juridical days, days on which courts are open.

Ju*rid*ic*al*ly, adv. In a juridical manner.

Ju`ris*con"sult (?), n. [L. jurisconsultus; jus, juris, right + consulere, consultum, to consult: cf. F. jurisconsulte.] (Law) A man learned in the civil law; an expert in juridical science; a professor of jurisprudence; a jurist.

Ju`ris*dic"tion (?), n. [L. jurisdictio; jus, juris, right, law + dictio a saying, speaking: cf. OF. jurisdiction, F. juridiction. See Just, a., and Diction.]

1. (Law) The legal power, right, or authority of a particular court to hear and determine causes, to try criminals, or to execute justice; judicial authority over a cause or class of causes; as, certain suits or actions, or the cognizance of certain crimes, are within the jurisdiction of a particular court, that is, within the limits of its authority or commission.

2. The authority of a sovereign power to govern or legislate; the right of making or enforcing laws; the power or right of exercising authority.

> To live exempt
> From Heaven's high jurisdiction.

Milton.

> You wrought to be a legate; by which power
> You maim'd the jurisdiction of all bishops.

Shak.

3. Sphere of authority; the limits within which any particular power may be exercised, or within which a government or a court has authority.

Jurisdiction, in its most general sense, is the power to make, declare, or apply the law. When confined to the judiciary department, it is what we denominate the judicial power, the right of administering justice through the laws, by the means which the laws have provided for that purpose. Jurisdiction is limited to place or territory, to persons, or to particular subjects. Duponceau.

Ju`ris*dic"tion*al (?), a. [Cf. LL. jurisdictionalis, F. juridictionnel.] Of or pertaining to jurisdiction; as, jurisdictional rights. Barrow.

Ju`ris*dic"tive (?), a. Having jurisdiction. Milton.

Ju`ris*pru"dence (?), n. [L. jurisprudentia; jus, juris, right, law + prudentia a foreseeing, knowledge of a matter, prudence: cf. F. jurisprudence. See Just, a., and Prudence.] The science of juridical law; the knowledge of the laws, customs, and rights of men in a state or community, necessary for the due administration of justice.

> The talents of Abelard were not confined to theology, jurisprudence, philosophy.

J. Warton.

Medical jurisprudence, that branch of juridical law which concerns questions of medicine.

Ju`ris*pru"dent (?), a. [See Jurisprudence.] Understanding law; skilled in jurisprudence. G. West.

Ju`ris*pru"dent, n. [Cf. F. jurisprudent.] One skilled in law or jurisprudence. [R.] De Quincey.

Ju`ris*pru*den"tial (?), a. Of or pertaining to jurisprudence. Stewart.

Ju`rist (?), n. [F. juriste, LL. jurista, fr. L. jus, juris, right, law. See Just, a.] One who professes the science of law; one versed in the law, especially in the civil law; a writer on civil and international law.

> It has ever been the method of public jurists to &?;raw a great part of the analogies on which they form the law of nations from the principles of law which prevail in civil community.

Burke.

{ Ju*ris"tic (?), Ju*ris"tic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to a jurist, to the legal profession, or to jurisprudence. [R.] "Juristic ancestry." Lowell.

Ju"ror (?), n. [F. jureur one who takes oath, L. jurator a swearer, fr. jurare, jurari, to swear. See Jury, n.]

1. (Law) A member of a jury; a juryman.

> I shall both find your lordship judge and juror.

Shak.

2. A member of any jury for awarding prizes, etc.

Ju"ry (?), a. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.) For temporary use; -- applied to a temporary contrivance.

Jury mast, a temporary mast, in place of one that has been carried away, or broken. -- Jury rudder, a rudder constructed for temporary use.

Ju"ry (?), n.; pl. Juries (#). [OF. jurée an assize, fr. jurer to swear, L. jurare, jurari; akin to jus, juris, right, law. See Just, a., and cf. Jurat, Abjure.]

1. (Law) A body of men, usually twelve, selected according to law, impaneled and sworn to inquire into and try any matter of fact, and to render their true verdict according to the evidence legally adduced. See Grand jury under Grand, and Inquest.

> The jury, passing on the prisoner's life.

Shak.

2. A committee for determining relative merit or awarding prizes at an exhibition or competition; as, the art jury gave him the first prize.

Jury of inquest, a coroner's jury. See Inquest.

Ju"ry*man (?), n.; pl. Jurymen (&?;). One who is impaneled on a jury, or who serves as a juror.

Ju"ry-rigged` (?), a. (Naut.) Rigged for temporary service. See Jury, a.

Jus"si (?), n. A delicate fiber, produced in the Philippine Islands from an unidentified plant, of which dresses, etc., are made.

Just (?), a. [F. juste, L. justus, fr. jus right, law, justice; orig., that which is fitting; akin to Skr. yu to join. Cf. Injury, Judge, Jury, Giusto.]

1. Conforming or conformable to rectitude or justice; not doing wrong to any; violating no right or obligation; upright; righteous; honest; true; -- said both of persons and things. "O just but severe law!" Shak.

> There is not a just man upon earth, that doeth good, and sinneth not.

Eccl. vii. 20.

> Just balances, just weights, . . . shall ye have.

Lev. xix. 36.

> How should man be just with God?

Job ix. 2.

> We know your grace to be a man.
> Just and upright.

Shak.

2. Not transgressing the requirement of truth and propriety; conformed to the truth of things, to reason, or to a proper standard; exact; normal; reasonable; regular; due; as, a just statement; a just inference.

> Just of thy word, in every thought sincere.

Pope.

> The prince is here at hand: pleaseth your lordship
> To meet his grace just distance 'tween our armies.

Shak.

> He was a comely personage, a little above just stature.

Bacon.

> Fire fitted with just materials casts a constant heat.

Jer. Taylor.

> When all
> The war shall stand ranged in its just array.

Addison.

> Their named alone would make a just volume.

Burton.

3. Rendering or disposed to render to each one his due; equitable; fair; impartial; as, just judge.

> Men are commonly so just to virtue and goodness as to praise it in others, even when they do not practice it themselves.

Tillotson.

Just intonation. (Mus.) (a) The correct sounding of notes or intervals; true pitch. (b) The giving all chords and intervals in their purity or their exact mathematical ratio, or without temperament; a process in which the number of notes and intervals required in the various keys is much greater than the twelve to the octave used in systems of temperament. H. W. Poole.

Syn. -- Equitable; upright; honest; true; fair; impartial; proper; exact; normal; orderly; regular.

Just, adv. 1. Precisely; exactly; -- in place, time, or degree; neither more nor less than is stated.

> And having just enough, not covet more.

Dryden.

> The god Pan guided my hand just to the heart of the beast.

Sir P. Sidney.

> To-night, at Herne's oak, just 'twixt twelve and one.

Shak.

2. Closely; nearly; almost.

> Just at the point of death.

Sir W. Temple.

3. Barely; merely; scarcely; only; by a very small space or time; as, he just missed the train; just too late.

> A soft Etesian gale
> But just inspired and gently swelled the sail.

Dryden.

Just now, the least possible time since; a moment ago.

Just, v. i. [See Joust.] To joust. Fairfax.

Just, n. A joust. Dryden.

Jus"tice (?), n. [F., fr. L. justitia, fr. justus just. See Just, a.]

1. The quality of being just; conformity to the principles of righteousness and rectitude in all things; strict performance of moral obligations; practical conformity to human or divine law; integrity in the dealings of men with each other; rectitude; equity; uprightness.

> Justice and judgment are the haditation of thy throne.

Ps. ixxxix. 11.

> The king-becoming graces,
> As justice, verity, temperance, stableness, . . .
> I have no relish of them.

Shak.

2. Conformity to truth and reality in expressing opinions and in conduct; fair representation of facts respecting merit or demerit; honesty; fidelity; impartiality; as, the justice of a description or of a judgment; historical justice.

3. The rendering to every one his due or right; just treatment; requital of desert; merited reward or punishment; that which is due to one's conduct or motives.

> This even-handed justice
> Commends the ingredients of our poisoned chalice
> To our own lips.

Shak.

4. Agreeableness to right; equity; justness; as, the justice of a claim.

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5. A person duly commissioned to hold courts, or to try and decide controversies and administer justice.

This title is given to the judges of the common law courts in England and in the United States, and extends to judicial officers and magistrates of every grade.

Bed of justice. See under Bed. - - Chief justice. See in the Vocabulary. -- Justice of the peace (Law), a judicial officer or subordinate magistrate appointed for the conservation of the peace in a specified district, with other incidental powers specified in his commission. In the United States a justice of the peace has jurisdiction to adjudicate certain minor cases, commit offenders, etc.

Syn. -- Equity; law; right; rectitude; honesty; integrity; uprightness; fairness; impartiality. -- Justice, Equity, Law. Justice and equity are the same; but human laws, though designed to secure justice, are of necessity imperfect, and hence what is strictly legal is at times far from being equitable or just. Here a court of equity comes in to redress the grievances. It does so, as distinguished from courts of law; and as the latter are often styled courts of justice, some have fancied that there is in this case a conflict between justice and equity. The real conflict is against the working of the law; this a court of equity brings into accordance with the claims of justice. It would be an unfortunate use of language which should lead any one to imagine he might have justice on his side while practicing iniquity (inequity).

Justice, Rectitude. Rectitude, in its widest sense, is one of the most comprehensive words in our language, denoting absolute conformity to the rule of right in principle and practice. Justice refers more especially to the carrying out of law, and has been considered by moralists as of three kinds: (1) Commutative justice, which gives every man his own property, including things pledged by promise. (2) Distributive justice, which gives every man his exact deserts. (3) General justice, which carries out all the ends of law, though not in every case through the precise channels of commutative or distributive justice; as we see often done by a parent or a ruler in his dealings with those who are subject to his control.

Jus"tice (?), v. t. To administer justice to. [Obs.] Bacon.

Jus"tice*a*ble (?), a. Liable to trial in a court of justice. [Obs.] Hayward.

Jus"tice*hood (?), n. Justiceship. B. Jonson.

Jus"tice*ment (?), n. Administration of justice; procedure in courts of justice. [Obs.] Johnson.

Jus"ti*cer (?), n. One who administers justice; a judge. [Obs.] "Some upright justicer." Shak.

Jus"tice*ship (?), n. The office or dignity of a justice. Holland.

Jus*ti"ci*a*ble (?), a. [Cf. LL. justitiabilis, F. justiciable.] Proper to be examined in a court of justice. Bailey.

Jus*ti"ci*ar (?), n. Same as Justiciary.

Jus*ti"ci*a*ry (?), n. [Cf. LL. justitiarius, F. justicier. See Justice.] (Old Eng. Law) An old name for the judges of the higher English courts.

The chief justiciary, or justiciar, in early English history, was not only the chief justice of the kingdom, but also ex officio regent in the king's absence.

Court of justiciary (Scots Law), the supreme criminal court, having jurisdiction over the whole of Scotland.

{ Jus"ti*co (?), Jus"ti*coat` (?) }, n. [F. justaucorps, lit., close to the body.] Formerly, a close coat or waistcoat with sleeves.

Jus"ti*fi`a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. justifiable. See Justify.] Capable of being justified, or shown to be just.

> Just are the ways of God,
> An justifiable to men.

Milton.

Syn. -- Defensible; vindicable; warrantable; excusable; exculpable; authorizable.

-- Jus"ti*fi`a*ble*ness, n. -- Jus"ti*fi`a*bly, adv.

Jus`ti*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [L. justificatio: cf. F. justification. See Justify.]

1. The act of justifying or the state of being justified; a showing or proving to be just or conformable to law, justice, right, or duty; defense; vindication; support; as, arguments in justification of the prisoner's conduct; his disobedience admits justification.

> I hope, for my brother's justification, he wrote this but as an essay or taste of my virtue.

Shak.

2. (Law) The showing in court of a sufficient lawful reason why a party charged or accused did that for which he is called to answer.

3. (Theol.) The act of justifying, or the state of being justified, in respect to God's requirements.

> Who was delivered for our offenses, and was raised again for our justification.

Rom. iv. 25.

> In such righteousness
> To them by faith imputed, they may find
> Justification toward God, and peace
> Of conscience.

Milton.

4. (Print.) Adjustment of type by spacing it so as to make it exactly fill a line, or of a cut so as to hold it in the right place; also, the leads, quads, etc., used for making such adjustment.

Jus*tif"i*ca*tive (?; 277), a. [Cf. F. justificatif.] Having power to justify; justificatory.

Jus"ti*fi*ca`tor (?), n. [LL. justificator: cf. F. justificateur.] One who justifies or vindicates; a justifier. Johnson.

Jus*tif"i*ca*to*ry (?; 277), a. Vindicatory; defensory; justificative.

Jus"ti*fi`er (?), n. One who justifies; one who vindicates, supports, defends, or absolves.

> Justifiers of themselves and hypocrites.

Strype.

> That he might be just, and the justifier of him which believeth in Jesus.

Rom. iii. 26.

Jus"ti*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Justified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Justifying (?).] [F. justifier, L. justificare; justus just + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See Just, a., and -fy.]

1. To prove or show to be just; to vindicate; to maintain or defend as conformable to law, right, justice, propriety, or duty.

> That to the height of this great argument
> I may assert eternal providence,
> And justify the ways of God to men.

Milton.

> Unless the oppression is so extreme as to justify revolution, it would not justify the evil of breaking up a government.

E. Everett.

2. To pronounce free from guilt or blame; to declare or prove to have done that which is just, right, proper, etc.; to absolve; to exonerate; to clear.

> I can not justify whom the law condemns.

Shak.

3. (Theol.) To treat as if righteous and just; to pardon; to exculpate; to absolve.

> By him all that believe are justified from all things, from which ye could not be justified by the law of Moses.

Acts xiii. 39.

4. To prove; to ratify; to confirm. [Obs.] Shak.

5. (Print.) To make even or true, as lines of type, by proper spacing; to adjust, as type. See Justification, 4.

Syn. -- To defend; maintain; vindicate; excuse; exculpate; absolve; exonerate.

Jus"ti*fy, v. i. 1. (Print.) To form an even surface or true line with something else; to fit exactly.

2. (Law) To take oath to the ownership of property sufficient to qualify one's self as bail or surety.

Jus*tin"i*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Institutes or laws of the Roman Justinian.

Jus"tle (?), v. i. [Freq. of joust, just, v. i. See Joust, v. i., and cf. Jostle.] To run or strike against each other; to encounter; to clash; to jostle. Shak.

> The chariots shall rage in the streets; they shall justle one against another in the broad ways.

Nahum ii. 4.

Jus"tle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Justled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Justling (?).] To push; to drive; to force by running against; to jostle.

> We justled one another out, and disputed the post for a great while.

Addison.

Jus"tle, n. An encounter or shock; a jostle.

Just"ly (?), adv. [From Just, a.] In a just manner; in conformity to law, justice, or propriety; by right; honestly; fairly; accurately. "In equal balance justly weighed." Shak.

> Nothing can justly be despised that can not justly be blamed: where there is no choice there can be no blame.

South.

Just"ness, n. The quality of being just; conformity to truth, propriety, accuracy, exactness, and the like; justice; reasonableness; fairness; equity; as, justness of proportions; the justness of a description or representation; the justness of a cause.

> In value the satisfaction I had in seeing it represented with all the justness and gracefulness of action.

Dryden.

Justness is properly applied to things, and justice to persons; but the distinction is not always observed.

Syn. -- Accuracy; exactness; correctness; propriety; fitness; reasonableness; equity; uprightness; justice.

Jut (jt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Jutted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Jutting.] [A corruption of jet.]

1. To shoot out or forward; to project beyond the main body; as, the jutting part of a building. "In jutting rock and curved shore." Wordsworth.

> It seems to jut out of the structure of the poem.

Sir T. Browne.

2. To butt. [Obs.] "The jutting steer." Mason.

Jut, n. 1. That which projects or juts; a projection.

2. A shove; a push. [Obs.] Udall.

Jute (jt), n. [Hind. jt, Skr. ja matted hair; cf. jaa matted hair, fibrous roots.] The coarse, strong fiber of the East Indian Corchorus olitorius, and C. capsularis; also, the plant itself. The fiber is much used for making mats, gunny cloth, cordage, hangings, paper, etc.

Jutes (jts), n. pl. sing. Jute. (Ethnol.) Jutlanders; one of the Low German tribes, a portion of which settled in Kent, England, in the 5th century.

Jut"land*er (?), n. A native or inhabitant of Jutland in Denmark.

Jut"land*ish, a. Of or pertaining to Jutland, or to the people of Jutland.

Jut"ting (?), a. Projecting, as corbels, cornices, etc. -- Jut"ting*ly, adv.

Jut"ty (?), n. [See Jetty, Jut, Jet.] A projection in a building; also, a pier or mole; a jetty. Shak.

Jut"ty, v. t. & i. To project beyond. [Obs.] Shak.

Ju"ve*nal (?), n. [L. juvenalis youthful, juvenile, fr. juvenis young.] A youth. [Obs.] Shak.

Ju`ve*nes"cence (?), n. A growing young.

Ju`ve*nes"cent (?), a. [L. juvenescens, p. pr. of juvenescere to grow young again, from juvenis young.] Growing or becoming young.

Ju"ve*nile (?; 277), a. [L. juvenilis, from juvenis young; akin to E. young: cf. F. juvénile, juvénil. See Young.]

1. Young; youthful; as, a juvenile appearance. "A juvenile exercitation." Glanvill.

2. Of or pertaining to youth; as, juvenile sports.

Syn. -- Puerile; boyish; childish. See Youthful.

Ju"ve*nile, n. A young person or youth; -- used sportively or familiarly. C. Bronté.

Ju"ve*nile*ness, n. The state or quality of being juvenile; juvenility.

Ju`ve*nil"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Juvenilities (#). [L. juvenilitas: cf. F. juvénilité.]

1. Youthfulness; adolescence. Glanvill.

2. The manners or character of youth; immaturity. Glanvill.

Ju"vi*a (?), n. (Bot.) A Brazilian name for the lofty myrtaceous tree (Bertholetia excelsa) which produces the large seeds known as Brazil nuts.

||Ju*wan"sa (?), n. (Bot.) The camel's thorn. See under Camel.

Ju*wise" (?), n. [Obs.] Same as Juise. Chaucer.

Jux`ta*pose" (?), v. t. [Cf. Juxtaposit, Pose.] To place in juxtaposition. Huxley.

Jux`ta*pos"it (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Juxtaposited; p. pr. & vb. n. Juxtapositing.] [L. juxta near + positus, p. p. of ponere to put.] To place in close connection or contiguity; to juxtapose. Derham.

Jux`ta*po*si"tion (?), n. [L. juxta near + positio position: cf. F. juxtaposition. See Just, v. i., and Position.] A placing or being placed in nearness or contiguity, or side by side; as, a juxtaposition of words.

> Parts that are united by a a mere juxtaposition.

Glanvill.

> Juxtaposition is a very unsafe criterion of continuity.

Hare.

Jym"old (jm"ld), a. [Obs.] See Gimmal.

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K.

K, (k), the eleventh letter of the English alphabet, is nonvocal consonant. The form and sound of the letter K are from the Latin, which used the letter but little except in the early period of the language. It came into the Latin from the Greek, which received it from a Phœnician source, the ultimate origin probably being Egyptian. Etymologically K is most nearly related to c, g, h (which see).

In many words of one syllable k is used after c, as in crack, check, deck, being necessary to exhibit a correct pronunciation in the derivatives, cracked, checked, decked, cracking; since without it, c, before the vowels e and i, would be sounded like s. Formerly, k was added to c in certain words of Latin origin, as in musick, publick, republick; but now it is omitted.

See Guide to Pronunciation , §§ 240, 178, 179, 185.

Kaa"ma (?), n. (Zoöl.) The hartbeest.

Kab"a*la (?), n. See Cabala.

Ka*bas"sou (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Cabassou.

Ka*bob" (?), n. & v. t. See Cabob, n. & v. t.

Ka*book" (?), n. (min.) A clay ironstone found in Ceylon.

Ka*byle" (?), n. [Ar. qabla.] (Ethnol.) A Berber, as in Algiers or Tunis. See Berber.

Kad"der (?), n. [Cf. Caddow.] (Zoöl.) The jackdaw.

{ Ka"di (?), Ka`di*as"ter (?), } n. A Turkish judge. See Cadi.

Ka*fal" (?), n. (Bot.) The Arabian name of two trees of the genus Balsamodendron, which yield a gum resin and a red aromatic wood.

{ Kaf"fir (kf"fr), Ka"fir (kä"fr), } n. [Ar. kfir infidel, pagan, fr. kafara to be skeptical in religious matters; -- a name given to certain infidel races by the Mohammedans. Cf. Giaour.] (Ethnol.) (a) One of a race which, with the Hottentots and Bushmen, inhabit South Africa. They inhabit the country north of Cape Colony, the name being now specifically applied to the tribes living between Cape Colony and Natal; but the Zulus of Natal are true Kaffirs. (b) One of a race inhabiting Kafiristan in Central Asia. [Spelt also Caffre.]

Kaffir corn (Bot.), a Cape Colony name for Indian millet.

Kaf"fle (?), n. See Coffle.

||Ka"fi*lah (?), n. See Cafila.

Kaf"tan (?), n & v. See Caftan.

Kage (?), n. A chantry chapel inclosed with lattice or screen work.

||Ka"gu (?), n. (Zoöl.) A singular, crested, grallatorial bird (Rhinochetos jubatus), native of New Caledonia. It is gray above, paler beneath, and the feathers of the wings and tail are handsomely barred with brown, black, and gray. It is allied to the sun bittern.

Ka`gu*an" (?), n. (Zoöl.) The colugo.

||Ka"ha"ni (?), n. A kind of notary public, or attorney, in the Levant.

Ka*hau" (?), n. [Native name, from its cry.] (Zoöl.) A long-nosed monkey (Semnopithecus nasalis), native of Borneo. The general color of the body is bright chestnut, with the under parts, shoulders, and sides of the head, golden yellow, and the top of the head and upper part of the back brown. Called also proboscis monkey. [Written also kaha.]

Kail (?), n. 1. (Bot.) A kind of headless cabbage. Same as Kale, 1.

2. Any cabbage, greens, or vegetables. [OE. or Scot.]

3. A broth made with kail or other vegetables; hence, any broth; also, a dinner. [Scot.]

Kail yard, a kitchen garden. [Scot.]

||Kai`ma*cam" (?), n. Same as Caimacam.

Kain (?), n. (Scots Law) Poultry, etc., required by the lease to be paid in kind by a tenant to his landlord. Wharton (Law Dict.).

Kai"nit (?), n. [Trade name, fr. kainite.] Salts of potassium used in the manufacture of fertilizers.

Kai"nite (?), n. [Gr. &?; recent.] (Min.) A compound salt consisting chiefly of potassium chloride and magnesium sulphate, occurring at the Stassfurt salt mines in Prussian Saxony.

Kai`no*zo"ic (?), a. See Cenozoic.

Ka*ique" (?), n. (Naut.) See Caique.

Kai"rine (?), n. (Chem.) A pale buff or white crystalline alkaloid derived from quinoline, and used as an antipyretic in medicine.

Kai`ro*line (?), n. (Chem.) An organic base obtained from quinoline. It is used as a febrifuge, and resembles kairine.

Kai"ser (?), n. [Gr., fr. L. Caesar. Cf. Kesar, and Czar.] The ancient title of emperors of Germany assumed by King William of Prussia when crowned sovereign of the new German empire in 1871.

Ka"ka (?), n. [Maori kaka a parrot; -- so named from its note.] (Zoöl.) A New Zealand parrot of the genus Nestor, especially the brown parrot (Nestor meridionalis).

The mountain kaka, or kea (N. notabilis), is remarkable for having recently acquired carnivorous habits. It attacks and kills lambs and pigs, sometimes doing great damage.

Night kaka. (Zoöl.) The kakapo.

Ka`ka*po" (?), n. (Zoöl.) A singular nocturnal parrot (Strigops habroptilus), native of New Zealand. It lives in holes during the day, but is active at night. It resembles an owl in its colors and general appearance. It has large wings, but can fly only a short distance. Called also owl parrot, night parrot, and night kaka.

Kak`a*ral"li (?), n. A kind of wood common in Demerara, durable in salt water, because not subject to the depredations of the sea worm and barnacle.

Kak`is*toc"ra*cy (kk`s*tk"r*s), n. [Gr. ka`kistos worst + kratei^n to rule.] Government by the worst men.

Ka*kox"ene (?), n. See Cacoxene.

Ka*lan" (?), n. (Zoöl.) The sea otter.

Ka`la*sie" (?), n. (Zoöl.) A long-tailed monkey of Borneo (Semnopithecus rubicundus). It has a tuft of long hair on the head.

Kale (?), n. [Scot. kale, kail, cale, colewort, Gael. cael; akin to Ir. cal, W. cawl, Armor. kaol. See Cole.]

1. (Bot.) A variety of cabbage in which the leaves do not form a head, being nearly the original or wild form of the species. [Written also kail, and cale.]

2. See Kail, 2.

Sea kale (Bot.), a European cruciferous herb (Crambe maritima), often used as a pot herb; sea cabbage.

Ka*leege" (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of several species of large, crested, Asiatic pheasants, belonging to the genus Euplocamus, and allied to the firebacks.

{ Ka*lei"do*phon (?), Ka*lei"do*phone (?), } [Gr. &?; beautiful + &?; appearance, form + &?; sound.] (Physics.) An instrument invented by Professor Wheatstone, consisting of a reflecting knob at the end of a vibrating rod or thin plate, for making visible, in the motion of a point of light reflected from the knob, the paths or curves corresponding with the musical notes produced by the vibrations.

Ka*lei"do*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?; beautiful + &?; form + -scope.] An instrument invented by Sir David Brewster, which contains loose fragments of colored glass, etc., and reflecting surfaces so arranged that changes of position exhibit its contents in an endless variety of beautiful colors and symmetrical forms. It has been much employed in arts of design.

> Shifting like the fragments of colored glass in the kaleidoscope.

G. W. Cable.

{ Ka*lei`do*scop"ic (?), Ka*lei`do*scop"ic*al (?), } a. Of, pertaining to, or formed by, a kaleidoscope; variegated.

Kal"en*dar (?), n. See Calendar.

Kal`en*da"ri*al (?), a. See Calendarial.

Kal"en*der (?), n. See 3d Calender.

Kal"ends (?), n. Same as Calends.

||Ka"li (?), n. [Skr. kali.] (Hind. Cosmog.) The last and worst of the four ages of the world; -- considered to have begun B. C. 3102, and to last 432,000 years.

||Ka"li, n. [Skr. kl.] (Hind. Myth.) The black, destroying goddess; -- called also Doorga, Anna Purna.

Ka"li (?), n. [Ar. qali. See Alkali.] (Bot.) The glasswort (Salsola Kali).

Ka"lif (?), n. See Caliph.

Ka"li*form (?), a. [Kali + - form.] Formed like kali, or glasswort.

Ka*lig"e*nous (?), a. [Kali + -genous. See Alkali.] Forming alkalies with oxygen, as some metals.

Ka"li*um (?), n. [NL. See Kali.] (Chem.) Potassium; -- so called by the German chemists.

||Kal"ki (?), n. [Skr.] The name of Vishnu in his tenth and last avatar. Whitworth.

||Kal"mi*a (?), n. [NL. Named in honor of Peter Kalm, a Swedish botanist.] (Bot.) A genus of North American shrubs with poisonous evergreen foliage and corymbs of showy flowers. Called also mountain laurel, ivy bush, lamb kill, calico bush, etc.

Kal"muck (?), n. 1. pl. (Ethnol.) See Calmucks.

2. A kind of shaggy cloth, resembling bearskin.

3. A coarse, dyed, cotton cloth, made in Prussia.

Ka*long" (?), n. (Zoöl.) A fruit bat, esp. the Indian edible fruit bat (Pteropus edulis).

Ka*loy"er (?), n. See Caloyer.

||Kal"pa (?), n. [Skr.] (Hind. Myth.) One of the Brahmanic eons, a period of 4,320,000,000 years. At the end of each Kalpa the world is annihilated.

Kal"so*mine (?), n. & v. t. Same as Calcimine.

Kam (?), a. [From Celtic; cf. Gael., Ir., & W. cam. Cf. Jamb, n.] Crooked; awry. [Obs.] "This is clean kam." Shak.

||Ka"ma (?), n. [Skr. kma love, the god of love.] The Hindoo Cupid. He is represented as a beautiful youth, with a bow of sugar cane or flowers.

Ka*ma"la (?), n. (Bot.) The red dusty hairs of the capsules of an East Indian tree (Mallotus Philippinensis) used for dyeing silk. It is violently emetic, and is used in the treatment of tapeworm. [Written also kameela.]

Kame (?), n. A low ridge. [Scot.] See Eschar.

||Ka"mi (?), n. pl. [Japanese.] A title given to the celestial gods of the first mythical dynasty of Japan and extended to the demigods of the second dynasty, and then to the long line of spiritual princes still represented by the mikado.

Ka"mi*chi (?), n. (Zoöl.) A curious South American bird (Anhima, or Palamedea, cornuta), often domesticated by the natives and kept with poultry, which it defends against birds of prey. It has a long, slender, hornlike ornament on its head, and two sharp spurs on each wing. Although its beak, feet, and legs resemble those of gallinaceous birds, it is related in anatomical characters to the ducks and geese (Anseres). Called also horned screamer. The name is sometimes applied also to the chaja. See Chaja, and Screamer.

Kamp*tu"li*con (?), n. [Gr. &?; to bend + &?; material, fr. &?; wood, matter.] A kind of elastic floor cloth, made of India rubber, gutta-percha, linseed oil, and powdered cork.

Kam"py*lite (?), n. [Gr. &?; bent, curved, fr. &?; to bend.] (Min.) A variety of mimetite or arseniate of lead in hexagonal prisms of a fine orange yellow. [Written also campylite.]

{ Kam*sin", Kham*sin" } (?), n. [Ar. khamsn, fr. khamsn, oblique case khamsn, fifty; -- so called because it blows for about fifty days, from April till June.] A hot southwesterly wind in Egypt, coming from the Sahara. [Written also Khamseen.]

Kam"tscha*dales (?), n. pl. (Ethnol.) An aboriginal tribe inhabiting the southern part of Kamtschatka.

Kan (?), v. t. To know; to ken. [Obs.] See Ken.

Kan (?), n. See Khan.

{ Ka*nack"a (?), Ka*na"ka (?), } n. [Native name, prop., a man.] A native of the Sandwich Islands.

Kan"chil (?), n. [Malay canchl.] (Zoöl.) A small chevrotain of the genus Tragulus, esp. T. pygmæus, or T. kanchil, inhabiting Java, Sumatra, and adjacent islands; a deerlet. It is noted for its agility and cunning.

Kand (?), n. (Mining) Fluor spar; -- so called by Cornish miners.

Kan"ga*roo" (?), n. [Said to be the native name.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of jumping marsupials of the family Macropodidæ. They inhabit Australia, New Guinea, and adjacent islands, They have long and strong hind legs and a large tail, while the fore legs are comparatively short and feeble. The giant kangaroo (Macropus major) is the largest species, sometimes becoming twelve or fourteen feet in total length. The tree kangaroos, belonging to the genus Dendrolagus, live in trees; the rock kangaroos, of the genus Petrogale, inhabit rocky situations; and the brush kangaroos, of the genus Halmaturus, inhabit wooded districts. See Wallaby.

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Kangaroo apple (Bot.), the edible fruit of the Tasmanian plant Solanum aviculare. -- Kangaroo grass (Bot.), a perennial Australian forage grass (Anthistiria australis). -- Kangaroo hare (Zoöl.), the jerboa kangaroo. See under Jerboa. -- Kangaroo mouse. (Zoöl.) See Jumping mouse, under Jumping. -- Kangaroo rat (Zoöl.), the potoroo.

Kan"sas (?), n. pl. (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians allied to the Winnebagoes and Osages. They formerly inhabited the region which is now the State of Kansas, but were removed to the Indian Territory.

Kant"i*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Immanuel Kant, the German philosopher; conformed or relating to any or all of the philosophical doctrines of Immanuel Kant.

Kant"i*an, n. A follower of Kant; a Kantist.

{ Kant"i*an*ism, Kant"ism } (?), n. The doctrine or theory of Kant; the Kantian philosophy.

Kant"ist n. A disciple or follower of Kant.

Kant"try (?), n. Same as Cantred.

{ Ka"o*lin, Ka"o*line } (?), n. [Chin. kao-ling.] (Min.) A very pure white clay, ordinarily in the form of an impalpable powder, and used to form the paste of porcelain; China clay; porcelain clay. It is chiefly derived from the decomposition of common feldspar.

The name is now applied to all porcelain clays which endure the fire without discoloration.

Ka`o*lin`i*za"tion (?), n. The process by which feldspar is changed into kaolin.

Ka"o*lin*ize (?), v. t. To convert into kaolin.

||Ka*pel"le (?), n. [G.] (Mus.) A chapel; hence, the choir or orchestra of a prince's chapel; now, a musical establishment, usually orchestral. Grove.

||Ka*pell"meis`ter (?), n. [G.] (Mus.) See Capellmeister.

Ka"pi*a (?), n. [Native name.] (Min.) The fossil resin of the kauri tree of New Zealand.

Kap"no*mar (?), n. (Chem.) See Capnomor.

Kar"a*gane (?), n. [Russ. karagan'] (Zoöl.) A species of gray fox found in Russia.

Ka"ra*ism (?), n. Doctrines of the Karaites.

Ka"ra*ite (?), n. [Heb. qr to read.] (Eccl. Hist.) A sect of Jews who adhere closely to the letter of the Scriptures, rejecting the oral law, and allowing the Talmud no binding authority; -- opposed to the Rabbinists.

Ka*ra"tas (?), n. (Bot.) A West Indian plant of the Pineapple family (Nidularium Karatas).

Kar"ma (?), n. [Skr.] (Buddhism) One's acts considered as fixing one's lot in the future existence. (Theos.) The doctrine of fate as the inflexible result of cause and effect; the theory of inevitable consequence.

Kar*ma"thi*an (?), n. One of a Mohammedan sect founded in the ninth century by Karmat.

Karn (?), n. [Cornish. Cf. Cairn.] (Mining) A pile of rocks; sometimes, the solid rock. See Cairn.

Ka"rob (?), n. [Cf. Carat.] The twenty-fourth part of a grain; -- a weight used by goldsmiths. Crabb.

Kar"pho*lite (?), n. [Gr. &?; rice straw + -lite: cf. F. carpholithe.] (Min.) A fibrous mineral occurring in tufts of a straw-yellow color. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and manganese.

Kar*roo" (kr*r"), n.; pl. Karroos (-rz"). One of the dry table-lands of South Africa, which often rise terracelike to considerable elevations. [Also karoo.]

The Great Karroo, or The Karroo, a vast plateau, in Cape Colony, stretching through five degrees of longitude, at an elevation of about 3,000 feet.

Kar"sten*ite (?), n. Same as Anhydrite.

Kar"vel (?), n. [Obs.] See Carvel, and Caravel.

||Kar"y*o*ki*ne`sis (kr`**k*n"ss), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ka`ryon a nut, kernel + kinei^n to move.] (Biol.) The indirect division of cells in which, prior to division of the cell protoplasm, complicated changes take place in the nucleus, attended with movement of the nuclear fibrils; -- opposed to karyostenosis. The nucleus becomes enlarged and convoluted, and finally the threads are separated into two groups which ultimately become disconnected and constitute the daughter nuclei. Called also mitosis. See Cell development, under Cell.

Kar`y*o*ki*net"ic (-nt"k), a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to karyokinesis; as, karyokinetic changes of cell division.

||Kar`y*om"i*ton (-m"*tn), n. [NL., Gr. ka`ryon a nut + mi`tos a thread.] (Biol.) The reticular network of fine fibers, of which the nucleus of a cell is in part composed; -- in opposition to kytomiton, or the network in the body of the cell. W. Flemming.

||Kar`y*o*plas"ma (kr`**plz"m), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ka`ryon a nut + pla`sma a thing molded.] (Biol.) The protoplasmic substance of the nucleus of a cell: nucleoplasm; -- in opposition to kytoplasma, the protoplasm of the cell.

||Kar`y*o*ste*no"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ka`ryon a nut, kernel + &?; a being straitened.] (Biol.) Direct cell division (in which there is first a simple division of the nucleus, without any changes in its structure, followed by division of the protoplasm of the cell); -- in opposition to karyokinesis.
[1913 Webster]

Kar`y*o*ste*not"ic (?), a. (Biol.) Pertaining to, or connected with, karyostenosis; as, the karyostenotic mode of nuclear division.

Ka*sack" (kt), n. (Ethnol.) Same as Cossack.

Kat (kät), n. (Bot.) An Arabian shrub (Catha edulis) the leaves of which are used as tea by the Arabs.

Kat`a*bol"ic (?), a. (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to katabolism; as, katabolic processes, which give rise to substances (katastates) of decreasing complexity and increasing stability.

Ka*tab"o*lism (?), n. [Gr. &?; down + &?; to throw.] (Physiol.) Destructive or downward metabolism; regressive metamorphism; -- opposed to anabolism. See Disassimilation.

Kat"a*state (?), n. [Gr. (&?;) down + (&?;) to cause to stand.] (Physiol.) A substance formed by a katabolic process; -- opposed to anastate. See Katabolic.

Kate (?), n. (Zoöl.) The brambling finch.

Kath"e*tal (?), a. [Gr. &?; a perpendicular line. See Cathetus.] (Math.) Making a right angle; perpendicular, as two lines or two sides of a triangle, which include a right angle.

Kath`e*tom"e*ter (?), n. Same as Cathetometer.

Kat`ti*mun"doo (?), n. A caoutchouc-like substance obtained from the milky juice of the East Indian Euphorbia Kattimundoo. It is used as a cement.

Ka"ty*did` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large, green, arboreal, orthopterous insect (Cyrtophyllus concavus) of the family Locustidæ, common in the United States. The males have stridulating organs at the bases of the front wings. During the summer and autumn, in the evening, the males make a peculiar, loud, shrill sound, resembling the combination Katy-did, whence the name.

||Ka"u*ri (?), n. [Native name.] (Bot.) A lofty coniferous tree of New Zealand Agathis, or Dammara, australis), furnishing valuable timber and yielding one kind of dammar resin. [Written also kaudi, cowdie, and cowrie.]

Ka"va (?), n. [Polynesian.] (Bot.) A species of Macropiper (M. methysticum), the long pepper, from the root of which an intoxicating beverage is made by the Polynesians, by a process of mastication; also, the beverage itself. [Written also kawa, kava, and ava.]

Ka*vass" (?), n.; pl. Kavasses (#) [Turk. kvvs] An armed constable; also, a government servant or courier. [Turkey]

Kaw (?), v. i. & n. See Caw.

Ka*wa"ka (?), n. (Bot.) a New Zealand tree, the Cypress cedar (Libocedrus Doniana), having a valuable, fine-grained, reddish wood.

Kawn (?), n. An inn. [Turkey] See Khan.

Kay"ak (?), n. (Naut.) A light canoe, made of skins stretched over a frame, and usually capable of carrying but one person, who sits amidships and uses a double-bladed paddle. It is peculiar to the Eskimos and other Arctic tribes.

Kay"ak*er (?), n. One who uses a kayak.

Kay"ko (?), n. (Zoöl.) The dog salmon.

Kayles (?), n. pl. [Akin to Dan. kegle, Sw. kegla, D. & G. kegel, OHG. kegil, whence F. quille.] A game; ninepins. [Prov Eng.] Carew.

Kay"nard (?), n. [F. cagnard.] A lazy or cowardly person; a rascal. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Keck (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kecked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Kecking.] [Cf. dial. G. köcken, köken.] To heave or to retch, as in an effort to vomit. [R.] Swift.

Keck, n. An effort to vomit; queasiness. [R.]

Kec"kle (?), v. i. & n. See Keck, v. i. & n.

Kec"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Keckled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Keckling (?).] (Naut.) To wind old rope around, as a cable, to preserve its surface from being fretted, or to wind iron chains around, to defend from the friction of a rocky bottom, or from the ice. Totten.

Kec"kling (?), n. Old rope or iron chains wound around a cable. See Keckle, v. t.

Kec"klish (?), a. [From keck, keckle.] Inclined to vomit; squeamish. [R.] Holland.

Keck"sy (?), n.; pl. Kecksies (-sz). [Properly pl. of kex. See Kex.] (Bot.) The hollow stalk of an umbelliferous plant, such as the cow parsnip or the hemlock. [Written also kex, and in pl., kecks, kaxes.]

> Nothing teems
> But hateful docks, rough thistles, kecksies, burs.

Shak.

Keck"y (?), a. Resembling a kecksy. Grew.

Kedge (kj), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kedged (kjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Kedging.] [Cf. dial. Sw. keka to tug, to drag one's self slowly forward; or perh. fr. ked, and kedge, n., for keg anchor, named from the keg or cask fastened to the anchor to show where it lies.] (Naut.) To move (a vessel) by carrying out a kedge in a boat, dropping it overboard, and hauling the vessel up to it.

Kedge, n. [See Kedge, v. t.] (Naut.) A small anchor used whenever a large one can be dispensed with. See Kedge, v. t., and Anchor, n.

Kedg"er (?) n. (Naut.) A small anchor; a kedge.

Ked"lock (kd"lk), n. [Cf. dial. G. köddik, küdik, kettich, keek, Dan. kidike, E. charlock, and AS. cedelc the herb mercury.] (Bot.) See Charlock.

Kee (k), n. pl. of Cow. [AS. c, pl. of c cow. See Kine.] See Kie, Ky, and Kine. [Prov. Eng.] Gay.

Keech (kch), n. [Cf. Prov. E. keech a cake.] A mass or lump of fat rolled up by the butcher. [Obs.] Shak.

Keel (kl), v. t. & i. [AS. clan to cool, fr. cl cool. See Cool.] To cool; to skim or stir. [Obs.]

> While greasy Joan doth keel the pot.

Shak.

Keel, n. A brewer's cooling vat; a keelfat.

Keel, n. [Cf. AS. ceól ship; akin to D. & G. kiel keel, OHG. chiol ship, Icel. kjll, and perh. to Gr. gay^los a round-built Phœnician merchant vessel, gaylo`s bucket; cf. Skr. gla ball, round water vessel. But the meaning of the English word seems to come from Icel. kjölr keel, akin to Sw. köl, Dan. kjöl.] 1. (Shipbuilding) A longitudinal timber, or series of timbers scarfed together, extending from stem to stern along the bottom of a vessel. It is the principal timber of the vessel, and, by means of the ribs attached on each side, supports the vessel's frame. In an iron vessel, a combination of plates supplies the place of the keel of a wooden ship. See Illust. of Keelson.

2. Fig.: The whole ship.

3. A barge or lighter, used on the Tyne for carrying coal from Newcastle; also, a barge load of coal, twenty-one tons, four cwt. [Eng.]

4. (Bot.) The two lowest petals of the corolla of a papilionaceous flower, united and inclosing the stamens and pistil; a carina. See Carina.

5. (Nat. Hist.) A projecting ridge along the middle of a flat or curved surface.

Bilge keel (Naut.), a keel peculiar to ironclad vessels, extending only a portion of the length of the vessel under the bilges. Ham. Nav. Encyc. -- False keel. See under False. -- Keel boat. (a) A covered freight boat, with a keel, but no sails, used on Western rivers. [U. S.] (b) A low, flat-bottomed freight boat. See Keel, n., 3. -- Keel piece, one of the timbers or sections of which a keel is composed. -- On even keel, in a level or horizontal position, so that the draught of water at the stern and the bow is the same. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Keel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Keeled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Keeling.] 1. To traverse with a keel; to navigate.

2. To turn up the keel; to show the bottom.

To keel over, to upset; to capsize. [Colloq.]

Keel"age (?), n. [Cf. F. guillage, fr. guille keel; of German or Scand origin. See 3d Keel.] The right of demanding a duty or toll for a ship entering a port; also, the duty or toll. Bouvier. Wharton.

Keeled (?), a. 1. (Bot.) Keel-shaped; having a longitudinal prominence on the back; as, a keeled leaf.

2. (Zoöl.) Having a median ridge; carinate; as, a keeled scale.

Keel"er (?), n. [See 3d Keel.] 1. One employed in managing a Newcastle keel; -- called also keelman.

2. A small or shallow tub; esp., one used for holding materials for calking ships, or one used for washing dishes, etc.

Keel"fat` (?), n. [Keel to cool + fat a large tub, a vat.] (Brewing) A cooler; a vat for cooling wort, etc. [Written also keelvat.] Johnson.

Keel"haul` (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Keelhauled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Keelhauling.] [3d keel + haul: cf. LG. & D. kielhalen, G. kielholen. ] [Written also keelhale.] (Naut.) To haul under the keel of a ship, by ropes attached to the yardarms on each side. It was formerly practiced as a punishment in the Dutch and English navies. Totten.

Kee"ling (?), n. [Cf. Icel. keila, Sw. kolja, Dan. kulle.] (Zoöl.) A cod.

Kee"li*vine (?), n. [Cf. Gael. cil ruddle.] A pencil of black or red lead; -- called also keelyvine pen. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Keel"man (?), n.; pl. - men (&?;). See Keeler, 1.

Keel"rake` (?), v. t. (Naut.) Same as Keelhaul.

Keels (?), n. pl. Ninepins. See Kayles.

Keel"son (?), n. [Akin to Sw. kölsvin, Dan. kjölsviin, G. kielschwein; apparently compounded of the words keel and swine; but cf. Norweg. kjölsvill, where svill is akin to E. sill, n. ] (Shipbuilding) A piece of timber in a ship laid on the middle of the floor timbers over the keel, and binding the floor timbers to the keel; in iron vessels, a structure of plates, situated like the keelson of a timber ship.

Cross keelson, a similar structure lying athwart the main keelson, to support the engines and boilers.

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Keel"vat` (kl"vt`), n. See Keelfat.

Keen (kn), a. [Compar. Keener (-r); superl. Keenest.] [OE. kene sharp, bold, AS. cne bold; akin to D. koen, OHG. kuoni, G. kühn, OSw. kyn, kön, Icel. kænn, for kœnn wise; perh. akin to E. ken, can to be able. √45. ] 1. Sharp; having a fine edge or point; as, a keen razor, or a razor with a keen edge.

> A bow he bare and arwes [arrows] bright and kene.

Chaucer.

> That my keen knife see not the wound it makes.

Shak.

2. Acute of mind; sharp; penetrating; having or expressing mental acuteness; as, a man of keen understanding; a keen look; keen features.

> To make our wits more keen.

Shak.

> Before the keen inquiry of her thought.

Cowper.

3. Bitter; piercing; acrimonious; cutting; stinging; severe; as, keen satire or sarcasm.

> Good father cardinal, cry thou amen
> To my keen curses.

Shak.

4. Piercing; penetrating; cutting; sharp; -- applied to cold, wind, etc.; as, a keen wind; the cold is very keen.

> Breasts the keen air, and carols as he goes.

Goldsmith.

5. Eager; vehement; fierce; as, a keen appetite. "Of full kene will." Piers Plowman.

> So keen and greedy to confound a man.

Shak.

Keen is often used in the composition of words, most of which are of obvious signification; as, keen-edged, keen-eyed, keen-sighted, keen-witted, etc.

Syn. -- Prompt; eager; ardent; sharp; acute; cutting; penetrating; biting; severe; sarcastic; satirical; piercing; shrewd.

Keen, v. t. To sharpen; to make cold. [R.]

> Cold winter keens the brightening flood.

Thomson.

Keen, n. [Ir. caoine.] A prolonged wail for a deceased person. Cf. Coranach. [Ireland] Froude.

Keen, v. i. To wail as a keener does. [Ireland]

Keen"er (?), n. A professional mourner who wails at a funeral. [Ireland]

Keen"ly, adv. In a keen manner.

Keen"ness, n. The quality or state of being keen.

Keep (kp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kept (kpt); p. pr. & vb. n. Keeping.] [OE. kpen, AS. cpan to keep, regard, desire, await, take, betake; cf. AS. copenere lover, OE. copnien to desire.] 1. To care; to desire. [Obs.]

> I kepe not of armes for to yelp [boast].

Chaucer.

2. To hold; to restrain from departure or removal; not to let go of; to retain in one's power or possession; not to lose; to retain; to detain.

> If we lose the field,
> We can not keep the town.

Shak.

> That I may know what keeps me here with you.

Dryden.

> If we would weigh and keep in our minds what we are considering, that would instruct us.

Locke.

3. To cause to remain in a given situation or condition; to maintain unchanged; to hold or preserve in any state or tenor.

> His loyalty he kept, his love, his zeal.

Milton.

> Keep a stiff rein, and move but gently on.

Addison.

In this sense it is often used with prepositions and adverbs, as to keep away, to keep down, to keep from, to keep in, out, or off, etc. "To keep off impertinence and solicitation from his superior." Addison.

4. To have in custody; to have in some place for preservation; to take charge of.

> The crown of Stephanus, first king of Hungary, was always kept in the castle of Vicegrade.

Knolles.

5. To preserve from danger, harm, or loss; to guard.

> Behold, I am with thee, and will keep thee.

Gen. xxviii. 15.

6. To preserve from discovery or publicity; not to communicate, reveal, or betray, as a secret.

> Great are thy virtues . . . though kept from man.

Milton.

7. To attend upon; to have the care of; to tend.

> And the Lord God took the man, and put him into the garden of Eden, to dress it and to keep it.

Gen. ii. 15.

> In her girlish age, she kept sheep on the moor.

Carew.

8. To record transactions, accounts, or events in; as, to keep books, a journal, etc.; also, to enter (as accounts, records, etc. ) in a book.

9. To maintain, as an establishment, institution, or the like; to conduct; to manage; as, to keep store.

> Like a pedant that keeps a school.

Shak.

> Every one of them kept house by himself.

Hayward.

10. To supply with necessaries of life; to entertain; as, to keep boarders.

11. To have in one's service; to have and maintain, as an assistant, a servant, a mistress, a horse, etc.

> I keep but three men and a boy.

Shak.

12. To have habitually in stock for sale.

13. To continue in, as a course or mode of action; not to intermit or fall from; to hold to; to maintain; as, to keep silence; to keep one's word; to keep possession.

> Both day and night did we keep company.

Shak.

> Within this portal as I kept my watch.

Smollett.

14. To observe; to adhere to; to fulfill; not to swerve from or violate; to practice or perform, as duty; not to neglect; to be faithful to.

> I have kept the faith.

2 Tim. iv. 7.

> Him whom to love is to obey, and keep
> His great command.

Milton.

15. To confine one's self to; not to quit; to remain in; as, to keep one's house, room, bed, etc.; hence, to haunt; to frequent. Shak.

> 'Tis hallowed ground;
> Fairies, and fawns, and satyrs do it keep.

J. Fletcher.

16. To observe duly, as a festival, etc.; to celebrate; to solemnize; as, to keep a feast.

> I went with them to the house of God . . . with a multitude that kept holyday.

Ps. xlii. 4.

To keep at arm's length. See under Arm, n. -- To keep back. (a) To reserve; to withhold. "I will keep nothing back from you." Jer. xlii. 4. (b) To restrain; to hold back. "Keep back thy servant also from presumptuous sins." Ps. xix. 13. -- To keep company with. (a) To frequent the society of; to associate with; as, let youth keep company with the wise and good. (b) To accompany; to go with; as, to keep company with one on a voyage; also, to pay court to, or accept attentions from, with a view to marriage. [Colloq.] -- To keep counsel. See under Counsel, n. -- To keep down. (a) To hold in subjection; to restrain; to hinder. (b) (Fine Arts) To subdue in tint or tone, as a portion of a picture, so that the spectator's attention may not be diverted from the more important parts of the work. -- To keep good (or bad) hours, to be customarily early (or late) in returning home or in retiring to rest. -- To keep house. (a) To occupy a separate house or establishment, as with one's family, as distinguished from boarding; to manage domestic affairs. (b) (Eng. Bankrupt Law) To seclude one's self in one's house in order to evade the demands of creditors. -- To keep one's hand in, to keep in practice. -- To keep open house, to be hospitable. -- To keep the peace (Law), to avoid or to prevent a breach of the peace. -- To keep school, to govern, manage and instruct or teach a school, as a preceptor. -- To keep a stiff upper lip, to keep up one's courage. [Slang] -- To keep term. (a) (Eng. Universities) To reside during a term. (b) (Inns of Court) To eat a sufficient number of dinners in hall to make the term count for the purpose of being called to the bar. [Eng.] Mozley & W. -- To keep touch. See under Touch, n. -- To keep under, to hold in subjection; hence, to oppress. -- To keep up. (a) To maintain; to prevent from falling or diminution; as, to keep up the price of goods; to keep up one's credit. (b) To maintain; to continue; to prevent from ceasing. "In joy, that which keeps up the action is the desire to continue it." Locke.

Syn. -- To retain; detain; reserve; preserve; hold; restrain; maintain; sustain; support; withhold. -- To Keep. Retain, Preserve. Keep is the generic term, and is often used where retain or preserve would too much restrict the meaning; as, to keep silence, etc. Retain denotes that we keep or hold things, as against influences which might deprive us of them, or reasons which might lead us to give them up; as, to retain vivacity in old age; to retain counsel in a lawsuit; to retain one's servant after a reverse of fortune. Preserve denotes that we keep a thing against agencies which might lead to its being destroyed or broken in upon; as, to preserve one's health; to preserve appearances.

Keep (?), v. i. 1. To remain in any position or state; to continue; to abide; to stay; as, to keep at a distance; to keep aloft; to keep near; to keep in the house; to keep before or behind; to keep in favor; to keep out of company, or out reach.

2. To last; to endure; to remain unimpaired.

> If the malt be not thoroughly dried, the ale it makes will not keep.

Mortimer.

3. To reside for a time; to lodge; to dwell. [Now disused except locally or colloquially.]

> Knock at his study, where, they say, he keeps.

Shak.

4. To take care; to be solicitous; to watch. [Obs.]

> Keep that the lusts choke not the word of God that is in us.

Tyndale.

5. To be in session; as, school keeps to-day. [Colloq.]

To keep from, to abstain or refrain from. -- To keep in with, to keep on good terms with; as, to keep in with an opponent. -- To keep on, to go forward; to proceed; to continue to advance. -- To keep to, to adhere strictly to; not to neglect or deviate from; as, to keep to old customs; to keep to a rule; to keep to one's word or promise. -- To keep up, to remain unsubdued; also, not to be confined to one's bed.

Keep, n. 1. The act or office of keeping; custody; guard; care; heed; charge. Chaucer.

> Pan, thou god of shepherds all,
> Which of our tender lambkins takest keep.

Spenser.

2. The state of being kept; hence, the resulting condition; case; as, to be in good keep.

3. The means or provisions by which one is kept; maintenance; support; as, the keep of a horse.

> Grass equal to the keep of seven cows.

Carlyle.

> I performed some services to the college in return for my keep.

T. Hughes.

4. That which keeps or protects; a stronghold; a fortress; a castle; specifically, the strongest and securest part of a castle, often used as a place of residence by the lord of the castle, especially during a siege; the donjon. See Illust. of Castle.

> The prison strong,
> Within whose keep the captive knights were laid.

Dryden.

> The lower chambers of those gloomy keeps.

Hallam.

> I think . . . the keep, or principal part of a castle, was so called because the lord and his domestic circle kept, abode, or lived there.

M. A. Lower.

5. That which is kept in charge; a charge. [Obs.]

> Often he used of his keep
> A sacrifice to bring.

Spenser.

6. (Mach.) A cap for retaining anything, as a journal box, in place.

To take keep, to take care; to heed. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Keep"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, keeps; one who, or that which, holds or has possession of anything.

2. One who retains in custody; one who has the care of a prison and the charge of prisoners.

3. One who has the care, custody, or superintendence of anything; as, the keeper of a park, a pound, of sheep, of a gate, etc.; the keeper of attached property; hence, one who saves from harm; a defender; a preserver.

> The Lord is thy keeper.

Ps. cxxi. 6.

4. One who remains or keeps in a place or position.

> Discreet; chaste; keepers at home.

Titus ii. 5.

5. A ring, strap, clamp, or any device for holding an object in place; as: (a) The box on a door jamb into which the bolt of a lock protrudes, when shot. (b) A ring serving to keep another ring on the finger. (c) A loop near the buckle of a strap to receive the end of the strap.

6. A fruit that keeps well; as, the Roxbury Russet is a good keeper. Downing.

Keeper of the forest (O. Eng. Law), an officer who had the principal government of all things relating to the forest. -- Keeper of the great seal, a high officer of state, who has custody of the great seal. The office is now united with that of lord chancellor. [Eng.] -- Keeper of the King's conscience, the lord chancellor; -- a name given when the chancellor was an ecclesiastic. [Eng.] -- Keeper of the privy seal (styled also lord privy seal), a high officer of state, through whose hands pass all charters, pardons, etc., before they come to the great seal. He is a privy councillor, and was formerly called clerk of the privy seal. [Eng.] -- Keeper of a magnet, a piece of iron which connects the two poles, for the purpose of keeping the magnetic power undiminished; an armature.

Keep"er*ship (?), n. The office or position of a keeper. Carew.

Keep"ing, n. 1. A holding; restraint; custody; guard; charge; care; preservation.

> His happiness is in his own keeping.

South.

2. Maintenance; support; provision; feed; as, the cattle have good keeping.

> The work of many hands, which earns my keeping.

Milton.

3. Conformity; congruity; harmony; consistency; as, these subjects are in keeping with each other.

4. (Paint.) Harmony or correspondence between the different parts of a work of art; as, the foreground of this painting is not in keeping.

Keeping room, a family sitting room. [New Eng. & Prov. Eng.]

Syn. -- Care; guardianship; custody; possession.

Keep"sake` (?), n. Anything kept, or given to be kept, for the sake of the giver; a token of friendship.

Keesh (?), n. See Kish.

Keeve (?), n. [AS. c&?;f, fr. L. cupa a tub, cask; also, F. cuve. Cf. Kive, Coop.] 1. (Brewing) A vat or tub in which the mash is made; a mash tub. Ure.

2. (Bleaching) A bleaching vat; a kier.

3. (Mining) A large vat used in dressing ores.

Keeve, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Keeved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Keeving.] 1. To set in a keeve, or tub, for fermentation.

2. To heave; to tilt, as a cart. [Prov. Eng.]

Keev"er (?), n. See Keeve, n.

Kef"fe-kil (?), n. (Min.) See Kiefekil.

Keg (kg), n. [Earlier cag, Icel. kaggi; akin to Sw. kagge.] A small cask or barrel.

Keil"hau*ite (kl"hou*t), n. (Min.) A mineral of a brownish black color, related to titanite in form. It consists chiefly of silica, titanium dioxide, lime, and yttria.

Keir (?), n. See Kier.

||Keit*lo"a (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A black, two-horned, African rhinoceros (Atelodus keitloa). It has the posterior horn about as long as the anterior one, or even longer.

Keld (?), a. [Cf. Cavl.] Having a kell or covering; webbed. [Obs.] Drayton.

Kele (?), v. t. [See Keel to cool.] To cool. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kell (?), n. A kiln. [Obs.]

Kell, n. [A modification of kale.] A sort of pottage; kale. See Kale, 2. Ainsworth.

Kell, n. [Cf. Caul.] 1. The caul; that which covers or envelops as a caul; a net; a fold; a film. [Obs.]

> I'll have him cut to the kell.

Beau. & Fl.

2. The cocoon or chrysalis of an insect. B. Jonson.

Ke"loid (?), a. [Gr. &?; tumor + - oid.] (Med.) Applied to a variety of tumor forming hard, flat, irregular excrescences upon the skin. -- n. A keloid tumor.

Ke*lot"o*my (?), n. (Med.) See Celotomy.

Kelp (?), n. [Formerly kilpe; of unknown origin.] 1. The calcined ashes of seaweed, -- formerly much used in the manufacture of glass, now used in the manufacture of iodine.

2. (Bot.) Any large blackish seaweed.

Laminaria is the common kelp of Great Britain; Macrocystis pyrifera and Nereocystis Lutkeana are the great kelps of the Pacific Ocean.

Kelp crab (Zoöl.), a California spider crab (Epialtus productus), found among seaweeds, which it resembles in color. -- Kelp salmon (Zoöl.), a serranoid food fish (Serranus clathratus) of California. See Cabrilla.

Kelp"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A small California food fish (Heterostichus rostratus), living among kelp. The name is also applied to species of the genus Platyglossus.

{ Kel"pie, Kel"py }, n.; pl. Kelpies (#). [Cf. Gael. cailpeach, calpach, colpach, a heifer, steer, colt, colpa a cow or horse.] (Scotch Myth.) An imaginary spirit of the waters, horselike in form, vulgarly believed to warn, by preternatural noises and lights, those who are to be drowned. Jamieson.

Kelp"ware` (?), n. Same as Kelp, 2.

Kel"son (?), n. See Keelson. Sir W. Raleigh.

Kelt (?), n. See Kilt, n. Jamieson.

Kelt, n. [Cf. Icel. kult quilt.] Cloth with the nap, generally of native black wool. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Kelt, n. A salmon after spawning. [Scot.]

Kelt, n. Same as Celt, one of Celtic race.

Kel"ter (?), n. [Cf. Gael. & Ir. cealt clothes, Gael. cealltair spear, castle, cause, Prov. E. kilter tool, instrument. Cf. Kilt.] Regular order or proper condition. [Written also kilter.] [>Colloq.]

> If the organs of prayer be out of kelter or out of tune, how can we pray?

Barrow.

Kelt"ic (klt"k), a. & n. Same as Celtic, a. & n.

<! p. 811 !>

Kemb (km), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kembed (kmd) or Kempt (kmt; 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Kembing.] [OE. kemben, AS. cemban, fr. camb comb.] To comb. [Obs.]

> His longe hair was kembed behind his back.

Chaucer.

Kem"e*lin (km"*ln), n. [Cf. Prov. E. kemlin, kimlin, kimmel, a salting tub, any tub, kembing a brewing tub, G. kumme bowl, basin, W. cwmman a tub, brewing tub.] A tub; a brewer's vessel. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ Kemp (kmp), Kemp"ty (?), } n. Coarse, rough hair in wool or fur, injuring its quality.

Kem"pe (km"pe), a. Rough; shaggy. [Obs.] "Kempe hairs." Chaucer.

Kemps (kmps), n. pl. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) The long flower stems of the ribwort plantain (Plantago Lanceolata). Dr. Prior.

Kempt (kmt; 215), p. p. of Kemb. B. Jonson.

Ken (kn), n. [Perh. from kennel.] A house; esp., one which is a resort for thieves. [Slang, Eng.]

Ken, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kenned (knd); p. pr. & vb. n. Kenning.] [OE. kennen to teach, make known, know, AS. cennan to make known, proclaim, or rather from the related Icel. kenna to know; akin to D. & G. kennen to know, Goth. kannjan to make known; orig., a causative corresponding to AS. cunnan to know, Goth. kunnan. √45. See Can to be able, Know.] 1. To know; to understand; to take cognizance of. [Archaic or Scot.]

2. To recognize; to descry; to discern. [Archaic or Scot.] "We ken them from afar." Addison

> 'T is he. I ken the manner of his gait.

Shak.

Ken, v. i. To look around. [Obs.] Burton.

Ken, n. Cognizance; view; especially, reach of sight or knowledge. "Beyond his ken." Longfellow.

> Above the reach and ken of a mortal apprehension.

South.

> It was relief to quit the ken
> And the inquiring looks of men.

Trench.

{ Ken"dal green` (?), or Ken"dal. } A cloth colored green by dye obtained from the woad-waxen, formerly used by Flemish weavers at Kendal, in Westmoreland, England. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants).

> How couldst thou know these men in Kendal green ?

Shak.

Ken"nel (?), n. [See Channel, Canal.] The water course of a street; a little canal or channel; a gutter; also, a puddle. Bp. Hall.

Ken"nel, n. [OE. kenel, (assumed) OF. kenil, F. chenil, LL. canile, fr. L. canis a dog. Cf. Canine.] 1. A house for a dog or for dogs, or for a pack of hounds.

> A dog sure, if he could speak, had wit enough to describe his kennel.

Sir P. Sidney.

2. A pack of hounds, or a collection of dogs. Shak.

3. The hole of a fox or other beast; a haunt.

Ken"nel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kenneled (?) or Kennelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Kennelling.] To lie or lodge; to dwell, as a dog or a fox.

> The dog kenneled in a hollow tree.

L'Estrange.

Ken"nel, v. t. To put or keep in a kennel. Thomson.

Ken"nel coal` (?). See Cannel coal.

Ken"ning (?), n. [See Ken, v. t.] 1. Range of sight. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. The limit of vision at sea, being a distance of about twenty miles.

Ke"no (?), n. [F. quine five winning numbers, fr. L. quini five each, quinque five. See Five.] A gambling game, a variety of the game of lotto, played with balls or knobs, numbered, and cards also numbered. [U. S.]

Ken`o*gen"e*sis (?), n. [Gr. &?; new + E. genesis.] (Biol.) Modified evolution, in which nonprimitive characters make their appearance in consequence of a secondary adaptation of the embryo to the peculiar conditions of its environment; -- distinguished from palingenesis. [Written also cænogenesis.]

Ken`o*ge*net"ic (?), a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to kenogenesis; as, kenogenetic processes. -- Ken`o*ge*net"ic*al*ly (#), adv.

Ken"spec`kle (?), a. Having so marked an appearance as easily to be recognized. [Scot.]

Kent" bu"gle (?). [Probably named after a Duke of Kent.] (Mus.) A curved bugle, having six finger keys or stops, by means of which the performer can play upon every key in the musical scale; -- called also keyed bugle, and key bugle. Moore.

Ken"tle (?), n. [From Quintal.] (Com.) A hundred weight; a quintal.

Kent"ledge (?), n. [OF. cant edge, corner, D. kant. See Cant edge, angle.] (Naut.) Pigs of iron used for ballast. [Written also kintlidge.]

Ken*tuck"y (?), n. One of the United States.

Kentucky blue grass (Bot.), a valuable pasture and meadow grass (Poa pratensis), found in both Europe and America. See under Blue grass. -- Kentucky coffee tree (Bot.), a tall North American tree (Gymnocladus Canadensis) with bipinnate leaves. It produces large woody pods containing a few seeds which have been used as a substitute for coffee. The timber is very valuable.

Keph"a*lin (kf"*ln), n. [Gr. kefalh` the head.] (Physiol. Chem.) One of a group of nitrogenous phosphorized principles, supposed by Thudichum to exist in brain tissue.

Kept (?), imp. & p. p. of Keep.

Kept mistress, a concubine; a woman supported by a man as his paramour.

Ke*ram"ic (?), a. Same as Ceramic.

Ke*ram"ics (?), n. Same as Ceramics.

Ker`a*mo*graph"ic (?), a. [Gr. ke`ramos tile + graph + ic.] Suitable to be written upon; capable of being written upon, as a slate; -- said especially of a certain kind of globe. Scudamore.

Ke*ra"na (?), n. (Mus.) A kind of long trumpet, used among the Persians. Moore (Encyc. of Music).

Ke*rar"gy*rite (?), n. See Cerargyrite.

Ker"a*sin (?), n. (Physiol. Chem.) A nitrogenous substance free from phosphorus, supposed to be present in the brain; a body closely related to cerebrin.

Ker"a*sine (?), a. [Gr. ke`ras horn.] Resembling horn; horny; corneous.

Ker"a*tin (?), n. [Gr. ke`ras, -atos, horn.] (Physiol. Chem.) A nitrogenous substance, or mixture of substances, containing sulphur in a loose state of combination, and forming the chemical basis of epidermal tissues, such as horn, hair, feathers, and the like. It is an insoluble substance, and, unlike elastin, is not dissolved even by gastric or pancreatic juice. By decomposition with sulphuric acid it yields leucin and tyrosin, as does albumin. Called also epidermose.

||Ker`a*ti"tis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ke`ras, -atos, horn + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the cornea.

Ker"a*tode (?), n. See Keratose.

Ker`a*tog"e*nous (?), a. [Gr. ke`ras, -atos, horn + -genous.] Producing horn; as, the keratogenous membrane within the horny hoof of the horse.

||Ker`a*toi"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. ke`ras, -atos, horn + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Same as Keratosa.

Ker"a*tome (?), n. [Gr. ke`ras, horn + &?; to cut.] (Surg.) An instrument for dividing the cornea in operations for cataract.

||Ker`a*to*nyx"is (?), n. [Gr. ke`ras, -atos, horn + &?; puncture.] (Med.) The operation of removing a cataract by thrusting a needle through the cornea of the eye, and breaking up the opaque mass.

Ker"a*to*phyte (?), n. [Gr. ke`ras, -atos, a horn + &?; a plant.] (Zoöl.) A gorgonian coral having a horny axis.

||Ker`a*to"sa (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ke`ras, -atos, a horn.] (Zoöl.) An order of sponges having a skeleton composed of hornlike fibers. It includes the commercial sponges.

Ker"a*tose` (?), n. [Gr. ke`ras, -atos, horn.] (Physiol. Chem.) A tough, horny animal substance entering into the composition of the skeleton of sponges, and other invertebrates; -- called also keratode.

Ker"a*tose`, a. (Zoöl.) Containing hornlike fibers or fibers of keratose; belonging to the Keratosa.

Ke*rau"no*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; thunderbolt + graph.] A figure or picture impressed by lightning upon the human body or elsewhere. -- Ker`au*nog"ra*phy (#), n.

Kerb (?), n. See Curb.

Kerb"stone` (?), n. See Curbstone.

Ker"cher (?), n. A kerchief. [Obs.]

> He became . . . white as a kercher.

Sir T. North.

Ker"chered (?), a. Covered, or bound round, with a kercher. [Obs.] G. Fletcher.

Ker"chief (?), n.; pl. Kerchiefs (#). [OE. coverchef, OF. cuevrechief, couvrechef, F. couvrechef, a head covering, fr. couvrir to cover + OF. chief head, F. chef. See Cover, Chief, and cf. Curfew.] 1. A square of fine linen worn by women as a covering for the head; hence, anything similar in form or material, worn for ornament on other parts of the person; -- mostly used in compounds; as, neckerchief; breastkerchief; and later, handkerchief.

> He might put on a hat, a muffler, and a kerchief, and so escape.

Shak.

> Her black hair strained away
> To a scarlet kerchief caught beneath her chin.

Mrs. Browning.

2. A lady who wears a kerchief. Dryden.

{ Ker"chiefed, Ker"chieft } (?), a. Dressed; hooded; covered; wearing a kerchief. Milton.

Kerf (?), n. [AS. cyrf a cutting off, fr. ceorfan to cut, carve. See Carve.] A notch, channel, or slit made in any material by cutting or sawing.

Ke"rite (?), n. [Gr. ke`ras, horn.] A compound in which tar or asphaltum combined with animal or vegetable oils is vulcanized by sulphur, the product closely resembling rubber; -- used principally as an insulating material in telegraphy. Knight.

Kerl (?), n. See Carl.

Ker"mes (?), n. [Ar. & Per. girmiz. See Crimson, and cf. Alkermes.] 1. (Zoöl.) The dried bodies of the females of a scale insect (Coccus ilicis), allied to the cochineal insect, and found on several species of oak near the Mediterranean. They are round, about the size of a pea, contain coloring matter analogous to carmine, and are used in dyeing. They were anciently thought to be of a vegetable nature, and were used in medicine. [Written also chermes.]

2. (Bot.) A small European evergreen oak (Quercus coccifera) on which the kermes insect (Coccus ilicis) feeds. J. Smith (Dict. Econ. Plants).

Kermes mineral. (a) (Old Chem.) An artificial amorphous trisulphide of antimony; -- so called on account of its red color. (b) (Med. Chem.) A compound of the trioxide and trisulphide of antimony, used in medicine. This substance occurs in nature as the mineral kermesite.

Ker"messe (?), n. [F.] See Kirmess.

Kern (?), n. [Ir. ceatharnach.Cf. Cateran. ] 1. A light-armed foot soldier of the ancient militia of Ireland and Scotland; -- distinguished from gallowglass, and often used as a term of contempt. Macaulay.

> Now for our Irish wars;
> We must supplant those rough, rug-headed kerns.

Shak.

2. Any kind of boor or low-lived person. [Obs.] Blount.

3. (O. Eng. Law) An idler; a vagabond. Wharton.

Kern, n. (Type Founding) A part of the face of a type which projects beyond the body, or shank.

Kern, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kerned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Kerning. ] (Type Founding) To form with a kern. See 2d Kern.

Kern, n. [See Churn. ] A churn. [Prov. Eng.]

Kern, n. [AS. cweorn, cwyrn. See Quern. ] A hand mill. See Quern. Johnson.

Kern, v. i. [Cf. G. kern kernel, grain; akin to E. corn. See Corn, Kernel. ] 1. To harden, as corn in ripening. [Obs.] Carew.

2. To take the form of kernels; to granulate. [Obs.]

> It is observed that rain makes the salt kern.

Dampier.

Kerned (?), a. (Print.) Having part of the face projecting beyond the body or shank; -- said of type. "In Roman, f and j are the only kerned letters." MacKellar.

Ker"nel (?), n. [OE. kernel, kirnel, curnel, AS. cyrnel, fr. corn grain. See Corn, and cf. Kern to harden.] 1. The essential part of a seed; all that is within the seed walls; the edible substance contained in the shell of a nut; hence, anything included in a shell, husk, or integument; as, the kernel of a nut. See Illust. of Endocarp.

> ' A were as good crack a fusty nut with no kernel

Shak.

2. A single seed or grain; as, a kernel of corn.

3. A small mass around which other matter is concreted; a nucleus; a concretion or hard lump in the flesh.

4. The central, substantial or essential part of anything; the gist; the core; as, the kernel of an argument.

Ker"nel, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kerneled (?) or Kernelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Kerneling or Kernelling.] To harden or ripen into kernels; to produce kernels.

{ Ker"neled, Ker"nelled (?) }, a. Having a kernel.

Ker"nel*ly (?), a. Full of kernels; resembling kernels; of the nature of kernels. Holland.

Kern"ish (?), a. [From Kern a boor.] Clownish; boorish. [Obs.] "A petty kernish prince." Milton.

Ker"o*lite (?), n. (Min.) Same as Cerolite.

Ker"o*sene` (?), n. [Gr. &?; wax.] An oil used for illuminating purposes, formerly obtained from the distillation of mineral wax, bituminous shale, etc., and hence called also coal oil. It is now produced in immense quantities, chiefly by the distillation and purification of petroleum. It consists chiefly of several hydrocarbons of the methane series.

{ Kers, Kerse (?) }, n. A cress. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Not worth a kers. See under Cress.

Ker"sey (?), n.; pl. Kerseys (#). [Prob. from the town of Kersey in Suffolk, Eng.] A kind of coarse, woolen cloth, usually ribbed, woven from wool of long staple.

Ker"sey*mere (?), n. [For cassimere, confounded with kersey.] See Cassimere.

Ker`sey*nette" (?), n. See Cassinette.

Kerve (?), v. t. To carve. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kerv"er (?), n. A carver. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ke"sar (?), n. See Kaiser. [Obs.] Spenser.

Kes"lop (ks"lp), n. [AS. cselib, or cslyb, milk curdled; cf. G. käselab, käselippe. See Cheese, and cf.Cheeselep.] The stomach of a calf, prepared for rennet. Halliwell.

Kess (?), v. t. To kiss. [Obs.] Chaucer

Kest (?), imp. of Cast. [Obs.]

Kes"trel (ks"trl), n. [See Castrel.] (Zoöl.) A small, slender European hawk (Falco alaudarius), allied to the sparrow hawk. Its color is reddish fawn, streaked and spotted with white and black. Also called windhover and stannel. The name is also applied to other allied species.

This word is often used in contempt, as of a mean kind of hawk. "Kites and kestrels have a resemblance with hawks." Bacon.

Ket (kt), n. [Icel. kjöt flesh; akin to Sw. kött, Dan. kjöd.] Carrion; any filth. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Ketch (kch), n. [Prob. corrupted fr. Turk. qq : cf. F. caiche. Cf. Caïque.] (Naut.) An almost obsolete form of vessel, with a mainmast and a mizzenmast, -- usually from one hundred to two hundred and fifty tons burden.

Bomb ketch. See under Bomb.

Ketch, n. A hangman. See Jack Ketch.

Ketch, v. t. [See Catch.] To catch. [Now obs. in spelling, and colloq. in pronunciation.]

> To ketch him at a vantage in his snares.

Spenser.

Ketch"up (-p), n. A sauce. See Catchup.

Ke"tine (?), n. [See Ketone.] (Chem.) One of a series of organic bases obtained by the reduction of certain isonitroso compounds of the ketones. In general they are unstable oily substances having a pungent aromatic odor.

||Ket`mie" (?), n. (Bot.) The name of certain African species of Hibiscus, cultivated for the acid of their mucilage. [Written also ketmia.]

Ke"tol (k"tl), n. [Ketone + indol.] (Chem.) One of a series of series of complex nitrogenous substances, represented by methyl ketol and related to indol.

Methyl ketol, a weak organic base, obtained as a white crystalline substance having the odor of fæces.

Ke"tone (k"tn), n. [Cf. Acetone.] (Chem.) One of a large class of organic substances resembling the aldehydes, obtained by the distillation of certain salts of organic acids and consisting of carbonyl (CO) united with two hydrocarbon radicals. In general the ketones are colorless volatile liquids having a pungent ethereal odor.

The ketones are named by adding the suffix-one to the stems of the organic acids from which they are respectively derived; thus, acetic acid gives acetone; butyric acid, butyrone, etc.

<! p. 812 !>

Ke*ton"ic (k*tn"k), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, a ketone; as, a ketonic acid.

Ket"tle (kt"t'l), n. [OE. ketel; cf. AS. cetel, cetil, cytel; akin to D. kjedel, G. kessel, OHG. chezzil, Icel. ketill, SW. kittel, Dan. kjedel, Goth. katils; all perh. fr. L. catillus, dim. of catinus a deep vessel, bowl; but cf. also OHG. chezz kettle, Icel. kati small ship.] A metallic vessel, with a wide mouth, often without a cover, used for heating and boiling water or other liguids.

Kettle pins, ninepins; skittles. [Obs.] Shelton. -- Kettle stitch (Bookbinding), the stitch made in sewing at the head and tail of a book. Knight.

Ket"tle*drum` (-drm`), n. 1. (Mus.) A drum made of thin copper in the form of a hemispherical kettle, with parchment stretched over the mouth of it.

Kettledrums, in pairs, were formerly used in martial music for cavalry, but are now chiefly confined to orchestras, where they are called tympani.

2. An informal social party at which a light collation is offered, held in the afternoon or early evening. Cf. Drum, n., 4 and 5.

Ket"tle*drum`mer (?), n. One who plays on a kettledrum.

||Keu"per (koi"pr), n. [G.] (Geol.) The upper division of the European Triassic. See Chart of Geology.

Kev"el (?), n. [Prov. E. kevil, cavel, rod, pole, a large hammer, horse's bit; cf. Icel. kefli cylinder, a stick, mangle, and Dan. kievle a roller.] 1. (Naut.) A strong cleat to which large ropes are belayed.

2. A stone mason's hammer. [Written also cavil.]

Kevel head (Naut.), a projecting end of a timber, used as a kevel.

{ Kev"el, Kev"in (?) }, n. (Zoöl.) The gazelle.

Kev"er (?), v. t. & i. To cover. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kev"er*chief (?), n. A kerchief. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kex (?), n. [W. cecys, pl., hollow stalks.]

1. (Bot.) A weed; a kecksy. Bp. Gauden.

> Though the rough kex break
> The starred mosaic.

Tennyson.

2. A dry husk or covering.

> When the kex, or husk, is broken, he proveth a fair flying butterfly.

Holland.

Key (k), n. [OE. keye, key, kay, AS. cæg.] 1. An instrument by means of which the bolt of a lock is shot or drawn; usually, a removable metal instrument fitted to the mechanism of a particular lock and operated by turning in its place.

2. An instrument which is turned like a key in fastening or adjusting any mechanism; as, a watch key; a bed key, etc.

3. That part of an instrument or machine which serves as the means of operating it; as, a telegraph key; the keys of a pianoforte, or of a typewriter.

4. A position or condition which affords entrance, control, pr possession, etc.; as, the key of a line of defense; the key of a country; the key of a political situation. Hence, that which serves to unlock, open, discover, or solve something unknown or difficult; as, the key to a riddle; the key to a problem.

> Those who are accustomed to reason have got the true key of books.

Locke.

> Who keeps the keys of all the creeds.

Tennyson.

5. That part of a mechanism which serves to lock up, make fast, or adjust to position.

6. (Arch.) (a) A piece of wood used as a wedge. (b) The last board of a floor when laid down.

7. (Masonry) (a) A keystone. (b) That part of the plastering which is forced through between the laths and holds the rest in place.

8. (Mach.) (a) A wedge to unite two or more pieces, or adjust their relative position; a cotter; a forelock. See Illusts. of Cotter, and Gib. (b) A bar, pin or wedge, to secure a crank, pulley, coupling, etc., upon a shaft, and prevent relative turning; sometimes holding by friction alone, but more frequently by its resistance to shearing, being usually embedded partly in the shaft and partly in the crank, pulley, etc.

9. (Bot.) An indehiscent, one-seeded fruit furnished with a wing, as the fruit of the ash and maple; a samara; -- called also key fruit.

10. (Mus.) (a) A family of tones whose regular members are called diatonic tones, and named key tone (or tonic) or one (or eight), mediant or three, dominant or five, subdominant or four, submediant or six, supertonic or two, and subtonic or seven. Chromatic tones are temporary members of a key, under such names as " sharp four, " "flat seven," etc. Scales and tunes of every variety are made from the tones of a key. (b) The fundamental tone of a movement to which its modulations are referred, and with which it generally begins and ends; keynote.

> Both warbling of one song, both in one key.

Shak.

11. Fig: The general pitch or tone of a sentence or utterance.

> You fall at once into a lower key.

Cowper.

Key bed. Same as Key seat. -- Key bolt, a bolt which has a mortise near the end, and is secured by a cotter or wedge instead of a nut. Key bugle. See Kent bugle. -- Key of a position or country. (Mil.) See Key, 4. -- Key seat (Mach.), a bed or groove to receive a key which prevents one part from turning on the other. -- Key way, a channel for a key, in the hole of a piece which is keyed to a shaft; an internal key seat; -- called also key seat. -- Key wrench (Mach.), an adjustable wrench in which the movable jaw is made fast by a key. -- Power of the keys (Eccl.), the authority claimed by the ministry in some Christian churches to administer the discipline of the church, and to grant or withhold its privileges; -- so called from the declaration of Christ, "I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven." Matt. xvi. 19.

Key (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Keved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Keying.] To fasten or secure firmly; to fasten or tighten with keys or wedges. Francis.

To key up. (a) (Arch.) To raise (the whole ring of an arch) off its centering, by driving in the keystone forcibly. (b) (Mus.) To raise the pitch of. (c) Hence, fig., to produce nervous tension in.

Key"age (?), n. [OF. caiage, F. guayage. See lst Key, Quay.] Wharfage; quayage.

Key"board` (?), n. The whole arrangement, or one range, of the keys of an organ, typewriter, etc.

Key"-cold` (?), a. Cold as a metallic key; lifeless. [Formerly, a proverbial expression.] Shak. Milton.

Keyed (kd), a. Furnished with keys; as, a keyed instrument; also, set to a key, as a tune.

Keyed bugle. See Kent bugle.

Key"hole` (?), n. 1. A hole or apertupe in a door or lock, for receiving a key.

2. (a) (Carp.) A hole or excavation in beams intended to be joined together, to receive the key which fastens them. (b) (Mach.) a mortise for a key or cotter.

Keyhole limpet (Zoöl.), a marine gastropod of the genus Fissurella and allied genera. See Fissurella. -- Keyhole saw, a narrow, slender saw, used in cutting keyholes, etc., as in doors; a kind of compass saw or fret saw. -- Keyhole urchin (Zoöl.), any one of numerous clypeastroid sea urchins, of the genera Melitta, Rotula, and Encope; -- so called because they have one or more perforations resembling keyholes.

Key"note` (?), n. 1. (Mus.) The tonic or first tone of the scale in which a piece or passage is written; the fundamental tone of the chord, to which all the modulations of the piece are referred; -- called also key tone.

2. The fundamental fact or idea; that which gives the key; as, the keynote of a policy or a sermon.

Key"seat` (?), v. t. To form a key seat, as by cutting. See Key seat, under Key.

Key"stone` (?), n. (Arch.) The central or topmost stone of an arch. This in some styles is made different in size from the other voussoirs, or projects, or is decorated with carving. See Illust. of Arch.

Keystone State, the State of Pennsylvania; - - so called from its having been the central State of the Union at the formation of the Constitution.

Key" tone` (?). (Mus.) See Keynote.

Key"way` (?), n. See Key way, under Key.

Kha"liff (?), n. See Caliph.

Kham*sin` (?), n. Same as Kamsin.

Khan (?), n. [Pers. & Tart. kh n.] [Also kan, kaun.] A king; a prince; a chief; a governor; -- so called among the Tartars, Turks, and Persians, and in countries now or formerly governed by them.

Khan, n. [Per. khn, khnah, house, tent, inn.] An Eastern inn or caravansary. [Written also kawn.]

Khan*ate (&?;), n. Dominion or jurisdiction of a khan.

Kha"ya (?), n. (Bot.) A lofty West African tree (Khaya Senegalensis), related to the mahogany, which it resembles in the quality of the wood. The bark is used as a febrifuge.

||Khe`dive" (?), n. [F. khédive, Pers. khediw a prince.] A governor or viceroy; -- a title granted in 1867 by the sultan of Turkey to the ruler of Egypt.

Khen"na (?), n. See Henna.

Kho"lah (?), n. (Zoöl.) The Indian jackal.

Khol"sun (&?;), n. (Zoöl.) The dhole.

Khut"bah (?), n. [Ar.] An address or public prayer read from the steps of the pulpit in Mohammedan mosques, offering glory to God, praising Mohammed and his descendants, and the ruling princes.

Ki`a*boo"ca wood` (?). See Kyaboca wood.

Ki*ang" (?), n. (Zoöl.) The dziggetai.

Kib"ble (?), v. t. To bruise; to grind coarsely; as, kibbled oats. [Prov.Eng.] Halliwell.

Kib"ble, n. A large iron bucket used in Cornwall and Wales for raising ore out of mines. [Prov. Eng.] [Written also kibbal.]

Kib"blings (?), n. pl. Portions of small fish used for bait on the banks of Newfoundland.

Kibe (?), n. [W. cib + gwst pain, sickness.] A chap or crack in the flesh occasioned by cold; an ulcerated chilblain. "He galls his kibe." Shak.

Kibed (?), a. Chapped; cracked with cold; affected with chilblains; as, kibed heels. Beau. & Fl.

||Ki*bit"ka (?), n.; pl. Kibitkas (&?;). [Russ.] 1. A tent used by the Kirghiz Tartars.

2. A rude kind of Russian vehicle, on wheels or on runners, sometimes covered with cloth or leather, and often used as a movable habitation.

Kib"lah (&?;), n. See Keblah.

Kib"y (?), a. Affected with kibes. Skelton.

Kich"il (?), n. [Obs.] See Kechil. Chaucer.

Kick (kk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kicked (kkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Kicking.] [W. cicio, fr. cic foot.] To strike, thrust, or hit violently with the foot; as, a horse kicks a groom; a man kicks a dog.

> He [Frederick the Great] kicked the shins of his judges.

Macaulay.

To kick the beam, to fit up and strike the beam; -- said of the lighter arm of a loaded balance; hence, to be found wanting in weight. Milton. -- To kick the bucket, to lose one's life; to die. [Colloq. & Low]

Kick, v. i. 1. To thrust out the foot or feet with violence; to strike out with the foot or feet, as in defense or in bad temper; esp., to strike backward, as a horse does, or to have a habit of doing so. Hence, figuratively: To show ugly resistance, opposition, or hostility; to spurn.

> I should kick, being kicked.

Shak.

2. To recoil; -- said of a musket, cannon, etc.

Kick, n. 1. A blow with the foot or feet; a striking or thrust with the foot.

> A kick, that scarce would move a horse,
> May kill a sound divine.

Cowper.

2. The projection on the tang of the blade of a pocket knife, which prevents the edge of the blade from striking the spring. See Illust. of Pocketknife.

3. (Brickmaking) A projection in a mold, to form a depression in the surface of the brick.

4. The recoil of a musket or other firearm, when discharged.

Kick"a*ble (?), a. Capable or deserving of being kicked. "A kickable boy." G. Eliot.

Kick`a*poos" (?), n. pl.; sing. Kickapoo (&?;). (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians which formerly occupied the region of Northern Illinois, allied in language to the Sacs and Foxes.

Kick"er, n. One who, or that which, kicks.

Kick"shaw` (?), n. See Kickshaws, the correct singular.

Kick"shaws` (?), n.; pl. Kickshawses (#) [Corrupt. fr. F. quelque chose something, fr. L. qualis of what kind (akin to E. which) + suffix -guam + causa cause, in LL., a thing. See Which, and Cause.] 1. Something fantastical; any trifling, trumpery thing; a toy.

> Art thou good at these kickshawses!

Shak.

2. A fancy dish; a titbit; a delicacy.

> Some pigeons, . . . a joint of mutton, and any pretty little tiny kickshaws.

Shak.

> Cressy was lost by kickshaws and soup- maigre.

Fenton.

Kick"shoe` (?), n. A kickshaws. Milton.

{ Kick"sy-wick`sy (?), Kick"y-wisk`y (?) }, n. That which is restless and uneasy.

Kicky-wicky, or, in some editions, Kicksy- wicksy, is applied contemptuously to a wife by Shakespeare, in "All's Well that Ends Well," ii. 3, 297.

Kick"sy-wick`sy, a. Fantastic; restless; as, kicksy-wicksy flames. Nares.

Kick"up (?), n. (Zoöl.) The water thrush or accentor. [Local, West Indies]

Kid (kd), n. [Of Scand. origin; cf. Icel. kið, Dan. & Sw. kid; akin to OHG. kizzi, G. kitz, kitzchen, kitzlein.] 1. (Zoöl.) A young goat.

> The . . . leopard shall lie down with the kid.

Is. xi. 6.

2. A young child or infant; hence, a simple person, easily imposed on. [Slang] Charles Reade.

3. A kind of leather made of the skin of the young goat, or of the skin of rats, etc.

4. pl. Gloves made of kid. [Colloq. & Low]

5. A small wooden mess tub; -- a name given by sailors to one in which they receive their food. Cooper.

Kid, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kidded; p. pr. & vb. n. Kidding.] To bring forth a young goat.

Kid, n. [Cf. W. cidysen.] A fagot; a bundle of heath and furze. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Kid, p. p. of Kythe. [Obs.] Gower. Chaucer.

Kid, v. t. See Kiddy, v. t. [Slang]

Kid"de (?), imp. of Kythe. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kid"der*min`ster (?), n. A kind of ingrain carpeting, named from the English town where formerly most of it was manufactured.

Kid"di*er (?), n. [Cf. OSw. kyta to truck.] A huckster; a cadger. [Obs.] Halliwell.

Kid"dle (?), n. [Cf. LL. kidellus, Armor. kiel] A kind of basketwork wear in a river, for catching fish. [Improperly spelled kittle.]

Kid"dow (?), n. (Zoöl.) The guillemot. [Written also kiddaw.] [Prov. Eng.]

Kid"dy (?), v. t. To deceive; to outwit; to hoax. [Slang] Dickens.

Kid"dy, n. A young fellow; formerly, a low thief. [Slang, Eng.]

Kid"dy*ish, a. Frolicsome; sportive. [Slang]

Kid" fox` (?). (Zoöl.) A young fox. Shak.

Kid"ling (?), n. [Kid + - ling: cf. Sw. kidling.] A young kid.

Kid"nap` (kd"np`), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kidnaped (- npt`) or Kidnapped; p. pr. & vb. n. Kidnaping or Kidnapping.] [Kid a child + Prov. E. nap to seize, to grasp. Cf. Knab, Knap, Nab.] To take (any one) by force or fear, and against one's will, with intent to carry to another place. Abbott.

> You may reason or expostulate with the parents, but never attempt to kidnap their children, and to make proselytes of them.

Whately.

Originally used only of stealing children, but now extended in application to any human being, involuntarily abducted.

{ Kid"nap`er (?), or Kid"nap`per }, n. One who steals or forcibly carries away a human being; a manstealer.

Kid"ney (kd"n), n.; pl. Kidneys (-nz). [OE. kidnei, kidnere, from Icel. koiðr belly, womb (akin to Goth. gipus, AS. cwiþ womb) + OE. nere kidney; akin to D. nier, G. niere, OHG. nioro, Icel. nra, Dan. nyre, Sw. njure, and probably to Gr. nefro`s Cf. Kite belly.]

<! p. 813 !>

1. (Anat.) A glandular organ which excretes urea and other waste products from the animal body; a urinary gland.

In man and in other mammals there are two kidneys, one on each side of vertebral column in the back part of the abdomen, each kidney being connected with the bladder by a long tube, the ureter, through which the urine is constantly excreted into the bladder to be periodically discharged.

2. Habit; disposition; sort; kind. Shak.

> There are in later times other decrees, made by popes of another kidney.

Barrow.

> Millions in the world of this man's kidney.

L'Estrange.

> Your poets, spendthrifts, and other fools of that kidney, pretend, forsooth, to crack their jokes on prudence.

Burns.

This use of the word perhaps arose from the fact that the kidneys and the fat about them are an easy test of the condition of an animal as to fatness. "Think of that, -- a man of my kidney; -- . . . as subject to heat as butter." Shak.

3. A waiter. [Old Cant] Tatler.

Floating kidney. See Wandering kidney, under Wandering. -- Kidney bean (Bot.), a sort of bean; -- so named from its shape. It is of the genus Phaseolus (P. vulgaris). See under Bean. -- Kidney ore (Min.), a variety of hematite or iron sesquioxide, occurring in compact kidney-shaped masses. -- Kidney stone. (Min.) See Nephrite, and Jade. -- Kidney vetch (Bot.), a leguminous herb of Europe and Asia (Anthyllis vulneraria), with cloverlike heads of red or yellow flowers, once used as a remedy for renal disorders, and also to stop the flow of blood from wounds; lady's-fingers.

{ Kid"ney-form` (?), Kid"ney-shaped` (?), } a. Having the form or shape of a kidney; reniform; as, a kidney-shaped leaf. Gray.

Kid"ney*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) A kind of saxifrage (Saxifrage stellaris). (b) The navelwort.

Kie (?), n. pl. [Cf. Kee.] Kine; cows. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Kie"fe*kil (?), n. [Per. keff foam, scum + gil clay, mud.] (Min.) A species of clay; meerschaum. [Also written keffekil.]

Kier (?), n. [Icel. ker a tub.] (Bleaching) A large tub or vat in which goods are subjected to the action of hot lye or bleaching liquor; -- also called keeve.

||Kie"sel*guhr` (?), n. [G., fr. kiesel flint + guhr an earthy deposit or sediment in water.] Siliceous earth; specifically, porous infusorial earth, used as an absorbent of nitroglycerin in the manufacture of dynamite.

Kie"ser*ite (?). n. [Named after Prof. Kieser, of Jena.] (Min.) Hydrous sulphate of magnesia found at the salt mines of Stassfurt, Prussian Saxony.

Kieve (?), n. See Keeve, n.

Kike (?), v. i. [Cf. D. kijken, Sw. kika.] To gaze; to stare. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kike (?), v. t. & i. To kick. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kil"der*kin (?), n. [OD. kindeken, kinneken, a small barrel, orig., a little child, fr. kind child; akin to G. kind, and to E. kin.] A small barrel; an old liquid measure containing eighteen English beer gallons, or nearly twenty-two gallons, United States measure. [Written also kinderkin.]

Kill (?), n. A kiln. [Obs.] Fuller.

Kill, n. [D. kil.] A channel or arm of the sea; a river; a stream; as, the channel between Staten Island and Bergen Neck is the Kill van Kull, or the Kills; -- used also in composition; as, Schuylkill, Catskill, etc.

Kill, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Killed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Killing.] [OE. killen, kellen, cullen, to kill, strike; perh. the same word as cwellen, quellen, to kill (cf. Quell), or perh. rather akin to Icel. kolla to hit in the head, harm, kollr top, summit, head, Sw. kulle, D. kollen to kill with the ax.] 1. To deprive of life, animal or vegetable, in any manner or by any means; to render inanimate; to put to death; to slay.

> Ah, kill me with thy weapon, not with words !

Shak.

2. To destroy; to ruin; as, to kill one's chances; to kill the sale of a book. "To kill thine honor." Shak.

> Her lively color kill'd with deadly cares.

Shak.

3. To cause to cease; to quell; to calm; to still; as, in seamen's language, a shower of rain kills the wind.

> Be comforted, good madam; the great rage,
> You see, is killed in him.

Shak.

4. To destroy the effect of; to counteract; to neutralize; as, alkali kills acid.

To kill time, to busy one's self with something which occupies the attention, or makes the time pass without tediousness.

Syn. -- To murder; assassinate; slay; butcher; destroy. -- To Kill, Murder, Assassinate. To kill does not necessarily mean any more than to deprive of life. A man may kill another by accident or in self-defense, without the imputation of guilt. To murder is to kill with malicious forethought and intention. To assassinate is to murder suddenly and by stealth. The sheriff may kill without murdering; the duelist murders, but does not assassinate his antagonist; the assassin kills and murders.

{ Kill"dee` (?), Kill"deer` (?), } n. [So named from its notes.] (Zoöl.) A small American plover (Ægialitis vocifera).

It is dark grayish brown above; the rump and upper tail coverts are yellowish rufous; the belly, throat, and a line over the eyes, white; a ring round the neck and band across the breast, black.

Kill"er (?), n. 1. One who deprives of life; one who, or that which, kills.

2. (Zoöl.) A voracious, toothed whale of the genus Orca, of which several species are known.

The killers have a high dorsal fin, and powerful jaws armed with large, sharp teeth. They capture, and swallow entire, large numbers of seals, porpoises, and dolphins, and are celebrated for their savage, combined attacks upon the right whales, which they are said to mutilate and kill. The common Atlantic species (Orca gladiator), is found both on the European and the American coast. Two species (Orca ater and O. rectipinna) occur on the Pacific coast.

Kil*lesse" (?), n. [Cf. Coulisse.] (Arch.) (a) A gutter, groove, or channel. (b) A hipped roof. [Prov. Eng.] Parker.

Kil"li*fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several small American cyprinodont fishes of the genus Fundulus and allied genera. They live equally well in fresh and brackish water, or even in the sea. They are usually striped or barred with black. Called also minnow, and brook fish. See Minnow.

Kil"li*grew (?), n. (Zoöl.) The Cornish chough. See under Chough. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Kil`li*ki*nick" (?), n. See Kinnikinic.

Kill"ing (?), a. Literally, that kills; having power to kill; fatal; in a colloquial sense, conquering; captivating; irresistible. -- Kill"ing*ly, adv.

> Those eyes are made so killing.

Pope.

> Nothing could be more killingly spoken.

Milton.

Kill"-joy` (?), n. One who causes gloom or grief; a dispiriting person. W. Black.

Kil"lock (?), n. [Cf. Scot. killick "the flue [fluke] of an anchor." Jamieson.] A small anchor; also, a kind of anchor formed by a stone inclosed by pieces of wood fastened together. [Written also killick.]

Kil"low (?), n. [Prov. E. kollow the smut or grime on the backs of chimneys.] An earth of a blackish or deep blue color. Woodward.

Kiln (kl), n. [OE. kilne, kulne, AS. cyln, cylen; akin to Icel. kylna; prob. from the same source as coal. See Coal.] 1. A large stove or oven; a furnace of brick or stone, or a heated chamber, for the purpose of hardening, burning, or drying anything; as, a kiln for baking or hardening earthen vessels; a kiln for drying grain, meal, lumber, etc.; a kiln for calcining limestone.

2. A furnace for burning bricks; a brickkiln.

Kiln"-dry` (?), v. t. To dry in a kiln; as, to kiln-dry meal or grain. Mortimer.

Kiln"hole` (?), n. The mouth or opening of an oven or kiln. Shak.

Ki"lo (?), n.; pl. Kilos (#). [F.] An abbreviation of Kilogram.

{ Kil"o*gram (?), Kil"o*gramme }, n. [F. kilogramme; pref. kilo- (fr. Gr. chi`lioi a thousand ) + gramme. See 3d Gram.] A measure of weight, being a thousand grams, equal to 2.2046 pounds avoirdupois (15,432.34 grains). It is equal to the weight of a cubic decimeter of distilled water at the temperature of maximum density, or 39° Fahrenheit.

{ Kil"o*gram*me`ter (?), Kil"o*gram*me`tre }, n. (Mech.) A measure of energy or work done, being the amount expended in raising one kilogram through the height of one meter, in the latitude of Paris.

{ Kil"o*li`ter (?), Kil"o*li`tre }, n. [F. kilolitre. See Kilogram, and Liter.] A measure of capacity equal to a cubic meter, or a thousand liters. It is equivalent to 35.315 cubic feet, and to 220.04 imperial gallons, or 264.18 American gallons of 321 cubic inches.

{ Kil"o*me`ter (?), Kil"o*me`tre }, n. [F. kilometre. See Kilogram, and Meter.] A measure of length, being a thousand meters. It is equal to 3,280.8 feet, or .62137 of a mile.

Kil"o*stere` (?), n. [F. kilostere. See Kilogram, and Stere.] A cubic measure containing 1000 cubic meters, and equivalent to 35,315 cubic feet.

Kil"o*watt (?), n. [See Kilogram and Watt.] (Elec.) One thousand watts.

Kilt (&?;), p. p. from Kill. [Obs.] Spenser.

Kilt, n. [OGael. cealt clothes, or rather perh. fr. Dan. kilte op to truss, tie up, tuck up.] A kind of short petticoat, reaching from the waist to the knees, worn in the Highlands of Scotland by men, and in the Lowlands by young boys; a filibeg. [Written also kelt.]

Kilt, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kilted; p. pr. & vb. n. Kilting.] To tuck up; to truss up, as the clothes. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Kilt"ed, a. 1. Having on a kilt.

2. Plaited after the manner of kilting.

3. Tucked or fastened up; -- said of petticoats, etc.

Kil"ter (?), n. See Kelter.

Kilt"ing (?), n. (Dressmaking) A perpendicular arrangement of flat, single plaits, each plait being folded so as to cover half the breadth of the preceding one.

Kim"bo (?), a. [Cf. Akimbo.] Crooked; arched; bent. [Written also kimbow.] Dryden.

Kim*me"ri*an (?), a. See Cimmerian.

Kim"nel (?), n. A tub. See Kemelin. [Obs.]

> She knew not what a kimnel was

Beau. & Fl.

Kim"ry (?), n. See Cymry.

-kin (-kn). [Of Low German origin; cf. G. - chen, LG. -- ken.] A diminutive suffix; as, manikin; lambkin.

Kin (kn), n. (Mus.) A primitive Chinese instrument of the cittern kind, with from five to twenty-five silken strings. Riemann.

Kin, n. [OE. kin, cun, AS. cynn kin, kind, race, people; akin to cennan to beget, D. kunne sex, OS. & OHG. kunni kin, race, Icel. kyn, Goth. kuni, G. & D. kind a child, L. genus kind, race, L. gignere to beget, Gr. gi`gnesqai to be born, Skr. jan to beget. √44. Cf. Kind, King, Gender kind, Nation.] 1. Relationship, consanguinity, or affinity; connection by birth or marriage; kindred; near connection or alliance, as of those having common descent.

2. Relatives; persons of the same family or race.

> The father, mother, and the kin beside.

Dryden.

> You are of kin, and so a friend to their persons.

Bacon.

Kin, a. Of the same nature or kind; kinder. "Kin to the king." Shak.

Kin`æ*sod"ic (?), a. (Physiol.) Kinesodic.

||Kin`æs*the"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. kinei^n to move + &?; perception.] (Physiol.) The perception attendant upon the movements of the muscles. Bastian.

Ki"nate (?), n. [Cf. F. kinate. ] (Chem.) See Quinate. [Obsolescent]

Kin"cob (?), n. India silk brocaded with flowers in silver or gold. -- a. Of the nature of kincob; brocaded. Thackeray.

Kind (?), a. [Compar. Kinder (?); superl. Kindest.] [AS. cynde, gecynde, natural, innate, prop. an old p. p. from the root of E. kin. See Kin kindred.] 1. Characteristic of the species; belonging to one's nature; natural; native. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> It becometh sweeter than it should be, and loseth the kind taste.

Holland.

2. Having feelings befitting our common nature; congenial; sympathetic; as, a kind man; a kind heart.

> Yet was he kind, or if severe in aught,
> The love he bore to learning was his fault.

Goldsmith.

3. Showing tenderness or goodness; disposed to do good and confer happiness; averse to hurting or paining; benevolent; benignant; gracious.

> He is kind unto the unthankful and to evil.

Luke vi 35.

> O cruel Death, to those you take more kind
> Than to the wretched mortals left behind.

Waller.

> A fellow feeling makes one wondrous kind.

Garrick.

4. Proceeding from, or characterized by, goodness, gentleness, or benevolence; as, a kind act. "Manners so kind, yet stately." Tennyson.

5. Gentle; tractable; easily governed; as, a horse kind in harness.

Syn. -- Benevolent; benign; beneficent; bounteous; gracious; propitious; generous; forbearing; indulgent; tender; humane; compassionate; good; lenient; clement; mild; gentle; bland; obliging; friendly; amicable. See Obliging.

Kind, n. [OE. kinde, cunde, AS. cynd. See Kind, a.] 1. Nature; natural instinct or disposition. [Obs.]

> He knew by kind and by no other lore.

Chaucer.

> Some of you, on pure instinct of nature,
> Are led by kind t'admire your fellow-creature.

Dryden.

2. Race; genus; species; generic class; as, in mankind or humankind. "Come of so low a kind." Chaucer.

> Every kind of beasts, and of birds.

James iii.7.

> She follows the law of her kind.

Wordsworth.

> Here to sow the seed of bread,
> That man and all the kinds be fed.

Emerson.

3. Nature; style; character; sort; fashion; manner; variety; description; class; as, there are several kinds of eloquence, of style, and of music; many kinds of government; various kinds of soil, etc.

> How diversely Love doth his pageants play,
> And snows his power in variable kinds !

Spenser.

> There is one kind of flesh of men, another flesh of beasts, another of fishes, and another of birds.

I Cor. xv. 39.

> Diogenes was asked in a kind of scorn: What was the matter that philosophers haunted rich men, and not rich men philosophers ?

Bacon.

A kind of, something belonging to the class of; something like to; -- said loosely or slightingly. In kind, in the produce or designated commodity itself, as distinguished from its value in money.

> Tax on tillage was often levied in kind upon corn.

Arbuthnot.

Syn. -- Sort; species; class; genus; nature; style; character; breed; set.

Kind, v. t. [See Kin.] To beget. [Obs.] Spenser.

Kin"der*gar`ten (?), n. [G., lit., children's garden; kinder (pl. of kind child, akin to E. kin kindred) + garten garden.] A school for young children, conducted on the theory that education should be begun by gratifying and cultivating the normal aptitude for exercise, play, observation, imitation, and construction; -- a name given by Friedrich Froebel, a German educator, who introduced this method of training, in rooms opening on a garden.

Kin"der*gart`ner (?), n. One who teaches in a kindergarten.

Kind"-heart`ed (?), a. Having kindness of nature; sympathetic; characterized by a humane disposition; as, a kind-hearted landlord.

> To thy self at least kind-hearted prove.

Shak.

Kind"-heart`ed*ness, n. The state or quality of being kind-hearted; benevolence.

Kin"dle (?), v. t. & i. [OE. kindlen, cundlen. See Kind.] To bring forth young. [Obs.] Shak.

> The poor beast had but lately kindled.

Holland.

Kin`dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kindled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Kindling (?).] [Icel. kyndill candle, torch; prob. fr. L. candela; cf. also Icel. kynda to kindle. Cf. Candle.] 1. To set on fire; to cause to burn with flame; to ignite; to cause to begin burning; to start; to light; as, to kindle a match, or shavings.

> His breath kindleth coals.

Job xii. 21.

2. Fig.: To inflame, as the passions; to rouse; to provoke; to excite to action; to heat; to fire; to animate; to incite; as, to kindle anger or wrath; to kindle the flame of love, or love into a flame.

> So is a contentious man to kindle strife.

Prov. xxvi. 21.

> Nothing remains but that I kindle the boy thither.

Shak.

> Kindling her undazzled eyes at the full midday beam.

Milton.

> Could swell the soul to rage, or kindle soft desire.

Dryden.

Syn. -- Enkindle; light; ignite; inflame; provoke; excite; arouse; stir up.

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Kin"dle (kn"d'l), v. i. 1. To take fire; to begin to burn with flame; to start as a flame.

> When thou walkest through the fire, thou shalt not be burned; neither shall the flame kindle upon thee.

Is. xliii. 2.

2. Fig.: To begin to be excited; to grow warm or animated; to be roused or exasperated.

> On all occasions where forbearance might be called for, the Briton kindles, and the Christian gives way.

I. Taylor.

Kin"dler (?), n. One who, or that which, kindles, stirs up, or sets on fire. "Kindlers of riot." Gay.

Kind"less (?), a. Destitute of kindness; unnatural.[Obs.] "Kindless villain." Shak.

Kind"li*ness (?), n. 1. Natural inclination; natural course. [Obs.] Milton.

2. The quality or state of being kindly; benignity; benevolence; gentleness; tenderness; as, kindliness of disposition, of treatment, or of words.

> In kind a father, but not in kindliness.

Sackville.

3. Softness; mildness; propitiousness; as, kindliness of weather, or of a season.

> Fruits and corn are much advanced by temper of the air and
> kindliness of seasons.

Whitlock.

Kin"dling (kn"dlng), n. 1. The act of causing to burn, or of exciting or inflaming the passions.

2. pl. Materials, easily lighted, for starting a fire.

Kind"ly (knd"l), a. [Compar. Kindlier (?); superl. Kindliest.] [AS. cyndelic. See Kind, n. ]

1. According to the kind or nature; natural. [R.]

> The kindly fruits of the earth.

Book of Com. Prayer.

> An herd of bulls whom kindly rage doth sting.

Spenser.

> Whatsoever as the Son of God he may do, it is kindly for
> Him as the Son of Man to save the sons of men.

L. Andrews.

2. Humane; congenial; sympathetic; hence, disposed to do good to; benevolent; gracious; kind; helpful; as, kindly affections, words, acts, etc.

> The shade by which my life was crossed, . . .
> Has made me kindly with my kind.

Tennyson.

3. Favorable; mild; gentle; auspicious; beneficent.

> In soft silence shed the kindly shower.

Pope.

> Should e'er a kindlier time ensue.

Wordsworth.

"Nothing ethical was connoted in kindly once: it was simply the adjective of kind. But it is God's ordinance that kind should be kindly, in our modern sense of the word as well; and thus the word has attained this meaning." Trench.

Kind"ly, adv. 1. Naturally; fitly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> Examine how kindly the Hebrew manners of speech mix and incorporate with the English language

Addison.

2. In a kind manner; congenially; with good will; with a disposition to make others happy, or to oblige.

> Be kindly affectioned one to another, with brotherly love.

Rom. xii. 10.

Kind"ness (?), n. [From Kind. a.] 1. The state or quality of being kind, in any of its various senses; manifestation of kind feeling or disposition beneficence.

> I do fear thy nature;
> It is too full o' the milk of human kindness
> To catch the nearest way.

Shak.

> Unremembered acts
> Of kindness and of love.

Wordsworth.

2. A kind act; an act of good will; as, to do a great kindness.

Syn. -- Good will; benignity; grace; tenderness; compassion; humanity; clemency; mildness; gentleness; goodness; generosity; beneficence; favor.

Kin"dred (?), n. [OE. kinrede, kynrede, kunreden (with excrescent d), fr. AS. cynn kin, race + the termination -rden, akin to AS. rdan to advise, G. rathen. Cf. Hatred.] 1. Relationship by birth or marriage; consanguinity; affinity; kin.

> Like her, of equal kindred to the throne.

Dryden.

2. Relatives by blood or marriage, more properly the former; relations; persons related to each other.

> I think there's no man is secure
> But the queen's kindred.

Shak.

Syn. -- Kin; kinsfolk; relatives; kinsmen; relations; relationship; affinity.

Kin"dred, a. Related; congenial; of the like nature or properties; as, kindred souls; kindred skies; kindred propositions.

> True to the kindred points of heaven and home.

Wordsworth.

Kine (?), n. pl. [For older kyen, formed like oxen, fr. AS. c&?;, itself pl. of c&?; cow. See Cow, and cf. Kee, Kie.] Cows. "A herd of fifty or sixty kine." Milton.

{ Kin`e*mat"ic (?), Kin`e*mat"ic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to kinematics.

Kinematic curves, curves produced by machinery, or a combination of motions, as distinguished from mathematical curves.

Kin`e*mat"ics (?), n. [Gr. (&?;), (&?;) motion, fr. kinei^n to move.] (Physics) The science which treats of motions considered in themselves, or apart from their causes; the comparison and relation of motions.

Kinematics forms properly an introduction to mechanics, as involving the mathematical principles which are to be applied to its data of forces. Nichol.

Kine"pox` (?), n. (Med.) See Cowpox.

Kin"e*scope (&?;), n. See Kinetoscope.

Kin`e*si*at"rics (?), n. [Gr. (&?;) motion (fr. kinei^n to move) + (&?;) pertaining to medicine, fr. (&?;) a physician.] (Med.) A mode of treating disease by appropriate muscular movements; -- also termed kinesitherapy, kinesipathy, lingism, and the movement cure.

Kin`e*sip"a*thy (?), n. [Gr. &?; motion + pa`qos suffering.] (Med.) See Kinesiatrics.

Kin`e*si*ther"a*py (?), n. [Gr. &?; motion + &?; to heal.] (Med.) See Kinesiatrics.

Kin`e*sod"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; motion + &?; way: cf. F. kinésodigue.] (Physiol.) Conveying motion; as, kinesodic substance; -- applied esp. to the spinal cord, because it is capable of conveying doth voluntary and reflex motor impulses, without itself being affected by motor impulses applied to it directly.

Ki*net"ic (?), q. [Gr. &?;, from kinei^n to move.] (Physics) Moving or causing motion; motory; active, as opposed to latent.

Kinetic energy. See Energy, n. 4.

Ki*net"ics (?), n. (Physics) See Dynamics.

Ki*ne`to*gen"e*sis (?), n. [Gr. &?; movable + -scope.] An instrument for producing curves by the combination of circular movements; -- called also kinescope.

King (kng), n. A Chinese musical instrument, consisting of resonant stones or metal plates, arranged according to their tones in a frame of wood, and struck with a hammer.

King, n. [AS. cyng, cyning; akin to OS. kuning, D. koning, OHG. kuning, G. könig, Icel. konungr, Sw. konung, Dan. konge; formed with a patronymic ending, and fr. the root of E. kin; cf. Icel. konr a man of noble birth. √44. See Kin.] 1. A chief ruler; a sovereign; one invested with supreme authority over a nation, country, or tribe, usually by hereditary succession; a monarch; a prince. "Ay, every inch a king." Shak.

> Kings will be tyrants from policy, when subjects are rebels from principle.

Burke.

> There was a State without king or nobles.

R. Choate.

> But yonder comes the powerful King of Day,
> Rejoicing in the east

Thomson.

2. One who, or that which, holds a supreme position or rank; a chief among competitors; as, a railroad king; a money king; the king of the lobby; the king of beasts.

3. A playing card having the picture of a king; as, the king of diamonds.

4. The chief piece in the game of chess.

5. A crowned man in the game of draughts.

6. pl. The title of two historical books in the Old Testament.

King is often used adjectively, or in combination, to denote preëminence or superiority in some particular; as, kingbird; king crow; king vulture.

Apostolic king. See Apostolic. - - King-at-arms, or King-of- arms, the chief heraldic officer of a country. In England the king-at-arms was formerly of great authority. His business is to direct the heralds, preside at their chapters, and have the jurisdiction of armory. There are three principal kings-at- arms, viz., Garter, Clarencieux, and Norroy. The latter (literally north roy or north king) officiates north of the Trent. -- King auk (Zoöl.), the little auk or sea dove. -- King bird of paradise. (Zoöl.), See Bird of paradise. -- King card, in whist, the best unplayed card of each suit; thus, if the ace and king of a suit have been played, the queen is the king card of the suit. -- King Cole , a legendary king of Britain, who is said to have reigned in the third century. -- King conch (Zoöl.), a large and handsome univalve shell (Cassis cameo), found in the West Indies. It is used for making cameos. See Helmet shell, under Helmet. -- King Cotton, a popular personification of the great staple production of the southern United States. -- King crab. (Zoöl.) (a) The limulus or horseshoe crab. See Limulus. (b) The large European spider crab or thornback (Maia squinado). -- King crow. (Zoöl.) (a) A black drongo shrike (Buchanga atra) of India; -- so called because, while breeding, they attack and drive away hawks, crows, and other large birds. (b) The Dicrurus macrocercus of India, a crested bird with a long, forked tail. Its color is black, with green and blue reflections. Called also devil bird. -- King duck (Zoöl.), a large and handsome eider duck (Somateria spectabilis), inhabiting the arctic regions of both continents. -- King eagle (Zoöl.), an eagle (Aquila heliaca) found in Asia and Southeastern Europe. It is about as large as the golden eagle. Some writers believe it to be the imperial eagle of Rome. -- King hake (Zoöl.), an American hake (Phycis regius), found in deep water along the Atlantic coast. -- King monkey (Zoöl.), an African monkey (Colobus polycomus), inhabiting Sierra Leone. -- King mullet (Zoöl.), a West Indian red mullet (Upeneus maculatus); -- so called on account of its great beauty. Called also goldfish. -- King of terrors, death. -- King parrakeet (Zoöl.), a handsome Australian parrakeet (Platycercys scapulatus), often kept in a cage. Its prevailing color is bright red, with the back and wings bright green, the rump blue, and tail black. -- King penguin (Zoöl.), any large species of penguin of the genus Aptenodytes; esp., A. longirostris, of the Falkland Islands and Kerguelen Land, and A. Patagonica, of Patagonia. -- King rail (Zoöl.), a small American rail (Rallus elegans), living in fresh- water marshes. The upper parts are fulvous brown, striped with black; the breast is deep cinnamon color. -- King salmon (Zoöl.), the quinnat. See Quinnat. -- King's, or Queen's, counsel (Eng. Law), barristers learned in the law, who have been called within the bar, and selected to be the king's or queen's counsel. They answer in some measure to the advocates of the revenue (advocati fisci) among the Romans. They can not be employed against the crown without special license. Wharton's Law Dict. -- King's cushion, a temporary seat made by two persons crossing their hands. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. -- The king's English, correct or current language of good speakers; pure English. Shak. -- King's or Queen's, evidence, testimony in favor of the Crown by a witness who confesses his guilt as an accomplice. See under Evidence. [Eng.] -- King's evil, scrofula; -- so called because formerly supposed to be healed by the touch of a king. -- King snake (Zoöl.), a large, nearly black, harmless snake (Ophiobolus getulus) of the Southern United States; -- so called because it kills and eats other kinds of snakes, including even the rattlesnake. -- King's spear (Bot.), the white asphodel (Asphodelus albus). -- King's yellow, a yellow pigment, consisting essentially of sulphide and oxide of arsenic; -- called also yellow orpiment. -- King tody (Zoöl.), a small fly-catching bird (Eurylaimus serilophus) of tropical America. The head is adorned with a large, spreading, fan-shaped crest, which is bright red, edged with black. -- King vulture (Zoöl.), a large species of vulture (Sarcorhamphus papa), ranging from Mexico to Paraguay, The general color is white. The wings and tail are black, and the naked carunculated head and the neck are briliantly colored with scarlet, yellow, orange, and blue. So called because it drives away other vultures while feeding. -- King wood, a wood from Brazil, called also violet wood, beautifully streaked in violet tints, used in turning and small cabinetwork. The tree is probably a species of Dalbergia. See Jacaranda.

King (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kinged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Kinging). ] To supply with a king; to make a king of; to raise to royalty. [R.] Shak.

> Those traitorous captains of Israel who kinged themselves by slaying their masters and reigning in their stead.

South.

King"bird (-brd), n. (Zoöl.) 1. A small American bird (Tyrannus tyrannus, or T. Carolinensis), noted for its courage in attacking larger birds, even hawks and eagles, especially when they approach its nest in the breeding season. It is a typical tyrant flycatcher, taking various insects upon the wing. It is dark ash above, and blackish on the head and tail. The quills and wing coverts are whitish at the edges. It is white beneath, with a white terminal band on the tail. The feathers on the head of the adults show a bright orange basal spot when erected. Called also bee bird, and bee martin. Several Southern and Western species of Tyrannus are also called king birds.

2. The king tody. See under King.

King"bolt` (-blt`), n. A vertical iron bolt, by which the forward axle and wheels of a vehicle or the trucks of a railroad car are connected with the other parts.

King Charles span"iel (?). (Zoöl.) A variety of small pet dogs, having, drooping ears, a high, dome-shaped forehead, pug nose, large, prominent eyes, and long, wavy hair. The color is usually black and tan.

King"craft (?), n. The craft of kings; the art of governing as a sovereign; royal policy. Prescott.

King"cup` (?), n. (Bot.) The common buttercup.

King"dom (kng"dm), n. [AS. cyningdm. See 2d King, and -dom.] 1. The rank, quality, state, or attributes of a king; royal authority; sovereign power; rule; dominion; monarchy.

> Thy kingdom is an everlasting kingdom.

Ps. cxiv. 13.

> When Jehoram was risen up to the kingdom of his father, he strengthened himself.

2 Chron. xxi. 4.

2. The territory or country subject to a king or queen; the dominion of a monarch; the sphere in which one is king or has control.

> Unto the kingdom of perpetual night.

Shak.

> You're welcome,
> Most learned reverend sir, into our kingdom.

Shak.

3. An extensive scientific division distinguished by leading or ruling characteristics; a principal division; a department; as, the mineral kingdom. "The animal and vegetable kingdoms." Locke.

Animal kingdom. See under Animal. -- Kingdom of God. (a) The universe. (b) That spiritual realm of which God is the acknowledged sovereign. (c) The authority or dominion of God. -- Mineral kingdom. See under Mineral. -- United Kingdom. See under United. -- Vegetable kingdom. See under Vegetable.

Syn. -- Realm; empire; dominion; monarchy; sovereignty; domain.

King"domed (-dmd), a. Having a kingdom or the dignity of a king; like a kingdom. [R.]

> "Twixt his mental and his active parts,
> Kingdom'd Achilles in commotion rages
> And batters down himself.

Shak.

King"fish` (-fsh`), n. (Zoöl.) (a) An American marine food fish of the genus Menticirrus, especially M. saxatilis, or M. nebulosos, of the Atlantic coast; -- called also whiting, surf whiting, and barb. (b) The opah. (c) The common cero; also, the spotted cero. See Cero. (d) The queenfish.

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King"fish`er (kng"fsh`r), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of birds constituting the family Alcedinidæ. Most of them feed upon fishes which they capture by diving and seizing them with the beak; others feed only upon reptiles, insects, etc. About one hundred and fifty species are known. They are found in nearly all parts of the world, but are particularly abundant in the East Indies.

The belted king-fisher of the United States (Ceryle alcyon) feeds upon fishes. It is slate-blue above, with a white belly and breast, and a broad white ring around the neck. A dark band crosses the breast. The common European species (Alcedo ispida), which is much smaller and brighter colored, is also a fisher. See Alcedo. The wood kingfishers (Halcyones), which inhabit forests, especially in Africa, feed largely upon insects, but also eat reptiles, snails, and small Crustacea, as well as fishes. The giant kingfisher of Australia feeds largely upon lizards and insects. See Laughing jackass, under Laughing.

King"hood (kng"hd), n. The state of being a king; the attributes of a king; kingship. Gower.

King"less, a. Having no king. F. Lieber.

King"let (kng"lt), n. 1. A little king; a weak or insignificant king. Carlyle.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small singing birds of the genus Regulus and family Sylviidæ.

The golden-crowned kinglet (Regulus satrapa), and the rubycrowned kinglet (R. calendula), are the most common American species. The common English kinglet (R. cristatus) is also called golden-crested wren, moonie, and marigold finch. The kinglets are often popularly called wrens, both in America and England.
[1913 Webster]

King"li*hood (?), n. King- liness. Tennyson.

King"li*ness, n. The state or quality of being kingly.

King"ling (?), n. Same as Kinglet, 1. Churchill.

King"ly (?), a. [Compar. Kinglier (?); superl. Kingliest.] Belonging to, suitable to, or becoming, a king; characteristic of, or resembling, a king; directed or administered by a king; monarchical; royal; sovereign; regal; august; noble; grand. "Kingly magnificence." Sir P. Sidney. "A kingly government." Swift. "The kingly couch." Shak.

> The kingliest kings are crowned with thorn.

G. Massey.

> Leave kingly backs to cope with kingly cares.

Cowper.

Syn. -- Regal; royal; monarchical; imperial; august; sovereign; noble; splendid. -- Kingly, Regal. Kingly is Anglo-Saxon, and refers especially to the character of a king; regal is Latin, and now relates more to his office. The former is chiefly used of dispositions, feelings, and purposes which are kinglike; as, kingly sentiments; kingly condescension; " a kingly heart for enterprises." Sir P. Sidney. The latter is oftener applied to external state, pomp, etc.; as, regal state, regal title, etc. This distinction is not observed by our early writers, but is gaining ground.

King"ly, adv. In a kingly or kinglike manner. Shak.

> Low bowed the rest; he, kingly, did but nod.

Pore.

Although this citation, one from Paradise Lost, and one from Shakespeare's ll4th Sonnet are given by lexicographers as examples of adverbial use, it is by no means clear that the word is not an adjective in each instance.

King"-post` (?), n. (Carp.) A member of a common form of truss, as a roof truss. It is strictly a tie, intended to prevent the sagging of the tiebeam in the middle. If there are struts, supporting the main rafters, they often bear upon the foot of the king-post. Called also crown- post.

King's Bench (?). (Law) Formerly, the highest court of common law in England; -- so called because the king used to sit there in person. It consisted of a chief justice and four puisne, or junior, justices. During the reign of a queen it was called the Queen's Bench. Its jurisdiction was transferred by the judicature acts of 1873 and 1875 to the high court of justice created by that legislation.

King"ship (?), n. The state, office, or dignity of a king; royalty. Landor.

{ King"ston (?), King"stone` (?), } n. (Zoöl.) The black angel fish. See Angel fish, under Angel.

King"ston met"al (?). An alloy of tin, copper, and mercury, sometimes used for the bearings and packings of machinery. McElrath.

King"ston valve (?). (Marine Steam Engin.) A conical valve, opening outward, to close the mouth of a pipe which passes through the side of a vessel below the water line.

King"truss` (?). (Carp.) A truss, framed with a king-post; -- used in roofs, bridges, etc.

Ki"nic (?), a. [Cf. F. kinique.] (Chem.) See Quinic.

Kink (?), n. [D. kink a bend or turn, or Sw. kink.]

1. A twist or loop in a rope or thread, caused by a spontaneous doubling or winding upon itself; a close loop or curl; a doubling in a cord.

2. An unreasonable notion; a crotchet; a whim; a caprice. [Colloq.] Cozzens.

Kink (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kinked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Kinking.] To wind into a kink; to knot or twist spontaneously upon itself, as a rope or thread.

Kink, n. [Cf. Chincough, Kink-haust.] A fit of coughing; also, a convulsive fit of laughter. [Scot.]

Kin"ka*jou` (?), n. [F. kinkajou, quincajou, from the native American name.] (Zoöl.) A nocturnal carnivorous mammal (Cercoleptes caudivolvulus) of South America, about as large as a full-grown cat. It has a prehensile tail and lives in trees. It is the only representative of a distinct family (Cercoleptidæ) allied to the raccoons. Called also potto, and honey bear.

Kink"haust` (?), n. [Prov. E. kink to gasp (cf. Chin cough) + haust a cough (akin to E. wheeze).] Whooping cough. [Obs.or Prov. Eng.]

Kin"kle (?), n. Same as 3d Kink.

Kink"y (?), a. 1. Full of kinks; liable to kink or curl; as, kinky hair.

2. Queer; eccentric; crotchety. [Colloq. U.S.]

Kin`ni*ki*nic" (?), n. [Indian, literally, a mixture.] Prepared leaves or bark of certain plants; -- used by the Indians of the Northwest for smoking, either mixed with tobacco or as a substitute for it. Also, a plant so used, as the osier cornel (Cornus stolonijra), and the bearberry (Arctostaphylus Uva-ursi). [Spelled also kinnickinnick and killikinick.]

Ki"no (?), n. The dark red dried juice of certain plants, used variously in tanning, in dyeing, and as an astringent in medicine.

The chief supply is from an East Indian leguminous tree, the Pterocarpus Marsupium. Other sources are the African Pterocarpus erinaceus, the tropical American sea grape (Coccoloba uvifera), and several Australian Eucalypti. See Botany bay kino, under Botany bay, Gum butea, under Gum, and Eucalyptus.

Ki*nol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. kinei^n to move + -logy.] That branch of physics which treats of the laws of motion, or of moving bodies.

Ki"none (?), n. (Chem.) See Quinone.

Ki"noyl (?), n. (Chem.) [Obs.] See Quinoyl.

Kin"rede (?), n. Kindred. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kins"folk` (?), n. Relatives; kindred; kin; persons of the same family or closely related families.

> They sought him among their kinsfolk and acquaintance.

Luke ii. 44.

Kin"ship (?), n. Family relationship.

Kins"man (?), n.; pl. Kinsmen (&?;). A man of the same race or family; one related by blood.

Kins"man*ship, n. Kinship. Thackeray.

Kins"wom`an (?), n.; pl. Kinswomen (&?;). A female relative. Shak.

Kint"lidge (?), n. (Naut.) See Kentledge.

Ki*osk" (?), n. [Turk. kiushk, kiöshk, Per. k&?;shk.] A Turkish open summer house or pavilion, supported by pillars.

Ki"o*ways` (?), n. pl.; sing. Kioway (&?;). (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians distantly related to the Shoshones. They formerly inhabited the region about the head waters of the North Platte.

Kip (?), n. The hide of a young or small beef creature, or leather made from it; kipskin.

Kip leather. See Kipskin.

Kipe (?), n. [Cf. OE. kipen to catch, Icel. kippa to pull, snatch. Cf. Kipper.] An osier basket used for catching fish. [Prov. Eng.]

Kip"per (?), n. [D. kippen to hatch, snatch, seize. Cf. Kipe.] 1. (Zoöl.) A salmon after spawning.

2. A salmon split open, salted, and dried or smoked; -- so called because salmon after spawning were usually so cured, not being good when fresh. [Scot.]

Kipper time, the season in which fishing for salmon is forbidden. [Eng. & Scot.]

Kip"per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kippered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Kippering.] To cure, by splitting, salting, and smoking. "Kippered salmon." Dickens.

Kip"per, a. Amorous; also, lively; light-footed; nimble; gay; sprightly. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Kip"per*nut` (?), n. (Bot.) A name given to earthnuts of several kinds.

Kip"skin` (?), n. [Kip + skin.] Leather prepared from the skin of young or small cattle, intermediate in grade between calfskin and cowhide.

Kirk (?), n. [Scot.; cf. Icel. kirkja, of Greek origin. See Church.] A church or the church, in the various senses of the word; esp., the Church of Scotland as distinguished from other reformed churches, or from the Roman Catholic Church. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Kirked (?), a. [Etymol. uncertain.] Turned upward; bent. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Kirk"man (?), n.; pl. Kirkmen (&?;).

1. A clergyman or officer in a kirk. [Scot.]

2. A member of the Church of Scotland, as distinguished from a member of another communion. [Scot.]

Kirk"yard` (?), n. A churchyard. [Scot.]

Kir"mess (?), n. [D. kermis; cf. G. kirmes; prop., church mass. See Church, and Mass a religious service.] In Europe, particularly in Belgium and Holland, and outdoor festival and fair; in the United States, generally an indoor entertainment and fair combined.

Kirsch"was`ser (?), n. [G., fr. kirsche cherry + wasser water.] An alcoholic liquor, obtained by distilling the fermented juice of the small black cherry.

Kir"some, a. [Corrupted from chrisom.] Christian; christened. [Obs.]

> I am a true kirsome woman.

Beau. & Fl.

Kir"tle (?), n. [OE. kirtel, curtel, AS. cyrtel; skin to Icel. kyrtill, Sw. kjortel, Dan. kiortel, kiole.] A garment varying in form and use at different times, and worn both by men and women.

> Wearing her Norman car, and her kirtle of blue.

Longfellow.

The term is still retained in the provinces, in the sense of " an outer petticoat." Halliwell.

Kir"tled (?), a. Wearing a kirtle. Byron.

Ki*rum"bo (?), n. (Zoöl.) A bird of Madagascar (Leptosomus discolor), the only living type of a family allied to the rollers. It has a pair of loral plumes. The male is glossy green above, with metallic reflections; the female is spotted with brown and black.

Kish (?), n. [Cf. G. kies gravel, pyrites.] (Min.) A workman's name for the graphite which forms incidentally in iron smelting.

Kis"met (?), n. [Per. qismat.] Destiny; fate. [Written also kismat.] [Oriental]

Kiss (ks), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kissed (kst);p. pr. & vb. n. Kissing.] [OE. kissen, cussen, AS. cyssan, fr. coss a kiss; of uncertain origin; akin to D. kus, G. kuss, Icel. koss.] 1. To salute with the lips, as a mark of affection, reverence, submission, forgiveness, etc.

> He . . . kissed her lips with such a clamorous smack,
> That at the parting all the church echoed.

Shak.

2. To touch gently, as if fondly or caressingly.

> When the sweet wind did gently kiss the trees.

Shak.

Kiss, v. i. 1. To make or give salutation with the lips in token of love, respect, etc.; as, kiss and make friends.

2. To meet; to come in contact; to touch fondly.

> Like fire and powder,
> Which as they kiss consume.

Shak.

> Rose, rose and clematis,
> Trail and twine and clasp and kiss.

Tennyson.

Kissing comfit, a perfumed sugarplum to sweeten the breath. [Obs or Prov. End.] Shak.

Kiss, n. [OE. kiss, derived under the influence of the verb from the older form coss, AS. coss. See Kiss, v.]

1. A salutation with the lips, as a token of affection, respect, etc.; as, a parting kiss; a kiss of reconciliation.

> Last with a kiss, she took a long farewell.

Dryden.

> Dear as remembered kisses after death.

Tennyson.

2. A small piece of confectionery.

Kiss"er (?), n. One who kisses. Beau. & Fl.

Kiss"ing*crust` (?), n. (Cookery) The portion of the upper crust of a loaf which has touched another loaf in baking. Lamb.

> A massy fragment from the rich kissingcrust that hangs like a fretted cornice from the upper half of the loaf.

W. Howitt.

Kist (kst), n. [See Chest.] A chest; hence, a coffin. [Scot. & Prov. End.] Jamieson. Halliwell.

Kist, n. [Ar. gist.] A stated payment, especially a payment of rent for land; hence, the time for such payment. [India]

Kist"vaen (kst"vn), n. [W. cist-faen.] (Archæol.) A Celtic monument, commonly known as a dolmen.

Kit, (kt), v. t. [imp. Kitte.] To cut. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kit, n. [See Kitten.] A kitten.

Kit fox (Zoöl.), a small burrowing fox (Vulpes velox), inhabiting the region of the Rocky Mountains. It is brownish gray, reddish on the breast and flanks, and white below. Called also swift fox.

Kit, n. [Gf. AS. cytere harp, L. cithara. Cf. Guitar.] A small violin. "A dancing master's kit." Grew.

> Prince Turveydrop then tinkled the strings of his kit with his fingers, and the young ladies stood up to dance.

Dickens.

Kit, n. [Cf. D. kit a large bottle, OD. kitte beaker, decanter.] 1. A large bottle.

2. A wooden tub or pail, smaller at the top than at the bottom; as, a kit of butter, or of mackerel. Wright.

3. A straw or rush basket for fish; also, any kind of basket. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

4. A box for working implements; hence, a working outfit, as of a workman, a soldier, and the like.

5. A group of separate parts, things, or individuals; -- used with whole, and generally contemptuously; as, the whole kit of them.

Kit"cat` (?), a. 1. Designating a club in London, to which Addison and Steele belonged; -- so called from Christopher Cat, a pastry cook, who served the club with mutton pies.

2. Designating a canvas used for portraits of a peculiar size, viz., twenty-right or twenty-nine inches by thirty- six; -- so called because that size was adopted by Sir Godfrey Kneller for the portraits he painted of the members of the Kitcat Club. Fairholt.

Kit"cat`, n. A game played by striking with a stick small piece of wood, called a cat, shaped like two cones united at their bases; tipcat. Cotton.

Kitcat roll (Agric.), a roller somewhat in the form of two cones set base to base. [Prov. Eng.]

Kitch"en (kch"n), n. [OE. kichen, kichene, kuchene, AS. cycene, L. coquina, equiv. to culina a kitchen, fr. coquinus pertaining to cooking, fr. coquere to cook. See Cook to prepare food, and cf. Cuisine.] 1. A cookroom; the room of a house appropriated to cookery.

> Cool was his kitchen, though his brains were hot.

Dryden.

> A fat kitchen makes a lean will.

Franklin.

2. A utensil for roasting meat; as, a tin kitchen.

Kitchen garden. See under Garden. -- Kitchen lee, dirty soapsuds. [Obs.] "A brazen tub of kitchen lee." Ford. -- Kitchen stuff, fat collected from pots and pans. Donne.

Kitch"en, v. t. To furnish food to; to entertain with the fare of the kitchen. [Obs.] Shak.

Kitch"en*er, n. A kitchen servant; a cook. Carlyle.

Kitch"en*maid` (?), n. A woman employed in the kitchen. Shak.

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Kitch"en mid`dens (kch"n md`d'nz). [Dan. kjök-kenmöddings kitchen leavings; cf. Scot. midden a dunghill.] Relics of neolithic man found on the coast of Denmark, consisting of shell mounds, some of which are ten feet high, one thousand feet long, and two hundred feet wide. The name is applied also to similar mounds found on the American coast from Canada to Florida, made by the North American Indians.

Kitch"en-ry (-r), n. The body of servants employed in the kitchen. [Obs.] Holland.

Kite (kt), n. [OE. kyte, AS. cta; cf. W. cud, cut.]

1. (Zoöl.) Any raptorial bird of the subfamily Milvinæ, of which many species are known. They have long wings, adapted for soaring, and usually a forked tail.

The European species are Milvus ictinus and M. migrans; the pariah kite of India is M. govinda; the sacred or Brahmany kite of India is Haliastur Indus; the American fork-tailed kite is the Nauclerus furcatus.

2. Fig. : One who is rapacious.

> Detested kite, thou liest.

Shak.

3. A light frame of wood or other material covered with paper or cloth, for flying in the air at the end of a string.

4. (Naut.) A lofty sail, carried only when the wind is light.

5. (Geom.) A quadrilateral, one of whose diagonals is an axis of symmetry. Henrici.

6. Fictitious commercial paper used for raising money or to sustain credit, as a check which represents no deposit in bank, or a bill of exchange not sanctioned by sale of goods; an accommodation check or bill. [Cant]

7. (Zoöl.) The brill. [Prov. Eng.]

Flying kites. (Naut.) See under Flying. -- Kite falcon (Zoöl.), an African falcon of the genus Avicida, having some resemblance to a kite.

Kite, v. i. To raise money by "kites;" as, kiting transactions. See Kite, 6. [Cant]

Kite, n. The belly. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Kite"fly`ing (?), n. A mode of raising money, or sustaining one's credit, by the use of paper which is merely nominal; -- called also kiting. -- Kite"fli`er, n. See Kite, n., 6. [Cant] McElrath. Thackeray.

Kith (kth), n. [OE. kith, cuð, AS. cððe, cð, native land, fr. cð known. √45. See Uncouth, Can, and cf. Kythe.] Acquaintance; kindred.

> And my near kith for that will sore me shend.

W. Browne.

> The sage of his kith and the hamlet.

Longfellow.

Kith and kin, kindred more or less remote.

||Kith"a*ra (-*r), n. See Cithara.

Kithe (k), v. t. [Obs.] See Kythe. Chaucer.

Kit"ish (?), a. (Zoöl.) Like or relating to a kite.

Kit"ling (?), n. [Kit a kitten + -ling: cf. Icel. ketlingr.] A young kitten; a whelp. [Obs. or Scot.] B. Jonson.

Kit"te (kt"te), imp. of Kit to cut. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Kit"tel (kt"t'l), v. t. See Kittle, v. t.

Kit"ten (-t'n), n. [OE. kiton, a dim. of cat; cf. G. kitze a young cat, also a female cat, and F. chaton, dim. of chat cat, also E. kitling. See Cat.] A young cat.

Kit"ten, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Kittened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Kittening.] To bring forth young, as a cat; to bring forth, as kittens. Shak. H. Spencer.

Kit"ten*ish, a. Resembling a kitten; playful; as, a kittenish disposition. Richardson.

Kit"ti*wake (-t*wk), n. (Zoöl.) A northern gull (Rissa tridactyla), inhabiting the coasts of Europe and America. It is white, with black tips to the wings, and has but three toes.

Kit"tle (-t'l), v. i. [Cf. Kit a kitten.] (Zoöl.) To bring forth young, as a cat; to kitten; to litter. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Kit"tle, v. t. [Cf. AS. citelian; akin to D. kittelen, G. kitzeln, Icel. kitla, Sw. kittla, kittsla, Dan. kildre. Cf. Tickle.] To tickle. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] [Written also kittel.] Halliwell. Jamieson.

Kit"tle, a. Ticklish; not easily managed; troublesome; difficult; variable. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell. Sir W. Scott.

Kit"tlish (?), a. Ticklish; kittle. Sir W. Scott.

Kit*ty*sol" (?), n. [Sp. quitasol.] The Chinese paper parasol.

Kive (?), n. A mash vat. See Keeve. [Obs.]

Kiv"er (?), v. t. To cover. -- n. A cover. [Disused except in illiterate speech.]

{ Ki`vi*ki"vi (?), Ki`wi*ki"wi (?), } n.; pl. Kivikivies (&?;), Kiwikiwies (&?;). (Zoöl.) Any species of Apteryx, esp. A. australis; -- so called in imitation of its notes. Called also kiwi. See Apteryx.

||Kjoek"ken moed`dings (?). [Dan.] See Kitchen middens.

Kla"maths (?), n. pl.; sing. Klamath (Ethnol.) A collective name for the Indians of several tribes formerly living along the Klamath river, in California and Oregon, but now restricted to a reservation at Klamath Lake; -- called also Clamets and Hamati.

Kleene"boc` (kln"bk`), n. [D. kleen little, small + bok buck.] (Zoöl.) An antelope (Cerphalopus pygmæus), found in South Africa. It is of very small size, being but one foot high at the shoulder. It is remarkable for its activity, and for its mild and timid disposition. Called also guevi, and pygmy antelope.

klep`to*ma"ni*a (klp`t*m"n*), n. [Gr. kle`pths thief + E. mania.] A propensity to steal, claimed to be irresistible. This does not constitute legal irresponsibility. Wharton.

klep`to*ma"ni*ac (?), n. A person affected with kleptomania.

Klick (?), n. & v. See Click.

Klick"et (?), n. [Cf. Clicket.] (Mil.) A small postern or gate in a palisade, for the passage of sallying parties. [Written also klinket.]

Klink"stone` (?), n. See Clinkstone.

Kli*nom"e*ter (?), n. See Clinometer.

{ Klip"das (?), Klip"dachs` (?) }, n. [D. klip cliff + das badger, akin to G. dachs.] (Zoöl.) A small mammal (Hyrax Capensis), found in South Africa. It is of about the size of a rabbit, and closely resembles the daman. Called also rock rabbit.

Klip"fish` (?), n. Dried cod, exported from Norway. [Written also clipfish.]

Klip"spring`er (?), n. [D., lit., cliff springer.] (Zoöl.) A small, graceful South African antelope (Nanotragus oreotragus), which, like the chamois, springs from one crag to another with great agility; -- called also kainsi. [Written also klippspringer.]

||Kloof (?), n. [D. See Clove a cleft.] A glen; a ravine closed at its upper end. [South Africa]

Klo`pe*ma"ni*a (?), n. [Gr. kloph` theft + E. mania.] See Kleptomania.

Knab (nb), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knabbed (nbd); p. pr. & vb. n. Knabbing.] [See Nab, v. t., and cf. Knap, v. t.] 1. To seize with the teeth; to gnaw. "Knabbing crusts." [Obs.] L'Estrange.

2. To nab. See Nab, v. t. [Colloq.]

Knab"ble (?), v. i. [Freq. of knab.] To bite or nibble. [Obs.]

> Horses will knabble at walls, and rats gnaw iron.

Sir T. Browne.

Knack (nk), v. i. [Prob. of imitative origin; cf. G. knacken to break, Dan. knage to crack, and E. knock.] 1. To crack; to make a sharp, abrupt noise to chink. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Bp. Hall.

2. To speak affectedly. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Knack, n. 1. A petty contrivance; a toy; a plaything; a knickknack.

> A knack, a toy, a trick, a baby's cap.

Shak.

2. A readiness in performance; aptness at doing something; skill; facility; dexterity.

> The fellow . . . has not the knack with his shears.

B. Jonson.

> The dean was famous in his time,
> And had a kind of knack at rhyme.

Swift.

3. Something performed, or to be done, requiring aptness and dexterity; a trick; a device. "The knacks of japers." Chaucer.

> For how should equal colors do the knack !

Pope.

Knack"er (?), n. 1. One who makes knickknacks, toys, etc. Mortimer.

2. One of two or more pieces of bone or wood held loosely between the fingers, and struck together by moving the hand; -- called also clapper. Halliwell.

Knack"er, n. [Cf. Icel. hnakkr a saddle.] 1. a harness maker. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

2. One who slaughters worn-out horses and sells their flesh for dog's meat. [Eng.]

Knack"ish, a. Trickish; artful. [Obs.] -- Knack"ish*ness, n. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Knack"-kneed` (?), a. See Knock-kneed.

Knack"y (?), a. Having a knack; cunning; crafty; trickish. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell.

Knag (?), n. [Cf. Prov. G. knagge a knot in wood, Sw. knagg, Dan. knag a hook to hand clothes on, a bracket; Gael. & Ir. cnag peg, knob.] 1. A knot in wood; a protuberance. Wright.

2. A wooden peg for hanging things on. Wright.

3. The prong of an antler. Holland.

4. The rugged top of a hill. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Knag"ged (?), a. Full of knots; knaggy.

Knag"gy (?), a. Knotty; rough; figuratively, rough in temper. Fuller. -- Knag"gi*ness (#), n.

Knap (?), n. [AS. cnæp, cnæpp, top, knob, button; cf. Icel. knappr knob, Sw. knapp, Dan. knap button, W., Gael., & Ir. cnap knob, button, and E. knop.] A protuberance; a swelling; a knob; a button; hence, rising ground; a summit. See Knob, and Knop.

> The highest part and knap of the same island.

Holland.

Knap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knapped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Knapping.] [D. knappen to chew, bite, crack, take hold of; prob. of imitative origin.] 1. To bite; to bite off; to break short. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. ]

> He will knap the spears apieces with his teeth.

Dr. H. More.

> He breaketh the bow, and knappeth the spear in sunder.

Ps. xlvi. 9 (Book of Common Prayer.)

2. To strike smartly; to rap; to snap. Bacon.

Knap, v. i. To make a sound of snapping. Wiseman.

Knap, n. A sharp blow or slap. Halliwell.

Knap"bot`tle (?), n. (Bot.) The bladder campion (Silene inflata).

Knap"pish (?), a. [See Knap to strike.] Snappish; peevish. [Obs.] Grafton.

Knap"ple (?), v. i. [Freq. of knap, v., cf. D. knabbelen to gnaw.] To break off with an abrupt, sharp noise; to bite; to nibble. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Knap"py (?), a. Having knaps; full of protuberances or humps; knobby. [Obs.] Huloet.

Knap"sack` (?), n. [D. knapzak; knappen to eat + zak a bag. See Knap, v. t., and Sack.] A case of canvas or leather, for carrying on the back a soldier's necessaries, or the clothing, etc., of a traveler.

> And each one fills his knapsack or his scrip
> With some rare thing that on the field is found.

Drayton.

Knap"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) The black centaury (Centaurea nigra); -- so called from the knoblike heads of flowers. Called also bullweed.

Knar (när), n. See Gnar. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Knarl (närl), n. A knot in wood. See Gnarl.

Knarled (närld), a. Knotted. See Gnarled.

Knarred (närd), a. Knotty; gnarled.

> The knarred and crooked cedar knees.

Longfellow.

Knar"ry (när"r), a. Knotty; gnarled. Chaucer.

Knave (nv), n. [OE., boy, servant, knave, AS. cnafa boy, youth; cf. AS. cnapa boy, youth, D. knaap, G. knabe boy, knappe esquire, Icel. knapi, Sw. knape esquire, knäfvel knave.] 1. A boy; especially, a boy servant. [Obs.] Wyclif. Chaucer.

> O murderous slumber,
> Lay'st thou thy leaden mace upon my boy
> That plays thee music ? Gentle knave, good night.

Shak.

2. Any male servant; a menial. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> He's but Fortune's knave,
> A minister of her will.

Shak.

3. A tricky, deceitful fellow; a dishonest person; a rogue; a villain. "A pair of crafty knaves." Shak.

> In defiance of demonstration, knaves will continue to proselyte fools.

Ames.

"How many serving lads must have been unfaithful and dishonest before knave -which meant at first no more than boy -- acquired the meaning which it has now !" Trench.

4. A playing card marked with the figure of a servant or soldier; a jack.

Knave child, a male child. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Syn. -- Villain; cheat; rascal; rogue; scoundrel; miscreant.

Knav"er*y (?), n.; pl. Knaveries (&?;). 1. The practices of a knave; petty villainy; fraud; trickery; a knavish action.

> This is flat knavery, to take upon you another man's name.

Shak.

2. pl. Roguish or mischievous tricks. Shak.

Knave"ship, n. A small due, in meal, established by usage, which is paid to the under miller. [Scot.]

Knav"ess (?), n. A knavish woman. Carlyle.

Knav"ish, a. 1. Like or characteristic of a knave; given to knavery; trickish; fraudulent; dishonest; villainous; as, a knavish fellow, or a knavish trick. "Knavish politicians." Macaulay.

2. Mischievous; roguish; waggish.

> Cupid is knavish lad,
> Thus to make poor females mad.

Shak.

Knav"ish*ly, adv. 1. In a knavish manner; dishonestly; fraudulently. Holland.

2. Mischievously; waggishly; roguishly. "Knavishly witty." Gayton.

Knav"ish*ness, n. The quality or state of being knavish; knavery; dishonesty.

Knaw (n), v. t. See Gnaw. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Knaw"el (n"l), n. [Akin to G. knauelk, knäuel, prop., a ball of thread, coil. Cf. Clew.] (Bot.) A low, spreading weed (Scleranthus annuus), common in sandy soil.

Knead (nd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kneaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Kneading.] [OE. kneden, As. cnedan; akin to D. kneden, G. kneten, Sw. knåda, Icel. knoða; cf. OSlav. gnesti.] 1. To work and press into a mass, usually with the hands; esp., to work, as by repeated pressure with the knuckles, into a well mixed mass, as the materials of bread, cake, etc.; as, to knead dough.

> The kneading, the making of the cake, the heating of the oven, and the baking.

Shak.

2. Fig.: To treat or form as by kneading; to beat.

> I will knead him : I'll make him supple.

Shak.

Kneading trough, a trough or tray in which dough is kneaded. Ex. viii. 3.

Knead"a*ble (?), a. That may be kneaded; capable of being worked into a mass.

Knead"er (?), n. One who kneads.

Knead"ing*ly, adv. In the manner of one kneading.

Kne"bel*ite (?), n. [From Major von Knebel.] (Min.) A mineral of a gray, red, brown, or green color, and glistening luster. It is a silicate of iron and manganese.

Kneck (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Naut.) The twisting of a rope or cable, as it is running out. [Eng.]

Knee (n), n. [OE. kne, cneo, As. cneó, cneów; akin to OS. knio, kneo, OFries. kn, G. & D. knie, OHG. chniu, chneo, Icel. kn, Sw. knä, Dan. knæ, Goth. kniu, L. genu, Gr. go`ny, Skr. jnu, √231. Cf. Genuflection.] 1. In man, the joint in the middle part of the leg.

2. (Anat.) (a) The joint, or region of the joint, between the thigh and leg. (b) In the horse and allied animals, the carpal joint, corresponding to the wrist in man.

3. (Mech. & Shipbuilding) A piece of timber or metal formed with an angle somewhat in the shape of the human knee when bent.

4. A bending of the knee, as in respect or courtesy.

> Give them title, knee, and approbation.

Shak.

Knee breeches. See under Breeches. -- Knee holly, Knee holm (Bot.), butcher's broom. -- Knee jerk (Physiol.) a jerk or kick produced by a blow or sudden strain upon the patellar tendon of the knee, which causes a sudden contraction of the quadriceps muscle; one of the so-called tendon reflexes. -- Knee joint. See in the Vocabulary. -- Knee timber, timber with knees or angles in it. -- Knee tribute, or Knee worship, tribute paid by kneeling; worship by genuflection. [Obs.] "Knee tribute yet unpaid." Milton.

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Knee (n), v. t. To supplicate by kneeling. [Obs.]

> Fall down, and knee
> The way into his mercy.

Shak

Knee"brush` (n"brsh`), n. 1. (Zoöl.) A tuft or brush of hair on the knees of some species of antelopes and other animals; -- chiefly used in the plural.

2. (Zoöl.) A thick mass or collection of hairs on the legs of bees, by aid of which they carry the collected pollen to the hive or nest; -- usually in the plural.

Knee"cap` (?), n. 1. (Anat.) The kneepan.

2. A cap or protection for the knee.

Knee"-crook`ing (?), a. Obsequious; fawning; cringing. "Knee-crooking knave." Shak.

Kneed (?), a. 1. Having knees;- used chiefly in composition; as, in-kneed; out-kneed; weak-kneed.

2. (Bot.) Geniculated; forming an obtuse angle at the joints, like the knee when a little bent; as, kneed grass.

Knee"-deep` (?), a. 1. Rising to the knees; knee-high; as, water or snow knee- deep.

> Grass knee-deep within a month.

Milton.

2. Sunk to the knees; as, men knee- deep in water.

> Where knee-deep the trees were standing.

Longfellow.

Knee"-high` (?), a. Rising or reaching upward to the knees; as, the water is knee- high.

Knee"joint` (?), n. 1. The joint of the knee.

2. (Mach.) A toggle joint; -- so called because consisting of two pieces jointed to each other end to end, making an angle like the knee when bent.

Knee"joint`ed, a. (Bot.) Geniculate; kneed. See Kneed, a., 2.

Kneel (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Knelt (?) or Kneeled (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Kneeling.] [OE. knelen, cneolien; akin to D. knielen, Dan. knæle. See Knee.] To bend the knee; to fall or rest on the knees; -- sometimes with down.

> And he kneeled down, and cried with a loud voice, Lord, lay not this sin to their charge.

Acts vii. 60.

> As soon as you are dressed, kneel and say the Lord's Prayer.

Jer. Taylor.

Kneel"er (?), n. 1. One who kneels or who worships by or while kneeling. Tennyson.

2. A cushion or stool to kneel on.

3. (Eccl. Hist.) A name given to certain catechumens and penitents who were permitted to join only in parts of church worship.

Kneel"ing*ly, adv. In a kneeling position.

Knee"pan` (?), n. (Anat.) A roundish, flattened, sesamoid bone in the tendon in front of the knee joint; the patella; the kneecap.

Knee"piece` (?), n. A piece shaped like a knee; as, the kneepieces or ears of a boat.

Knell (?), n. [OE. knel, cnul, AS. cnyll, fr. cnyllan to sound a bell; cf. D. & G. knallen to clap, crack, G. & Sw. knall a clap, crack, loud sound, Dan. knalde to clap, crack. Cf. Knoll, n. & v.] The stroke of a bell tolled at a funeral or at the death of a person; a death signal; a passing bell; hence, figuratively, a warning of, or a sound indicating, the passing away of anything.

> The dead man's knell
> Is there scarce asked for who.

Shak.

> The curfew tolls the knell of parting day.

Gray.

Knell, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Knelled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Knelling.] [OE. knellen, knillen, As. cnyllan. See Knell, n.] To sound as a knell; especially, to toll at a death or funeral; hence, to sound as a warning or evil omen.

> Not worth a blessing nor a bell to knell for thee.

Beau. & Fl.

> Yet all that poets sing, and grief hath known,
> Of hopes laid waste, knells in that word, "alone".

Ld. Lytton.

Knell, v. t. To summon, as by a knell.

> Each matin bell, the baron saith,
> Knells us back to a world of death.

Coleridge.

Knelt (?), imp. & p. p. of Kneel.

Knew (?), imp. of Know.

Knick"er (?), n. [D. knikker.] A small ball of clay, baked hard and oiled, used as a marble by boys in playing. [Prov. Eng. & U. S.] Halliwell. Bartlett.

Knick"er*bock`ers (?), n. pl. The name for a style of short breeches; smallclothes.

Knick"knack` (?), n. [See Knack.] A trifle or toy; a bawble; a gewgaw.

Knick"knack`a*to*ry (?), n. A collection of knickknacks. Richardson.

Knick"knack`er*y (?), n. Knickknacks.

Knife (?), n.; pl. Knives (#). [OE. knif, AS. cnf; akin to D. knijf, Icel. knfr, Sw. knif, Dan. kniv.] 1. An instrument consisting of a thin blade, usually of steel and having a sharp edge for cutting, fastened to a handle, but of many different forms and names for different uses; as, table knife, drawing knife, putty knife, pallet knife, pocketknife, penknife, chopping knife, etc..

2. A sword or dagger.

> The coward conquest of a wretch's knife.

Shak.

Knife grass (Bot.) a tropical American sedge (Scleria latifolia), having leaves with a very sharp and hard edge, like a knife. -- War to the knife, mortal combat; a conflict carried to the last extremity.

Knife, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knifed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Knifing (?).] 1. (Hort.) To prune with the knife.

2. To cut or stab with a knife. [Low]

Knife"board` (?), n. A board on which knives are cleaned or polished.

Knife"-edge` (?), n. (Mech.) A piece of steel sharpened to an acute edge or angle, and resting on a smooth surface, serving as the axis of motion of a pendulum, scale beam, or other piece required to oscillate with the least possible friction.

Knife-edge file. See Illust. of File.

Knight (?), n. [OE. knight, cniht, knight, soldier, As. cniht, cneoht, a boy, youth, attendant, military follower; akin to D. & G. knecht servant; perh. akin to E. kin.] 1. A young servant or follower; a military attendant. [Obs.]

2. (a) In feudal times, a man-at-arms serving on horseback and admitted to a certain military rank with special ceremonies, including an oath to protect the distressed, maintain the right, and live a stainless life. (b) One on whom knighthood, a dignity next below that of baronet, is conferred by the sovereign, entitling him to be addressed as Sir; as, Sir John. [Eng.] Hence: (c) A champion; a partisan; a lover. "Give this ring to my true knight." Shak "In all your quarrels will I be your knight." Tennyson.

> Knights, by their oaths, should right poor ladies' harms.

Shak.

Formerly, when a knight's name was not known, it was customary to address him as Sir Knight. The rank of a knight is not hereditary.

3. A piece used in the game of chess, usually bearing a horse's head.

4. A playing card bearing the figure of a knight; the knave or jack. [Obs.]

Carpet knight. See under Carpet. -- Knight of industry. See Chevalier d'industrie, under Chevalier. -- Knight of Malta, Knight of Rhodes, Knight of St. John of Jerusalem. See Hospitaler. - - Knight of the post, one who gained his living by giving false evidence on trials, or false bail; hence, a sharper in general. Nares. "A knight of the post, . . . quoth he, for so I am termed; a fellow that will swear you anything for twelve pence." Nash. -- Knight of the shire, in England, one of the representatives of a county in Parliament, in distinction from the representatives of cities and boroughs. -- Knights commanders, Knights grand cross, different classes of the Order of the Bath. See under Bath, and Companion. Knights of labor, a secret organization whose professed purpose is to secure and maintain the rights of workingmen as respects their relations to their employers. [U. S.] -- Knights of Pythias, a secret order, founded in Washington, d.C., in 1864, for social and charitable purposes. - - Knights of the Round Table, knights belonging to an order which, according to the legendary accounts, was instituted by the mythical King Arthur. They derived their common title from the table around which they sat on certain solemn days. Brande & C.

Knight, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knighted; p. pr. & vb. n. Knighting.] To dub or create (one) a knight; -- done in England by the sovereign only, who taps the kneeling candidate with a sword, saying: Rise, Sir ---.

> A soldier, by the honor-giving hand
> Of C&?;ur-de-Lion knighted in the field.

Shak.

Knight"age (?), n. The body of knights, taken collectively.

Knight" bach"e*lor (?); pl. Knights bachelors (&?;). A knight of the most ancient, but lowest, order of English knights, and not a member of any order of chivalry. See Bachelor, 4.

Knight" ban"ner*et (?); pl. Knights bannerets. A knight who carried a banner, who possessed fiefs to a greater amount than the knight bachelor, and who was obliged to serve in war with a greater number of attendants. The dignity was sometimes conferred by the sovereign in person on the field of battle.

Knight" bar"o*net (?). See Baronet.

Knight"-er`rant (?), n.; pl. Knight-errants, or Knights- errant. A wandering knight; a knight who traveled in search of adventures, for the purpose of exhibiting military skill, prowess, and generosity.

Knight"-er`rant*ry (?), n.; pl. Knight-errantries (&?;). The character or actions of wandering knights; the practice of wandering in quest of adventures; chivalry; a quixotic or romantic adventure or scheme.

> The rigid guardian [i. e., conscience] of a blameless heart
> Is weak with rank knight-erratries o'errun.

Young.

Knight"-er-rat"ic (?), a. Pertaining to a knight-errant or to knight-errantry. [R.] Quart. Rev.

Knight"head` (?), n. (Naut.) A bollard timber. See under Bollard.

Knight"hood (?), n. [Knight + hood: cf. AS. chihthd youth.] 1. The character, dignity, or condition of a knight, or of knights as a class; hence, chivalry. "O shame to knighthood." Shak.

> If you needs must write, write Cæsar's praise;
> You 'll gain at least a knighthood, or the bays.

Pope.

2. The whole body of knights.

> The knighthood nowadays are nothing like the knighthood of old time.

Chapman.

"When the order of knighthood was conferred with full solemnity in the leisure of a court or court or city, imposing preliminary ceremonies were required of the candidate. He prepared himself by prayer and fasting, watched his arms at night in a chapel, and was then admitted with the performance of religious rites. Knighthood was conferred by the accolade, which, from the derivation of the name, would appear to have been originally an embrace; but afterward consisted, as it still does, in a blow of the flat of a sword on the back of the kneeling candidate." Brande & C.

Knight"less, a. Unbecoming a knight. [Obs.] "Knightless guile." Spenser.

Knight"li*ness (?), n. The character or bearing suitable for a knight; chivalry. Spenser.

Knight`ly, a. [AS. cnihtlic boyish.] Of or pertaining to a knight; becoming a knight; chivalrous; as, a knightly combat; a knightly spirit.

> For knightly jousts and fierce encounters fit.

Spenser.

> [Excuses] full knightly without scorn.

Tennyson.

Knight"ly, adv. In a manner becoming a knight.

> And why thou comest thus knightly clad in arms.

Shak.

Knight" mar"shal (?). (Eng. Law) An officer in the household of the British sovereign, who has cognizance of transgressions within the royal household and verge, and of contracts made there, a member of the household being one of the parties. Wharton.

Knight" serv"ice (?). (Eng. Feud. Law) A tenure of lands held by knights on condition of performing military service. See Chivalry, n., 4.

Knight" Tem"plar (?); pl. Knights Templars (&?;). See Commandery, n., 3, and also Templar, n., 1 and 3.

Knit (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knit or Knitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Knitting.] [OE. knitten, knutten, As. cnyttan, fr. cnotta knot; akin to Icel. kn&?;ta, Sw. knyta, Dan. knytte. See Knot.] 1. To form into a knot, or into knots; to tie together, as cord; to fasten by tying.

> A great sheet knit at the four corners.

Acts x. 11.

> When your head did but ache,
> I knit my handkercher about your brows.

Shak.

2. To form, as a textile fabric, by the interlacing of yarn or thread in a series of connected loops, by means of needles, either by hand or by machinery; as, to knit stockings.

3. To join; to cause to grow together.

> Nature can not knit the bones while the parts are under a discharge.

Wiseman.

4. To unite closely; to connect; to engage; as, hearts knit together in love.

> Thy merit hath my duty strongly knit.

Shak.

> Come , knit hands, and beat the ground,
> In a light fantastic round.

Milton.

> A link among the days, toknit
> The generations each to each.

Tennyson.

5. To draw together; to contract into wrinkles.

> He knits his brow and shows an angry eye.

Shak.

Knit, v. i. 1. To form a fabric by interlacing yarn or thread; to weave by making knots or loops.

2. To be united closely; to grow together; as, broken bones will in time knit and become sound.

To knit up, to wind up; to conclude; to come to a close. "It remaineth to knit up briefly with the nature and compass of the seas." [Obs.] Holland.

Knit, n. Union knitting; texture. Shak.

Knit"back` (?), n. (Bot.) The plant comfrey; -- so called from its use as a restorative. Dr. Prier.

{ Knitch (?), Knitch"et (?), } n. [Cf. Knit.] A number of things tied or knit together; a bundle; a fagot. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

> When they [stems of asphodel] be dried, they ought to be made up into knitchets, or handfuls.

Holland.

Knits (?), n. pl. [Prob. same word as nit a louse's egg.] (Mining) Small particles of ore. Raymond.

Knit"ster (?), n. A woman who knits. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Knit"ter (?), n. One who, or that which, knits, joins, or unites; a knitting machine. Shak.

Knit"ting (?), n. 1. The work of a knitter; the network formed by knitting.

2. Union formed by knitting, as of bones.

Knitting machine, one of a number of contrivances for mechanically knitting stockings, jerseys, and the like. -- Knitting &?;eedle, a stiff rod, as of steel wire, with rounded ends for knitting yarn or threads into a fabric, as in stockings. -- Knitting sheath, a sheath to receive the end of a needle in knitting.

Knit"tle (?), n. [From Knit.] 1. A string that draws together a purse or bag. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

2. pl. (Naut.) See Nettles.

Knives (?), n. pl. of Knife. See Knife.

Knob (?), n. [A modification of knop. Cf. Nob.] 1. A hard protuberance; a hard swelling or rising; a bunch; a lump; as, a knob in the flesh, or on a bone.

2. A knoblike ornament or handle; as, the knob of a lock, door, or drawer. Chaucer.

3. A rounded hill or mountain; as, the Pilot Knob. [U. S.] Bartlett.

4. (Arch.) See Knop.

Knob latch, a latch which can be operated by turning a knob, without using a key.

Knob, v. i. To grow into knobs or bunches; to become knobbed. [Obs.] Drant.

Knobbed (?), a. Containing knobs; full of knobs; ending in a nob. See Illust of Antenna.

> The horns of a roe deer of Greenland are pointed at the top, and knobbed or tuberous at the bottom.

Grew.

Knob"ber (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Knobbler.

Knob"bing (?), n. (Stone Quarrying) Rough dressing by knocking off knobs or projections.

Knob"bler, n. (Zoöl.) The hart in its second year; a young deer. [Written also knobber.] Halliwell.

> He has hallooed the hounds upon a velvet-headed knobbler.

Sir W. Scott.

Knob"bling fire (?). A bloomery fire. See Bloomery.

Knob"by, a. [From Knob.] 1. Full of, or covered with, knobs or hard protuberances. Dr. H. More.

2. Irregular; stubborn in particulars. [Obs.]

> The informers continued in a knobby kind of obstinacy.

Howell.

3. Abounding in rounded hills or mountains; hilly. [U.S.] Bartlett.

Knob"stick` (?), n. One who refuses to join, or withdraws from, a trades union. [Cant, Eng.]

Knock (nk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Knocked (nkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Knocking.] [OE. knoken, AS. cnocian, cnucian; prob. of imitative origin; cf. Sw. knacka. Cf. Knack.] 1. To drive or be driven against something; to strike against something; to clash; as, one heavy body knocks against another. Bacon.

2. To strike or beat with something hard or heavy; to rap; as, to knock with a club; to knock on the door.

> For harbor at a thousand doors they knocked.

Dryden.

> Seek, and ye shall find; knock, and it shall be opened unto you.

Matt. vii. 7.

To knock about, to go about, taking knocks or rough usage; to wander about; to saunter. [Colloq.] "Knocking about town." W. Irving. -- To knock up, to fail of strength; to become wearied or worn out, as with labor; to give out. "The horses were beginning to knock up under the fatigue of such severe service." De Quincey. -- To knock off, to cease, as from work; to desist. -- To knock under, to yield; to submit; to acknowledge one's self conquered; -- an expression probably borrowed from the practice of knocking under the table with the knuckles, when conquered. "Colonel Esmond knocked under to his fate." Thackeray.

<! p. 818 !>

Knock (nk), v. t. 1. To strike with something hard or heavy; to move by striking; to drive (a thing) against something; as, to knock a ball with a bat; to knock the head against a post; to knock a lamp off the table.

> When heroes knock their knotty heads together.

Rowe.

2. To strike for admittance; to rap upon, as a door.

> Master, knock the door hard.

Shak.

To knock down. (a) To strike down; to fell; to prostrate by a blow or by blows; as, to knock down an assailant. (b) To assign to a bidder at an auction, by a blow or knock; to knock off. -- To knock in the head, or on the head, to stun or kill by a blow upon the head; hence, to put am end to; to defeat, as a scheme or project; to frustrate; to quash. [Colloq.] -- To knock off. (a) To force off by a blow or by beating. (b) To assign to a bidder at an auction, by a blow on the counter. (c) To leave off (work, etc.). [Colloq.] -- To knock out, to force out by a blow or by blows; as, to knock out the brains. - - To knock up. (a) To arouse by knocking. (b) To beat or tire out; to fatigue till unable to do more; as, the men were entirely knocked up. [Colloq.] "The day being exceedingly hot, the want of food had knocked up my followers." Petherick. (c) (Bookbinding) To make even at the edges, or to shape into book form, as printed sheets.

Knock, n. 1. A blow; a stroke with something hard or heavy; a jar.

2. A stroke, as on a door for admittance; a rap. " A knock at the door." Longfellow.

> A loud cry or some great knock.

Holland.

Knock off, a device in a knitting machine to remove loops from the needles.

Knock"down` (?), n. A felling by a knock, as of a combatant, or of an animal.

Knock"down`, a. Of force sufficient to fell or completely overthrow; as, a knockdown blow; a knockdown argument. [Colloq.]

Knock"er (?), n. One who, or that which, knocks; specifically, an instrument, or kind of hammer, fastened to a door, to be used in seeking for admittance.

> Shut, shut the door, good John ! fatigued, I said;
> Tie up the knocker; say I'm sick, I'm dead.

Pope.

Knock"ing, n. A beating; a rap; a series of raps.

> The . . . repeated knockings of the head upon the ground by the Chinese worshiper.

H. Spencer.

Knock"ings (?), n. pl. (Mining) Large lumps picked out of the sieve, in dressing ore.

Knock"-knee` (?), n. (Med.) A condition in which the knees are bent in so as to touch each other in walking; inknee.

Knock"-kneed` (?), a. Having the legs bent inward so that the knees touch in walking. [Written also knack-kneed.]

Knock"stone` (?), n. (Mining) A block upon which ore is broken up.

Knoll (?), n. [AS. cnoll; akin to G. knolle, knollen, clod, lump, knob, bunch, OD. knolle ball, bunch, Sw. knöl, Dan. knold.] A little round hill; a mound; a small elevation of earth; the top or crown of a hill.

> On knoll or hillock rears his crest,
> Lonely and huge, the giant oak.

Sir W. Scott.

Knoll (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knolled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Knolling.] [OE. knollen, AS. cnyllan. See Knell.] To ring, as a bell; to strike a knell upon; to toll; to proclaim, or summon, by ringing. "Knolled to church." Shak.

> Heavy clocks knolling the drowsy hours.

Tennyson.

Knoll, v. i. To sound, as a bell; to knell. Shak.

> For a departed being's soul
> The death hymn peals, and the hollow bells knoll.

Byron.

Knoll, n. The tolling of a bell; a knell. [R.] Byron.

Knoll"er, n. One who tolls a bell. [Obs.] Sherwood.

Knop (?), n. [OE. knop, knoppe; cf. D. knop, knoop, G. knopf, Dan. knap, knop, Sw. knapp, knopp, button, bud, Icel. knappr, and E. knap, n. Cf. Knap, Knob.] 1. A knob; a bud; a bunch; a button.

> Four bowls made like unto almonds, with their knops and their flowers.

Ex. xxv. 21.

2. (Arch.) Any boldly projecting sculptured ornament; esp., the ornamental termination of a pinnacle, and then synonymous with finial; -- called also knob, and knosp.

Knop sedge (Bot.), the bur reed (Sparganium); -- so called from its globular clusters of seed vessels. Prior.

Knopped (?), a. Having knops or knobs; fastened as with buttons. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Knop"pern (?), n. [Cf. G. knopper. See Knop.] (Zoöl.) A kind of gall produced by a gallfly on the cup of an acorn, -- used in tanning and dyeing.

Knop"weed` (?), n. Same as Knapweed.

Knor (?), n. See Knur. [Obs.]

Knosp (?), n. [Cf. G. knospe bud, E. knop, knar.] (Arch.) Same as Knop,2. Milman.

Knot (?), n. [OE. knot, knotte, AS. cnotta; akin to D. knot, OHG. chnodo, chnoto, G. knoten, Icel. kn&?;tr, Sw. knut, Dan. knude, and perh. to L. nodus. Cf. Knout, Knit.] 1. (a) A fastening together of the pars or ends of one or more threads, cords, ropes, etc., by any one of various ways of tying or entangling. (b) A lump or loop formed in a thread, cord, rope. etc., as at the end, by tying or interweaving it upon itself. (c) An ornamental tie, as of a ribbon.

The names of knots vary according to the manner of their making, or the use for which they are intended; as, dowknot, reef knot, stopper knot, diamond knot, etc.

2. A bond of union; a connection; a tie. "With nuptial knot." Shak.

> Ere we knit the knot that can never be loosed.

Bp. Hall.

3. Something not easily solved; an intricacy; a difficulty; a perplexity; a problem.

> Knots worthy of solution.

Cowper.

> A man shall be perplexed with knots, and problems of business, and contrary affairs.

South.

4. A figure the lines of which are interlaced or intricately interwoven, as in embroidery, gardening, etc. "Garden knots." Bacon.

> Flowers worthy of paradise, which, not nice art
> In beds and curious knots, but nature boon
> Poured forth profuse on hill, and dale, and plain.

Milton.

5. A cluster of persons or things; a collection; a group; a hand; a clique; as, a knot of politicians. "Knots of talk." Tennyson.

> His ancient knot of dangerous adversaries.

Shak.

> Palms in cluster, knots of Paradise.

Tennyson.

> As they sat together in small, separate knots, they discussed doctrinal and metaphysical points of belief.

Sir W. Scott.

6. A portion of a branch of a tree that forms a mass of woody fiber running at an angle with the grain of the main stock and making a hard place in the timber. A loose knot is generally the remains of a dead branch of a tree covered by later woody growth.

7. A knob, lump, swelling, or protuberance.

> With lips serenely placid, felt the knot
> Climb in her throat.

Tennyson.

8. A protuberant joint in a plant.

9. The point on which the action of a story depends; the gist of a matter. [Obs.]

> I shoulde to the knotte condescend,
> And maken of her walking soon an end.

Chaucer.

10. (Mech.) See Node.

11. (Naut.) (a) A division of the log line, serving to measure the rate of the vessel's motion. Each knot on the line bears the same proportion to a mile that thirty seconds do to an hour. The number of knots which run off from the reel in half a minute, therefore, shows the number of miles the vessel sails in an hour. Hence: (b) A nautical mile, or 6080.27 feet; as, when a ship goes eight miles an hour, her speed is said to be eight knots.

12. A kind of epaulet. See Shoulder knot.

13. (Zoöl.) A sandpiper (Tringa canutus), found in the northern parts of all the continents, in summer. It is grayish or ashy above, with the rump and upper tail coverts white, barred with dusky. The lower parts are pale brown, with the flanks and under tail coverts white. When fat it is prized by epicures. Called also dunne.

The name is said to be derived from King Canute, this bird being a favorite article of food with him.

> The knot that called was Canutus' bird of old,
> Of that great king of Danes his name that still doth hold,
> His appetite to please that far and near was sought.

Drayton.

Knot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Knotted; p. pr. & vb. n. Knotting.] 1. To tie in or with, or form into, a knot or knots; to form a knot on, as a rope; to entangle. "Knotted curls." Drayton.

> As tight as I could knot the noose.

Tennyson.

2. To unite closely; to knit together. Bacon.

3. To entangle or perplex; to puzzle. [Obs. or R.]

Knot, v. i. 1. To form knots or joints, as in a cord, a plant, etc.; to become entangled.

> Cut hay when it begins to knot.

Mortimer.

2. To knit knots for fringe or trimming.

3. To copulate; -- said of toads. [R.] Shak.

Knot"ber`ry (?), n. (Bot.) The cloudberry (Rudus Chamæmorus); -- so called from its knotted stems.

Knot"grass` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) a common weed with jointed stems (Polygonum aviculare); knotweed. (b) The dog grass. See under Dog.

An infusion of Polygonum aviculare was once supposed to have the effect of stopping the growth of an animal, and hence it was called, as by Shakespeare, "hindering knotgrass."

> We want a boy extremely for this function,
> Kept under for a year with milk and knotgrass.

Beau. & Fl.

Knot"less, a. Free from knots; without knots. "Silver firs with knotless trunks." Congreve.

Knot"ted (?), a. 1. Full of knots; having knots; knurled; as, a knotted cord; the knotted oak. Dryden.

2. Interwoven; matted; entangled.

> Make . . . thy knotted and combined locks to part.

Shak.

3. Having intersecting lines or figures.

> The west corner of thy curious knotted garden.

Shak.

4. (Geol.) Characterized by small, detached points, chiefly composed of mica, less decomposable than the mass of the rock, and forming knots in relief on the weathered surface; as, knotted rocks. Percival.

5. Entangled; puzzling; knotty. [R.]

> They're catched in knotted lawlike nets.

Hudibras.

Knot"ti*ness (?), n. [From Knotty.] 1. The quality or state of being knotty or full of knots.

2. Difficulty of solution; intricacy; complication. " Knottiness of his style." Hare.

Knot"ty (?), a. [Compar. Knottier (?); superl. Knottiest.] 1. Full of knots; knotted; having many knots; as, knotty timber; a knotty rope.

2. Hard; rugged; as, a knotty head.[R.] Rewe.

3. Difficult; intricate; perplexed.

> A knotty point to which we now proceed

Pope.

Knot"weed` (nt"wd`), n. (Bot.) See Knotgrass.

Knot"wort` (-wûrt`), n. (Bot.) A small, herbaceous, trailing plant, of the genus Illecebrum (I. verticillatum).

Knout (nout or nt), n. [Russ. knut'; prob. of Scand. origin; cf. Sw. knut knot, knout, Icel. kntr knot: cf. F. knout. See Knot.] A kind of whip for flogging criminals, formerly much used in Russia. The lash is a tapering bundle of leather thongs twisted with wire and hardened, so that it mangles the flesh.

Knout, v. t. To punish with the knout. Brougham.

Know (n), n. Knee. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Know (n), v. t. [imp. Knew (n); p. p. Known (nn); p. pr. & vb. n. Knowing.] [OE. knowen, knawen, AS. cnäwan; akin to OHG. chnäan (in comp.), Icel. knä to be able, Russ. znate to know, L. gnoscere, noscere, Gr. gighw`skein, Skr. jn; fr. the root of E. can, v. i., ken. √45. See Ken, Can to be able, and cf. Acquaint, Cognition, Gnome, Ignore, Noble, Note.] 1. To perceive or apprehend clearly and certainly; to understand; to have full information of; as, to know one's duty.

> O, that a man might know
> The end of this day's business ere it come!

Shak.

> There is a certainty in the proposition, and we know it.

Dryden.

> Know how sublime a thing it is
> To suffer and be strong.

Longfellow.

2. To be convinced of the truth of; to be fully assured of; as, to know things from information.

3. To be acquainted with; to be no stranger to; to be more or less familiar with the person, character, etc., of; to possess experience of; as, to know an author; to know the rules of an organization.

> He hath made him to be sin for us, who knew no sin.

2 Cor. v. 21.

> Not to know me argues yourselves unknown.

Milton.

4. To recognize; to distinguish; to discern the character of; as, to know a person's face or figure.

> Ye shall know them by their fruits.

Matt. vil. 16.

> And their eyes were opened, and they knew him.

Luke xxiv. 31.

> To know
> Faithful friend from flattering foe.

Shak.

> At nearer view he thought he knew the dead.

Flatman.

5. To have sexual commerce with.

> And Adam knew Eve his wife.

Gen. iv. 1.

Know is often followed by an objective and an infinitive (with or without to) or a participle, a dependent sentence, etc.

> And I knew that thou hearest me always.

John xi. 42.

> The monk he instantly knew to be the prior.

Sir W. Scott.

> In other hands I have known money do good.

Dickens.

To know how, to understand the manner, way, or means; to have requisite information, intelligence, or sagacity. How is sometimes omitted. " If we fear to die, or know not to be patient." Jer. Taylor.

Know, v. i. 1. To have knowledge; to have a clear and certain perception; to possess wisdom, instruction, or information; -- often with of.

> Israel doth not know, my people doth not consider.

Is. i. 3.

> If any man will do his will, he shall know of the doctrine, whether it be of God, or whether I speak of myself.

John vii. 17.

> The peasant folklore of Europe still knows of willows that bleed and weep and speak when hewn.

Tylor.

2. To be assured; to feel confident.

To know of, to ask, to inquire. [Obs.] " Know of your youth, examine well your blood." Shak.

Know"a*ble (?), a. That may be known; capable of being discovered, understood, or ascertained.

> Thus mind and matter, as known or knowable, are only two different series of phenomena or qualities.

Sir W. Hamilton.

Know"a* ble*ness, n. The state or quality of being knowable. Locke.

Know"-all` (?), n. One who knows everything; hence, one who makes pretension to great knowledge; a wiseacre; -- usually ironical. [Colloq. or R.]

Know"er (?), n. One who knows. Shak.

Know"ing, a. 1. Skilful; well informed; intelligent; as, a knowing man; a knowing dog.

> The knowing and intelligent part of the world.

South.

2. Artful; cunning; as, a knowing rascal. [Colloq.]

Know"ing, n. Knowledge; hence, experience. " In my knowing." Shak.

> This sore night
> Hath trifled former knowings.

Shak.

Know"ing*ly, adv. 1. With knowledge; in a knowing manner; intelligently; consciously; deliberately; as, he would not knowingly offend. Strype.

2. By experience. [Obs.] Shak.

Know"ing*ness, n. The state or quality of being knowing or intelligent; shrewdness; skillfulness.

Knowl"eche (?), n. & v. [Obs.] See Knowledge.

> We consider and knowleche that we have offended.

Chaucer.

<! p. 819 !>

Knowl"ech*ing (?), n. Knowledge. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Knowl"edge (?), n. [OE. knowlage, knowlege, knowleche, knawleche. The last part is the Icel. suffix -leikr, forming abstract nouns, orig. the same as Icel. leikr game, play, sport, akin to AS. lc, Goth. laiks dance. See Know, and cf. Lake, v. i., Lark a frolic.]

1. The act or state of knowing; clear perception of fact, truth, or duty; certain apprehension; familiar cognizance; cognition.

> Knowledge, which is the highest degree of the speculative faculties, consists in the perception of the truth of affirmative or negative propositions.

Locke.

2. That which is or may be known; the object of an act of knowing; a cognition; -- chiefly used in the plural.

> There is a great difference in the delivery of the mathematics, which are the most abstracted of knowledges.

Bacon.

> Knowledges is a term in frequent use by Bacon, and, though now obsolete, should be revived, as without it we are compelled to borrow "cognitions" to express its import.

Sir W. Hamilton.

> To use a word of Bacon's, now unfortunately obsolete, we must determine the relative value of knowledges.

H. Spencer.

3. That which is gained and preserved by knowing; instruction; acquaintance; enlightenment; learning; scholarship; erudition.

> Knowledge puffeth up, but charity edifieth.

1 Cor. viii. 1.

> Ignorance is the curse of God;
> Knowledge, the wing wherewith we fly to heaven.

Shak.

4. That familiarity which is gained by actual experience; practical skill; as, a knowledge of life.

> Shipmen that had knowledge of the sea.

1 Kings ix. 27.

5. Scope of information; cognizance; notice; as, it has not come to my knowledge.

> Why have I found grace in thine eyes, that thou shouldst take knowledge of me?

Ruth ii. 10.

6. Sexual intercourse; -- usually preceded by carnal; as, carnal knowledge.

Syn. -- See Wisdom.

Knowl"edge, v. t. To acknowledge. [Obs.] "Sinners which knowledge their sins." Tyndale.

Known (?), p. p. of Know.

Know"-noth`ing (?), n. A member of a secret political organization in the United States, the chief objects of which were the proscription of foreigners by the repeal of the naturalization laws, and the exclusive choice of native Americans for office.

The party originated in 1853, and existed for about three years. The members of it were called Know-nothings, because they replied "I don't know," to any questions asked them in reference to the party.

Know"-noth`ing*ism (?), n. The doctrines, principles, or practices, of the Know-nothings.

Knubs (?), n. pl. Waste silk formed in winding off the threads from a cocoon.

Knuc"kle (?), n. [OE. knokel, knokil, AS. cuncel; akin to D. knokkel, OFries. knokele, knokle, G. knöchel, Sw. knoge, Dan. knokkel, G. knochen bone, and perh. to E. knock.] 1. The joint of a finger, particularly when made prominent by the closing of the fingers. Davenant.

2. The kneejoint, or middle joint, of either leg of a quadruped, especially of a calf; -- formerly used of the kneejoint of a human being.

> With weary knuckles on thy brim she kneeled sadly down.

Golding.

3. The joint of a plant. [Obs.] Bacon.

4. (Mech.) The joining parts of a hinge through which the pin or rivet passes; a knuckle joint.

5. (Shipbuilding) A convex portion of a vessel's figure where a sudden change of shape occurs, as in a canal boat, where a nearly vertical side joins a nearly flat bottom.

6. A contrivance, usually of brass or iron, and furnished with points, worn to protect the hand, to add force to a blow, and to disfigure the person struck; as, brass knuckles; -- called also knuckle duster. [Slang.]

Knuckle joint (Mach.), a hinge joint, in which a projection with an eye, on one piece, enters a jaw between two corresponding projections with eyes, on another piece, and is retained by a pin which passes through the eyes and forms the pivot. -- Knuckle of veal (Cookery), the lower part of a leg of veal, from the line of the body to the knuckle.

Knuc"kle, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Knuckled (?);; p. pr. & vb. n. Knuckling (?).] To yield; to submit; -- used with down, to, or under.

To knuckle to. (a) To submit to in a contest; to yield to. [Colloq.] See To knock under, under Knock, v. i. (b) To apply one's self vigorously or earnestly to; as, to knuckle to work. [Colloq.]

Knuc"kle, v. t. To beat with the knuckles; to pommel. [R.] Horace Smith.

Knuc"kled (?), a. Jointed. [Obs.] Bacon.

Knuff (nf), n. [Cf. Gnof a churl.] A lout; a clown. [Obs.]

> The country knuffs, Hob, Dick, and Hick,
> With clubs and clouted shoon.

Hayward.

Knur (nûr), n. [See Knurl.] A knurl. Woodward.

Knurl (nûrl), n. [See Knar, Gnar.] A contorted knot in wood; a crossgrained protuberance; a nodule; a boss or projection.

2. One who, or that which, is crossgrained.

Knurl (nûrl), v. t. To provide with ridges, to assist the grasp, as in the edge of a flat knob, or coin; to mill.

Knurled (nûrld), a. 1. Full of knots; gnarled.

2. Milled, as the head of a screw, or the edge of a coin.

Knurl"y (nûrl"), [Compar. Knurlier (-*r); superl. Knurliest.] [See Knur, and cf. Gnarly.] Full of knots; hard; tough; hence, capable of enduring or resisting much.

Knur"ry (?), a. Full of knots. [Obs.] Drayton.

Ko*ai"ta (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Coaita.

Ko*a"la (?), n. A tailless marsupial (Phascolarctos cinereus), found in Australia. The female carries her young on the back of her neck. Called also Australian bear, native bear, and native sloth.

{ Kob (?), Ko"ba (?) }, n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of African antelopes of the genus Kobus, esp. the species Kobus sing- sing.

Ko"balt (?), n. See Cobalt.

Ko"bel*lite, n. [From Franz von Kobell, of Munich.] (Min.) A blackish gray mineral, a sulphide of antimony, bismuth, and lead.

Ko"bold (?), n. [G., perh. orig., house god, hose protector. See Cobalt] A kind of domestic spirit in German mythology, corresponding to the Scottish brownie and the English Robin Goodfellow.

Ko"dak (?), n. A kind of portable camera.

||Ko"el (?), n. [Native name in India.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of cuckoos of the genus Eudynamys, found in India, the East Indies, and Australia. They deposit their eggs in the nests of other birds.

Koff (?), n. [D. kof.] A two-masted Dutch vessel.

{ Koh`i*noor", Koh`*nur } (?), n. [Per. koh-i-n&?;r, lit., mountain of light.] A famous diamond, surrendered to the British crown on the annexation of the Punjab. According to Hindoo legends, it was found in a Golconda mine, and has been the property of various Hindoo and Persian rulers.

Kohl (?), n. [See Alcohol.] A mixture of soot and other ingredients, used by Egyptian and other Eastern women to darken the edges of the eyelids.

Kohl"-ra`bi (?), n.; pl. Kohl-rabies (#). [G. Cf. Cole, Rape the plant.] (Bot.) A variety of cabbage, in which the edible part is a large, turnip-shaped swelling of the stem, above the surface of the ground.

||Ko*ka"ma (?), n. (Zoöl.) The gemsbok.

Ko"klass (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any pheasant of the genus Pucrasia. The birds of this genus inhabit India and China, and are distinguished by having a long central and two lateral crests on the head. Called also pucras.

Ko*koon" (?), n. (Zoöl.) The gnu.

Ko*la"ri*an (?), n. (Ethnol.) An individual of one of the races of aboriginal inhabitants which survive in Hindostan. -- a. Of or pertaining to the Kolarians.

Ko*me"nic (?), a. [Prob. G. mekonin (by transposition of letters) + -ic.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to, or designating, an acid derived from meconic acid. [Written also comenic.]

Kom"tok (?), n. (Zoöl.) An African freshwater fish (Protopterus annectens), belonging to the Dipnoi. It can breathe air by means of its lungs, and when waters dry up, it encases itself in a nest of hard mud, where it remains till the rainy season. It is used as food.

Kon (?), v. t. To know. See Can, and Con. [Obs.]

> Ye konnen thereon as much as any man.

Chaucer.

Ko"nite (?), n. (Min.) See Conite.

Konze (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large African antelope (Alcelaphus Lichtensteini), allied to the hartbeest, but having shorter and flatter horns, and lacking a black patch on the face.

Koo"doo (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large South African antelope (Strepsiceros kudu). The males have graceful spiral horns, sometimes four feet long. The general color is reddish or grayish brown, with eight or nine white bands on each side, and a pale dorsal stripe. The old males become dark bluish gray, due to the skin showing through the hair. The females are hornless. Called also nellut. [Written also kudu.]

Koo"koom (?), n. (Zoöl.) The oryx or gemsbok. [Written also kookaam.]

Koo`lo*kam"ba (?), n. (Zoöl.) A west African anthropoid ape (Troglodytes koolokamba, or T. Aubryi), allied to the chimpanzee and gorilla, and, in some respects, intermediate between them.

Kool"slaa` (?), n. See Coleslaw.

Koord (?), n. See Kurd.

Koord"ish, n. See Kurdish.

Koo*ril"i*an (?), a & n. Same as Kurilian.

Ko"peck (?), n. [Russ. kopeika.] A small Russian coin. One hundred kopecks make a rouble, worth about sixty cents. [Written also kopek, copec, and copeck.]

Ko"ran (k"ran or k*rän"; 277), n. [Ar. qorn. See Alcoran.] The Scriptures of the Mohammedans, containing the professed revelations to Mohammed; -- called also Alcoran. [Written also Kuran or Quran.]
[1913 Webster]

Ko"rin (?), n. (Zoöl.) The gazelle.

||Kor"ri*gum (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A West African antelope (Damalis Senegalensis), allied to the sassaby. It is reddish gray, with a black face, and a black stripe on the outside of the legs above the knees.

Kos"mos (?), n. See Cosmos. Gladstone.

Ko*tow" (?), n. [Chinese, knock head.] The prostration made by mandarins and others to their superiors, either as homage or worship, by knocking the forehead on the ground. There are degrees in the rite, the highest being expressed by three knockings. [China] S. W. Williams.

Ko*tow", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Kotowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Kotowing.] To perform the kotow.

||Kou"lan (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A wild horse (Equus, or Asinus, onager) inhabiting the plains of Central Asia; -- called also gour, khur, and onager. [Written also kulan.]

It is sometimes confounded with the dziggetai, to which it is closely related. It is gray in winter, but fulvous in summer. It has a well defined, dark, dorsal stripe, and a short, erect mane. In size, it is intermediate between the horse and ass.

Kou"miss (?), n. [Russ. kumys; of Mongolian origin.] An intoxicating fermented or distilled liquor originally made by the Tartars from mare's or camel's milk. It can be obtained from any kind of milk, and is now largely made in Europe. [Written also koumyss, kumiss, kumish, and kumys.]

> Koumiss has from time immemorial served the Tartar instead of wine or spirits.

J. H. Newman.

Kous"so (?), n. (Bot.) An Abyssinian rosaceous tree (Brayera anthelmintica), the flowers of which are used as a vermifuge. [Written also cusso and kosso.]

Kow*tow" (?), n. & v. i. The same as Kotow.

> I have salaamed and kowtowed to him.

H. James.

Kra (?), n. (Zoöl.) A long-tailed ape (Macacus cynomolgus) of India and Sumatra. It is reddish olive, spotted with black, and has a black tail.

Kraal (kräl or krl; 277), n. [D., a village, inclosure, park, prob. fr. Pg. curral a cattle pen; the same word as Sp. corral. See Corral.] 1. A collection of huts within a stockade; a village; sometimes, a single hut. [South Africa]

2. An inclosure into which are driven wild elephants which are to be tamed and educated. [Ceylon]

||Krait (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) A very venomous snake of India (Bungarus cœruleus), allied to the cobra. Its upper parts are bluish or brownish black, often with narrow white streaks; the belly is whitish.

Kra"ken (?), n. [Prob. from OSw. krake, or ODan. krage the trunk of a tree, the branches of which are not entirely cut off, to which it was likened by the Norwegian mariners.] A fabulous Scandinavian sea monster, often represented as resembling an island, but sometimes as resembling an immense octopus.

> To believe all that has been said of the sea serpent or kraken, would be credulity; to reject the possibility of their existence, would be presumption.

Goldsmith.

> Like a kraken huge and black.

Longfellow.

Kra*ko"wi*ak (?), n. (Mus.) A lively Polish dance. See Cracovienne.

||Kra*me"ri*a (?), n. [NL. So called after the German botanists, J. G. H. & W. H. Kramer.] (Bot.) A genus of spreading shrubs with many stems, from one species of which (K. triandra), found in Peru, rhatany root, used as a medicine, is obtained.

Kra*mer"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, Krameria (rhatany); as, krameric acid, usually called ratanhia-tannic acid.

Krang (?), n. [Cf. D. kreng a carcass.] The carcass of a whale after the blubber has been removed. [Written also crang and kreng.]

Krang"ing hook` (?). (Whaling) A hook for holding the blubber while cutting it away. [Written also cranging hook.]

Kre*at"ic (?), a. See Creatic.

Kre"a*tin (?), n. (Chem.) See Creatin.

Kre*at"i*nin (?), n. (Chem.) See Creatinin.

Kreel (?), n. See Creel.

Krem"lin (?), n. [Russ. kremle.] The citadel of a town or city; especially, the citadel of Moscow, a large inclosure which contains imperial palaces, cathedrals, churches, an arsenal, etc. [Russia]

Krems (?), n. A variety of white lead. See Krems lead, under Lead, n.

Kreng (?), n. See Krang.

Kre"o*sote (?), n. See Creosote.

Kreut"zer (kroit"sr), n. [G. kreuzer.] A small copper coin formerly used in South Germany; also, a small Austrian copper coin. [Written also kreuzer.]

||Kriegs"spiel` (&?;), n. [G., fr. krieg war + spiel play.] A game of war, played for practice, on maps. Farrow.

Kris (?), n. A Malay dagger. See Creese.

||Krish"na (&?;), n. [Skr. ksha.] (Hindoo Myth.) The most popular of the Hindoo divinities, usually held to be the eighth incarnation of the god Vishnu.

<! p. 820 !>

Kri"tarch*y (kr"tärk*), n. [Gr. krith`s judge + 'archh` beginning, government.] The rule of the judges over Israel.

> Samson, Jephthah, Gideon, and other heroes of the kritarchy.

Southey.

Kro*kid"o*lite (kr*kd"*lt), n. (Min.) See Crocidolite.

||Kro"ne (kr"n), n. [Dan.] A coin of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, of the value of about twenty-eight cents. See Crown, n., 9.

Kroo"man (kr"man), n.; pl. Kroomen (-men). One of a negro tribe of Liberia and the adjacent coast, whose members are much employed on shipboard.

Krul"ler (?), n. See Cruller.

{ Krumm"horn`, Krum"horn` } (krm"hôrn`), n. [G. krummhorn cornet; krumm crooked + horn horn.] (Mus.) (a) A reed instrument of music of the cornet kind, now obsolete (see Cornet, 1, a.). (b) A reed stop in the organ; -- sometimes called cremona.

Krupp" gun" (?). A breech-loading steel cannon manufactured at the works of Friedrich Krupp, at Essen in Prussia. Guns of over eight-inch bore are made up of several concentric cylinders; those of a smaller size are forged solid. Knight.

Kry"o*lite (?), n. (Min.) See Cryolite.

Ksar (zär), n. See Czar.

{ Ksha"tri*ya (?), Ksha"tru*ya (?), } n. [Skr. kshatriya one belonging to the military caste.] The military caste, the second of the four great Hindoo castes; also, a member of that caste. See Caste. [India]

||Ku"da (?), n. (Zoöl.) The East Indian tapir. See Tapir.

||Ku"dos (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ky^dos glory.] Glory; fame; renown; praise. W. H. Russel.

Ku"dos, v. t. To praise; to extol; to glorify. "Kudos'd egregiously." [R.] Southey.

||Ku"du (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Koodoo.

Ku"fic (?), a. See Cufic.

||Ku*kang" (?), n. (Zoöl.) [Native name.] The slow lemur. See Lemur.

Ku`klux" (?), n. The name adopted in the southern part of the United States by a secret political organization, active for several years after the close of the Civil War, and having for its aim the repression of the political power of the freedmen; -- called also Kuklux Klan.

Ku"lan (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Koulan.

{ Ku"mish (?), Ku"miss (?), } n. See Koumiss.

Kum"mel (?), n. [G. kümmel cumin, caraway seed, L. cuminum. Cf. Cumin.] A Russian and German liqueur, consisting of a sweetened spirit flavored with caraway seeds.

Kum"quat (?), n. [Chin. kin keu.] (Bot.) A small tree of the genus Citrus (C. Japonica) growing in China and Japan; also, its small acid, orange-colored fruit used for preserves.

||Kup"fer*nick"el (?), n. [G. See Copper, and Nickel.] (Min.) Copper-nickel; niccolite. See Niccolite.

Kurd (?), n. A native or inhabitant of a mountainous region of Western Asia belonging to the Turkish and Persian monarchies. [Written also Koord.]

Kurd"ish, a. Of or pertaining to the Kurds. [Written also Koordish.]

Ku*ril"i*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Kurile Islands, a chain of islands in the Pacific ocean, extending from the southern extremity of Kamschatka to Yesso. -- n. A native or an inhabitant of the Kurile Islands. [Written also Koorilian.]

||Kur"saal` (?), n. [G.] A public hall or room, for the use of visitors at watering places and health resorts in Germany.

Ku`si*man"se (?), n. (Zoöl.) A carnivorous animal (Crossarchus obscurus) of tropical Africa. It its allied to the civets. Called also kusimansel, and mangue.

Kus"kus (?), [Per. & Hind. khaskhas.] (Bot.) See Vetiver.

Kus"si*er (?), n. (Mus.) A Turkish instrument of music, with a hollow body covered with skin, over which five strings are stretched. [Written also kussir.]

Ku*tauss" (?), n. (Zoöl.) The India civet (Viverra zibetha).

Kutch (?), n. (Goldbeating) The packet of vellum leaves in which the gold is first beaten into thin sheets.

Kutch, n. See Catechu.

Ky (?), n. pl. Kine. [Scot.] See Kee, Kie, and Kine.

Ky`a*bo"ca wood` (?). (Bot.) (a) Amboyna wood. (b) Sandalwood (Santalum album).

Ky"a*nite (?), n. See Cyanite.

Ky"an*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Kyanized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Kyanizing (?).] [From Mr. Kyan, the inventor of the process.] To render (wood) proof against decay by saturating with a solution of corrosive sublimate in open tanks, or under pressure.

Ky"a*nol (?), n. [See Cyanite.] (Chem.) (a) Aniline. [Obs.] (b) A base obtained from coal tar. Ure.

Ky*an"o*phyll (?), n. (Bot.) Same as Cyanophyll.

Kyar (?), n. Cocoanut fiber, or the cordage made from it. See Coir.

Kyaw (?), n. (Zoöl.) A daw. [Scot.]

Kyd (?), p. p. of Kythe.

Kyd"de (&?;), imp. of Kythe, to show. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Spenser erroneously uses kydst to mean "knowest."

Kyke (?), v. i. [See 1st Kike.] To look steadfastly; to gaze. [Obs.] [Written also kike, keke.]

> This Nicholas sat ever gaping upright,
> As he had kyked on the newe moon.

Chaucer.

Ky"ley (?), n. A variety of the boomerang.

Ky"loes (?), n. pl. The cattle of the Hebrides, or of the Highlands. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Kym"nel (?), n. See Kimnel. [Obs.] Chapman.

Ky"mo*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; wave + -graph.] (Physiol.) An instrument for measuring, and recording graphically, the pressure of the blood in any of the blood vessels of a living animal; -- called also kymographion.

Ky`mo*graph"ic (?), a. (Physiol.) Of or pertaining to a kymograph; as, a kymographic tracing.

Kym"ric (?), a. & n. See Cymric, a. & n.

Kym"ry (?), n. See Cymry.

Kyn"rede (?), n. Kindred. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ky`nu*ren"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, dog + &?; urine.] (Physiol. Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained from the urine of dogs. By decomposition the acid yields a nitrogenous base (called kynurin) and carbonic acid. [Written also cynurenic.]

Kyr"i*e (?), n. See Kyrie eleison.

Kyr"i*e e*lei"son (?). [Gr. ky`rie 'elei^son .]

1. (R. C. Ch.) Greek words, meaning "Lord, have mercy upon us," used in the Mass, the breviary offices, the litany of the saints, etc. Addis & Arnold.

2. The name given to the response to the Commandments, in the service of the Church of England and of the Protestant Episcopal Church.

Kyr`i*elle (?), n. [Cf. F. kyrielle.] A litany beginning with the words, "Kyrie eleison." Shipley.

{ Kyr"i*o*lex`y (?), Kyr`i*ol"o*gy (?), } n. [Gr. &?;, &?;. See Curiologic.] The use of literal or simple expressions, as distinguished from the use of figurative or obscure ones. Krauth-Fleming.

Kyr`i*o*log"ic*al (?), a. [See Curiologic.] Serving to denote objects by conventional signs or alphabetical characters; as, the original Greek alphabet of sixteen letters was called kyriologic, because it represented the pure elementary sounds. See Curiologic. [Written also curiologic and kuriologic.]

The term is also applied, as by Warburton, to those Egyptian hieroglyphics, in which a part is put conventionally for the whole, as in depicting a battle by two hands, one holding a shield and the other a bow.

{ Kythe, Kithe (k) }, v. t. [imp. Kydde, Kidde (kd"de); p. p. Kythed (?), Kid; p. pr. & vb. n. Kything.] [OE. kythen, kithen, cuðen, to make known, AS. cðan, fr. cð known. √45. See Uncouth, Can to be able, and cf. Kith.] To make known; to manifest; to show; to declare. [Obs. or Scot.]

> For gentle hearte kytheth gentilesse.

Chaucer.

Kythe, v. t. To come into view; to appear. [Scot.]

> It kythes bright . . . because all is dark around it.

Sir W. Scott.

||Ky*tom"i*ton (k*tm"*tn), n. [NL., from Gr. ky`tos a hollow vessel + mi`tos a thread.] (Biol.) See Karyomiton.

||Ky`to*plas"ma (k`t*plz"m), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ky`tos a hollow vessel + pla`sma thing molded.] (Biol.) See Karyoplasma.

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L.

L (l). 1. L is the twelfth letter of the English alphabet, and a vocal consonant. It is usually called a semivowel or liquid. Its form and value are from the Greek, through the Latin, the form of the Greek letter being from the Phœnician, and the ultimate origin prob. Egyptian. Etymologically, it is most closely related to r and u; as in pilgrim, peregrine, couch (fr. collocare), aubura (fr. LL. alburnus).

At the end of monosyllables containing a single vowel, it is often doubled, as in fall, full, bell; but not after digraphs, as in foul, fool, prowl, growl, foal. In English words, the terminating syllable le is unaccented, the e is silent, and l is preceded by a voice glide, as in able, eagle, pronounced "b'l, "g'l. See Guide to Pronunciation, § 241.

2. As a numeral, L stands for fifty in the English, as in the Latin language.

> For 50 the Romans used the Chalcidian chi, &?;, which assumed the less difficult lapidary type, &?;, and was then easily assimilated to L.

I. Taylor (The Alphabet).

L (l), n. 1. An extension at right angles to the length of a main building, giving to the ground plan a form resembling the letter L; sometimes less properly applied to a narrower, or lower, extension in the direction of the length of the main building; a wing. [Written also ell.]

2. (Mech.) A short right-angled pipe fitting, used in connecting two pipes at right angles. [Written also ell.]

La (?), n. (Mus.) (a) A syllable applied to the sixth tone of the scale in music in solmization. (b) The tone A; -- so called among the French and Italians.

La (?), interj. [Cf. Lo.] 1. Look; see; behold; -- sometimes followed by you. [Obs.] Shak.

2. An exclamation of surprise; -- commonly followed by me; as, La me! [Low]

Laas (?), n. A lace. See Lace. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lab (?), v. i. [Cf. OD. labben to babble.] To prate; to gossip; to babble; to blab. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lab, n. A telltale; a prater; a blabber. [Obs.] "I am no lab." Chaucer.

Lab"a*dist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) A follower of Jean de Labadie, a religious teacher of the 17th century, who left the Roman Catholic Church and taught a kind of mysticism, and the obligation of community of property among Christians.

La`bar`raque's" so*lu"tion (?). [From Labarraque, a Parisian apothecary.] (Med.) An aqueous solution of hypochlorite of sodium, extensively used as a disinfectant.

||Lab"a*rum (&?;), n.; pl. Labara (#). [L.] The standard adopted by the Emperor Constantine after his conversion to Christianity. It is described as a pike bearing a silk banner hanging from a crosspiece, and surmounted by a golden crown. It bore a monogram of the first two letters (CHR) of the name of Christ in its Greek form. Later, the name was given to various modifications of this standard.

Lab"da*num (?), n. (Bot.) See Ladanum.

Lab`e*fac"tion (?), n. [See Labefy.] The act of labefying or making weak; the state of being weakened; decay; ruin.

> There is in it such a labefaction of all principles as may be injurious to morality.

Johnson.

Lab"e*fy (?), v. t. [L. labefacere; labare to totter + facere to make.] To weaken or impair. [R.]

La"bel (l"bl), n. [OF. label sort of ribbon or fringe, label in heraldry, F. lambeau shred, strip, rag; of uncertain origin; cf. L. labellum, dim. of labrum lip, edge, margin, G. lappen flap, patch, rag, tatter (cf. Lap of a dress), W. llab, llabed, label, flap, Gael. leab, leob, slice, shred, hanging lip.] 1. A tassel. [Obs.] Huloet. Fuller.

2. A slip of silk, paper, parchment, etc., affixed to anything, and indicating, usually by an inscription, the contents, ownership, destination, etc.; as, the label of a bottle or a package.

3. A slip of ribbon, parchment, etc., attached to a document to hold the appended seal; also, the seal.

4. A writing annexed by way of addition, as a codicil added to a will.

5. (Her.) A barrulet, or, rarely, a bendlet, with pendants, or points, usually three, especially used as a mark of cadency to distinguish an eldest or only son while his father is still living.

6. A brass rule with sights, formerly used, in connection with a circumferentor, to take altitudes. Knight.

7. (Gothic Arch.) The name now generally given to the projecting molding by the sides, and over the tops, of openings in mediæval architecture. It always has a square form, as in the illustration. Arch. Pub. Soc.

8. In mediæval art, the representation of a band or scroll containing an inscription. Fairholt.

La"bel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Labeled (-bld) or Labelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Labeling or Labelling.] 1. To affix a label to; to mark with a name, etc.; as, to label a bottle or a package.

2. To affix in or on a label. [R.]

La"bel*er (?), n. One who labels. [Written also labeller.]

||La*bel"lum (l*bl"lm), n.; pl. L. Labella (- l), E. Labellums (-lmz). [L., dim. of labrum lip.] 1. (Bot.) The lower or apparently anterior petal of an orchidaceous flower, often of a very curious shape.

2. (Zoöl.) A small appendage beneath the upper lip or labrum of certain insects.

La"bent (?), a. [L. labens, p. pr. of labi to slide, glide.] Slipping; sliding; gliding. [R.]

||La"bi*a (?), n. pl. See Labium.

La"bi*al (?), a. [LL. labialis, fr. L. labium lip: cf. F. labial. See Lip.] 1. Of or pertaining to the lips or labia; as, labial veins.

2. (Mus.) Furnished with lips; as, a labial organ pipe.

3. (Phonetics) (a) Articulated, as a consonant, mainly by the lips, as b, p, m, w. (b) Modified, as a vowel, by contraction of the lip opening, as (fd), (ld), etc., and as eu and u in French, and ö, ü in German. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 11, 178.

4. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the labium; as, the labial palpi of insects. See Labium.

La"bi*al, n. 1. (Phonetics) A letter or character representing an articulation or sound formed or uttered chiefly with the lips, as b, p, w.

2. (Mus.) An organ pipe that is furnished with lips; a flue pipe.

3. (Zoöl.) One of the scales which border the mouth of a fish or reptile.

La"bi*al*ism (?), n. (Phonetics) The quality of being labial; as, the labialism of an articulation; conversion into a labial, as of a sound which is different in another language. J. Peile.

La`bi*al*i*za"tion (?), n. (Phonetics) The modification of an articulation by contraction of the lip opening.

La"bi*al*ize (?), v. t. (Phonetics) To modify by contraction of the lip opening.

La"bi*al*ly, adv. In a labial manner; with, or by means of, the lips.

La"bi*ate (?), v. t. To labialize. Brewer.

La"bi*ate (?), a. [NL. labiatus, fr. L. labium lip.] (Bot.) (a) Having the limb of a tubular corolla or calyx divided into two unequal parts, one projecting over the other like the lips of a mouth, as in the snapdragon, sage, and catnip. (b) Belonging to a natural order of plants (Labiatæ), of which the mint, sage, and catnip are examples. They are mostly aromatic herbs.

La"bi*ate, n. (Bot.) A plant of the order Labiatæ.

La"bi*a`ted (?), a. (Bot.) Same as Labiate, a. (a).

{ La`bi*a`ti*flo"ral (?), La`bi*a`ti*flo"ral (?), } a. [Labiate + L. flos, floris, flower.] (Bot.) Having labiate flowers, as the snapdragon.

Lab`i*dom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. labi`s, -i`dos, a forceps + meter: cf. F. labidometre.] (Med.) A forceps with a measuring attachment for ascertaining the size of the fetal head.

La"bile (?), a. [L. labilis apt to slip, fr. labi to slip.] Liable to slip, err, fall, or apostatize. [Obs.] Cheyne.

La*bil"i*ty (?), n. Liability to lapse, err, or apostatize. [Archaic] Coleridge.

La*bim"e*ter (?), n. [Cf. F. labimetre.] (Med.) See Labidometer.

La`bi*o*den"tal (?), a. [Labium + dental.] (Phonetics) Formed or pronounced by the cooperation of the lips and teeth, as f and v. -- n. A labiodental sound or letter.

La`bi*o*na"sal (?), a. [Labium + nasal.] (Phonetics) Formed by the lips and the nose. -- n. A labionasal sound or letter.

La"bi*ose` (?), a. [From Labium.] (Bot.) Having the appearance of being labiate; -- said of certain polypetalous corollas.

||La`bi*pal"pus (?), n.; pl. Labipalpi (&?;). [NL. See Labium, and Palpus.] (Zoöl.) One of the labial palpi of an insect. See Illust. under Labium.

||La"bi*um (?), n.; pl. L. Labia (#), E. Labiums (#). [L.] 1. A lip, or liplike organ.

2. The lip of an organ pipe.

3. pl. (Anat.) The folds of integument at the opening of the vulva.

4. (Zoöl.) (a) The organ of insects which covers the mouth beneath, and serves as an under lip. It consists of the second pair of maxillæ, usually closely united in the middle line, but bearing a pair of palpi in most insects. It often consists of a thin anterior part (ligula or palpiger) and a firmer posterior plate (mentum). (b) Inner margin of the aperture of a shell.

Lab"lab (lb"lb), n. (Bot.) an East Indian name for several twining leguminous plants related to the bean, but commonly applied to the hyacinth bean (Dolichos Lablab).

La"bor (l"br), n. [OE. labour, OF. labour, laber, labur, F. labeur, L. labor; cf. Gr. lamba`nein to take, Skr. labh to get, seize.] [Written also labour.] 1. Physical toil or bodily exertion, especially when fatiguing, irksome, or unavoidable, in distinction from sportive exercise; hard, muscular effort directed to some useful end, as agriculture, manufactures, and like; servile toil; exertion; work.

> God hath set
> Labor and rest, as day and night, to men
> Successive.

Milton.

2. Intellectual exertion; mental effort; as, the labor of compiling a history.

3. That which requires hard work for its accomplishment; that which demands effort.

> Being a labor of so great a difficulty, the exact performance thereof we may rather wish than look for.

Hooker.

4. Travail; the pangs and efforts of childbirth.

> The queen's in labor,
> They say, in great extremity; and feared
> She'll with the labor end.

Shak.

5. Any pang or distress. Shak.

6. (Naut.) The pitching or tossing of a vessel which results in the straining of timbers and rigging.

7. [Sp.] A measure of land in Mexico and Texas, equivalent to an area of 177 acres. Bartlett.

Syn. -- Work; toil; drudgery; task; exertion; effort; industry; painstaking. See Toll.

La"bor, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Labored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Laboring.] [OE. labouren, F. labourer, L. laborare. See Labor, n.] [Written also labour.] 1. To exert muscular strength; to exert one's strength with painful effort, particularly in servile occupations; to work; to toil.

> Adam, well may we labor still to dress
> This garden.

Milton.

2. To exert one's powers of mind in the prosecution of any design; to strive; to take pains.

3. To be oppressed with difficulties or disease; to do one's work under conditions which make it especially hard, wearisome; to move slowly, as against opposition, or under a burden; to be burdened; -- often with under, and formerly with of.

> The stone that labors up the hill.

Granville.

> The line too labors,and the words move slow.

Pope.

> To cure the disorder under which he labored.

Sir W. Scott.

> Come unto me, all ye that labor and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest.

Matt. xi. 28

4. To be in travail; to suffer the pangs of childbirth.

5. (Naut.) To pitch or roll heavily, as a ship in a turbulent sea. Totten.

La"bor, v. t. [F. labourer, L. laborare.] 1. To work at; to work; to till; to cultivate by toil.

> The most excellent lands are lying fallow, or only labored by children.

W. Tooke.

2. To form or fabricate with toil, exertion, or care. "To labor arms for Troy." Dryden.

3. To prosecute, or perfect, with effort; to urge strenuously; as, to labor a point or argument.

4. To belabor; to beat. [Obs.] Dryden.

Lab"o*rant (?), n. [L. laborans, p. pr. of laborare to labor.] A chemist. [Obs.] Boyle.

Lab"o*ra*to*ry (?), n.; pl. Laboratories (#). [Shortened fr. elaboratory; cf. OF. elaboratoire, F. laboratoire. See Elaborate, Labor.] [Formerly written also elaboratory.] The workroom of a chemist; also, a place devoted to experiments in any branch of natural science; as, a chemical, physical, or biological laboratory. Hence, by extension, a place where something is prepared, or some operation is performed; as, the liver is the laboratory of the bile.

La"bored (?), a. Bearing marks of labor and effort; elaborately wrought; not easy or natural; as, labored poetry; a labored style.

La"bored*ly, adv. In a labored manner; with labor.

La"bor*er (?), n. [Written also labourer.] One who labors in a toilsome occupation; a person who does work that requires strength rather than skill, as distinguished from that of an artisan.

La"bor*ing, a. 1. That labors; performing labor; esp., performing coarse, heavy work, not requiring skill also, set apart for labor; as, laboring days.

> The sleep of a laboring man is sweet.

Eccl. v. 12.

2. Suffering pain or grief. Pope.

Laboring oar, the oar which requires most strength and exertion; often used figuratively; as, to have, or pull, the laboring oar in some difficult undertaking.

La*bo"ri*ous (?), a. [L. laboriosus,fr. labor labor: cf. F. laborieux.] 1. Requiring labor, perseverance, or sacrifices; toilsome; tiresome.

> Dost thou love watchings, abstinence, or toil,
> Laborious virtues all ? Learn these from Cato.

Addison.

2. Devoted to labor; diligent; industrious; as, a laborious mechanic.

-- La*bo"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- La*bo"ri*ous*ness, n.

La"bor*less (l"br*ls), a. Not involving labor; not laborious; easy.

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La"bor*ous (l"br*s), a. Laborious. [Obs.] Wyatt. -- La"bor*ous*ly, adv. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

La"bor-sav`ing (?), a. Saving labor; adapted to supersede or diminish the labor of men; as, labor-saving machinery.

La"bor*some (?), a. 1. Made with, or requiring, great labor, pains, or diligence. [Obs.] Shak.

2. (Naut.) Likely or inclined to roll or pitch, as a ship in a heavy sea; having a tendency to labor.

Lab`ra*dor" (?), n. A region of British America on the Atlantic coast, north of Newfoundland.

Labrador duck (Zoöl.), a sea duck (Camtolaimus Labradorius) allied to the eider ducks. It was formerly common on the coast of New England, but is now supposed to be extinct, no specimens having been reported since 1878. -- Labrador feldspar. See Labradorite. -- Labrador tea (Bot.), a name of two low, evergreen shrubs of the genus Ledum (L. palustre and L. latifolium), found in Northern Europe and America. They are used as tea in British America, and in Scandinavia as a substitute for hops.

Lab"ra*dor`ite (&?;), n. (Min.) A kind of feldspar commonly showing a beautiful play of colors, and hence much used for ornamental purposes. The finest specimens come from Labrador. See Feldspar.

La"bras (?), n. pl. [L. labrum; cf. It. labbro, pl. labbra.] Lips. [Obs. & R.] Shak.

La"broid (?), a. [Labrus + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Like the genus Labrus; belonging to the family Labridæ, an extensive family of marine fishes, often brilliantly colored, which are very abundant in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. The tautog and cunner are American examples.

La"brose` (l"brs`), a. [L. labrosus, fr. labrum lip.] Having thick lips.

||La"brum (?), n.; pl. L. Labra (#), E. Labrums (#). [L.] 1. A lip or edge, as of a basin.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) An organ in insects and crustaceans covering the upper part of the mouth, and serving as an upper lip. See Illust. of Hymenoptera. (b) The external margin of the aperture of a shell. See Univalve.

||La"brus (?), n.; pl. Labri (-br). [L., a sort of fish.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine fishes, including the wrasses of Europe. See Wrasse.

La*bur`nic (l*bûr"nk), a. Of, pertaining to, or derived from, the laburnum.

La*bur`nine (?), n. (Chem.) A poisonous alkaloid found in the unripe seeds of the laburnum.

La*bur"num (?), n. [L.] (Bot.) A small leguminous tree (Cytisus Laburnum), native of the Alps. The plant is reputed to be poisonous, esp. the bark and seeds. It has handsome racemes of yellow blossoms.

Scotch laburnum (Cytisus alpinus) is similar, but has smooth leaves; purple laburnum is C. purpureus.

Lab"y*rinth (?), n. [L. labyrinthus, Gr. laby`rinthos: cf. F. labyrinthe.] 1. An edifice or place full of intricate passageways which render it difficult to find the way from the interior to the entrance; as, the Egyptian and Cretan labyrinths.

2. Any intricate or involved inclosure; especially, an ornamental maze or inclosure in a park or garden.

3. Any object or arrangement of an intricate or involved form, or having a very complicated nature.

> The serpent . . . fast sleeping soon he found,
> In labyrinth of many a round self-rolled.

Milton.

> The labyrinth of the mind.

Tennyson.

4. An inextricable or bewildering difficulty.

> I' the maze and winding labyrinths o' the world.

Denham.

5. (Anat.) The internal ear. See Note under Ear.

6. (Metal.) A series of canals through which a stream of water is directed for suspending, carrying off, and depositing at different distances, the ground ore of a metal. Ure.

7. (Arch.) A pattern or design representing a maze, -- often inlaid in the tiled floor of a church, etc.

Syn. -- Maze; confusion; intricacy; windings. -- Labyrinth, Maze. Labyrinth, originally; the name of an edifice or excavation, carries the idea of design, and construction in a permanent form, while maze is used of anything confused or confusing, whether fixed or shifting. Maze is less restricted in its figurative uses than labyrinth. We speak of the labyrinth of the ear, or of the mind, and of a labyrinth of difficulties; but of the mazes of the dance, the mazes of political intrigue, or of the mind being in a maze.

Lab`y*rin"thal (?), a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a labyrinth; intricate; labyrinthian.

Lab`y*rin"thi*an (&?;), a. Intricately winding; like a labyrinth; perplexed; labyrinthal.

Lab`y*rin"thi*branch (?), a. [See Labyrinth, and Branchia.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Labyrinthici. -- n. One of the Labyrinthici.

{ Lab`y*rin"thic (?), Lab`y*rin`thic*al (?), } a. [L. labyrinthicus: cf. F. labyrinthique.] Like or pertaining to a labyrinth.

||Lab`y*rin"thi*ci (?), n. pl. [NL. See Labyrinth.] (Zoöl.) An order of teleostean fishes, including the Anabas, or climbing perch, and other allied fishes.

They have, connected with the gill chamber, a special cavity in which a labyrinthiform membrane is arranged so as to retain water to supply the gills while the fish leaves the water and travels about on land, or even climbs trees.

Lab`y*rin"thi*form (?), a. [Labyrinth + -form: cf. F. labyrinthiforme.] Having the form of a labyrinth; intricate.

Lab`y*rin"thine (?), a. Pertaining to, or like, a labyrinth; labyrinthal.

Lab`y*rin"tho*don (?), n. [Gr. laby`rinqos labyrinth + 'odoy`s, 'odo`ntos, tooth.] (Paleon.) A genus of very large fossil amphibians, of the Triassic period, having bony plates on the under side of the body. It is the type of the order Labyrinthodonta. Called also Mastodonsaurus.

Lab`y*rin"tho*dont (?), a. (Paleon.) Of or pertaining to the Labyrinthodonta. -- n. One of the Labyrinthodonta.

||Lab`y*rin`tho*don"ta (?), n. pl. [NL. See Labyrinthodon.] (Paleon.) An extinct order of Amphibia, including the typical genus Labyrinthodon, and many other allied forms, from the Carboniferous, Permian, and Triassic formations. By recent writers they are divided into two or more orders. See Stegocephala.

{ Lac (lk), ||Lakh (läk) }, n. [Hind. lak, lkh, lksh, Skr. laksha a mark, sign, lakh.] One hundred thousand; also, a vaguely great number; as, a lac of rupees. [Written also lack.] [East Indies]

Lac, n. [Per. lak; akin to Skr. lksh: cf. F. lague, It. & NL. lacca. Cf. Lake a color, Lacquer, Litmus.] A resinous substance produced mainly on the banyan tree, but to some extent on other trees, by the Coccus lacca, a scale-shaped insect, the female of which fixes herself on the bark, and exudes from the margin of her body this resinous substance.

Stick-lac is the substance in its natural state, incrusting small twigs. When broken off, and the coloring matter partly removed, the granular residuum is called seed-lac. When melted, and reduced to a thin crust, it is called shell-lac or shellac. Lac is an important ingredient in sealing wax, dyes, varnishes, and lacquers.

Ceylon lac, a resinous exudation of the tree Croton lacciferum, resembling lac. -- Lac dye, a scarlet dye obtained from stick-lac. -- Lac lake, the coloring matter of lac dye when precipitated from its solutions by alum. -- Mexican lac, an exudation of the tree Croton Draco.

Lac"cic (lk"sk), a. [Cf. F. laccique.] (Chem.) Pertaining to lac, or produced from it; as, laccic acid.

Lac"cin (?), n. [Cf. F. laccine.] (Chem.) A yellow amorphous substance obtained from lac.

{ Lac"co*lite (?), Lac"co*lith (?), } n. [Gr. &?; a cistern + -lite, - lith.] (Geol.) A mass of igneous rock intruded between sedimentary beds and resulting in a mammiform bulging of the overlying strata. -- Lac`co*lit"ic (#), a.

Lace (ls), n. [OE. las, OF. laz, F. lacs, dim. lacet, fr. L. laqueus noose, snare; prob. akin to lacere to entice. Cf. Delight, Elicit, Lasso, Latchet.] 1. That which binds or holds, especially by being interwoven; a string, cord, or band, usually one passing through eyelet or other holes, and used in drawing and holding together parts of a garment, of a shoe, of a machine belt, etc.

> His hat hung at his back down by a lace.

Chaucer.

> For striving more, the more in laces strong
> Himself he tied.

Spenser.

2. A snare or gin, especially one made of interwoven cords; a net. [Obs.] Fairfax.

> Vulcanus had caught thee [Venus] in his lace.

Chaucer.

3. A fabric of fine threads of linen, silk, cotton, etc., often ornamented with figures; a delicate tissue of thread, much worn as an ornament of dress.

> Our English dames are much given to the wearing of costly laces.

Bacon.

4. Spirits added to coffee or some other beverage. [Old Slang] Addison.

Alencon lace, a kind of point lace, entirely of needlework, first made at Alencon in France, in the 17th century. It is very durable and of great beauty and cost. -- Bone lace, Brussels lace, etc. See under Bone, Brussels, etc. -- Gold lace, or Silver lace, lace having warp threads of silk, or silk and cotton, and a weft of silk threads covered with gold (or silver), or with gilt. -- Lace leather, thin, oil-tanned leather suitable for cutting into lacings for machine belts. -- Lace lizard (Zoöl.), a large, aquatic, Australian lizard (Hydrosaurus giganteus), allied to the monitors. -- Lace paper, paper with an openwork design in imitation of lace. -- Lace piece (Shipbuilding), the main piece of timber which supports the beak or head projecting beyond the stem of a ship. -- Lace pillow, ∧ Pillow lace. See under Pillow.

Lace, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Laced (st); p. pr. & vb. n. Lacing (?).] 1. To fasten with a lace; to draw together with a lace passed through eyelet holes; to unite with a lace or laces, or, figuratively. with anything resembling laces. Shak.

> When Jenny's stays are newly laced.

Prior.

2. To adorn with narrow strips or braids of some decorative material; as, cloth laced with silver. Shak.

3. To beat; to lash; to make stripes on. [Colloq.]

> I'll lace your coat for ye.

L'Estrange.

4. To add spirits to (a beverage). [Old Slang]

Lace, v. i. To be fastened with a lace, or laces; as, these boots lace.

Lace"-bark` (?), n. (Bot.) A shrub in the West Indies (Lagetta Iintearia); -- so called from the lacelike layers of its inner bark.

Laced (?), a. 1. Fastened with a lace or laces; decorated with narrow strips or braid. See Lace, v. t.

2. Decorated with the fabric lace.

> A shirt with laced ruffles.

Fielding.

Laced mutton, a prostitute. [Old slang] -- Laced stocking, a strong stocking which can be tightly laced; -- used in cases of weak legs, varicose veins, etc. Dunglison.

Lac`e*dæ*mo"ni*an (?), a. [L. Lacedamonius, Gr. Lakedaimo`nios, fr. Lakedai`mwn Lacedæmon.] Of or pertaining to Lacedæmon or Sparta, the chief city of Laconia in the Peloponnesus. -- n. A Spartan. [Written also Lacedemonian.]

Lace"man (?), n.; pl. Lacemen (&?;). A man who deals in lace.

Lac"er*a*ble (?), a. [L. lacerabilis: cf. F. lacérable.] That can be lacerated or torn.

Lac"er*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lacerated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lacerating (&?;>).] [L. laceratus, p. p. of lacerare to lacerate, fr. lacer mangled, lacerated; cf. Gr. &?; a rent, rending, &?; to tear; perh. akin to E. slay.] To tear; to rend; to separate by tearing; to mangle; as, to lacerate the flesh. Hence: To afflict; to torture; as, to lacerate the heart.

{ Lac"er*ate (?), Lac"er*a`ted (?), } p. a. [L. laceratus, p. p.] 1. Rent; torn; mangled; as, a lacerated wound.

> By each other's fury lacerate

Southey.

2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Jagged, or slashed irregularly, at the end, or along the edge.

Lac`er*a"tion (?), n. [L. laceratio: cf. F. lacération.] 1. The act of lacerating.

2. A breach or wound made by lacerating. Arbuthnot.

Lac"er*a*tive (?), a. Lacerating, or having the power to lacerate; as, lacerative humors. Harvey.

La"cert (?), n. [OE. lacerte. See Lacertus.] A muscle of the human body. [Obs.] Chaucer.

La*cer"ta (?), n. [L. lacertus the arm.] A fathom. [Obs.] Domesday Book.

La*cer"ta, n. [L. a lizard. See Lizard.] 1. (Zoöl.) A genus of lizards. See Lizard.

Formerly it included nearly all the known lizards. It is now restricted to certain diurnal Old World species, like the green lizard (Lacerta viridis) and the sand lizard (L. agilis), of Europe.

2. (Astron.) The Lizard, a northern constellation.

La*cer"tian (?), a. [Cf. F. lacertien.] (Zoöl.) Like a lizard; of or pertaining to the Lacertilia. -- n. One of the Lacertilia.

||Lac`er*til"i*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. lacertus a lizard.] (Zoöl.) An order of Reptilia, which includes the lizards.

They are closely related to the snakes, and like the latter, usually have the body covered with scales or granules. They usually have eyelids, and most of then have well-formed legs; but in some groups (amphisbæna, glass-snake, etc.) the legs are wanting and the body is serpentlike. None are venomous, unless Heloderma be an exception. The order includes the chameleons, the Cionocrania, or typical lizards, and the amphisbænas. See Amphisbæna, Gecko, Gila monster, and Lizard.

Lac`er*til"i*an (-an), a. & n. Same as Lacertian.

La*cer"ti*loid (?), a. [Lacertilia + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or belonging to the Lacertilia.

La*cer"tine (?), a. (Zoöl.) Lacertian.

||La*cer"tus (l*sr"ts), n.; pl. Lacerti (- t). [L., the upper arm.] (Anat.) A bundle or fascicle of muscular fibers.

Lace"wing` (ls"wng`), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of neuropterous insects of the genus Chrysopa and allied genera. They have delicate, lacelike wings and brilliant eyes. Their larvæ are useful in destroying aphids. Called also lace-winged fly, and goldeneyed fly.

Lace"-winged`, a. (Zoöl.) Having thin, transparent, reticulated wings; as, the lace- winged flies.

{ Lach"es (?), Lache (?), } n. [OF. lachesse, fr. lache lax, indolent, F. lâche, ultimately fr. L. laxus loose, lax. See Lax.] (Law) Neglect; negligence; remissness; neglect to do a thing at the proper time; delay to assert a claim.

> It ill became him to take advantage of such a laches with the eagerness of a shrewd attorney.

Macaulay.

Lach"ry*ma*ble (?), a. [L. lacrimabilis, fr. lacrima a tear.] Lamentable. Martin Parker.

||Lach"ry*mæ Chris"ti (?). [L., lit., Christ's tears.] A rich, sweet, red Neapolitan wine.

Lach"ry*mal (&?;), a. [Cf. F. lacrymal. See Lachrymose.] 1. Of or pertaining to tears; as, lachrymal effusions.

2. (Anat.) (a) Pertaining to, or secreting, tears; as, the lachrymal gland. (b) Pertaining to the lachrymal organs; as, lachrymal bone; lachrymal duct.

{ Lach"ry*mal, Lac"ry*mal } (?), n. See Lachrymatory.

Lach"ry*ma*ry (?), a. Containing, or intended to contain, tears; lachrymal. Addison.

Lach"ry*mate (-mt), v. i. To weep. [R.] Blount.

Lach`ry*ma"tion (?), n. [L. lacrimatio, from lacrimare to shed tears, fr. lacrima tear.] The act of shedding tears; weeping.

Lach"ry*ma*to*ry (?), n.; pl. - ries (#). [Cf. F. lacrymatoire.] (Antiq.) A "tear-bottle;" a narrow-necked vessel found in sepulchers of the ancient Romans; -- so called from a former notion that the tears of the deceased person's friends were collected in it. Called also lachrymal or lacrymal.

Lach"ry*mi*form (?), a., [L. lacrima tear + -form; cf. F. lacrymiforme.] Having the form of a tear; tear-shaped.

Lach"ry*mose` (?), a. [L. lacrymosus, better lacrimosus, fr. lacrima, lacruma (also badly spelt lachryma) a tear, for older dacrima, akin to E. tear. See Tear the secretion.] Generating or shedding tears; given to shedding tears; suffused with tears; tearful.

> You should have seen his lachrymose visnomy.

Lamb.

-- Lach"ry*mose`ly, adv.

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La"cing (?), n. 1. The act of securing, fastening, or tightening, with a lace or laces.

2. A lace; specifically (Mach.), a thong of thin leather for uniting the ends of belts.

3. A rope or line passing through eyelet holes in the edge of a sail or an awning to attach it to a yard, gaff, etc.

4. (Bridge Building) A system of bracing bars, not crossing each other in the middle, connecting the channel bars of a compound strut. Waddell.

La*cin"i*a (?), n.; pl. L. Laciniæ (#). [L., the lappet or flap of a garment.] 1. (Bot.) (a) One of the narrow, jagged, irregular pieces or divisions which form a sort of fringe on the borders of the petals of some flowers. (b) A narrow, slender portion of the edge of a monophyllous calyx, or of any irregularly incised leaf.

2. (Zoöl.) The posterior, inner process of the stipes on the maxillæ of insects.

{ La*cin"i*ate (?), La*cin"i*a"ted (?), } a. [See Lacinia.] 1. Fringed; having a fringed border.

2. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Cut into deep, narrow, irregular lobes; slashed.

La*cin"i*o*late (?), a. [See Lacinia.] (Bot.) Consisting of, or abounding in, very minute laciniæ.

||La*cin"u*la (?), n.; pl. Lacinulæ (#), E. Lacinulas (#). [NL.] (Bot.) A diminutive lacinia.

Lack (?), n. [OE. lak; cf. D. lak slander, laken to blame, OHG. lahan, AS. leán.] 1. Blame; cause of blame; fault; crime; offense. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Deficiency; want; need; destitution; failure; as, a lack of sufficient food.

> She swooneth now and now for lakke of blood.

Chaucer.

> Let his lack of years be no impediment.

Shak.

Lack, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lacked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lacking.] 1. To blame; to find fault with. [Obs.]

> Love them and lakke them not.

Piers Plowman.

2. To be without or destitute of; to want; to need.

> If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God.

James i. 5.

Lack, v. i. 1. To be wanting; often, impersonally, with of, meaning, to be less than, short, not quite, etc.

> What hour now ?
> I think it lacks of twelve.

Shak.

> Peradventure there shall lack five of the fifty.

Gen. xvii. 28.

2. To be in want.

> The young lions do lack, and suffer hunger.

Ps. xxxiv. 10.

Lack, interj. [Cf. Alack.] Exclamation of regret or surprise. [Prov. Eng.] Cowper.

Lack`a*dai"si*cal (lk`*d"z*kal), a. [From Lackadaisy, interj.] Affectedly pensive; languidly sentimental. -- Lack`a*dai"si*cal*ly, adv.

Lack"a*dai`sy (?), interj. [From Lackaday, interj.] An expression of languor.

Lack"a*dai`sy, a. Lackadaisical.

Lack"a*day` (?), interj. [Abbreviated from alackaday.] Alack the day; alas; -- an expression of sorrow, regret, dissatisfaction, or surprise.

Lack"brain` (?), n. One who is deficient in understanding; a witless person. Shak.

Lack"er (?), n. One who lacks or is in want.

Lack"er, n. & v. See Lacquer.

Lack"ey (?), n.; pl. Lackeys (#). [F. laquais; cf. Sp. & Pg. lacayo; of uncertain origin; perh. of German origin, and akin to E. lick, v.] An attending male servant; a footman; a servile follower.

> Like a Christian footboy or a gentleman's lackey.

Shak.

Lackey caterpillar (Zoöl.), the caterpillar, or larva, of any bombycid moth of the genus Clisiocampa; -- so called from its party-colored markings. The common European species (C. neustria) is striped with blue, yellow, and red, with a white line on the back. The American species (C. Americana and C. sylvatica) are commonly called tent caterpillars. See Tent caterpillar, under Tent. -- Lackey moth (Zoöl.), the moth which produces the lackey caterpillar.

Lack"ey, v. t. To attend as a lackey; to wait upon.

> A thousand liveried angels lackey her.

Milton.

Lack"ey, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lackeyed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lackeying.] To act or serve as lackey; to pay servile attendance.

{ Lack"lus`ter, Lack"lus`tre } (?), n. A want of luster. -- a. Wanting luster or brightness. "Lackluster eye." Shak.

Lac"mus (?), n. See Litmus.

La*co"ni*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Laconia, a division of ancient Greece; Spartan. - - n. An inhabitant of Laconia; esp., a Spartan.

{ La*con"ic (?), La*con"ic*al (?), } a. [L. Laconicus Laconian, Gr. &?;&?;, fr. &?;&?; a Laconian, Lacedæmonian, or Spartan: cf. F. laconique.] 1. Expressing much in few words, after the manner of the Laconians or Spartans; brief and pithy; brusque; epigrammatic. In this sense laconic is the usual form.

> I grow laconic even beyond laconicism; for sometimes I return only yes, or no, to questionary or petitionary epistles of half a yard long.

Pope.

> His sense was strong and his style laconic.

Welwood.

2. Laconian; characteristic of, or like, the Spartans; hence, stern or severe; cruel; unflinching.

> His head had now felt the razor, his back the rod; all that laconical discipline pleased him well.

Bp. Hall.

Syn. -- Short; brief; concise; succinct; sententious; pointed; pithy. -- Laconic, Concise. Concise means without irrelevant or superfluous matter; it is the opposite of diffuse. Laconic means concise with the additional quality of pithiness, sometimes of brusqueness.

La*con"ic, n. Laconism. [Obs.] Addison.

La*con"ic*al (?), a. See Laconic, a.

La*con"ic*al*ly, adv. In a laconic manner.

La*con"i*cism (?), n. Same as Laconism. Pope.

Lac"o*nism (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to imitate Lacedæmonian manners, to speak laconically: cf. F. laconisme.] 1. A vigorous, brief manner of expression; laconic style.

2. An instance of laconic style or expression.

Lac"o*nize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Laconized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Laconizing (?).] [Gr. &?;. See Laconic.] To imitate the manner of the Laconians, especially in brief, pithy speech, or in frugality and austerity.

Lac"quer (?), n. [F. lacre a sort of sealing wax, Pg. lacte, fr. laca lac. See Lac the resin.] [Written also lacker.] A varnish, consisting of a solution of shell-lac in alcohol, often colored with gamboge, saffron, or the like; -- used for varnishing metals, papier- maché, and wood. The name is also given to varnishes made of other ingredients, esp. the tough, solid varnish of the Japanese, with which ornamental objects are made.

Lac"quer, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lacquered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lacquering.] To cover with lacquer. "Lacquer'd chair." Pope.

Lac"quer*er (?), n. One who lacquers, especially one who makes a business of lacquering.

Lac"quer*ing, n. The act or business of putting on lacquer; also, the coat of lacquer put on.

||La`cri*mo"so (?), a. [It. See Lachrymose.] (Mus.) Plaintive; -- a term applied to a mournful or pathetic movement or style. Moore.

La*crosse" (?), n. [F. la crosse, lit., the crosier, hooked stick. Cf. Crosier.] A game of ball, originating among the North American Indians, now the popular field sport of Canada, and played also in England and the United States. Each player carries a long-handled racket, called a "crosse". The ball is not handled but caught with the crosse and carried on it, or tossed from it, the object being to carry it or throw it through one of the goals placed at opposite ends of the field.

Lac"ry*mal (?), n. & a. See Lachrymatory, n., and Lachrymal, a.

{ Lac"ry*ma*ry, Lac"ry*to*ry, Lac"ry*mose. } See Lachrymary, Lachrymatory, Lachrymose.

Lac"tage (?), n. [L. lac, lactis, milk: cf. F. laitage. See Lacteal.] The produce of animals yielding milk; milk and that which is made from it.

Lac"tam (?), n. [Lactone + amido.] (Chem.) One of a series of anhydrides of an amido type, analogous to the lactones, as oxindol.

Lac*tam"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an amido acid related to lactic acid, and called also amido-propionic acid.

Lac*tam"ide (?), n. [Lactic + amide.] (Chem.) An acid amide derived from lactic acid, and obtained as a white crystalline substance having a neutral reaction. It is metameric with alanine.

Lac"tant (?), a. [L. lactans, p. pr. of lactare to suck, fr. lac, lactis, milk.] Suckling; giving suck.

Lac"ta*rene (?), n. [L. lac, lactis, milk.] A preparation of casein from milk, used in printing calico.

Lac"ta*ry (?), a. [l. lactarius, fr. lac, lactis, milk: cf. F. lactaire.] Milky; full of white juice like milk. [Obs.] "Lactary or milky plants." Sir T. Browne.

Lac"ta*ry, n. a dairyhouse. [R.]

Lac"tate (?), n. [L. lac, lactis, milk: cf. F. lactate.] (Chem.) A salt of lactic acid.

Lac*ta"tion (?), n. A giving suck; the secretion and yielding of milk by the mammary gland.

Lac"te*al (?), a. [L. lacteus milky, fr. lac, lactis, milk. Cf. Galaxy, Lettuce.] 1. Pertaining to, or resembling, milk; milky; as, the lacteal fluid.

2. (Anat. & Physiol.) Pertaining to, or containing, chyle; as, the lacteal vessels.

Lac"te*al, n. (Anat.) One of the lymphatic vessels which convey chyle from the small intestine through the mesenteric glands to the thoracic duct; a chyliferous vessel.

Lac"te*al*ly, adv. Milkily; in the manner of milk.

Lac"te*an (?), a. [See Lacteal.] 1. Milky; consisting of, or resembling, milk. "This lactean whiteness." Moxon.

2. (Anat. & Physiol.) Lacteal; conveying chyle.

Lac"te*ous (?), a. [See Lacteal.] 1. Milky; resembling milk. "The lacteous circle." Sir T. Browne.

2. Lacteal; conveying chyle; as, lacteous vessels.

Lac"te*ous*ly, adv. In a lacteous manner; after the manner of milk.

Lac*tes"cence (?), n. [Cf. F. lactescence.] 1. The state or quality of producing milk, or milklike juice; resemblance to milk; a milky color.

> This lactescence does commonly ensue when . . . fair water is suddenly poured upon the solution.

Boyle.

2. (Bot.) The latex of certain plants. See Latex.

Lac*tes"cent (?), a. [L. lactescens, p. pr. of lactescere to turn to milk, incho. fr. lactere to be milky, fr. lac, lactis, milk: cf. F. lactescent.] 1. Having a milky look; becoming milky. [Obs.]

2. (Bot.) Producing milk or a milklike juice or fluid, as the milkweed. See Latex.

Lac"tic (?), a. [L. lac, lactis, milk: cf. F. lactique. See Lacteal, and cf. Galactic.] (Physiol. Chem.) Of or pertaining to milk; procured from sour milk or whey; as, lactic acid; lactic fermentation, etc.

Lactic acid (Physiol. Chem.), a sirupy, colorless fluid, soluble in water, with an intensely sour taste and strong acid reaction. There are at least three isomeric modifications all having the formula C3H6O3. Sarcolactic or paralactic acid occurs chiefly in dead muscle tissue, while ordinary lactic acid results from fermentation. The two acids are alike in having the same constitution (expressed by the name ethylidene lactic acid), but the latter is optically inactive, while sarcolactic acid rotates the plane of polarization to the right. The third acid, ethylene lactic acid, accompanies sarcolactic acid in the juice of flesh, and is optically inactive. -- Lactic ferment, an organized ferment (Bacterium lacticum or lactis), which produces lactic fermentation, decomposing the sugar of milk into carbonic and lactic acids, the latter, of which renders the milk sour, and precipitates the casein, thus giving rise to the so-called spontaneous coagulation of milk. -- Lactic fermentation. See under Fermentation.

Lac"tide (?), n. [Lactic + anhydride.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline substance, obtained from lactic acid by distillation, and regarded as an anhydride; also, by extension, any similar substance.

Lac*tif"er*ous (?), a. [l. lac, lactis, milk + -ferous: cf. F. lactifère.] Bearing or containing milk or a milky fluid; as, the lactiferous vessels, cells, or tissue of various vascular plants.

{ Lac*tif"ic (?), Lac*tif"ic*al (?), } a. [L. lac, lactis, milk + facere to make.] Producing or yielding milk.

Lac"ti*fuge (?), n. [L. lac, lactis, milk + fugare to expel.] (Med.) A medicine to check the secretion of milk, or to dispel a supposed accumulation of milk in any part of the body.

Lac"tim (?), n. [Lactic + imido.] (Chem.) One of a series of anhydrides resembling the lactams, but of an imido type; as, isatine is a lactim. Cf. Lactam.

Lac*tim"ide (?), n. [Lactic + imide.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline substance obtained as an anhydride of alanine, and regarded as an imido derivative of lactic acid.

Lac"tin (?), n. [L. lac, lactis, milk: cf. F. lactine. Cf. Galactin.] (Physiol. Chem.) See Lactose.

Lac`to*a*bu"min (?), n. [L. lac, lactis, milk + E. albumin.] (Physiol. Chem.) The albumin present in milk, apparently identical with ordinary serum albumin. It is distinct from the casein of milk.

Lac`to*bu`ty*rom"e*ter (?), n. [L. lac, lactis, milk + E. butyrometer.] An instrument for determining the amount of butter fat contained in a given sample of milk.

Lac`to*den*sim"e*ter (?), n. [L. lac, lactis, milk + E. densimeter.] A form of hydrometer, specially graduated, for finding the density of milk, and thus discovering whether it has been mixed with water or some of the cream has been removed.

Lac*tom"e*ter (?), n. [L. lac, lactis, milk + meter: cf. F. lactomètre. Cf. Galactometer.] An instrument for estimating the purity or richness of milk, as a measuring glass, a specific gravity bulb, or other apparatus.

Lac"tone (?), n. (Chem.) One of a series of organic compounds, regarded as anhydrides of certain hydroxy acids. In general, they are colorless liquids, having a weak aromatic odor. They are so called because the typical lactone is derived from lactic acid.

Lac*ton"ic (?), a. [From Lactone.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, lactone.

Lac*ton"ic, a. [From Lactose.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained by the oxidation of milk sugar (lactose).

Lac`to*pro"te*in (?), n. [L. lac, lactis, milk + E. protein.] (Physiol. Chem.) A peculiar albuminous body considered a normal constituent of milk.

Lac"to*ry (?), a. Lactiferous. [Obs.] "Lactory or milky plants." Sir T. Browne.

Lac"to*scope (?), n. [L. lac, lactis + scope.] An instrument for estimating the amount of cream contained in milk by ascertaining its relative opacity.

Lac"tose` (?), n. 1. (Physiol. Chem.) Sugar of milk or milk sugar; a crystalline sugar present in milk, and separable from the whey by evaporation and crystallization. It has a slightly sweet taste, is dextrorotary, and is much less soluble in water than either cane sugar or glucose. Formerly called lactin.

2. (Chem.) See Galactose.

||Lac*tu"ca (?), n. [L., lettuce. See Lettuce.] (Bot.) A genus of composite herbs, several of which are cultivated for salad; lettuce.

||Lac`tu*ca"ri*um (?), n. [NL., fr. L. lactuca lettuce.] The inspissated juice of the common lettuce, sometimes used as a substitute for opium.

Lac*tu"cic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, the juice of the Lactuca virosa; -- said of certain acids.

Lac*tu"cin (?), n. [From Lactuca: cf. F. lactucine.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline substance, having a bitter taste and a neutral reaction, and forming one of the essential ingredients of lactucarium.

Lac*tu"cone (?), n. [From Lactuca.] (Chem.) A white, crystalline, tasteless substance, found in the milky sap of species of Lactuca, and constituting an essential ingredient of lactucarium.

Lac`tu*ram"ic (&?;), a. [Lactic + urea + amic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an organic amido acid, which is regarded as a derivative of lactic acid and urea.

Lac"tyl (?), n. [Lactic + - yl.] (Chem.) An organic residue or radical derived from lactic acid.

||La*cu"na (l*k"n), n.; pl. L. Lacunæ (#); E. Lacunas (#). [L., ditch, pit, lake, orig., anything hollow. See Lagoon.] 1. A small opening; a small pit or depression; a small blank space; a gap or vacancy; a hiatus.

2. (Biol.) A small opening; a small depression or cavity; a space, as a vacant space between the cells of plants, or one of the spaces left among the tissues of the lower animals, which serve in place of vessels for the circulation of the body fluids, or the cavity or sac, usually of very small size, in a mucous membrane.

<! p. 824 !>

{ La*cu"nal (l*k"nal), La*cu"nar (l*k"nr), } a. Pertaining to, or having, lacunæ; as, a lacunar circulation.

La*cu"nar, n.; pl. E. Lacunars (#), L. Lacunaria (#). [L.] (Arch.) (a) The ceiling or under surface of any part, especially when it consists of compartments, sunk or hollowed without spaces or bands between the panels. Gwilt (b) One of the sunken panels in such a ceiling.

La*cune" (l*kn"), n. [F.] A lacuna. [R.] Landor.

{ Lac"u*nose` (?), La*cu"nous (?), } a. [L. lacunosus full of holes or hollows; cf. F. lacuneux. See Lacuna.] (Biol.) Furrowed or pitted; having shallow cavities or lacunæ; as, a lacunose leaf.

{ La*cus"tral (?), La*cus"trine (?), } a. [L. lacus lake: cf. F. lacustral, lacustre.] Found in, or pertaining to, lakes or ponds, or growing in them; as, lacustrine flowers.

Lacustrine deposits (Geol.), the deposits which have been accumulated in fresh-water areas. -- Lacustrine dwellings. See Lake dwellings, under Lake.

Lac"work` (?), n. Ornamentation by means of lacquer painted or carved, or simply colored, sprinkled with gold or the like; -- said especially of Oriental work of this kind.

Lad (ld), obs. p. p. of Lead, to guide. Chaucer.

Lad (ld), n. [OE. ladde, of Celtic origin; cf. W. llawd, Ir. lath. √123. Cf. Lass.] 1. A boy; a youth; a stripling. "Cupid is a knavish lad." Shak.

> There is a lad here, which hath five barley loaves and two small fishes.

John vi. 9.

2. A companion; a comrade; a mate.

Lad's love. (Bot.) See Boy's love, under Boy.

Lad"a*num (?), n. [L. ladanum, ledanum, Gr. la`danon, lh`danon, fr. lh^don name of a shrub, mastic; cf. Per. ldan, lden. Cf. Laudanum.] A gum resin gathered from certain Oriental species of Cistus. It has a pungent odor and is chiefly used in making plasters, and for fumigation. [Written also labdanum.]

Lad"de (?), obs. imp. of Lead, to guide. Chaucer.

Lad"der (-dr), n. [OE. laddre, AS. hlder, hldder; akin to OFries. hladder, OHG. leitara, G. leiter, and from the root of E. lean, v. √40. See Lean, v. i., and cf. Climax.] 1. A frame usually portable, of wood, metal, or rope, for ascent and descent, consisting of two side pieces to which are fastened cross strips or rounds forming steps.

> Some the engines play,
> And some, more bold, mount ladders to the fire.

Dryden.

2. That which resembles a ladder in form or use; hence, that by means of which one attains to eminence.

> Lowliness is young ambition's ladder.

Shak.

Fish ladder. See under Fish. -- Ladder beetle (Zoöl.), an American leaf beetle (Chrysomela scalaris). The elytra are silvery white, striped and spotted with green; the under wings are rose- colored. It feeds upon the linden tree. -- Ladder handle, an iron rail at the side of a vertical fixed ladder, to grasp with the hand in climbing. -- Ladder shell (Zoöl.), a spiral marine shell of the genus Scalaria. See Scalaria.

Lad"die (?), n. A lad; a male sweetheart. [Scot.]

Lade (ld), v. t. [imp. Laded; p. p. Laded, Laden (ld'n); p. pr. & vb. n. Lading.] [AS. hladan to heap, load, draw (water); akin to D. & G. laden to load, OHG. hladan, ladan, Icel. hlaða, Sw. ladda, Dan. lade, Goth. afhlaþan. Cf. Load, Ladle, Lathe for turning, Last a load.] 1. To load; to put a burden or freight on or in; -- generally followed by that which receives the load, as the direct object.

> And they laded their asses with the corn.

Gen. xlii. 26.

2. To throw in or out, with a ladle or dipper; to dip; as, to lade water out of a tub, or into a cistern.

> And chides the sea that sunders him from thence,
> Saying, he'll lade it dry to have his way.

Shak.

3. (Plate Glass Manuf.) To transfer (the molten glass) from the pot to the forming table.

Lade, v. i. [See Lade, v. t.] 1. To draw water. [Obs.]

2. (Naut.) To admit water by leakage, as a ship, etc.

Lade, n. [Prov. E., a ditch or drain. Cf. Lode, Lead to conduct.] 1. The mouth of a river. [Obs.] Bp. Gibson.

2. A passage for water; a ditch or drain. [Prov. Eng.]

Lade"man (?), n. One who leads a pack horse; a miller's servant. [Obs. or Local]

Lad"en (?), p. & a. Loaded; freighted; burdened; as, a laden vessel; a laden heart.

> Ah sinful nation, a people laden with iniquity.

Is. i. 4.

> A ship laden with gold.

Shak.

La"died (?), a. Ladylike; not rough; gentle. [Obs.] "Stroked with a ladied land." Feltham.

La"dies' ear`drops` (?). (Bot.) The small- flowered Fuchsia (F. coccinea), and other closely related species.

La"di*fy (?), v. t. [Lady + - fy.] To make a lady of; to make ladylike. [Obs.] Massinger.

La*din" (?), n. [From L. Latinus Latin. See Latin] A Romansch dialect spoken in some parts of Switzerland and the Tyrol.

Lad"ing (?), n. 1. The act of loading.

2. That which lades or constitutes a load or cargo; freight; burden; as, the lading of a ship.

Bill of lading. See under Bill.

||La*di"no (?), n.; pl. Ladinos (#). [Sp.] One of the half-breed descendants of whites and Indians; a mestizo; -- so called throughout Central America. They are usually of a yellowish orange tinge. Am. Cyc.

Lad"kin (?), n. A little lad. [R.] Dr. H. More.

La"dle (?), n. [AS. hlædel, fr. hladan to load, drain. See Lade, v. t.] 1. A cuplike spoon, often of large size, with a long handle, used in lading or dipping.

> When the materials of glass have been kept long in fusion, the mixture casts up the superfluous salt, which the workmen take off with ladles.

Boyle.

2. (Founding) A vessel to carry liquid metal from the furnace to the mold.

3. The float of a mill wheel; -- called also ladle board.

4. (Gun.) (a) An instrument for drawing the charge of a cannon. (b) A ring, with a handle or handles fitted to it, for carrying shot.

Ladle wood (Bot.), the wood of a South African tree (Cassine Colpoon), used for carving.

La"dle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ladled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ladling (?).] To take up and convey in a ladle; to dip with, or as with, a ladle; as, to ladle out soup; to ladle oatmeal into a kettle.

La"dle*ful (?), n.; pl. Ladlefuls (&?;). A quantity sufficient to fill a ladle.

La*drone" (?), n. [Sp. ladron, L. latro servant, robber, Gr. (&?;) a servant.] A robber; a pirate; hence, loosely, a rogue or rascal.

La"dy (l"d), n.; pl. Ladies (-dz). [OE. ladi, læfdi, AS. hlfdige, hlfdie; AS. hlf loaf + a root of uncertain origin, possibly akin to E. dairy. See Loaf, and cf. Lord.]

1. A woman who looks after the domestic affairs of a family; a mistress; the female head of a household.

> Agar, the handmaiden of Sara, whence comest thou, and whither goest thou? The which answered, Fro the face of Sara my lady.

Wyclif (Gen. xvi. 8.).

2. A woman having proprietary rights or authority; mistress; -- a feminine correlative of lord. "Lord or lady of high degree." Lowell.

> Of all these bounds, even from this line to this, . . .
> We make thee lady.

Shak.

3. A woman to whom the particular homage of a knight was paid; a woman to whom one is devoted or bound; a sweetheart.

> The soldier here his wasted store supplies,
> And takes new valor from his lady's eyes.

Waller.

4. A woman of social distinction or position. In England, a title prefixed to the name of any woman whose husband is not of lower rank than a baron, or whose father was a nobleman not lower than an earl. The wife of a baronet or knight has the title of Lady by courtesy, but not by right.

5. A woman of refined or gentle manners; a well-bred woman; -- the feminine correlative of gentleman.

6. A wife; -- not now in approved usage. Goldsmith.

7. (Zoöl.) The triturating apparatus in the stomach of a lobster; -- so called from a fancied resemblance to a seated female figure. It consists of calcareous plates.

Ladies' man, a man who affects the society of ladies. -- Lady altar, an altar in a lady chapel. Shipley. -- Lady chapel, a chapel dedicated to the Virgin Mary. -- Lady court, the court of a lady of the manor. -- Lady crab (Zoöl.), a handsomely spotted swimming crab (Platyonichus ocellatus) very common on the sandy shores of the Atlantic coast of the United States. -- Lady fern. (Bot.) See Female fern, under Female, and Illust. of Fern. -- Lady in waiting, a lady of the queen's household, appointed to wait upon or attend the queen. -- Lady Mass, a Mass said in honor of the Virgin Mary. Shipley. Lady of the manor, a lady having jurisdiction of a manor; also, the wife of a manor lord. Lady's maid, a maidservant who dresses and waits upon a lady. Thackeray. -- Our Lady, the Virgin Mary.

La"dy, a. Belonging or becoming to a lady; ladylike.

"Some lady trifles." Shak.

La"dy*bird` (?), n. [Equiv. to, bird of Our Lady.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small beetles of the genus Coccinella and allied genera (family Coccinellidæ); -- called also ladybug, ladyclock, lady cow, lady fly, and lady beetle. Coccinella seplempunctata in one of the common European species. See Coccinella.

The ladybirds are usually more or less hemispherical in form, with a smooth, polished surface, and often colored red, brown, or black, with small spots of brighter colors. Both the larvæ and the adult beetles of most species feed on aphids, and for this reason they are very beneficial to agriculture and horticulture.

La"dy*bug` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Ladybird.

La"dy*clock` (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Ladybird.

La"dy` Day` (d). The day of the annunciation of the Virgin Mary, March 25. See Annunciation.

La"dy*fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) A large, handsome oceanic fish (Albula vulpes), found both in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans; -- called also bonefish, grubber, French mullet, and macabé. (b) A labroid fish (Harpe rufa) of Florida and the West Indies.

La"dy*hood (?), n. The state or quality of being a lady; the personality of a lady.

La"dy-kill`er (?), n. A gallant who captivates the hearts of women. "A renowned dandy and lady-killer." Blackw. Mag.

La"dy-kill`ing, n. The art or practice of captivating the hearts of women.

> Better for the sake of womankind that this dangerous dog should leave off lady-killing.

Thackeray.

La"dy*kin (?), n. [Lady + - kin.] A little lady; -- applied by the writers of Queen Elizabeth's time, in the abbreviated form Lakin, to the Virgin Mary.

The diminutive does not refer to size, but is equivalent to "dear." Brewer.

La"dy*like` (?), a. 1. Like a lady in appearance or manners; well-bred.

> She was ladylike, too, after the manner of the feminine gentility of those days.

Hawthorne.

2. Becoming or suitable to a lady; as, ladylike manners. "With fingers ladylike." Warner.

3. Delicate; tender; feeble; effeminate.

> Too ladylike a long fatigue to bear.

Dryden.

La"dy*like`ness (?), n. The quality or state of being ladylike.

La"dy*love` (?), n. A sweetheart or mistress.

La"dy's bed"straw` (?), (Bot.) The common bedstraw (Galium verum); also, a slender-leaved East Indian shrub (Pharnaceum Mollugo), with white flowers in umbels.

La"dy's bow"er (?). (Bot.) A climbing plant with fragrant blossoms (Clematis vitalba).

This term is sometimes applied to other plants of the same genus.

La"dy's comb" (?), (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant (Scandix Pecten-Veneris), its clusters of long slender fruits remotely resembling a comb.

La"dy's cush"ion (?), (Bot.) An herb growing in dense tufts; the thrift (Armeria vulgaris).

La"dy's fin"ger (?), 1. pl. (Bot.) The kidney vetch.

2. (Cookery) A variety of small cake of about the dimensions of a finger.

3. A long, slender variety of the potato.

4. (Zoöl.) One of the branchiæ of the lobster.

La"dy's gar"ters (?). (Bot.) Ribbon grass.

La"dy's hair" (?). (Bot.) A plant of the genus Briza (B. media); a variety of quaking grass.

La"dy*ship (?), n. The rank or position of a lady; -- given as a title (preceded by her or your).

> Your ladyship shall observe their gravity.

B. Jonson.

La"dy's la"ces (?). (Bot.) A slender climbing plant; dodder.

La"dy's look"ing-glass` (?). (Bot.) See Venus's looking-glass, under Venus.

La"dy's man"tle (?). (Bot.) A genus of rosaceous herbs (Alchemilla), esp. the European A. vulgaris, which has leaves with rounded and finely serrated lobes.

La"dy's seal" (?).(Bot.) (a) The European Solomon's seal (Polygonatum verticillatum). (b) The black bryony (Tamus communis).

La"dy's slip"per (?). (Bot.) Any orchidaceous plant of the genus Cypripedium, the labellum of which resembles a slipper. Less commonly, in the United States, the garden balsam (Impatiens Balsamina).

La"dy's smock" (?). (Bot.) A plant of the genus Cardamine (C. pratensis); cuckoo flower.

La"dy's thim"ble (?). (Bot.) The harebell.

La"dy's thumb" (?). (Bot.) An annual weed (Polygonum Persicaria), having a lanceolate leaf with a dark spot in the middle.

{ La"dy's tra"ces (?), La"dies' tress"es (?). } (Bot.) A name given to several species of the orchidaceous genus Spiranthes, in which the white flowers are set in spirals about a slender axis and remotely resemble braided hair.

||Læ"laps (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a dark, furious storm.] (Paleon.) A genus of huge, carnivorous, dinosaurian reptiles from the Cretaceous formation of the United States. They had very large hind legs and tail, and are supposed to have been bipedal. Some of the species were about eighteen feet high.

Laem"mer*gey`er (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Lammergeir.

Læ*mod"i*pod (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Læmodipoda.

||Læ`mo*dip"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; throat + &?; twice + &?;, &?;, foot.] (Zoöl.) A division of amphipod Crustacea, in which the abdomen is small or rudimentary and the legs are often reduced to five pairs. The whale louse, or Cyamus, and Caprella are examples.

Læ`mo*dip"o*dous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Læmodipoda.

Læ*te"re Sun"day (?). The fourth Sunday of Lent; -- so named from the Latin word Lætare (rejoice), the first word in the antiphone of the introit sung that day in the Roman Catholic service.

Læv"i*gate (?), a. [See Levigate.] (Biol.) Having a smooth surface, as if polished.

Læ"vo- (?). A prefix. See Levo.

Læ"vo*ro"ta*to*ry (?), a. Same as Levorotatory. Cf. Dextrorotatory.

Læv"u*lose` (?), n. (Chem.) See Levulose.

La`fa`yette" (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The dollar fish. (b) A market fish, the goody, or spot (Liostomus xanthurus), of the southern coast of the United States.

Laft (?), obs. p. p. of Leave. Chaucer.

Laf"te (?), obs. imp. of Leave. Chaucer.

Lag (?), a. [Of Celtic origin: cf. Gael. & Ir. lagweak, feeble, faint, W. llag, llac, slack, loose, remiss, sluggish; prob. akin to E. lax, languid.] 1. Coming tardily after or behind; slow; tardy. [Obs.]

> Came too lag to see him buried.

Shak.

2. Last; long-delayed; -- obsolete, except in the phrase lag end. "The lag end of my life." Shak.

<! p. 825 !>

3. Last made; hence, made of refuse; inferior. [Obs.] "Lag souls." Dryden.

Lag (?), n. 1. One who lags; that which comes in last. [Obs.] "The lag of all the flock." Pope.

2. The fag-end; the rump; hence, the lowest class.

> The common lag of people.

Shak.

3. The amount of retardation of anything, as of a valve in a steam engine, in opening or closing.

4. A stave of a cask, drum, etc.; especially (Mach.), one of the narrow boards or staves forming the covering of a cylindrical object, as a boiler, or the cylinder of a carding machine or a steam engine.

5. (Zoöl.) See Graylag.

Lag of the tide, the interval by which the time of high water falls behind the mean time, in the first and third quarters of the moon; -- opposed to priming of the tide, or the acceleration of the time of high water, in the second and fourth quarters; depending on the relative positions of the sun and moon. -- Lag screw, an iron bolt with a square head, a sharp-edged thread, and a sharp point, adapted for screwing into wood; a screw for fastening lags.

Lag, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lagged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lagging (?).] To walk or more slowly; to stay or fall behind; to linger or loiter. "I shall not lag behind." Milton.

Syn. -- To loiter; linger; saunter; delay; be tardy.

Lag, v. t. 1. To cause to lag; to slacken. [Obs.] "To lag his flight." Heywood.

2. (Mach.) To cover, as the cylinder of a steam engine, with lags. See Lag, n., 4.

Lag, n. One transported for a crime. [Slang, Eng.]

Lag, v. t. To transport for crime. [Slang, Eng.]

> She lags us if we poach.

De Quincey.

La"gan (?), n. & v. See Ligan.

La*gar"to (?), n. [See Alligator.] An alligator. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

||La*ge"na (?), n.; pl. L. Lagenæ (#), E. Lagenas (#). [L., a flask; cf. Gr. &?;, &?;.] (Anat.) The terminal part of the cochlea in birds and most reptiles; an appendage of the sacculus, corresponding to the cochlea, in fishes and amphibians.

La*ge"ni*an (?), a. [See Lagena.] (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to, Lagena, a genus of Foraminifera having a straight, chambered shell.

La*ge"ni*form (?), a. [See Lagena, and -form.] (Bot.) Shaped like a bottle or flask; flag-shaped.

La"ger (lä"gr), n. Lager beer.

La"ger beer` (?). [G. lager bed, storehouse + bier beer. See Lair, and Beer.] Originally a German beer, but now also made in immense quantities in the United States; -- so called from its being laid up or stored for some months before use.

La"ger wine` (?). Wine which has been kept for some time in the cellar. Simmonds.

Lag"gard (?), a. [Lag + - ard.] Slow; sluggish; backward.

Lag"gard, n. One who lags; a loiterer.

Lag"ger (?), n. A laggard.

Lag"ging (?), n. 1. (Mach.) The clothing (esp., an outer, wooden covering), as of a steam cylinder, applied to prevent the radiation of heat; a covering of lags; -- called also deading and cleading.

2. Lags, collectively; narrow planks extending from one rib to another in the centering of arches.

Lag"ging*ly, adv. In a lagging manner; loiteringly.

Lag"ly (?), adv. Laggingly. [Prov. Eng.]

Lag"o*morph (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Lagomorpha.

||Lag`o*mor"pha (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a hare + &?; form.] (Zoöl.) A group of rodents, including the hares. They have four incisors in the upper jaw. Called also Duplicidentata.

La*goon" (?), n. [It. or Sp. laguna, L. lacuna ditch, pool, pond, lacus lake. See Lake, and cf. Lacuna.] [Written also lagune.] 1. A shallow sound, channel, pond, or lake, especially one into which the sea flows; as, the lagoons of Venice.

2. A lake in a coral island, often occupying a large portion of its area, and usually communicating with the sea. See Atoll.

Lagoon island, a coral island consisting of a narrow reef encircling a lagoon.

{ ||Lag`oph*thal"mi*a (?), ||Lag`oph*thal"mos (?), } n. [NL. lagophtalmia, fr. Gr. lagw`s hare + 'ofqalmo`s eye; -- so called from the notion that a hare sleeps with his eyes open.] (Med.) A morbid condition in which the eye stands wide open, giving a peculiar staring appearance.

La*go"pous (?), a. [Gr. &?; a hare + &?;, &?;, foot.] (Bot.) Having a dense covering of long hair, like the foot of a hare.

La*gune" (?), n. See Lagoon.

{ La"ic (?), La"ic*al (?), } a. [L. laicus: cf. F. laïque. See Lay laic.] Of or pertaining to a layman or the laity. "Laical literature." Lowell.

> An unprincipled, unedified, and laic rabble.

Milton.

La"ic, n. A layman. Bp. Morton.

La"ic*al"i*ty (?), n. The state or quality of being laic; the state or condition of a layman.

La"ic*al*ly (?), adv. As a layman; after the manner of a layman; as, to treat a matter laically.

Laid (?), imp. & p. p. of Lay.

Laid paper, paper marked with parallel lines or water marks, as if ribbed, from parallel wires in the mold. It is called blue laid, cream laid, etc., according to its color.

Laid"ly, a. Ugly; loathsome. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

> This laidly and loathsome worm.

W. Howitt.

Lain (?), p. p. of Lie, v. i.

Lain"ere (?), n. See Lanier. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lair (lâr), n. [OE. leir, AS. leger; akin to D. leger, G. lager couch, lair, OHG. legar, Goth. ligrs, and to E. lie. See Lie to be prostrate, and cf. Layer, Leaguer.]

1. A place in which to lie or rest; especially, the bed or couch of a wild beast.

2. A burying place. [Scot.] Jamieson.

3. A pasture; sometimes, food. [Obs.] Spenser.

Laird (lârd), n. [See Lord.] A lord; a landholder, esp. one who holds land directly of the crown. [Scot.]

Laird"ship, n. The state of being a laird; an estate; landed property. [Scot.] Ramsay.

La"ism (?), n. See Lamaism. [R.]

||Lais`sez" faire" (?). [F., let alone.] Noninterference; -- an axiom of some political economists, deprecating interference of government by attempts to foster or regulate commerce, manufactures, etc., by bounty or by restriction; as, the doctrine of laissez faire; the laissez faire system of government.

La"i*ty (l"*t), n. [See Lay, a.] 1. The people, as distinguished from the clergy; the body of the people not in orders.

> A rising up of the laity against the sacerdotal caste.

Macaulay.

2. The state of a layman. [Obs.] Ayliffe.

3. Those who are not of a certain profession, as law or medicine, in distinction from those belonging to it.

||La*ka"o (?), n. Sap green. [China]

Lake (lk), n. [F. laque, fr. Per. See Lac.] A pigment formed by combining some coloring matter, usually by precipitation, with a metallic oxide or earth, esp. with aluminium hydrate; as, madder lake; Florentine lake; yellow lake, etc.

Lake, n. [Cf. G. laken.] A kind of fine white linen, formerly in use. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lake (lk), v. i. [AS. lcan, læcan, to spring, jump, lc play, sport, or fr. Icel. leika to play, sport; both akin to Goth. laikan to dance. √120. Cf. Knowledge.] To play; to sport. [Prov. Eng.]

Lake, n. [AS. lac, L. lacus; akin to AS. lagu lake, sea, Icel. lögr; OIr. loch; cf. Gr. la`kkos pond, tank. Cf. Loch, Lough.] A large body of water contained in a depression of the earth's surface, and supplied from the drainage of a more or less extended area.

Lakes are for the most part of fresh water; the salt lakes, like the Great Salt Lake of Utah, have usually no outlet to the ocean.

Lake dwellers (Ethnol.), people of a prehistoric race, or races, which inhabited different parts of Europe. Their dwellings were built on piles in lakes, a short distance from the shore. Their relics are common in the lakes of Switzerland. -- Lake dwellings (Archæol.), dwellings built over a lake, sometimes on piles, and sometimes on rude foundations kept in place by piles; specifically, such dwellings of prehistoric times. Lake dwellings are still used by many savage tribes. Called also lacustrine dwellings. See Crannog. -- Lake fly (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of dipterous flies of the genus Chironomus. In form they resemble mosquitoes, but they do not bite. The larvæ live in lakes. -- Lake herring (Zoöl.), the cisco (Coregonus Artedii). -- Lake poets, Lake school, a collective name originally applied in contempt, but now in honor, to Southey, Coleridge, and Wordsworth, who lived in the lake country of Cumberland, England, Lamb and a few others were classed with these by hostile critics. Called also lakers and lakists. -- Lake sturgeon (Zoöl.), a sturgeon (Acipenser rubicundus), of moderate size, found in the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River. It is used as food. -- Lake trout (Zoöl.), any one of several species of trout and salmon; in Europe, esp. Salmo fario; in the United States, esp. Salvelinus namaycush of the Great Lakes, and of various lakes in New York, Eastern Maine, and Canada. A large variety of brook trout (S. fontinalis), inhabiting many lakes in New England, is also called lake trout. See Namaycush. -- Lake whitefish. (Zoöl.) See Whitefish. -- Lake whiting (Zoöl.), an American whitefish (Coregonus Labradoricus), found in many lakes in the Northern United States and Canada. It is more slender than the common whitefish.

Lake"-dwell`er (?), n. See Lake dwellers, under Lake.

Lake"let (?), n. A little lake. Southey.

Lake"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) The water pepper (Polygonum Hydropiper), an aquatic plant of Europe and North America.

||Lakh (?), n. Same as Lac, one hundred thousand.

La"kin (?), n. See Ladykin.

Lak"ke (?), n. & v. See Lack. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lak"y (?), a. Pertaining to a lake. Sir W. Scott.

Lak"y, a. [From Lake the pigment.] Transparent; -- said of blood rendered transparent by the action of some solvent agent on the red blood corpuscles.

Lal*la"tion (?), n. [L. lallare to sing lalla, or lullaby: cf. F. lallation.] An imperfect enunciation of the letter r, in which it sounds like l.

La"lo (?), n. The powdered leaves of the baobab tree, used by the Africans to mix in their soup, as the southern negroes use powdered sassafras. Cf. Couscous.

Lam (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lammed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lamming.] [Icel. lemja to beat, or lama to bruise, both fr. lami, lama, lame. See Lame.] To beat soundly; to thrash. [Obs. or Low] Beau. & Fl.

La"ma (?; 277), n. (Zoöl.) See Llama.

La"ma, n. [Thibet. blama (pronounced lä"ma) a chief, a high priest.] In Thibet, Mongolia, etc., a priest or monk of the belief called Lamaism.

The Grand Lama, or Dalai Lama [lit., Ocean Lama], the supreme pontiff in the lamaistic hierarchy. See Lamaism.

La"ma*ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to Lamaism.

La"ma*ism (?), n. A modified form of Buddhism which prevails in Thibet, Mongolia, and some adjacent parts of Asia; -- so called from the name of its priests. See 2d Lama.

{ La"ma*ist (?), La"ma*ite (?) } n. One who believes in Lamaism.

La`ma*is"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to Lamaism.

La*man"tin (?), n. [F. lamantin, lamentin, prob. from the name of the animal in the Antilles. Cf. Manater.] (Zoöl.) The manatee. [Written also lamentin, and lamantine.]

La*marck"i*an (?), a. Pertaining to, or involved in, the doctrines of Lamarckianism.

La*marck"i*an*ism (?), n. (Biol.) Lamarckism.

La"marck"ism (?), n. [From Lamarck, a distinguished French naturalist.] (Biol.) The theory that structural variations, characteristic of species and genera, are produced in animals and plants by the direct influence of physical environments, and esp., in the case of animals, by effort, or by use or disuse of certain organs.

La"ma*ser*y (?), n. [See 2d Lama.] A monastery or convent of lamas, in Thibet, Mongolia, etc.

Lamb (lm), n. [AS. lamb; akin to D. & Dan. lam, G. & Sw. lamm, OS., Goth., & Icel. lamb.] 1. (Zoöl.) The young of the sheep.

2. Any person who is as innocent or gentle as a lamb.

3. A simple, unsophisticated person; in the cant of the Stock Exchange, one who ignorantly speculates and is victimized.

Lamb of God, The Lamb (Script.), the Jesus Christ, in allusion to the paschal lamb.

> The twelve apostles of the Lamb.

Rev. xxi. 14.

> Behold the Lamb of God, which taketh away the sin of the world.

John i. 29.

-- Lamb's lettuce (Bot.), an annual plant with small obovate leaves (Valerianella olitoria), often used as a salad; corn salad. [Written also lamb lettuce.] -- Lamb's tongue, a carpenter's plane with a deep narrow bit, for making curved grooves. Knight. -- Lamb's wool. (a) The wool of a lamb. (b) Ale mixed with the pulp of roasted apples; -- probably from the resemblance of the pulp of roasted apples to lamb's wool. [Obs.] Goldsmith.

Lamb (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lambed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lambing.] To bring forth a lamb or lambs, as sheep.

Lamb"ale` (?), n. A feast at the time of shearing lambs.

Lam*baste" (?), v. t. [Lam + baste to beat.] To beat severely. [Low] Nares.

Lam"ba*tive (?), a. [L. lambere to lick. See Lambent.] Taken by licking with the tongue. "Sirups and lambative medicines." Sir T. Browne.

Lam"ba*tive, n. A medicine taken by licking with the tongue; a lincture. Wiseman.

||Lamb"da (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. la`mbda.] 1. The name of the Greek letter , λ, corresponding with the English letter L, l.

2. (Anat.) The point of junction of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures of the skull.

Lambda moth (Zoöl.), a moth so called from a mark on its wings, resembling the Greek letter lambda ().

Lamb"da*cism (?), n. [L. lambdacismus, Gr. &?;, fr. la`mbda the letter lambda ().] 1. A fault in speaking or in composition, which consists in too frequent use of the letter l, or in doubling it erroneously.

2. A defect in pronunciation of the letter l when doubled, which consists in giving it a sound as if followed by y, similar to that of the letters lli in billion.

3. The use of the sound of l for that of r in pronunciation; lallation; as, Amelican for American.

Lamb"doid (?), a. [Gr. &?;, la`mbda the letter lambda () + e"i^dos shape.] Shaped like the Greek letter lambda (); as, the lambdoid suture between the occipital and parietal bones of the skull.

Lamb*doid"al (?), a. Same as Lambdoid.

Lam"bent (?), a. [L. lambens, -enlis, p. pr. of lambere to lick; akin to lap. See Lap to drink by licking.] 1. Playing on the surface; touching lightly; gliding over. "A lambent flame." Dryden. "A lambent style." Beaconsfield.

2. Twinkling or gleaming; fickering. "The lambent purity of the stars." W. Irving.

Lam"bert pine` (?). [So called from Lambert, an English botanist.] (Bot.) The gigantic sugar pine of California and Oregon (Pinus Lambertiana). It has the leaves in fives, and cones a foot long. The timber is soft, and like that of the white pine of the Eastern States.

Lamb"kin (?), n. A small lamb.

Lamb"like (?), a. Like a lamb; gentle; meek; inoffensive.

Lam"boys (?), n. pl. [Cf. F. lambeau. Cf. Label.] (Anc. Armor) Same as Base, n., 19.

Lam"bre*quin (?), n. [F. Cf. Lamboys, Label.] 1. A kind of pendent scarf or covering attached to the helmet, to protect it from wet or heat.

2. A leather flap hanging from a cuirass. Wilhelm.

3. A piece of ornament drapery or short decorative hanging, pendent from a shelf or from the casing above a window, hiding the curtain fixtures, or the like.

Lamb"skin` (?), n. 1. The skin of a lamb; especially, a skin dressed with the wool on, and used as a mat. Also used adjectively.

2. A kind of woolen.

Lamb"skin`net" (?), n. See Lansquenet.

Lamb's-quar"ters (?), n. (Bot.) A name given to several plants of the Goosefoot family, sometimes used as pot herbs, as Chenopodium album and Atriplex patulsa.

Lam*doid"al (?), a. Lambdoid. [R.]

Lame (lm), a. [Compar. Lamer (?); superl. Lamest.] [OE. lame, AS. lama; akin to D. lam, G. lahm,OHG., Dan., & Sw. lam, Icel. lami, Russ. lomate to break, lomota rheumatism.] 1. (a) Moving with pain or difficulty on account of injury, defect, or temporary obstruction of a function; as, a lame leg, arm, or muscle. (b) To some degree disabled by reason of the imperfect action of a limb; crippled; as, a lame man. "Lame of one leg." Arbuthnot. "Lame in both his feet." 2 Sam. ix. 13. "He fell, and became lame." 2 Sam. iv. 4.

2. Hence, hobbling; limping; inefficient; imperfect. "A lame endeavor." Barrow.

> O, most lame and impotent conclusion!

Shak.

Lame duck (stock Exchange), a person who can not fulfill his contracts. [Cant]

<! p. 826 !>

Lame (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lamed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Laming.] To make lame.

> If you happen to let child fall and lame it.

Swift.

Lam"el (?), n. See Lamella.

La*mel"la (?), n.; pl. L. Lamellæ (#), E. Lamellas (#). [L. lamella, dim. of lamina plate, leaf, layer: cf. F. lamelle. Cf. Lamina, Omelet.] a thin plate or scale of anything, as a thin scale growing from the petals of certain flowers; or one of the thin plates or scales of which certain shells are composed.

Lam"el*lar (?), a. [Cf. F. lamellaire.] Flat and thin; lamelliform; composed of lamellæ. -- Lam"el*lar*ly, adv. In thin plates or scales.

Lam"el*la*ry (?), a. Of or pertaining to lamella or to lamellæ; lamellar.

{ Lam"el*late (?), Lam"el*la`ted (?), } a. [See Lamella.] Composed of, or furnished with, thin plates or scales. See Illust. of Antennæ.

La*mel"li*branch (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Lamellibranchia. Also used adjectively.

{ ||La*mel`li*bran"chi*a (?), ||La*mel`li*bran`chi*a"ta (?), } n. pl. [NL. See lamella, and Branchia, Branchiate.] (Zoöl.) A class of Mollusca including all those that have bivalve shells, as the clams, oysters, mussels, etc.

They usually have two (rarely but one) flat, lamelliform gills on each side of the body. They have an imperfectly developed head, concealed within the shell, whence they are called Acephala. Called also Conchifera, and Pelecypoda. See Bivalve.

Lam`el*li*bran"chi*ate (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having lamellar gills; belonging to the Lamellibranchia. -- n. One of the Lamellibranchia.

La*mel"li*corn (?), a. [Lamella + L. cornu a horn: cf. F. lamellicorne. See Lamella.] (Zoöl.) (a) Having antennæ terminating in a group of flat lamellæ; -- said of certain coleopterous insects. (b) Terminating in a group of flat lamellæ; -- said of antennæ. -- n. A lamellicorn insect.

||La*mel`li*cor"ni*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Lamellicorn.] (Zoöl.) A group of lamellicorn, plant-eating beetles; -- called also Lamellicornes.

Lam`el*lif"er*ous (?), a. [Lamella + -ferous: cf. F. lamellifère.] Bearing, or composed of, lamellæ, or thin layers, plates, or scales; foliated.

La*mel"li*form (?), a. [Lamella + -form : cf. F. lamelliforme.] Thin and flat; scalelike; lamellar.

Lam`el*li*ros"tral (?), a. [Lamella + rostral : cf. F. lamellirostre.] (Zoöl.) Having a lamellate bill, as ducks and geese.

||La*mel`li*ros"tres (?), n. pl. [NL. See Lamella, and Rostrum.] (Zoöl.) A group of birds embracing the Anseres and flamingoes, in which the bill is lamellate.

Lam"el*lose` (?), a. [Cf. F. lamelleux.] Composed of, or having, lamellæ; lamelliform.

Lame"ly (?), adv. [See Lame.] In a lame, crippled, disabled, or imperfect manner; as, to walk lamely; a figure lamely drawn.

Lame"ness, n. The condition or quality of being lame; as, the lameness of an excuse or an argument.

La*ment" (?), v. i. [F. lamenter, L. lamentari, fr. lamentum a lament.] To express or feel sorrow; to weep or wail; to mourn.

> Jeremiah lamented for Josiah.

2 Chron. xxxv. 25.

> Ye shall weep and lament, but the world shall rejoice.

John xvi. 20.

La*ment", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lamented; p. pr. & vb. n. Lamenting.] To mourn for; to bemoan; to bewail.

> One laughed at follies, one lamented crimes.

Dryden.

Syn. -- To deplore; mourn; bewail. See Deplore.

La*ment", n. [L. lamentum. Cf. Lament, v.] 1. Grief or sorrow expressed in complaints or cries; lamentation; a wailing; a moaning; a weeping.

> Torment, and loud lament, and furious rage.

Milton.

2. An elegy or mournful ballad, or the like.

Lam"en*ta*ble (?), a. [L. lamentabilis : cf. F. lamentable.] 1. Mourning; sorrowful; expressing grief; as, a lamentable countenance. "Lamentable eye." Spenser.

2. Fitted to awaken lament; to be lamented; sorrowful; pitiable; as, a lamentable misfortune, or error. "Lamentable helplessness." Burke.

3. Miserable; pitiful; paltry; -- in a contemptuous or ridiculous sense. Bp. Stillingfleet.

-- Lam"en*ta*ble*ness, n. -- Lam"en*ta*bly, adv.

Lam`en*ta"tion (?), n. [F. lamentation, L. lamentatio.] 1. The act of bewailing; audible expression of sorrow; wailing; moaning.

> In Rama was there a voice heard, lamentation and weeping.

Matt. ii. 18.

2. pl. (Script.) A book of the Old Testament attributed to the prophet Jeremiah, and taking its name from the nature of its contents.

La*ment"ed (?), a. Mourned for; bewailed.

> This humble praise, lamented shade ! receive.

Pope.

La*ment"er (&?;), n. One who laments.

La*men"tin (?), n. See Lamantin.

La*ment"ing (?), n. Lamentation.

> Lamentings heard i' the air.

Shak.

La*ment"ing*ly, adv. In a lamenting manner.

Lames (lmz), n. pl. [F. lame a thin plate, L. lamina.] (Armor) Small steel plates combined together so as to slide one upon the other and form a piece of armor.

||La*met"ta (?), n. [Cf. It. lametta, dim. of lama a thin plate.] Foil or wire made of gold, silver, or brass. De Colange.

La"mi*a (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] (Class. Myth.) A monster capable of assuming a woman's form, who was said to devour human beings or suck their blood; a vampire; a sorceress; a witch.

Lam"i*na (lm"*n), n.; pl. L. Laminæ (- n) E. Laminas (-nz). [L. cf. Lamella.] 1. A thin plate or scale; a layer or coat lying over another; -- said of thin plates or platelike substances, as of bone or minerals.

2. (Bot.) The blade of a leaf; the broad, expanded portion of a petal or sepal of a flower. Gray.

3. (Zoöl.) A thin plate or scale; specif., one of the thin, flat processes composing the vane of a feather.

Lam`i*na*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being laminable.

Lam"i*na*ble (?), a. Capable of being split into laminæ or thin plates, as mica; capable of being extended under pressure into a thin plate or strip.

> When a body can be readily extended in all directions under the hammer, it is said to be malleable; and when into fillets under the rolling press, it is said to be laminable.

Ure.

{ Lam"i*nar (?), Lam"i*nal (?), } a. [Cf. F. laminaire. See Lamina] In, or consisting of, thin plates or layers; having the form of a thin plate or lamina.

||Lam`i*na"ri*a (?), n. [NL. See Lamina.] (Bot.) A genus of great seaweeds with long and broad fronds; kelp, or devil's apron. The fronds commonly grow in clusters, and are sometimes from thirty to fifty feet in length. See Illust. of Kelp.

Lam`i*na"ri*an (?), a. Pertaining to seaweeds of the genus Laminaria, or to that zone of the sea (from two to ten fathoms in depth) where the seaweeds of this genus grow.

Lam"i*na*rite (?), n. [See Lamina.] (Paleon.) A broad-leafed fossil alga.

Lam"i*na*ry (?), a. Laminar.

Lam"i*nate (?), a. [See Lamina.] Consisting of, or covered with, laminæ, or thin plates, scales, or layers, one over another; laminated.

Lam"i*nate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Laminated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Laminating (?).] [See Lamina.] 1. To cause to separate into thin plates or layers; to divide into thin plates.

2. To form, as metal, into a thin plate, as by rolling.

Lam"i*nate, v. i. To separate into laminæ.

Lam"i*na`ted (?), a. Laminate.

Laminated arch (Arch.), a timber arch made of layers of bent planks secured by treenails.

Lam"i*na`ting (?), a. Forming, or separating into, scales or thin layers.

Lam`i*na"tion (?), n. The process of laminating, or the state of being laminated.

Lam`i*nif"er*ous (?), a. [Lamina + -ferous.] Having a structure consisting of laminæ, or thin layers.

Lam`i*ni*plan"tar (?), a. [Lamina + L. planta sole of the foot.] (Zoöl.) Having the tarsus covered behind with a horny sheath continuous on both sides, as in most singing birds, except the larks.

||Lam`i*ni"tis (?), n. [NL. See Lamina, and -itis.] (Far.) Inflammation of the laminæ or fleshy plates along the coffin bone of a horse; founder. Youatt.

Lam"ish (?), a. Somewhat lame. Wood.

Lamm (?), v. t. See Lam.

Lam"mas (?), n. [AS. hlmmesse, hlfmæsse, loaf mass, bread feast, or feast of first fruits; hlf loaf + mæsse mass. See Loaf, and Mass religious service.] The first day of August; -- called also Lammas day, and Lammastide.

{ Lam"mer*geir (lm"mr*gr), Lam"mer*gei`er (-g`r), } n. [G. lämmergeier; lamm, pl. lämmer, lamb + geier vulture.] (Zoöl.) A very large vulture (Gypaëtus barbatus), which inhabits the mountains of Southern Europe, Asia, and Northern Africa. When full-grown it is nine or ten feet in extent of wings. It is brownish black above, with the under parts and neck rusty yellow; the forehead and crown white; the sides of the head and beard black. It feeds partly on carrion and partly on small animals, which it kills. It has the habit of carrying tortoises and marrow bones to a great height, and dropping them on stones to obtain the contents, and is therefore called bonebreaker and ossifrage. It is supposed to be the ossifrage of the Bible. Called also bearded vulture and bearded eagle. [Written also lammergeyer.]

||Lam*nun"gui*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. lamina a scale + unguis a nail.] (Zoöl.) Same as Hyracoidea.

Lamp (?), n. [OE. (with excrescent p), fr. F. lame, L. lamina. See Lamina.] A thin plate or lamina. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lamp (?), n. [F. lampe, L. lampas, -adis, fr. Gr. &?; , &?;, torch, fr. &?; to give light, to shine. Cf. Lampad, Lantern.] 1. A light-producing vessel, instrument or apparatus; especially, a vessel with a wick used for the combustion of oil or other inflammable liquid, for the purpose of producing artificial light.

2. Figuratively, anything which enlightens intellectually or morally; anything regarded metaphorically a performing the uses of a lamp.

> Thy word is a lamp unto my feet, and a light unto my path.

Ps. cxix. 105.

> Ages elapsed ere Homer's lamp appeared.

Cowper.

3. (Elec.) A device or mechanism for producing light by electricity. See Incandescent lamp, under Incandescent.

Æolipile lamp, a hollow ball of copper containing alcohol which is converted into vapor by a lamp beneath, so as to make a powerful blowpipe flame when the vapor is ignited. Weale. -- Arc lamp (Elec.), a form of lamp in which the voltaic arc is used as the source of light. -- Dëbereiner's lamp, an apparatus for the instantaneous production of a flame by the spontaneous ignition of a jet of hydrogen on being led over platinum sponge; -- named after the German chemist Döbereiner, who invented it. Called also philosopher's lamp. -- Flameless lamp, an aphlogistic lamp. -- Lamp burner, the part of a lamp where the wick is exposed and ignited. Knight. -- Lamp fount, a reservoir for oil, in a lamp. -- Lamp jack. See 2d Jack, n., 4 (l) & (n). -- Lamp shade, a screen, as of paper, glass, or tin, for softening or obstructing the light of a lamp. -- Lamp shell (Zoöl.), any brachiopod shell of the genus Terebratula and allied genera. The name refers to the shape, which is like that of an antique lamp. See Terebratula. -- Safety lamp, a miner's lamp in which the flame is surrounded by fine wire gauze, preventing the kindling of dangerous explosive gases; -- called also, from Sir Humphry Davy the inventor, Davy lamp. -- To smell of the lamp, to bear marks of great study and labor, as a literary composition.

Lam"pad (?), n. [Gr. &?; , &?;. See Lamp.] A lamp or candlestick. [R.]

> By him who 'mid the golden lampads went.

Trench.

Lam"pa*dist (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, &?;, torch. See Lamp.] (Gr. Antiq.) One who gained the prize in the lampadrome.

Lam"pa*drome (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?;, &?;, torch + &?; course, race, fr. &?; to run.] (Gr. Antiq.) A race run by young men with lighted torches in their hands. He who reached the goal first, with his torch unextinguished, gained the prize.

Lam"pas (?), n. [F. lampas.] An inflammation and swelling of the soft parts of the roof of the mouth immediately behind the fore teeth in the horse; -- called also lampers.

Lam"pate (?), n. [Cf. F. lampate.] (Chem.) A supposed salt of lampic acid. [Obs.]

Lamp"black` (?), n. [Lamp + black.] The fine impalpable soot obtained from the smoke of carbonaceous substances which have been only partly burnt, as in the flame of a smoking lamp. It consists of finely divided carbon, with sometimes a very small proportion of various impurities. It is used as an ingredient of printers' ink, and various black pigments and cements.

Lam"per eel` (?). (Zoöl.) See Lamprey.

Lam"pern (?), n. [See Lamprey.] (Zoöl.) The river lamprey (Ammocœtes, or Lampetra, fluviatilis).

The name is also applied to other river lampreys.

Lam"pers (?), n. See Lampas.

Lam"pic (?), a. [F. lampique, fr. lampe lamp. See Lamp.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or produced by, a lamp; -- formerly said of a supposed acid.

Lamp"ing (?), a. Shining; brilliant. [Obs.] "Lamping eyes." Spenser.

Lamp"less, a. Being without a lamp, or without light; hence, being without appreciation; dull.

> Your ladies' eyes are lampless to that virtue.

Beau. & Fl.

Lamp"light` (?), n. Light from a lamp.

> This world's artificial lamplights.

Owen Meredith.

Lamp"light`er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, lights a lamp; esp., a person who lights street lamps.

2. (Zoöl.) The calico bass.

Lam*poon" (?), n. [F. lampon a drinking song, fr. lampons let us drink, -- the burden of such a song, fr. lamper to guzzle, to drink much and greedily; of German origin, and akin to E. lap to drink. Prob. so called because drinking songs often contain personal slander or satire.] A personal satire in writing; usually, malicious and abusive censure written only to reproach and distress.

> Like her who missed her name in a lampoon,
> And grieved to find herself decayed so soon.

Dryden.

Lam*poon", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lampooned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lampooning.] To subject to abusive ridicule expressed in writing; to make the subject of a lampoon.

> Ribald poets had lampooned him.

Macaulay.

Syn. -- To libel; defame; satirize; lash.

Lam*poon"er (?), n. The writer of a lampoon. "Libelers, lampooners, and pamphleteers." Tatler.

Lam*poon"ry (?), n. The act of lampooning; a lampoon, or lampoons.

Lamp"-post` (?), n. A post (generally a pillar of iron) supporting a lamp or lantern for lighting a street, park, etc.

Lam"prel (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Lamprey.

Lam"prey (?), n.; pl. Lampreys (#). [OE. lampreie, F. lamproie, LL. lampreda, lampetra, from L. lambere to lick + petra rock, stone. The lampreys are so called because they attach themselves with their circular mouths to rocks and stones, whence they are also called rocksuckers. See Lap to drink, Petrify.] (Zoöl.) An eel-like marsipobranch of the genus Petromyzon, and allied genera. The lampreys have a round, sucking mouth, without jaws, but set with numerous minute teeth, and one to three larger teeth on the palate (see Illust. of Cyclostomi). There are seven small branchial openings on each side. [Written also lamper eel, lamprel, and lampron.]

<! p. 827 !>

The common or sea lamprey of America and Europe (Petromyzon marinus), which in spring ascends rivers to spawn, is considered excellent food by many, and is sold as a market fish in some localities. The smaller river lampreys mostly belong to the genus Ammocœles, or Lampetra, as A. fluviatilis, of Europe, and A. æpypterus of America. All lampreys attach themselves to other fishes, as parasites, by means of the suckerlike mouth.

Lam"pron (lm"prn), n. [Cf. OE. lampreon. See Lamprey.] (Zoöl.) See Lamprey.

Lam*py"rine (?), n. [See Lampyris.] (Zoöl.) An insect of the genus Lampyris, or family Lampyridæ. See Lampyris.

||Lam*py"ris (?), n. [L., glowworm, Gr. (&?;).] (Zoöl.) A genus of coleopterous insects, including the glowworms.

Lan"ark*ite (?), n. [From Lanarkshire, a county in Scotland.] (Min.) A mineral consisting of sulphate of lead, occurring either massive or in long slender prisms, of a greenish white or gray color.

La"na*ry (?), n. [L. lanaria, fr. lanarius belonging to wool, lana wool.] A place for storing wool.

{ La"nate (?), La"na*ted (?), } [L. lanatus, fr. lana wool, down.] Wooly; covered with fine long hair, or hairlike filaments.

Lan"ca*shire boil"er (?). A steam boiler having two flues which contain the furnaces and extend through the boiler from end to end.

Lan`cas*te"ri*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to the monitorial system of instruction followed by Joseph Lancaster, of England, in which advanced pupils in a school teach pupils below them.

Lance (lns), n. [OE. lance, F. lance, fr. L. lancea; cf. Gr. lo`gchh. Cf. Launch.] 1. A weapon of war, consisting of a long shaft or handle and a steel blade or head; a spear carried by horsemen, and often decorated with a small flag; also, a spear or harpoon used by whalers and fishermen.

> A braver soldier never couched lance.

Shak.

2. A soldier armed with a lance; a lancer.

3. (Founding) A small iron rod which suspends the core of the mold in casting a shell.

4. (Mil.) An instrument which conveys the charge of a piece of ordnance and forces it home.

5. (Pyrotech.) One of the small paper cases filled with combustible composition, which mark the outlines of a figure.

Free lance, in the Middle Ages, and subsequently, a knight or roving soldier, who was free to engage for any state or commander that purchased his services; hence, a person who assails institutions or opinions on his own responsibility without regard to party lines or deference to authority. -- Lance bucket (Cavalry), a socket attached to a saddle or stirrup strap, in which to rest the but of a lance. -- Lance corporal, same as Lancepesade. -- Lance knight, a lansquenet. B. Jonson. -- Lance snake (Zoöl.), the fer-de-lance. -- Stink-fire lance (Mil.), a kind of fuse filled with a composition which burns with a suffocating odor; -- used in the counter operations of miners. -- To break a lance, to engage in a tilt or contest.

Lance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lanced (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Lancing (?).] 1. To pierce with a lance, or with any similar weapon.

> Seized the due victim, and with fury lanced
> Her back.

Dryden.

2. To open with a lancet; to pierce; as, to lance a vein or an abscess.

3. To throw in the manner of a lance. See Lanch.

Lance" fish` (?). (Zoöl.) A slender marine fish of the genus Ammodytes, especially Ammodytes tobianus of the English coast; -- called also sand lance.

{ Lance"gay`, Lance"gaye` } (?), n. [OF. lancegaie, corrupted from the same source as E. assagai, under the influence of F. lance lance. See Assagai.] A kind of spear anciently used. Its use was prohibited by a statute of Richard II. Nares.

> In his hand a launcegay,
> A long sword by his side.

Chaucer.

Lance"let (?), n. [Lance + - let.] (Zoöl.) A small fishlike animal (Amphioxus lanceolatus), remarkable for the rudimentary condition of its organs. It is the type of the class Leptocardia. See Amphioxus, Leptocardia.

Lance"ly, a. Like a lance. [R.] Sir P. Sidney.

Lan"ce*o*lar (?), a. [L. lanceola a little lance, dim. of lancea lance: cf. F. lancéolaire.] (Bot.) Lanceolate.

{ Lan"ce*o*late (?), Lan"ce*o*la`ted (?) } a. [L. lanceolatus: cf. F. lancéolé. See Lanceolar.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Rather narrow, tapering to a point at the apex, and sometimes at the base also; as, a lanceolate leaf.

Lance`pe*sade" (?), n. [F. lancepessade, lanspessade, anspessade, It. lancia spezzata a broken lance or demilance, a demilance roan, a light horseman, bodyguard.] An assistant to a corporal; a private performing the duties of a corporal; -- called also lance corporal.

Lan"cer (?), n. [Cf. F. lancier.] 1. One who lances; one who carries a lance; especially, a member of a mounted body of men armed with lances, attached to the cavalry service of some nations. Wilhelm.

2. A lancet. [Obs.]

3. pl. (Dancing) A set of quadrilles of a certain arrangement. [Written also lanciers.]

Lan"cet (?), n. [F. lancette, dim. of lance lance. See Lance.] 1. A surgical instrument of various forms, commonly sharp-pointed and two-edged, used in venesection, and in opening abscesses, etc.

2. (Metal.) An iron bar used for tapping a melting furnace. Knight.

Lancet arch (Arch.), a pointed arch, of which the width, or span, is narrow compared with the height. -- Lancet architecture, a name given to a style of architecture, in which lancet arches are common; -- peculiar to England and 13th century. -- Lancet fish. (Zoöl.) (a) A large, voracious, deep- sea fish (Alepidosaurus ferox), having long, sharp, lancetlike teeth. (b) The doctor, or surgeon fish.

Lance"wood` (?), n. (Bot.) A tough, elastic wood, often used for the shafts of gigs, archery bows, fishing rods, and the like. Also, the tree which produces this wood, Duguetia Quitarensis (a native of Guiana and Cuba), and several other trees of the same family (Anonaseæ).

Australian lancewood, a myrtaceous tree (Backhousia Australis).

Lanch (lnch), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lanched (lncht); p. pr. & vb. n. Lanching. See Launch, Lance.] To throw, as a lance; to let fly; to launch.

> See Whose arm can lanch the surer bolt.

Dryden & Lee.

Lan*cif"er*ous (?), a. [Lance + -ferous.] Bearing a lance.

Lan"ci*form (?), a. [Lance + -form: cf. F. lanciforme.] Having the form of a lance.

Lan"ci*nate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lancinated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lancinating (?).] [L. lancinatus, p. p. of lancinare to fear.] To tear; to lacerate; to pierce or stab. De Quincey.

Lan"ci*na`ting, a. Piercing; seeming to pierce or stab; as, lancinating pains (i.e., severe, darting pains).

Lan`ci*na"tion (?), n. A tearing; laceration. "Lancinations of the spirit." Jer. Taylor.

Land (lnd), n. Urine. See Lant. [Obs.]

Land, n. [AS. land, lond; akin to D., G., Icel., Sw., Dan., and Goth. land. ] 1. The solid part of the surface of the earth; - - opposed to water as constituting a part of such surface, especially to oceans and seas; as, to sight land after a long voyage.

> They turn their heads to sea, their sterns to land.

Dryden.

2. Any portion, large or small, of the surface of the earth, considered by itself, or as belonging to an individual or a people, as a country, estate, farm, or tract.

> Go view the land, even Jericho.

Josh. ii. 1.

> Ill fares the land, to hastening ills a prey,
> Where wealth accumulates and men decay.

Goldsmith.

In the expressions "to be, or dwell, upon land," "to go, or fare, on land," as used by Chaucer, land denotes the country as distinguished from the town.

> A poor parson dwelling upon land [i.e., in the country].

Chaucer.

3. Ground, in respect to its nature or quality; soil; as, wet land; good or bad land.

4. The inhabitants of a nation or people.

> These answers, in the silent night received,
> The king himself divulged, the land believed.

Dryden.

5. The mainland, in distinction from islands.

6. The ground or floor. [Obs.]

> Herself upon the land she did prostrate.

Spenser.

7. (Agric.) The ground left unplowed between furrows; any one of several portions into which a field is divided for convenience in plowing.

8. (Law) Any ground, soil, or earth whatsoever, as meadows, pastures, woods, etc., and everything annexed to it, whether by nature, as trees, water, etc., or by the hand of man, as buildings, fences, etc.; real estate. Kent. Bouvier. Burrill.

9. (Naut.) The lap of the strakes in a clinker-built boat; the lap of plates in an iron vessel; -- called also landing. Knight.

10. In any surface prepared with indentations, perforations, or grooves, that part of the surface which is not so treated, as the level part of a millstone between the furrows, or the surface of the bore of a rifled gun between the grooves.

Land agent, a person employed to sell or let land, to collect rents, and to attend to other money matters connected with land. -- Land boat, a vehicle on wheels propelled by sails. -- Land blink, a peculiar atmospheric brightness seen from sea over distant snow-covered land in arctic regions. See Ice blink. -- Land breeze. See under Breeze. -- Land chain. See Gunter's chain. -- Land crab (Zoöl.), any one of various species of crabs which live much on the land, and resort to the water chiefly for the purpose of breeding. They are abundant in the West Indies and South America. Some of them grow to a large size. -- Land fish a fish on land; a person quite out of place. Shak. -- Land force, a military force serving on land, as distinguished from a naval force. -- Land, ho! (Naut.), a sailor's cry in announcing sight of land. -- Land ice, a field of ice adhering to the coast, in distinction from a floe. -- Land leech (Zoöl.), any one of several species of blood-sucking leeches, which, in moist, tropical regions, live on land, and are often troublesome to man and beast. -- Land measure, the system of measurement used in determining the area of land; also, a table of areas used in such measurement. -- Land, or House, of bondage, in Bible history, Egypt; by extension, a place or condition of special oppression. -- Land o' cakes, Scotland. -- Land of Nod, sleep. -- Land of promise, in Bible history, Canaan: by extension, a better country or condition of which one has expectation. -- Land of steady habits, a nickname sometimes given to the State of Connecticut. -- Land office, a government office in which the entries upon, and sales of, public land are registered, and other business respecting the public lands is transacted. [U.S.] -- Land pike. (Zoöl.) (a) The gray pike, or sauger. (b) The Menobranchus. -- Land service, military service as distinguished from naval service. -- Land rail. (Zoöl) (a) The crake or corncrake of Europe. See Crake. (b) An Australian rail (Hypotænidia Phillipensis); -- called also pectoral rail. -- Land scrip, a certificate that the purchase money for a certain portion of the public land has been paid to the officer entitled to receive it. [U.S.] -- Land shark, a swindler of sailors on shore. [Sailors' Cant] -- Land side (a) That side of anything in or on the sea, as of an island or ship, which is turned toward the land. (b) The side of a plow which is opposite to the moldboard and which presses against the unplowed land. -- Land snail (Zoöl.), any snail which lives on land, as distinguished from the aquatic snails are Pulmonifera, and belong to the Geophila; but the operculated land snails of warm countries are Diœcia, and belong to the Tænioglossa. See Geophila, and Helix. -- Land spout, a descent of cloud and water in a conical form during the occurrence of a tornado and heavy rainfall on land. - - Land steward, a person who acts for another in the management of land, collection of rents, etc. -- Land tortoise, Land turtle (Zoöl.), any tortoise that habitually lives on dry land, as the box tortoise. See Tortoise. -- Land warrant, a certificate from the Land Office, authorizing a person to assume ownership of a public land. [U.S.] -- Land wind. Same as Land breeze (above). -- To make land (Naut.), to sight land. To set the land, to see by the compass how the land bears from the ship. -- To shut in the land, to hide the land, as when fog, or an intervening island, obstructs the view.

Land (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Landed; p. pr. & vb. n. Landing.] 1. To set or put on shore from a ship or other water craft; to disembark; to debark.

> I 'll undertake to land them on our coast.

Shak.

2. To catch and bring to shore; to capture; as, to land a fish.

3. To set down after conveying; to cause to fall, alight, or reach; to bring to the end of a course; as, he landed the quoit near the stake; to be thrown from a horse and landed in the mud; to land one in difficulties or mistakes.

Land, v. i. To go on shore from a ship or boat; to disembark; to come to the end of a course.

Lan"dam*man (?), n. [G. Landamman; land land, country + amimann bailiff. See Land, and Ambassador.] 1. A chief magistrate in some of the Swiss cantons.

2. The president of the diet of the Helvetic republic.

Lan"dau (?), n. [From the town Ladau in Germany; cf. F. landau. See Land, Island.] A four-wheeled covered vehicle, the top of which is divided into two sections which can be let down, or thrown back, in such a manner as to make an open carriage. [Written also landaw.]

Lan`dau*let" (?), n. [Cf. F. landaulet, dim, of landau. See Landau.] A small landau.

Land"ed (?), a. 1. Having an estate in land.

> The House of Commons must consist, for the most part, of landed men.

Addison.

2. Consisting in real estate or land; as, landed property; landed security.

Land"er (?), n. 1. One who lands, or makes a landing. "The lander in a lonely isle." Tennyson.

2. (Mining) A person who waits at the mouth of the shaft to receive the kibble of ore.

Land"fall (?), n. 1. A sudden transference of property in land by the death of its owner.

2. (Naut.) Sighting or making land when at sea.

A good landfall (Naut.), the sighting of land in conformity with the navigator's reckoning and expectation.

Land"flood` (?), n. An overflowing of land by river; an inundation; a freshet. Clarendon.

Land"grave` (?), n. [G. landgraf; land land + graf earl, count; cf. D. landgraaf, F. landgrave.] A German nobleman of a rank corresponding to that of an earl in England and of a count in France.

The title was first adopted by some German counts in the twelfth century, to distinguish themselves from the inferior counts under their jurisdiction. Three of them were princes of the empire.

Land*gra"vi*ate (?), n. [Cf. F. landgraviat.] 1. The territory held by a landgrave.

2. The office, jurisdiction, or authority of a landgrave.

Land"gra*vine (?), n. [G. landgräfin; cf. D. landgravin.] The wife of a landgrave.

Land"hold`er (?), n. A holder, owner, or proprietor of land. -- Land"hold`ing, n. & a.

Land"ing, a. Of, pertaining to, or used for, setting, bringing, or going, on shore.

Landing charges, charges or fees paid on goods unloaded from a vessel. -- Landing net, a small, bag-shaped net, used in fishing to take the fish from the water after being hooked. -- Landing stage, a floating platform attached at one end to a wharf in such a manner as to rise and fall with the tide, and thus facilitate passage between the wharf and a vessel lying beside the stage. -- Landing waiter, a customhouse officer who oversees the landing of goods, etc., from vessels; a landwaiter.

Land"ing, n. 1. A going or bringing on shore.

2. A place for landing, as from a ship, a carriage. etc.

3. (Arch.) The level part of a staircase, at the top of a flight of stairs, or connecting one flight with another.

Landing place. me as Landing, n., 2 and 3.

Land"la`dy (?), n.; pl. Landladies (#). [Cf. Landlord.] 1. A woman having real estate which she leases to a tenant or tenants.

2. The mistress of an inn or lodging house.

<! p. 828 !>

Land"leap`er (?), n. See Landlouper.

Land"less (?), a. Having no property in land.

Land"lock` (?), v. t. To inclose, or nearly inclose, as a harbor or a vessel, with land.

Land"locked` (?), a. 1. Inclosed, or nearly inclosed, by land.

2. (Zoöl.) Confined to a fresh- water lake by reason of waterfalls or dams; -- said of fishes that would naturally seek the sea, after spawning; as, the landlocked salmon.

Land"lo`per (?), n. Same as Landlouper.

Land"lord` (?), n. [See Land, and Lord.] 1. The lord of a manor, or of land; the owner of land or houses which he leases to a tenant or tenants.

2. The master of an inn or of a lodging house.

> Upon our arrival at the inn, my companion fetched out the jolly landlord.

Addison.

Land"lord`ism (?), n. The state of being a landlord; the characteristics of a landlord; specifically, in Great Britain, the relation of landlords to tenants, especially as regards leased agricultural lands. J. S. Mill.

Land"lord`ry (?), n. The state of a landlord. [Obs.]

Land"loup`er (?), n. [D. landlooper, lit., landrunner; land land + loopen to run. See Land, and Leap.] A vagabond; a vagrant. [Written also landleaper and landloper.] "Bands of landloupers." Moltey.

Land"loup`ing, a. Vagrant; wandering about.

Land"lub`ber (?), n. [Prop. fr. land + lubber, or possibly corrupted fr. laudlouper.] (Naut.) One who passes his life on land; -- so called among seamen in contempt or ridicule.

Land"man (?), n.; pl. Landmen (&?;). 1. A man who lives or serves on land; -- opposed to seaman.

2. (Eng.) An occupier of land. Cowell.

Land"mark` (?), n. [AS. landmearc. See Land, and Mark a sign.] 1. A mark to designate the boundary of land; any mark or fixed object (as a marked tree, a stone, a ditch, or a heap of stones) by which the limits of a farm, a town, or other portion of territory may be known and preserved.

2. Any conspicuous object on land that serves as a guide; some prominent object, as a hill or steeple.

Landmarks of history, important events by which eras or conditions are determined.

Land"own`er (?), n. An owner of land.

Land"own`ing, n. The owning of land. -- a. Having property in land; of or pertaining to landowners.

Land"-poor` (?), a. Pecuniarily embarrassed through owning much unprofitable land. [Colloq.]

Land"reeve` (?), n. [Land + reeve an officer.] A subordinate officer on an extensive estate, who acts as an assistant to the steward.

Land"scape (?), n. [Formerly written also landskip.] [D. landschap; land land + - schap, equiv. to E. -schip; akin to G. landschaft, Sw. landskap, Dan. landskab. See Land, and -schip.] 1. A portion of land or territory which the eye can comprehend in a single view, including all the objects it contains.

2. A picture representing a scene by land or sea, actual or fancied, the chief subject being the general aspect of nature, as fields, hills, forests, water. etc.

3. The pictorial aspect of a country.

> The landscape of his native country had taken hold on his heart.

Macaulay.

Landscape gardening, The art of laying out grounds and arranging trees, shrubbery, etc., in such a manner as to produce a picturesque effect.

Land"scap`ist (?), n. A painter of landscapes.

Land"skip (?), n. [See Landscape.] A landscape. [Obs. except in poetry.]

> Straight my eye hath caught new pleasures,
> Whilst the landskip round it measures.

Milton.

{ Land"slip` (?), Land"slide` (?), } n. 1. The slipping down of a mass of land from a mountain, hill, etc.

2. The land which slips down.

Lands"man (?), n.; pl. Landsmen (#). 1. One who lives on the land; -- opposed to seaman.

2. (Naut.) A sailor on his first voyage.

Land"streight` (?), n. [See Strait.] A narrow strip of land. [Obs.]

||Land"sturm` (?), n. [G. See Land, and Storm.] That part of the reserve force in Germany which is called out last.

||Land"tag` (?), n. [G. See Land, and Day.] The diet or legislative body; as, the Landtag of Prussia.

Land"wait`er (?), n. See Landing waiter, under Landing, a.

Land"ward (?), adv. & a. Toward the land.

||Land"wehr` (?), n. [G., fr. land land, country + wehr defense.] That part of the army, in Germany and Austria, which has completed the usual military service and is exempt from duty in time of peace, except that it is called out occasionally for drill.

Lane (?), a. [See Lone.] Alone. [Scot.]

His lane, by himself; himself alone.

Lane (?), n. [OE. lane, lone, AS. lone, lone; akin to D. laan, OFries. lana, lona.] A passageway between fences or hedges which is not traveled as a highroad; an alley between buildings; a narrow way among trees, rocks, and other natural obstructions; hence, in a general sense, a narrow passageway; as, a lane between lines of men, or through a field of ice.

> It is become a turn-again lane unto them which they can not go through.

Tyndale.

Lang (?), a. & adv. Long. [Obs. or Scot.]

Lan"ga*ha (?), n. (Zoöl.) A curious colubriform snake of the genus Xyphorhynchus, from Madagascar. It is brownish red, and its nose is prolonged in the form of a sharp blade.

Lan`ga*rey" (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of numerous species of long-winged, shrikelike birds of Australia and the East Indies, of the genus Artamus, and allied genera; called also wood swallow.

Lan"gate (?), n. (Surg.) A linen roller used in dressing wounds.

Lang"dak` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A wolf (Canis pallipes), found in India, allied to the jackal.

{ Lan"grage (?), Lan"grel (?), } n. A kind of shot formerly used at sea for tearing sails and rigging. It consisted of bolts, nails, and other pieces of iron fastened together or inclosed in a canister.

Lan"gret (?), n. A kind of loaded die. [Obs.]

Lan"gridge (?), n. See Langrage. [Sometimes compounded with shot.]

Lang`syne" (?), adv. & n. [Scot. lang long + syne since.] Long since; long ago. [Scot.]

Lang`ter*a*loo" (?), n. [See Loo.] An old game at cards. See Loo (a). Tatler.

Lan"guage (?), n. [OE. langage, F. langage, fr. L. lingua the tongue, hence speech, language; akin to E. tongue. See Tongue, cf. Lingual.]

1. Any means of conveying or communicating ideas; specifically, human speech; the expression of ideas by the voice; sounds, expressive of thought, articulated by the organs of the throat and mouth.

Language consists in the oral utterance of sounds which usage has made the representatives of ideas. When two or more persons customarily annex the same sounds to the same ideas, the expression of these sounds by one person communicates his ideas to another. This is the primary sense of language, the use of which is to communicate the thoughts of one person to another through the organs of hearing. Articulate sounds are represented to the eye by letters, marks, or characters, which form words.

2. The expression of ideas by writing, or any other instrumentality.

3. The forms of speech, or the methods of expressing ideas, peculiar to a particular nation.

4. The characteristic mode of arranging words, peculiar to an individual speaker or writer; manner of expression; style.

> Others for language all their care express.

Pope.

5. The inarticulate sounds by which animals inferior to man express their feelings or their wants.

6. The suggestion, by objects, actions, or conditions, of ideas associated therewith; as, the language of flowers.

> There was . . . language in their very gesture.

Shak.

7. The vocabulary and phraseology belonging to an art or department of knowledge; as, medical language; the language of chemistry or theology.

8. A race, as distinguished by its speech. [R.]

> All the people, the nations, and the languages, fell down and worshiped the golden image.

Dan. iii. 7.

Language master, a teacher of languages. [Obs.]

Syn. -- Speech; tongue; idiom; dialect; phraseology; diction; discourse; conversation; talk. -- Language, Speech, Tongue, Idiom, Dialect. Language is generic, denoting, in its most extended use, any mode of conveying ideas; speech is the language of articulate sounds; tongue is the Anglo-Saxon term for language, esp. for spoken language; as, the English tongue. Idiom denotes the forms of construction peculiar to a particular language; dialects are varieties of expression which spring up in different parts of a country among people speaking substantially the same language.

Lan"guage, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Languaged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Languaging (?).] To communicate by language; to express in language.

> Others were languaged in such doubtful expressions that they have a double sense.

Fuller.

Lan"guaged (?), a. Having a language; skilled in language; -- chiefly used in composition. " Many-languaged nations." Pope.

Lan"guage*less (?), a. Lacking or wanting language; speechless; silent. Shak.

Langued (?), a. [F. langue tongue. See Language.] (Her.) Tongued; having the tongue visible.

> Lions . . . represented as armed and langued gules.

Cussans.

||Langue` d'oc" (?). [F., language of oc yes.] The dialect, closely akin to French, formerly spoken south of the Loire (in which the word for "yes" was oc); Provençal.

||Langue` d'oïl" (?). [F., language of oïl yes.] The dialect formerly spoken north of the Loire (in which the word for "yes" was oïl, F. oui).

||Lan*guen"te (?), adv. [It., p. pr. of languire. See Languish.] (Mus.) In a languishing manner; pathetically.

Lan"guet, n. [F. languette, dim. of langue tongue, L. lingua.] 1. Anything resembling the tongue in form or office; specif., the slip of metal in an organ pipe which turns the current of air toward its mouth.

2. That part of the hilt, in certain kinds of swords, which overlaps the scabbard.

Lan"guid (?), a. [L. languidus, fr. languere to be faint or languid: cf. F. languide. See Languish.]

1. Drooping or flagging from exhaustion; indisposed to exertion; without animation; weak; weary; heavy; dull. " Languid, powerless limbs. " Armstrong.

> Fire their languid souls with Cato's virtue.

Addison.

2. Slow in progress; tardy. " No motion so swift or languid." Bentley.

3. Promoting or indicating weakness or heaviness; as, a languid day.

> Feebly she laugheth in the languid moon.

Keats.

> Their idleness, aimless flirtations and languid airs.

W. Black.

Syn. -- Feeble; weak; faint; sickly; pining; exhausted; weary; listless; heavy; dull; heartless.

-- Lan"guid*ly, adv. -- Lan"guid*ness, n.

Lan"guish (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Languished (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Languishing.] [OE. languishen, languissen, F. languir, L. languere; cf. Gr. &?; to slacken, &?; slack, Icel. lakra to lag behind; prob. akin to E. lag, lax, and perh. to E. slack. See -ish.] 1. To become languid or weak; to lose strength or animation; to be or become dull, feeble or spiritless; to pine away; to wither or fade.

> We . . . do languish of such diseases.

2 Esdras viii. 31.

> Cease, fond nature, cease thy strife,
> And let me languish into life.

Pope.

> For the fields of Heshbon languish.

Is. xvi. 8.

2. To assume an expression of weariness or tender grief, appealing for sympathy. Tennyson.

Syn. -- To pine; wither; fade; droop; faint.

Lan"guish (?), v. i. To cause to droop or pine. [Obs.] Shak. Dryden.

Lan"guish, n. See Languishment. [Obs. or Poetic]

> What, of death, too,
> That rids our dogs of languish ?

Shak.

> And the blue languish of soft Allia's eye.

Pope.

Lan"guish*er (?), n. One who languishes.

Lan"guish*ing, a. 1. Becoming languid and weak; pining; losing health and strength.

2. Amorously pensive; as, languishing eyes, or look.

Lan"guish*ing*ly, adv. In a languishing manner.

Lan"guish*ment (?), n. 1. The state of languishing. " Lingering languishment." Shak.

2. Tenderness of look or mien; amorous pensiveness.

Lan"guish*ness, n. Languishment. [Obs.]

Lan"guor (?), n. [OE. langour, OF. langour, F. langueur, L. languor. See Languish.] 1. A state of the body or mind which is caused by exhaustion of strength and characterized by a languid feeling; feebleness; lassitude; laxity.

2. Any enfeebling disease. [Obs.]

> Sick men with divers languors.

Wyclif (Luke iv. 40).

3. Listless indolence; dreaminess. Pope. " German dreams, Italian languors." The Century.

Syn. -- Feebleness; weakness; faintness; weariness; dullness; heaviness; lassitude; listlessness.

Lan"guor*ous (?), a. [From Languor: cf. F. langoureux.] Producing, or tending to produce, languor; characterized by languor. [Obs. or Poetic]

> Whom late I left in languorous constraint.

Spenser.

> To wile the length from languorous hours, and draw
> The sting from pain.

Tennyson.

Lan"gure (?), v. i. To languish. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lan"gya (?), n. (Zoöl.) [Native name Anglicized.] One of several species of East Indian and Asiatic fresh-water fishes of the genus Ophiocephalus, remarkable for their power of living out of water, and for their tenacity of life; -- called also walking fishes.

Lan"iard (?), n. See Lanyard.

La`ni*ar"i*form (?), a. [Laniary + -form.] (Anat.) Shaped like a laniary, or canine, tooth. Owen.

La"ni*a*ry (?), a. [L. laniarius, fr. lanius butcher, laniare to tear in pieces: cf. F. laniaire.] (Anat.) Lacerating or tearing; as, the laniary canine teeth.

La"ni*a*ry, n. [L. Laniary, a.]

1. The shambles; a place of slaughter. [R.]

2. (Anat.) A laniary, or canine, tooth.

La"ni*ate (?), v. t. [L. laniatus, p. p. of laniare.] To tear in pieces. [R.]

La`ni*a"tion (?), n. [L. laniatio.] A tearing in pieces. [R.]

Lan"ier (?), n. [F. lanière. See Lanyard.] [Written also lanner, lanyer.] 1. A thong of leather; a whip lash. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

2. A strap used to fasten together parts of armor, to hold the shield by, and the like. Fairholt.

La*nif"er*ous (?), n. [L. lanifer; lana wool + ferre to bear: cf. F. lanifère.] Bearing or producing wool.

La*nif"i*cal (?), a. [L. lanificus; lana wool + facere to make.] Working in wool.

Lan"i*fice (?), n. [L. lanificium: cf. OF. lanifice.] Anything made of wool. [Obs.] Bacon.

La*nig"er*ous (?), a. [L. laniger; lano wool + gerere to hear.] Bearing or producing wool.

La"ni*oid (?), a. [NL. Lanius (fr. L. lanius a butcher), the typical genus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the shrikes (family Laniidæ).

Lank (?), a. [Compar. Lanker (?); superl. Lankest.] [AS. hlanc; cf. G. lenken to turn, gelenk joint, OHG. hlanca hip, side, flank, and E. link of a chain.] 1. Slender and thin; not well filled out; not plump; shrunken; lean.

> Meager and lank with fasting grown.

Swift.

> Who would not choose . . . to have rather a lank purse than an empty brain?

Barrow.

2. Languid; drooping.[Obs.]

> Who, piteous of her woes, reared her lank head.

Milton.

Lank hair, long, thin hair. Macaulay.

Lank, v. i. & t. To become lank; to make lank. [Obs.] Shak. G. Fletcher.

Lank"i*ness (?), n. The condition or quality or being lanky.

Lank"ly, adv. In a lank manner.

Lank"ness, n. The state or quality of being lank.

Lank"y, a. Somewhat lank. Thackeray.

> The lanky Dinka, nearly seven feet in height.

The Century.

{ Lan"ner (?), n. f. Lan"ner*et (?), n. m.} [F. lanier, OF. also, lasnier. Cf. Lanyard.] (Zoöl.) A long-tailed falcon (Falco lanarius), of Southern Europe, Asia, and Northern Africa, resembling the American prairie falcon.

Lan"o*lin (?), n. [L. lana wool + oleum oil.] (Physiol. Chem.) A peculiar fatlike body, made up of cholesterin and certain fatty acids, found in feathers, hair, wool, and keratin tissues generally.

Under the same name, it is prepared from wool for commercial purposes, and forms an admirable basis for ointments, being readily absorbed by the skin.

<! p. 829 !>

||Lan"seh (?), n. The small, whitish brown fruit of an East Indian tree (Lansium domesticum). It has a fleshy pulp, with an agreeable subacid taste. Balfour.

Lans"que*net (?), n. [F., fr. G. landsknecht a foot soldier, also a game of cards introduced by these foot soldiers; land country + knecht boy, servant. See Land, and Knight.] 1. A German foot soldier in foreign service in the 15th and 16th centuries; a soldier of fortune; -- a term used in France and Western Europe.

2. A game at cards, vulgarly called lambskinnet.

> [They play] their little game of lansquenet.

Longfellow.

Lant (?), n. Urine. [Prov. Eng.] Nares.

Lant, n. [Cf. Lance.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small, slender, marine fishes of the genus Ammedytes. The common European species (A. tobianus) and the American species (A. Americanus) live on sandy shores, buried in the sand, and are caught in large quantities for bait. Called also launce, and sand eel.

Lant, n. See Lanterloo. [Obs.] Halliwell.

{ Lan*ta"ni*um (?), Lan"ta*num (?), } n. (Chem.) See Lanthanum.

Lan`ta*nu"ric (?), a. [Formed by transposition of the letters of allantoin and -uric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a nitrogenous organic acid of the uric acid group, obtained by the decomposition of allantoin, and usually called allanturic acid.

Lan"ter*loo` (?), n. An old name of loo (a).

Lan"tern (ln"trn), n. [F. lanterne, L. lanterna, laterna, from Gr. lampth`r light, torch. See Lamp.] 1. Something inclosing a light, and protecting it from wind, rain, etc.; -- sometimes portable, as a closed vessel or case of horn, perforated tin, glass, oiled paper, or other material, having a lamp or candle within; sometimes fixed, as the glazed inclosure of a street light, or of a lighthouse light.

2. (Arch.) (a) An open structure of light material set upon a roof, to give light and air to the interior. (b) A cage or open chamber of rich architecture, open below into the building or tower which it crowns. (c) A smaller and secondary cupola crowning a larger one, for ornament, or to admit light; such as the lantern of the cupola of the Capitol at Washington, or that of the Florence cathedral.

3. (Mach.) A lantern pinion or trundle wheel. See Lantern pinion (below).

4. (Steam Engine) A kind of cage inserted in a stuffing box and surrounding a piston rod, to separate the packing into two parts and form a chamber between for the reception of steam, etc.; -- called also lantern brass.

5. (Founding) A perforated barrel to form a core upon.

6. (Zoöl.) See Aristotle's lantern.

Fig. 1 represents a hand lantern; fig. 2, an arm lantern; fig. 3, a breast lantern; -- so named from the positions in which they are carried.

Dark lantern, a lantern with a single opening, which may be closed so as to conceal the light; -- called also bull's-eye. -- Lantern fly, Lantern carrier (Zoöl.), any one of several species of large, handsome, hemipterous insects of the genera Laternaria, Fulgora, and allies, of the family Fulgoridæ. The largest species is Laternaria phosphorea of Brazil. The head of some species has been supposed to be phosphorescent. -- Lantern jaws, long, thin jaws; hence, a thin visage. -- Lantern pinion, Lantern wheel (Mach.), a kind of pinion or wheel having cylindrical bars or trundles, instead of teeth, inserted at their ends in two parallel disks or plates; -- so called as resembling a lantern in shape; -- called also wallower, or trundle. -- Lantern shell (Zoöl.), any translucent, marine, bivalve shell of the genus Anatina, and allied genera. -- Magic lantern, an optical instrument consisting of a case inclosing a light, and having suitable lenses in a lateral tube, for throwing upon a screen, in a darkened room or the like, greatly magnified pictures from slides placed in the focus of the outer lens.

Lan"tern, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lanterned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lanterning.] [Cf. F. lanterner to hang at the lamp post, fr. lanterne. See Lantern.] To furnish with a lantern; as, to lantern a lighthouse.

Lan"tern-jawed` (?), a. Having lantern jaws or long, thin jaws; as, a lantern-jawed person.

Lan"tha*nite (ln"th*nt), n. (Min.) Hydrous carbonate of lanthanum, found in tabular white crystals.

Lan"tha*num (-nm), n. [NL., fr. Gr. lanqa`nein to lie hid, to be concealed.] (Chem.) A rare element of the group of the earth metals, allied to aluminium. It occurs in certain rare minerals, as cerite, gadolinite, orthite, etc., and was so named from the difficulty of separating it from cerium, didymium, and other rare elements with which it is usually associated. Atomic weight 138.5. Symbol La. [Formerly written also lanthanium.]

Lan"tho*pine (?), n. [Gr. lanqa`nein to lie hid + E. opium.] (Chem.) An alkaloid found in opium in small quantities, and extracted as a white crystalline substance.

Lan"thorn (?), n. See Lantern. [Obs.]

{ La*nu"gi*nose` (?), La*nu"gi*nous (?), } a. [L. lanuginosus, fr. lanugo, - ginis, woolly substance, down, fr. lana wool: cf. F. lanugineux.] Covered with down, or fine soft hair; downy.

||La*nu"go (?), n. [See Lanuginose.] (Anat.) The soft woolly hair which covers most parts of the mammal fetus, and in man is shed before or soon after birth.

Lan"yard (?), n. [F. lanière thong, strap, OF. lasniere, fr. lasne strap, thong, L. lacinia lappet. flap, edge of a garment. Cf. Lanier.] [Written also laniard.] 1. (Naut.) A short piece of rope or line for fastening something in ships; as, the lanyards of the gun ports, of the buoy, and the like; esp., pieces passing through the dead-eyes, and used to extend shrouds, stays, etc.

2. (Mil.) A strong cord, about twelve feet long, with an iron hook at one end a handle at the other, used in firing cannon with a friction tube.

Lan"yer (?), n. See Lanier.

La*oc"o*ön (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?; ] 1. (Class. Myth.) A priest of Apollo, during the Trojan war. (See 2.)

2. (Sculp.) A marble group in the Vatican at Rome, representing the priest Laocoön, with his sons, infolded in the coils of two serpents, as described by Virgil.

La*od`i*ce"an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Laodicea, a city in Phrygia Major; like the Christians of Laodicea; lukewarm in religion. Rev. iii. 14- 16.

Lap (?), n. [OE. lappe, AS. læppa; akin to D. lap patch, piece, G. lappen, OHG. lappa, Dan. lap, Sw. lapp.] 1. The loose part of a coat; the lower part of a garment that plays loosely; a skirt; an apron. Chaucer.

2. An edge; a border; a hem, as of cloth. Chaucer.

> If he cuts off but a lap of truth's garment, his heart smites him.

Fuller.

3. The part of the clothing that lies on the knees or thighs when one sits down; that part of the person thus covered; figuratively, a place of rearing and fostering; as, to be reared in the lap of luxury.

> Men expect that happiness should drop into their laps.

Tillotson.

4. That part of any substance or fixture which extends over, or lies upon, or by the side of, a part of another; as, the lap of a board; also, the measure of such extension over or upon another thing.

The lap of shingles or slates in roofing is the distance one course extends over the second course below, the distance over the course immediately below being called the cover.

5. (Steam Engine) The amount by which a slide valve at its half stroke overlaps a port in the seat, being equal to the distance the valve must move from its mid stroke position in order to begin to open the port. Used alone, lap refers to outside lap. See Outside lap (below).

6. The state or condition of being in part extended over or by the side of something else; or the extent of the overlapping; as, the second boat got a lap of half its length on the leader.

7. One circuit around a race track, esp. when the distance is a small fraction of a mile; as, to run twenty laps; to win by three laps. See Lap, to fold, 2.

8. In card playing and other games, the points won in excess of the number necessary to complete a game; -- so called when they are counted in the score of the following game.

9. (Cotton Manuf.) A sheet, layer, or bat, of cotton fiber prepared for the carding machine.

10. (Mach.) A piece of brass, lead, or other soft metal, used to hold a cutting or polishing powder in cutting glass, gems, and the like, or in polishing cutlery, etc. It is usually in the form of wheel or disk, which revolves on a vertical axis.

Lap joint, a joint made by one layer, part, or piece, overlapping another, as in the scarfing of timbers. -- Lap weld, a lap joint made by welding together overlapping edges or ends. -- Inside lap (Steam Engine), lap of the valve with respect to the exhaust port. -- Outside lap, lap with respect to the admission, or steam, port.

Lap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lapped (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Lapping.] 1. To rest or recline in a lap, or as in a lap.

> To lap his head on lady's breast.

Praed.

2. To cut or polish with a lap, as glass, gems, cutlery, etc. See 1st Lap, 10.

Lap, v. t. [OE. lappen to fold (see Lap, n.); cf. also OE. wlappen, perh. another form of wrappen, E, wrap.] 1. To fold; to bend and lay over or on something; as, to lap a piece of cloth.

2. To wrap or wind around something.

> About the paper . . . I lapped several times a slender thread of very black silk.

Sir I. Newton.

3. To infold; to hold as in one's lap; to cherish.

> Her garment spreads, and laps him in the folds.

Dryden.

4. To lay or place over anything so as to partly or wholly cover it; as, to lap one shingle over another; to lay together one partly over another; as, to lap weather-boards; also, to be partly over, or by the side of (something); as, the hinder boat lapped the foremost one.

5. (Carding & Spinning) To lay together one over another, as fleeces or slivers for further working.

To lap boards, shingles, etc., to lay one partly over another. -- To lap timbers, to unite them in such a way as to preserve the same breadth and depth throughout, as by scarfing. Weale.

Lap, v. i. To be turned or folded; to lie partly upon or by the side of something, or of one another; as, the cloth laps back; the boats lap; the edges lap.

> The upper wings are opacous; at their hinder ends, where they lap over, transparent, like the wing of a flay.

Grew.

Lap (?), v. i. [OE. lappen, lapen, AS. lapian; akin to LG. lappen, OHG. laffan, Icel. lepja, Dan. lade, Sw. läppja, L. lambere; cf. Gr. &?;, W. llepio. Cf. Lambent.] 1. To take up drink or food with the tongue; to drink or feed by licking up something.

> The dogs by the River Nilus's side, being thirsty, lap hastily as they run along the shore.

Sir K. Digby.

2. To make a sound like that produced by taking up drink with the tongue.

> I heard the ripple washing in the reeds,
> And the wild water lapping on the crag.

Tennyson.

Lap, v. t. To take into the mouth with the tongue; to lick up with a quick motion of the tongue.

> They 'II take suggestion as a cat laps milk.

Shak.

Lap, n. 1. The act of lapping with, or as with, the tongue; as, to take anything into the mouth with a lap.

2. The sound of lapping.

Lap"a*ro*cele` (?), n. [Gr. &?; loins + &?; tumor.] (Med.) A rupture or hernia in the lumbar regions.

Lap`a*rot"o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?; loins + te`mnein to cut.] (Surg.) A cutting through the walls of the abdomen, as in the Cæsarean section.

Lap"board` (?), n. A board used on the lap as a substitute for a table, as by tailors.

Lap"dog` (?), n. A small dog fondled in the lap.

La*pel" (?), n. [Dim. of lap a fold.] That part of a garment which is turned back; specifically, the lap, or fold, of the front of a coat in continuation of collar. [Written also lappel and lapelle.]

La*pelled" (?), a. Furnished with lapels.

Lap"ful (?), n.; pl. Lapfuls (&?;). As much as the lap can contain.

Lap"i*cide (?), n. [L. lapicida, fr. lapis stone + caedere to cut.] A stonecutter. [Obs.]

Lap`i*da"ri*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to stone; inscribed on stone; as, a lapidarian record.

Lap`i*da"ri*ous (?), a. [L. lapidarius, fr. lapis, -idis, stone.] Consisting of stones.

Lap"i*da*ry (?), n.; pl. Lapidaries (#). [L. lapidarius, fr. lapidarius pertaining to stone: cf. F. lapidaire.] 1. An artificer who cuts, polishes, and engraves precious stones; hence, a dealer in precious stones.

2. A virtuoso skilled in gems or precious stones; a connoisseur of lapidary work.

Lapidary's lathe, mill, or wheel, a machine consisting essentially of a revolving lap on a vertical spindle, used by a lapidary for grinding and polishing.

Lap"i*da*ry, a. [L. lapidarius pertaining to stone: cf. F. lapidaire.] 1. Of or pertaining to the art of cutting stones, or engraving on stones, either gems or monuments; as, lapidary ornamentation.

2. Of or pertaining to monumental inscriptions; as, lapidary adulation.

Lapidary style, that style which is proper for monumental and other inscriptions; terse; sententious.

Lap"i*date (?), v. t. [L. lapidatus, p. p. of lapidare, fr. lapis stone.] To stone. [Obs.]

Lap`i*da"tion (?), n. [L. lapidatio: cf. F. lapidation.] The act of stoning. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

La*pid"e*ous (?), a. [L. lapideus, fr. lapis stone.] Of the nature of stone. [Obs.] Ray.

Lap`i*des"cence (?), n. 1. The state or quality of being lapidescent.

2. A hardening into a stone substance.

3. A stony concretion. Sir T. Browne.

Lap`i*des"cent (?), a. [L. lapidescens, p. pr. of lapidescere to become stone, fr. lapis, -idis, stone: cf. F. lapidescent.] Undergoing the process of becoming stone; having the capacity of being converted into stone; having the quality of petrifying bodies.

Lap"i*des"cent, n. Any substance which has the quality of petrifying other bodies, or of converting or being converted into stone.

{ Lap`i*dif"ic (?), Lap`i*dif"ic*al (?), } a. [L. lapis, -idis, stone + facere to make: cf. F. lapidifique.] Forming or converting into stone.

La*pid`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. lapidification.] The act or process of lapidifying; fossilization; petrifaction.

La*pid"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lapidified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lapidifying (?).] [Cf. f. lapidifier. See Lapidific, and -fy.] To convert into stone or stony material; to petrify.

La*pid"i*fy, v. i. To become stone or stony.

Lap"i*dist (?), n. [L. lapis, -idis, a stone.] A lapidary. Ray.

Lap"il*la"tion (?), n. [See Lapilli.] The state of being, or the act of making, stony.

||La*pil"li (?), n. pl. [L. lapillus a little stone, dim. of lapis stone.] (Min.) Volcanic ashes, consisting of small, angular, stony fragments or particles.

||La"pis (?), n.; pl. Lapides (#). [L.] A stone.

Lapis calaminaris (&?;). [NL.] (Min.) Calamine. -- Lapis infernalis (&?;). [L.] Fused nitrate of silver; lunar caustic.

La"pis laz"u*li (?). (Min.) An albuminous mineral of a rich blue color. Same as Lazuli, which see.

Lap"-joint`ed (?), a. Having a lap joint, or lap joints, as many kinds of woodwork and metal work.

Lap"land*er (?), n. A native or inhabitant of Lapland; -- called also Lapp.

Lap"land*ish, a. Of or pertaining to Lapland.

Lap"ling (?), n. [Lap of a garment + ling.] One who has been fondled to excess; one fond of ease and sensual delights; -- a term of contempt.

Lapp (lp), n. Same as Laplander. Cf. Lapps.

<! p. 830 !>

Lap*pa"ceous (lp*p"shs), a. [L. lappaceus burlike, fr. lappa a bur.] (Bot.) Resembling the capitulum of burdock; covered with forked points.

Lap"per (?), n. [From Lap to drink.] One who takes up food or liquid with his tongue.

Lap"pet (?), n. [Dim. of lap a fold.] A small decorative fold or flap, esp. of lace or muslin, in a garment or headdress. Swift.

Lappet moth (Zoöl.), one of several species of bombycid moths, which have stout, hairy caterpillars, flat beneath. Two common American species (Gastropacha Americana, and Tolype velleda) feed upon the apple tree.

Lap"pet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lappeted; p. pr. & vb. n. Lappeting.] To decorate with, or as with, a lappet. [R.] Landor.

Lap"pic (?), a. Of or pertaining to Lapland, or the Lapps. -- n. The language of the Lapps. See Lappish.

Lap"ping (?), n. A kind of machine blanket or wrapping material used by calico printers. Ure.

Lapping engine, Lapping machine (Textile Manuf.), A machine for forming fiber info a lap. See its Lap, 9.

Lap"pish (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Lapps; Laplandish. -- n. The language spoken by the Lapps in Lapland. It is related to the Finnish and Hungarian, and is not an Aryan language.

{ Lap*po"ni*an (?), Lap*pon"ic (?), } a. Laplandish; Lappish.

Lapps (?), n. pl.; sing. Lapp (&?;). (Ethnol.) A branch of the Mongolian race, now living in the northern parts of Norway, Sweden, and the adjacent parts of Russia.

Laps"a*ble (?), a. Lapsible. Cudworth.

Lapse (?), n. [L. lapsus, fr. labi, p. p. lapsus, to slide, to fall: cf. F. laps. See Sleep.] 1. A gliding, slipping, or gradual falling; an unobserved or imperceptible progress or passing away,; -- restricted usually to immaterial things, or to figurative uses.

> The lapse to indolence is soft and imperceptible.

Rambler.

> Bacon was content to wait the lapse of long centuries for his expected revenue of fame.

I. Taylor.

2. A slip; an error; a fault; a failing in duty; a slight deviation from truth or rectitude.

> To guard against those lapses and failings to which our infirmities daily expose us.

Rogers.

3. (Law) The termination of a right or privilege through neglect to exercise it within the limited time, or through failure of some contingency; hence, the devolution of a right or privilege.

4. (Theol.) A fall or apostasy.

Lapse, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lapsed (#); p. pr. & vb. n. Lapsing.] 1. To pass slowly and smoothly downward, backward, or away; to slip downward, backward, or away; to glide; -- mostly restricted to figurative uses.

> A tendency to lapse into the barbarity of those northern nations from whom we are descended.

Swift.

> Homer, in his characters of Vulcan and Thersites, has lapsed into the burlesque character.

Addison.

2. To slide or slip in moral conduct; to fail in duty; to fall from virtue; to deviate from rectitude; to commit a fault by inadvertence or mistake.

> To lapse in fullness
> Is sorer than to lie for need.

Shak.

3. (Law) (a) To fall or pass from one proprietor to another, or from the original destination, by the omission, negligence, or failure of some one, as a patron, a legatee, etc. (b) To become ineffectual or void; to fall.

> If the archbishop shall not fill it up within six months ensuing, it lapses to the king.

Ayliffe.

Lapse, v. t. 1. To let slip; to permit to devolve on another; to allow to pass.

> An appeal may be deserted by the appellant's lapsing the term of law.

Ayliffe.

2. To surprise in a fault or error; hence, to surprise or catch, as an offender. [Obs.]

> For which, if be lapsed in this place,
> I shall pay dear.

Shak.

Lapsed (?), a. 1. Having slipped downward, backward, or away; having lost position, privilege, etc., by neglect; -- restricted to figurative uses.

> Once more I will renew
> His lapsed powers, though forfeit.

Milton.

2. Ineffectual, void, or forfeited; as, a lapsed policy of insurance; a lapsed legacy.

Lapsed devise, Lapsed legacy (Law), a devise, or legacy, which fails to take effect in consequence of the death of the devisee, or legatee, before that of the testator, or for other cause. Wharton (Law Dict.).

Laps"i*ble (?), a. Liable to lapse.

Lap"sid`ed (?), a. See Lopsided.

Lap"stone` (?), n. A stone for the lap, on which shoemakers beat leather.

{ Lap"streak` (?), Lap"strake` (?), } a. Made with boards whose edges lap one over another; clinker-built; -- said of boats.

La*pu"tan (?), a. Of or pertaining to Laputa, an imaginary flying island described in Gulliver's Travels as the home of chimerical philosophers. Hence, fanciful; preposterous; absurd in science or philosophy. "Laputan ideas." G. Eliot.

Lap"-weld`ed (?), a. Having edges or ends united by a lap weld; as, a lap-welded pipe.

Lap"wing` (?), n. [OE. lapwynke, leepwynke, AS. hleápewince; hleápan to leap, jump + (prob.) a word akin to AS. wincian to wink, E. wink, AS. wancol wavering; cf. G. wanken to stagger, waver. See Leap, and Wink.] (Zoöl.) A small European bird of the Plover family (Vanellus cristatus, or V. vanellus). It has long and broad wings, and is noted for its rapid, irregular fight, upwards, downwards, and in circles. Its back is coppery or greenish bronze. Its eggs are the "plover's eggs" of the London market, esteemed a delicacy. It is called also peewit, dastard plover, and wype. The gray lapwing is the Squatarola cinerea.

Lap"work` (lp"wûrk`), n. Work in which one part laps over another. Grew.

Laq"uay (?), n. A lackey. [Obs.] Evelyn.

La"que*ar (?), n.; pl. Laquearia (#). [L.] (Arch.) A lacunar.

Laq"ue*a*ry (?), a. [L. laqueus a noose.] Using a noose, as a gladiator. [Obs. or R.]

> Retiary and laqueary combatants.

Sir T. Browne.

Lar (lär), n.; pl. Lares (#), sometimes Lars (#). [L.] (Rom. Myth.) A tutelary deity; a deceased ancestor regarded as a protector of the family. The domestic Lares were the tutelar deities of a house; household gods. Hence, Fig.: Hearth or dwelling house.

> Nor will she her dear Lar forget,
> Victorious by his benefit.

Lovelace.

> The Lars and Lemures moan with midnight plaint.

Milton.

> Looking backward in vain toward their Lares and lands.

Longfellow.

Lar (lär), n. (Zoöl.) A species of gibbon (Hylobates lar), found in Burmah. Called also white-handed gibbon.

Lar"a*mie group` (?). (Geol.) An extensive series of strata, principally developed in the Rocky Mountain region, as in the Laramie Mountains, and formerly supposed to be of the Tertiary age, but now generally regarded as Cretaceous, or of intermediate and transitional character. It contains beds of lignite, often valuable for coal, and is hence also called the lignitic group. See Chart of Geology.

Lar"board` (?), n. [Lar- is of uncertain origin, possibly the same as lower, i. e., humbler in rank, because the starboard side is considered by mariners as higher in rank; cf. D. laag low, akin to E. low. See Board, n., 8.] (Naut.) The left- hand side of a ship to one on board facing toward the bow; port; -- opposed to starboard.

Larboard is a nearly obsolete term, having been superseded by port to avoid liability of confusion with starboard, owing to similarity of sound.

Lar"board`, a. On or pertaining to the left-hand side of a vessel; port; as, the larboard quarter.

{ Lar"ce*ner (?), Lar"ce*nist (?) }, n. One who commits larceny.

Lar"ce*nous (?), a. [Cf. OE. larrecinos. See Larceny.] Having the character of larceny; as, a larcenous act; committing larceny. "The larcenous and burglarious world." Sydney Smith. -- Lar"ce*nous*ly, adv.

Lar"ce*ny (?), n.; pl. Larcenies (#). [F. larcin, OE. larrecin, L. latrocinium, fr. latro robber, mercenary, hired servant; cf. Gr. (&?;) hired servant. Cf. Latrociny.] (Law) The unlawful taking and carrying away of things personal with intent to deprive the right owner of the same; theft. Cf. Embezzlement.

Grand larceny ∧ Petit larceny are distinctions having reference to the nature or value of the property stolen. They are abolished in England. -- Mixed, or Compound, larceny, that which, under statute, includes in it the aggravation of a taking from a building or the person. -- Simple larceny, that which is not accompanied with any aggravating circumstances.

Larch (lärch), n. [Cf. OE. larege (Cotgrave), It. larice, Sp. larice, alerce, G. lärche; all fr. L. larix, - icis, Gr. la`rix.] (Bot.) A genus of coniferous trees, having deciduous leaves, in fascicles (see Illust. of Fascicle). The European larch is Larix Europæa. The American or black larch is L. Americana, the hackmatack or tamarack. The trees are generally of a drooping, graceful appearance.

Larch"en (?), a. Of or pertaining to the larch. Keats.

Lard (?), n. [F., bacon, pig's fat, L. lardum, laridum; cf. Gr. (&?;) fattened, fat.] 1. Bacon; the flesh of swine. [Obs.] Dryden.

2. The fat of swine, esp. the internal fat of the abdomen; also, this fat melted and strained.

Lard oil, an illuminating and lubricating oil expressed from lard. -- Leaf lard, the internal fat of the hog, separated in leaves or masses from the kidneys, etc.; also, the same melted.

Lard, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Larded; p. pr. & vb. n. Larding.] [F. larder. See Lard, n.] 1. To stuff with bacon; to dress or enrich with lard; esp., to insert lardons of bacon or pork in the surface of, before roasting; as, to lard poultry.

> And larded thighs on loaded altars laid.

Dryden.

2. To fatten; to enrich.

> [The oak] with his nuts larded many a swine.

Spenser.

> Falstaff sweats to death.
> And lards the lean earth as he walks along.

Shak.

3. To smear with lard or fat.

> In his buff doublet larded o'er with fat
> Of slaughtered brutes.

Somerville.

4. To mix or garnish with something, as by way of improvement; to interlard. Shak.

> Let no alien Sedley interpose
> To lard with wit thy hungry Epsom prose.

Dryden.

Lard (?), v. i. To grow fat. [Obs.]

Lar`da*ce"in (?), n. [See Lardaceous.] (Physiol. Chem.) A peculiar amyloid substance, colored blue by iodine and sulphuric acid, occurring mainly as an abnormal infiltration into the spleen, liver, etc.

Lar*da"ceous (?), a. [Cf. F. lardacé.] Consisting of, or resembling, lard.

Lardaceous degeneration (Med.), amyloid degeneration.

Lard"er (?), n. [OF. lardier. See Lard, n.] A room or place where meat and other articles of food are kept before they are cooked. Shak.

Lard"er*er (?), n. One in charge of the larder.

Lard"er*y, n. [Cf. OE. larderie.] A larder. [Obs.]

{ Lar"don (?), Lar*doon" (?), } n. [F. lardon, fr. lard lard.] A bit of fat pork or bacon used in larding.

Lard"ry (?), n. [See Lardery.] A larder. [Obs.]

Lard"y (?), a. Containing, or resembling, lard; of the character or consistency of lard.

Lare (?), n. [See Lore.] Lore; learning. [Obs.]

Lare, n. Pasture; feed. See Lair. [Obs.] Spenser.

Lare, v. t. To feed; to fatten. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

||La"res (?), n. pl. See 1st Lar.

Large (?), a. [Compar. Larger (?); superl. Largest.] [F., fr. L. largus. Cf. Largo.] 1. Exceeding most other things of like kind in bulk, capacity, quantity, superficial dimensions, or number of constituent units; big; great; capacious; extensive; -- opposed to small; as, a large horse; a large house or room; a large lake or pool; a large jug or spoon; a large vineyard; a large army; a large city.

For linear dimensions, and mere extent, great, and not large, is used as a qualifying word; as, great length, breadth, depth; a great distance; a great height.

2. Abundant; ample; as, a large supply of provisions.

> We have yet large day.

Milton.

3. Full in statement; diffuse; full; profuse.

> I might be very large upon the importance and advantages of education.

Felton.

4. Having more than usual power or capacity; having broad sympathies and generous impulses; comprehensive; -- said of the mind and heart.

5. Free; unembarrassed. [Obs.]

> Of burdens all he set the Paynims large.

Fairfax.

6. Unrestrained by decorum; -- said of language. [Obs.] "Some large jests he will make." Shak.

7. Prodigal in expending; lavish. [Obs.] Chaucer.

8. (Naut.) Crossing the line of a ship's course in a favorable direction; -- said of the wind when it is abeam, or between the beam and the quarter.

At large. (a) Without restraint or confinement; as, to go at large; to be left at large. (b) Diffusely; fully; in the full extent; as, to discourse on a subject at large. -- Common at large. See under Common, n. -- Electors at large, Representative at large, electors, or a representative, as in Congress, chosen to represent the whole of a State, in distinction from those chosen to represent particular districts in a State. [U. S.] -- To give, go, run, or sail large (Naut.), to have the wind crossing the direction of a vessel's course in such a way that the sails feel its full force, and the vessel gains its highest speed. See Large, a., 8.

Syn. -- Big; bulky; huge; capacious; comprehensive; ample; abundant; plentiful; populous; copious; diffusive; liberal.

Large, adv. Freely; licentiously. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Large, n. (Mus.) A musical note, formerly in use, equal to two longs, four breves, or eight semibreves.

Large"-a`cred (?), a. Possessing much land.

Large"-hand`ed (?), a. Having large hands. Fig.: Taking, or giving, in large quantities; rapacious or bountiful.

Large"-heart`ed (?), a. Having a large or generous heart or disposition; noble; liberal. -- Large"-heart`ed*ness, n.

Large"ly, adv. In a large manner. Dryden. Milton.

Large"ness, n. The quality or state of being large.

{ Lar"gess, Lar"gesse (?), } n. [F. largesse, fr. large. See Large, a.] 1. Liberality; generosity; bounty. [Obs.]

> Fulfilled of largesse and of all grace.

Chaucer.

2. A present; a gift; a bounty bestowed.

> The heralds finished their proclamation with their usual cry of "Largesse, largesse, gallant knights!" and gold and silver pieces were showered on them from the galleries.

Sir W. Scott.

Lar"get (?), n. [Cf. F. larget.] A short piece of bar iron for rolling into a sheet; a small billet.

||Lar*ghet"to (?), a. & adv. [It., dim. of largo largo.] (Mus.) Somewhat slow or slowly, but not so slowly as largo, and rather more so than andante.

Lar*gif"i*cal (?), a. [L. largificus; largus large + facere.] Generous; ample; liberal. [Obs.]

Lar*gif"lu*ous (?), a. [L. largifluus; large abundantly + fluere to flow.] Flowing copiously. [Obs.]

Lar*gil"o*quent (?), a. [Cf. L. largiloquus.] Grandiloquent. [Obs.]

Lar"gish (?), a. Somewhat large. [Colloq.]

Lar*gi"tion (?), [L. largitio, fr. largiri, p. p. largitus, to give bountifully.] The bestowment of a largess or gift. [Obs.]

||Lar"go (?), a. & adv. [It., large, L. largus, See Large.] (Mus.) Slow or slowly; -- more so than adagio; next in slowness to grave, which is also weighty and solemn. -- n. A movement or piece in largo time.

Lar"i*at (lr"*t), n. [Sp. la reata the rope; la the + reata rope. Cf. Reata.] A long, slender rope made of hemp or strips of hide, esp. one with a noose; -- used as a lasso for catching cattle, horses, etc., and for picketing a horse so that he can graze without wandering. [Mexico & Western U.S.]

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Lar"i*at (lr"*t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lariated; p. pr. & vb. n. Lariating.] To secure with a lariat fastened to a stake, as a horse or mule for grazing; also, to lasso or catch with a lariat. [Western U.S.]

La"rine (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Gull family (Laridæ).

Lar`ix*in"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, or derived from, the larch (Larix); as, larixinic acid.

Lark (lärk), n. [Perh fr. AS. lc play, sport. Cf. Lake, v. i.] A frolic; a jolly time. [Colloq.] Dickens.

Lark, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Larked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Larking.] To sport; to frolic. [Colloq.]

Lark, n. [OE. larke, laverock, AS. lwerce; akin to D. leeuwerik, LG. lewerke, OHG. lrahha, G. lerche, Sw. lärka, Dan. lerke, Icel. lævirki.] (Zoöl.) Any one numerous species of singing birds of the genus Alauda and allied genera (family Alaudidæ). They mostly belong to Europe, Asia, and Northern Africa. In America they are represented by the shore larks, or horned larks, of the genus Otocoris. The true larks have holaspidean tarsi, very long hind claws, and, usually, dull, sandy brown colors.

The European skylark, or lark of the poets (Alauda arvensis), is of a brown mottled color, and is noted for its clear and sweet song, uttered as it rises and descends almost perpendicularly in the air. It is considered a table delicacy, and immense numbers are killed for the markets. Other well-known European species are the crested, or tufted, lark (Alauda cristata), and the wood lark (A. arborea). The pipits, or titlarks, of the genus Anthus (family Motacillidæ) are often called larks. See Pipit. The American meadow larks, of the genus Sturnella, are allied to the starlings. See Meadow Lark. The Australian bush lark is Mirafra Horsfieldii. See Shore lark.

Lark bunting (Zoöl.), a fringilline bird (Calamospiza melanocorys) found on the plains of the Western United States. -- Lark sparrow (Zoöl.), a sparrow (Chondestes grammacus), found in the Mississippi Valley and the Western United States.

Lark, v. i. To catch larks; as, to go larking.

Lark"-col`ored (?), a. Having the sandy brown color of the European larks.

Lark"er (?), n. [See 3d Lark, for sense 1, and 1st Lark, for sense 2.] 1. A catcher of larks.

2. One who indulges in a lark or frolic. [Colloq.]

Lark's"-heel` (?), n. (Bot.) Indian cress.

Lark"spur (?), n. (Bot.) A genus of ranunculaceous plants (Delphinium), having showy flowers, and a spurred calyx. They are natives of the North Temperate zone. The commonest larkspur of the gardens is D. Consolida. The flower of the bee larkspur (D. elatum) has two petals bearded with yellow hairs, and looks not unlike a bee.

Lar"mi*er (?), n. [F., fr. larme tear, drop, L. lacrima. See Lachrymose.] (Anat.) See Tearpit.

La"roid (?), a. [Larus + - oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or belonging to the Gull family (Laridæ).

Lar"rup (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Larruped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Larruping.] [Perh, a corrupt. of lee rope, used by sailors in beating the boys; but cf. D. larpen to thresh, larp a whip, blow.] To beat or flog soundly. [Prov. Eng. & Colloq. U.S.] Forby.

Lar"ry (?), n. Same as Lorry, or Lorrie.

Lar"um (?), n. See Alarum, and Alarm.

Lar"va (lär"v), n.; pl. L. Larvæ (-væ), E. Larvas (-vz). [L. larva ghost, specter, mask.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any young insect from the time that it hatches from the egg until it becomes a pupa, or chrysalis. During this time it usually molts several times, and may change its form or color each time. The larvæ of many insects are much like the adults in form and habits, but have no trace of wings, the rudimentary wings appearing only in the pupa stage. In other groups of insects the larvæ are totally unlike the parents in structure and habits, and are called caterpillars, grubs, maggots, etc.

2. (Zoöl.) The early, immature form of any animal when more or less of a metamorphosis takes place, before the assumption of the mature shape.

Lar"val (-val), a. [L. larvalis ghostly. See Larva.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a larva.

||Lar*va"li*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Larval.] (Zoöl.) An order of Tunicata, including Appendicularia, and allied genera; -- so called because certain larval features are retained by them through life. Called also Copelata. See Appendicularia.

Lar"va*ted (?), a. [L. larvatus bewitched. See Larva.] Masked; clothed as with a mask.

Larve (lärv), n.; pl. Larves (lärvz). [F.] A larva.

Lar"vi*form (?), a. [Larva + -form.] (Zoöl.) Having the form or structure of a larva.

Lar*vip"a*rous (?), a. [Larva + L. parete to bring forth.] (Zoöl.) Depositing living larvæ, instead of eggs; -- said of certain insects.

La"ry (l"r), n. [Cf. F. lare sea gull, L. larus a sort of sea bird, Gr. la`ros.] A guillemot; -- called also lavy. [Prov. Eng.]

Lar`yn*ge"al (?), a. [From Larynx.] Of or pertaining to the larynx; adapted to operations on the larynx; as, laryngeal forceps.

Lar`yn*ge"an (?), a. See Laryngeal.

||Lar`yn*gis"mus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. laryggismo`s a croaking. See Larynx.] (Med.) A spasmodic state of the glottis, giving rise to contraction or closure of the opening.

||Lar`yn*gi"tis (?), n. [NL. See Larynx, and -tis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the larynx.

La*ryn`go*log"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to laryngology.

Lar`yn*gol"o*gist (?), n. One who applies himself to laryngology.

Lar`yn*gol"o*gy (?), n. [Larynx + -logy.] Systematized knowledge of the action and functions of the larynx; in pathology, the department which treats of the diseases of the larynx.

Lar`yn*goph"o*ny (?), n. [Larynx + Gr. (&?;) voice.] The sound of the voice as heard through a stethoscope when the latter is placed upon the larynx.

La*ryn"go*scope (?), n. [Larynx + -scope.] (Surg.) An instrument, consisting of an arrangement of two mirrors, for reflecting light upon the larynx, and for examining its image.

La*ryn`go*scop"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to the inspection of the larynx.

Lar`yn*gos"co*pist (?), n. One skilled in laryngoscopy.

Lar`yn*gos"co*py (?), n. The art of using the laryngoscope; investigations made with the laryngoscope.

La*ryn"go*tome (?), n. (Surg.) An instrument for performing laryngotomy.

Lar`yn*got"o*my (?), n. [Gr. (&?;); (&?;), (&?;), the larynx + te`mnein to cut: cf. F. laryngotomie.] (Surg.) The operation of cutting into the larynx, from the outside of the neck, for assisting respiration when obstructed, or for removing foreign bodies.

La*ryn`go*tra"che*al (?), a. [Larynx + tracheal.] (Anat.) Pertaining to both larynx and trachea; as, the laryngotracheal cartilage in the frog.

La*ryn`go*tra`che*ot"o*my (?), n. [Larynx + tracheotomy.] (Surg.) The operation of cutting into the larynx and the upper part of the trachea, -- a frequent operation for obstruction to breathing.

Lar"ynx (lr"ks; 277), n. [NL. from Gr. la`rygx, - yggos.] (Anat.) The expanded upper end of the windpipe or trachea, connected with the hyoid bone or cartilage. It contains the vocal cords, which produce the voice by their vibrations, when they are stretched and a current of air passes between them. The larynx is connected with the pharynx by an opening, the glottis, which, in mammals, is protected by a lidlike epiglottis.

In the framework of the human larynx, the thyroid cartilage, attached to the hyoid bone, makes the protuberance on the front of the neck known as Adam's apple, and is articulated below to the ringlike cricoid cartilage. This is narrow in front and high behind, where, within the thyroid, it is surmounted by the two arytenoid cartilages, from which the vocal cords pass forward to be attached together to the front of the thyroid. See Syrinx.

Las (?), n. A lace. See Lace. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Las, a. & adv. Less. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Las"car (?), n. [Per. & Hind. lashkar an army, an inferior artillery man, a cooly, a native sailor.] A native sailor, employed in European vessels; also, a menial employed about arsenals, camps, camps, etc.; a camp follower. [East Indies]

Las"ci*ous (?), a. Loose; lascivious. [Obs.] "To depaint lascious wantonness." Holland.

Las*civ"i*en*cy (ls*sv"*en*s), n. [See Lascivient.] Lasciviousness; wantonness. [Obs.]

Las*civ"i*ent (-ent), a. [L. lasciviens, pr. of lascivire to be wanton, fr. lascivus. See Lascivious.] Lascivious. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Las*civ"i*ous (-s), a. [L. lascivia wantonness, fr. lascivus wanton; cf. Gr. la`stauros lecherous, lh^n to wish, Skr. lash to desire.] 1. Wanton; lewd; lustful; as, lascivious men; lascivious desires. Milton.

2. Tending to produce voluptuous or lewd emotions.

> He capers nimbly in a lady's chamber
> To the lascivious pleasing of a lute.

Shak.

-- Las*civ"i*ous*ly, adv. -- Las*civ"i*ous*ness, n.

La"ser*wort` (l"sr*wûrt`), n. [L. laser the juice of the laserwort.] (Bot.) Any plant of the umbelliferous genus Laserpitium, of several species (as L. glabrum, and L. siler), the root of which yields a resinous substance of a bitter taste. The genus is mostly European.

Lash (lsh), n. [OE. lasche; cf. D. lasch piece set in, joint, seam, G. lashe latchet, a bit of leather, gusset, stripe, laschen to furnish with flaps, to lash or slap, Icel. laski gusset, flap, laska to break.] 1. The thong or braided cord of a whip, with which the blow is given.

> I observed that your whip wanted a lash to it.

Addison.

2. A leash in which an animal is caught or held; hence, a snare. [Obs.]

3. A stroke with a whip, or anything pliant and tough; as, the culprit received thirty-nine lashes.

4. A stroke of satire or sarcasm; an expression or retort that cuts or gives pain; a cut.

> The moral is a lash at the vanity of arrogating that to ourselves which succeeds well.

L'Estrange.

5. A hair growing from the edge of the eyelid; an eyelash.

6. In carpet weaving, a group of strings for lifting simultaneously certain yarns, to form the figure.

Lash (lsh), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lashed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lashng.] 1. To strike with a lash; to whip or scourge with a lash, or with something like one.

> We lash the pupil, and defraud the ward.

Dryden.

2. To strike forcibly and quickly, as with a lash; to beat, or beat upon, with a motion like that of a lash; as, a whale lashes the sea with his tail.

> And big waves lash the frighted shores.

Dryden.

3. To throw out with a jerk or quickly.

> He falls, and lashing up his heels, his rider throws.

Dryden.

4. To scold; to berate; to satirize; to censure with severity; as, to lash vice.

Lash, v. i. To ply the whip; to strike; to utter censure or sarcastic language.

> To laugh at follies, or to lash at vice.

Dryden.

To lash out, to strike out wildly or furiously.

Lash, v. t. [Cf. D. lasschen to fasten together, lasch piece, joint, Sw. laska to stitch, Dan. laske stitch. See Lash, n. ] To bind with a rope, cord, thong, or chain, so as to fasten; as, to lash something to a spar; to lash a pack on a horse's back.

Lash"er (?), n. One who whips or lashes.

Lash"er, n. 1. A piece of rope for binding or making fast one thing to another; -- called also lashing.

2. A weir in a river. [Eng.] Halliwell.

Lash"ing, n. The act of one who, or that which, lashes; castigation; chastisement. South.

Lashing out, a striking out; also, extravagance.

Lash"ing, n. See 2d Lasher.

Lask (?), n. A diarrhea or flux. [Obs.] Holland.

Las"ket (?), n. [Cf. Lash, Latching.] (Naut.) latching.

Lass (ls), n. [OE. lasse; prob. of Celtic origin; cf. W. llodes girl, fem. of llawd lad. √123. See Lad a youth.] A young woman; a girl; a sweetheart.

Lasse (?), a. & adv. Less. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Las"sie (?), n. A young girl; a lass. [Scot.]

Las"si*tude (?), n. [L. lassitudo, fr. lassus faint, weary; akin to E. late: cf. F. lassitude. See Late.] A condition of the body, or mind, when its voluntary functions are performed with difficulty, and only by a strong exertion of the will; languor; debility; weariness.

> The corporeal instruments of action being strained to a high pitch . . . will soon feel a lassitude.

Barrow.

Lass"lorn` (?), a. Forsaken by a lass. Shak.

Lass"o (ls"s) n.; pl. Lassos (-sz). [Sp. lazo, L. laqueus. See Lace.] A rope or long thong of leather with a running noose, used for catching horses, cattle, etc.

Lasso cell (Zoöl.), one of a peculiar kind of defensive and offensive stinging cells, found in great numbers in all cœlenterates, and in a few animals of other groups. They are most highly developed in the tentacles of jellyfishes, hydroids, and Actiniæ. Each of these cells is filled with, fluid, and contains a long, slender, often barbed, hollow thread coiled up within it. When the cell contracts the thread is quickly ejected, being at the same time turned inside out. The thread is able to penetrate the flesh of various small, soft-bodied animals, and carries a subtle poison by which they are speedily paralyzed and killed. The threads, at the same time, hold the prey in position, attached to the tentacles. Some of the jellyfishes, as the Portuguese man-of-war, and Cyanea, are able to penetrate the human skin, and inflict painful stings in the same way. Called also nettling cell, cnida, cnidocell.

Las"so, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lassoed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lassoing.] To catch with a lasso.

Last (?), 3d pers. sing. pres. of Last, to endure, contracted from lasteth. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Last (&?;), a. [OE. last, latst, contr. of latest, superl. of late; akin to OS. lezt, lazt, last, D. laatst, G. letzt. See Late, and cf. Latest.] 1. Being after all the others, similarly classed or considered, in time, place, or order of succession; following all the rest; final; hindmost; farthest; as, the last year of a century; the last man in a line of soldiers; the last page in a book; his last chance.

> Also day by day, from the first day unto the last day, he read in the book of the law of God.

Neh. viii. 18.

> Fairest of stars, last in the train of night.

Milton.

2. Next before the present; as, I saw him last week.

3. Supreme; highest in degree; utmost.

> Contending for principles of the last importance.

R. Hall.

4. Lowest in rank or degree; as, the last prize. Pope.

5. Farthest of all from a given quality, character, or condition; most unlikely; having least fitness; as, he is the last person to be accused of theft.

<! p. 832 !>

At last, at the end of a certain period; after delay. "The duke of Savoy felt that the time had at last arrived." Motley. -- At the last. [Prob. fr. AS. on lste behind, following behind, fr. lst race, track, footstep. See Last mold of the foot.] At the end; in the conclusion. [Obs.] "Gad, a troop shall overcome him; but he shall overcome at the last." Gen. xlix. 19. -- Last heir, the person to whom lands escheat for want of an heir. [Eng.] Abbott. -- On one's last legs, at, or near, the end of one's resources; hence, on the verge of failure or ruin, especially in a financial sense. [Colloq.] -- To breathe one's last, to die. -- To the last, to the end; till the conclusion.

> And blunder on in business to the last.

Pope.

Syn. -- At Last, At Length. These phrases both denote that some delayed end or result has been reached. At length implies that a long period was spent in so doing; as, after a voyage of more than three months, we at Length arrived safe. At last commonly implies that something has occurred (as interruptions, disappointments, etc.) which leads us to emphasize the idea of having reached the end; as, in spite of every obstacle, we have at last arrived.

Last (?), adv. [See Last, a.] 1. At a time or on an occasion which is the latest of all those spoken of or which have occurred; the last time; as, I saw him last in New York.

2. In conclusion; finally.

> Pleased with his idol, he commends, admires,
> Adores; and, last, the thing adored desires.

Dryden.

3. At a time next preceding the present time.

> How long is't now since last yourself and I
> Were in a mask ?

Shak.

Last, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lasted; p. pr. & vb. n. Lasting.] [OE. lasten, As. læstan to perform, execute, follow, last, continue, fr. lst, l&?;st, trace, footstep, course; akin to G. leisten to perform, Goth. laistjan to follow. See Last mold of the foot.] 1. To continue in time; to endure; to remain in existence.

> [I] proffered me to be slave in all that she me would ordain while my life lasted.

Testament of Love.

2. To endure use, or continue in existence, without impairment or exhaustion; as, this cloth lasts better than that; the fuel will last through the winter.

Last, n. [AS. lsttrace, track, footstep; akin to D. leest a last, G. leisten, Sw. läst, Dan. læst, Icel. leistr the foot below the ankle, Goth. laists track, way; from a root signifying, to go. Cf. Last, v. i., Learn, Delirium.] A wooden block shaped like the human foot, on which boots and shoes are formed.

> The cobbler is not to go beyond his last.

L'Estrange.

Darning last, a smooth, hard body, often egg-shaped, put into a stocking to preserve its shape in darning.

Last, v. t. To shape with a last; to fasten or fit to a last; to place smoothly on a last; as, to last a boot.

Last, n. [As. hlæst, fr. hladan to lade; akin to OHG. hlast, G., D., Dan., & Sw. last: cf. F. laste, last, a last, of German or Dutch origin. See Lade.] 1. A load; a heavy burden; hence, a certain weight or measure, generally estimated at 4,000 lbs., but varying for different articles and in different countries. In England, a last of codfish, white herrings, meal, or ashes, is twelve barrels; a last of corn, ten quarters, or eighty bushels, in some parts of England, twenty-one quarters; of gunpowder, twenty-four barrels, each containing 100 lbs; of red herrings, twenty cades, or 20,000; of hides, twelve dozen; of leather, twenty dickers; of pitch and tar, fourteen barrels; of wool, twelve sacks; of flax or feathers, 1,700 lbs.

2. The burden of a ship; a cargo.

Last"age (?) n. [E. lestage ballasting, fr. lest ballast, or LL. lastagium, lestagium. See Last a load.] 1. A duty exacted, in some fairs or markets, for the right to carry things where one will. [Obs.]

2. A tax on wares sold by the last. [Obs.] Cowell.

3. The lading of a ship; also, ballast. Spelman.

4. Room for stowing goods, as in a ship.

Last"e (?), obs. imp. of Last, to endure. Chaucer.

Last"er, n. A workman whose business it is to shape boots or shoes, or place leather smoothly, on lasts; a tool for stretching leather on a last.

Last"er*y (?), n. A red color.[Obs.] Spenser.

Last"ing, a. Existing or continuing a long while; enduring; as, a lasting good or evil; a lasting color.

Syn. -- Durable; permanent; undecaying; perpetual; unending. -- Lasting, Permanent, Durable. Lasting commonly means merely continuing in existence; permanent carries the idea of continuing in the same state, position, or course; durable means lasting in spite of agencies which tend to destroy.

Last"ing, n. 1. Continuance; endurance. Locke.

2. A species of very durable woolen stuff, used for women's shoes; everlasting.

3. The act or process of shaping on a last.

Last"ing*ly, adv. In a lasting manner.

Last"ly, adv. 1. In the last place; in conclusion.

2. at last; finally.

Lat (lt), v. t. To let; to allow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lat`a*ki"a (?), n. [Turk.] A superior quality of Turkish smoking tobacco, so called from the place where produced, the ancient Laodicea.

Latch (lch), v. t. [Cf. F. lécher to lick (of German origin). Cf. Lick.] To smear; to anoint. [Obs.] Shak.

Latch, n. [OE. lacche, fr. lacchen to seize, As. læccan.] 1. That which fastens or holds; a lace; a snare. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

2. A movable piece which holds anything in place by entering a notch or cavity; specifically, the catch which holds a door or gate when closed, though it be not bolted.

3. (Naut.) A latching.

4. A crossbow. [Obs.] Wright.

Latch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Latched (lcht); p. pr. & vb. n. Latching.] [OE. lacchen. See Latch. n.] 1. To catch so as to hold. [Obs.]

> Those that remained threw darts at our men, and latching our darts, sent them again at us.

Golding.

2. To catch or fasten by means of a latch.

> The door was only latched.

Locke.

Latch"et (?), n. [OE. lachet, from an OF. dialect form of F. lacet plaited string, lace dim. of lacs. See Lace.] The string that fastens a shoe; a shoestring.

Latch"ing, n. (Naut.) A loop or eye formed on the head rope of a bonnet, by which it is attached to the foot of a sail; -- called also latch and lasket. [Usually in pl.]

Latch"key` (?), n. A key used to raise, or throw back, the latch of a door, esp. a night latch.

Latch"string` (?), n. A string for raising the latch of a door by a person outside. It is fastened to the latch and passed through a hole above it in the door.

To find the latchstring out, to meet with hospitality; to be welcome. (Intrusion is prevented by drawing in the latchstring.) [Colloq. U.S.]

Late (lt), a. [Compar. Later (lt"r), or latter (lt"tr); superl. Latest (lt"st) or Last (lst).] [OE. lat slow, slack, AS. læt; akin to OS. lat, D. laat late, G. lass weary, lazy, slack, Icel. latr, Sw. lat, Dan. lad, Goth. lats, and to E. let, v. See Let to permit, and cf. Alas, Lassitude.] 1. Coming after the time when due, or after the usual or proper time; not early; slow; tardy; long delayed; as, a late spring.

2. Far advanced toward the end or close; as, a late hour of the day; a late period of life.

3. Existing or holding some position not long ago, but not now; lately deceased, departed, or gone out of office; as, the late bishop of London; the late administration.

4. Not long past; happening not long ago; recent; as, the late rains; we have received late intelligence.

5. Continuing or doing until an advanced hour of the night; as, late revels; a late watcher.

Late, adv. [AS. late. See Late, a.] 1. After the usual or proper time, or the time appointed; after delay; as, he arrived late; -- opposed to early.

2. Not long ago; lately.

3. Far in the night, day, week, or other particular period; as, to lie abed late; to sit up late at night.

Of late, in time not long past, or near the present; lately; as, the practice is of late uncommon. -- Too late, after the proper or available time; when the time or opportunity is past.

Lat"ed (?), a. Belated; too late. [Obs.] Shak.

La*teen" (?), a. (Naut.) Of or pertaining to a peculiar rig used in the Mediterranean and adjacent waters, esp. on the northern coast of Africa. See below.

Lateen sail. [F. voile latine a sail in the shape of a right-angled triangle; cf. It. & Sp. vela latina; properly Latin sail. See Latin.] (Naut.) A triangular sail, extended by a long yard, which is slung at about one fourth of its length from the lower end, to a low mast, this end being brought down at the tack, while the other end is elevated at an angle or about forty-five degrees; -- used in small boats, feluccas, xebecs, etc., especially in the Mediterranean and adjacent waters. Some lateen sails have also a boom on the lower side.

Late"ly (?), adv. Not long ago; recently; as, he has lately arrived from Italy.

La"tence (?), n. Latency. Coleridge.

La"ten*cy (?), n. [See Latent.] The state or quality of being latent.

> To simplify the discussion, I shall distinguish three degrees of this latency.

Sir W. Hamilton.

Late"ness (?), n. The state, condition, or quality, of being late; as, the lateness of his arrival; the lateness of the hour; the lateness of the season.

La"tent (l"tent), a. [L. latens, -entis, p. pr. of latere to lie hid or concealed; cf. Gr. lanqa`nein, E. lethargy: cf. F. latent.] Not visible or apparent; hidden; concealed; secret; dormant; as, latent springs of action.

> The evils latent in the most promising contrivances are provided for as they arise.

Burke.

Latent buds (Bot.), buds which remain undeveloped or dormant for a long time, but may at length grow. Latent heat (Physics), that quantity of heat which disappears or becomes concealed in a body while producing some change in it other than rise of temperature, as fusion, evaporation, or expansion, the quantity being constant for each particular body and for each species of change. -- Latent period. (a) (Med.) The regular time in which a disease is supposed to be existing without manifesting itself. (b) (Physiol.) One of the phases in a simple muscular contraction, in which invisible preparatory changes are taking place in the nerve and muscle. (c) (Biol.) One of those periods or resting stages in the development of the ovum, in which development is arrested prior to renewed activity.

La"tent*ly, adv. In a secret or concealed manner; invisibly.

||La"ter (?), n.; pl. Lateres (#). [L.] A brick or tile. Knight.

Lat"er (?), a. Compar. of Late, a. & adv.

Lat"er*ad (?), adv. [L. latus, lateris, side + ad to.] (Anat.) Toward the side; away from the mesial plane; -- opposed to mesiad.

Lat"er*al (?), a. [L. lateralis, fr. latus, lateris, side: cf. F. latéral.] 1. Of or pertaining to the sides; as, the lateral walls of a house; the lateral branches of a tree.

2. (Anat.) Lying at, or extending toward, the side; away from the mesial plane; external; -- opposed to mesial.

3. Directed to the side; as, a lateral view of a thing.

Lateral cleavage (Crystallog.), cleavage parallel to the lateral planes. -- Lateral equation (Math.), an equation of the first degree. [Obs.] -- Lateral line (Anat.), in fishes, a line of sensory organs along either side of the body, often marked by a distinct line of color. -- Lateral pressure or stress (Mech.), a pressure or stress at right angles to the length, as of a beam or bridge; -- distinguished from longitudinal pressure or stress. -- Lateral strength (Mech.), strength which resists a tendency to fracture arising from lateral pressure. -- Lateral system (Bridge Building), the system of horizontal braces (as between two vertical trusses) by which lateral stiffness is secured.

Lat`er*al"i*ty (?), n. The state or condition of being lateral.

Lat"er*al*ly (?), adv. By the side; sidewise; toward, or from, the side.

Lat"er*an (?), n. The church and palace of St. John Lateran, the church being the cathedral church of Rome, and the highest in rank of all churches in the Catholic world.

The name is said to have been derived from that of the Laterani family, who possessed a palace on or near the spot where the church now stands. In this church several ecclesiastical councils, hence called Lateran councils, have been held.

Lat"ered (?), a. Inclined to delay; dilatory. [Obs.] "When a man is too latered." Chaucer.

Lat`er*i*fo"li*ous (?), a. [L. latus, lateris, side + folium leaf: cf. F. latérifolié.] (Bot.) Growing from the stem by the side of a leaf; as, a laterifolious flower.

Lat"er*ite (?), n. [L. later brick, tile: cf. F. latérite.] (Geol.) An argillaceous sandstone, of a red color, and much seamed; -- found in India.

Lat`er*it"ic (?), a. Consisting of, containing, or characterized by, laterite; as, lateritic formations.

Lat"er*i"tious (?), a. [L. lateritius, fr. later a brick.] Like bricks; of the color of red bricks.

Lateritious sediment (Med.), a sediment in urine resembling brick dust, observed after the crises of fevers, and at the termination of gouty paroxysms. It usually consists of uric acid or urates with some coloring matter.

||La"tes (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a fish of the Nile.] (Zoöl.) A genus of large percoid fishes, of which one species (Lates Niloticus) inhabits the Nile, and another (L. calcarifer) is found in the Ganges and other Indian rivers. They are valued as food fishes.

La*tes"cence (?), n. A slight withdrawal from view or knowledge. Sir W. Hamilton.

La*tes"cent (?), a. [L. latescens, -entis, p. pr. of latescere to be concealed, fr. latere to be hid.] Slightly withdrawn from view or knowledge; as, a latescent meaning. Sir W. Hamilton.

Late"wake` (?), n. See Lich wake, under Lich.

Late"ward (?), a. & adv. Somewhat late; backward. [Obs.] "Lateward lands." Holland.

||La"tex (?), n. [L.] (Bot.) A milky or colored juice in certain plants in cavities (called latex cells or latex tubes). It contains the peculiar principles of the plants, whether aromatic, bitter, or acid, and in many instances yields caoutchouc upon coagulation.

Lath (?), n.; pl. Laths (#). [OE. laththe, latthe, latte, AS. lætta; akin to D. lat, G. latte, OHG. latta; cf. W. llath a rod, staff, yard. Cf. Lattice, Latten.] A thin, narrow strip of wood, nailed to the rafters, studs, or floor beams of a building, for the purpose of supporting the tiles, plastering, etc. A corrugated metallic strip or plate is sometimes used.

Lath brick, a long, slender brick, used in making the floor on which malt is placed in the drying kiln. Lath nail a slender nail for fastening laths.

Lath (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lathed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lathing.] To cover or line with laths.

Lathe (?), n. [AS. lð. Of. uncertain origin.] Formerly, a part or division of a county among the Anglo-Saxons. At present it consists of four or five hundreds, and is confined to the county of Kent. [Written also lath.] Brande & C.

Lathe (?), n. [OE. lathe a granary; akin to G. lade a chest, Icel. hlaða a storehouse, barn; but cf. also Icel. löð a smith's lathe. Senses 2 and 3 are perh. of the same origin as lathe a granary, the original meaning being, a frame to hold something. If so, the word is from an older form of E. lade to load. See Lade to load.] 1. A granary; a barn. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. (Mach.) A machine for turning, that is, for shaping articles of wood, metal, or other material, by causing them to revolve while acted upon by a cutting tool.

3. The movable swing frame of a loom, carrying the reed for separating the warp threads and beating up the weft; -- called also lay and batten.

Blanchard lathe, a lathe for turning irregular forms after a given pattern, as lasts, gunstocks, and the like. -- Drill lathe, or Speed lathe, a small lathe which, from its high speed, is adapted for drilling; a hand lathe. -- Engine lathe, a turning lathe in which the cutting tool has an automatic feed; -- used chiefly for turning and boring metals, cutting screws, etc. -- Foot lathe, a lathe which is driven by a treadle worked by the foot. -- Geometric lathe. See under Geometric -- Hand lathe, a lathe operated by hand; a power turning lathe without an automatic feed for the tool. -- Slide lathe, an engine lathe. -- Throw lathe, a small lathe worked by one hand, while the cutting tool is held in the other.

<! p. 833 !>

Lath"er (l"r), n. [AS. leáðor niter, in leáðorwyrt soapwort; cf. Icel. lauðr; perh. akin to E. lye.] 1. Foam or froth made by soap moistened with water.

2. Foam from profuse sweating, as of a horse.

Lath"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lathered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lathering.] [AS. lðrian to lather, anoint. See Lather, n. ] To spread over with lather; as, to lather the face.

Lath"er, v. i. To form lather, or a froth like lather; to accumulate foam from profuse sweating, as a horse.

Lath"er, v. t. [Cf. Leather.] To beat severely with a thong, strap, or the like; to flog. [Low]

{ Lathe"reeve` (?), Lath"reeve` (?), } n. Formerly, the head officer of a lathe. See 1st Lathe.

Lath"ing (?), n. The act or process of covering with laths; laths, collectively; a covering of laths.

Lath"-shaped` (?), a. Having a slender elongated form, like a lath; -- said of the feldspar of certain igneous rocks, as diabase, as seen in microscopic sections.

Lath"work` (?), n. Same as Lathing.

Lath"y (?), a. Like a lath; long and slender.

> A lathy horse, all legs and length.

R. Browning.

La"tian (?), a. Belonging, or relating, to Latium, a country of ancient Italy. See Latin.

La*tib"u*lize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Latibulized (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Latibulizing (?).] [L. latibulum hiding place, fr. latere to lie hid.] To retire into a den, or hole, and lie dormant in winter; to retreat and lie hid. [R.] G. Shaw.

||La*tib"u*lum (?), n.; pl. Latibula (#). [L.] A concealed hiding place; a burrow; a lair; a hole.

Lat`i*cif"er*ous (?), a. [L. latex, laticis, a liquid + -ferous.] (Bot.) Containing the latex; -- applied to the tissue or tubular vessels in which the latex of the plant is found.

Lat"i*clave (?), n. [L. laticlavus, laticlavium; latus broad + clavus nail, a purple stripe on the tunica: cf. F. laticlave.] (Rom. Antiq.) A broad stripe of purple on the fore part of the tunic, worn by senators in ancient Rome as an emblem of office.

Lat`i*cos"tate (?), a. [L. latus broad + E. costate.] Broad-ribbed.

Lat`i*den"tate (?), a. [L. latus broad + E. dentate.] Broad-toothed.

{ Lat`i*fo"li*ate (?), Lat`i*fo"li*ous (?), } a. [L. latifolius; latus broad + folium leaf: cf. F. latifolié.] (Bot.) Having broad leaves.

Lat"i*mer (?), n. [OF. latinier, latimier, prop., one knowing Latin.] An interpreter. [Obs.] Coke

Lat"in (?), a. [F., fr. L. Latinus belonging to Latium, Latin, fr. Latium a country of Italy, in which Rome was situated. Cf. Ladin, Lateen sail, under Lateen.] 1. Of or pertaining to Latium, or to the Latins, a people of Latium; Roman; as, the Latin language.

2. Of, pertaining to, or composed in, the language used by the Romans or Latins; as, a Latin grammar; a Latin composition or idiom.

Latin Church (Eccl. Hist.), the Western or Roman Catholic Church, as distinct from the Greek or Eastern Church. -- Latin cross. See Illust. 1 of Cross. -- Latin races, a designation sometimes loosely given to certain nations, esp. the French, Spanish, and Italians, who speak languages principally derived from Latin. Latin Union, an association of states, originally comprising France, Belgium, Switzerland, and Italy, which, in 1865, entered into a monetary agreement, providing for an identity in the weight and fineness of the gold and silver coins of those countries, and for the amounts of each kind of coinage by each. Greece, Servia, Roumania, and Spain subsequently joined the Union.

Lat"in, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Latium; a Roman.

2. The language of the ancient Romans.

3. An exercise in schools, consisting in turning English into Latin. [Obs.] Ascham.

4. (Eccl.) A member of the Roman Catholic Church.

Dog Latin, barbarous Latin; a jargon in imitation of Latin; as, the log Latin of schoolboys. -- Late Latin, Low Latin, terms used indifferently to designate the latest stages of the Latin language; low Latin (and, perhaps, late Latin also), including the barbarous coinages from the French, German, and other languages into a Latin form made after the Latin had become a dead language for the people. -- Law Latin, that kind of late, or low, Latin, used in statutes and legal instruments; -- often barbarous.

Lat"in, v. t. To write or speak in Latin; to turn or render into Latin. [Obs.] Fuller.

Lat"in*ism (?), n. [Cf. F. latinisme.] A Latin idiom; a mode of speech peculiar to Latin; also, a mode of speech in another language, as English, formed on a Latin model.

The term is also sometimes used by Biblical scholars to designate a Latin word in Greek letters, or the Latin sense of a Greek word in the Greek Testament.

Lat"in*ist, n. [Cf. F. latiniste.] One skilled in Latin; a Latin scholar. Cowper.

> He left school a good Latinist.

Macaulay.

Lat`in*is"tic (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or derived from, Latin; in the Latin style or idiom. "Latinistic words." Fitzed. Hall.

La*tin"i*tas`ter (?), n. [Cf. Poetaster.] One who has but a smattering of Latin. Walker.

La*tin"i*ty (?), n. [L. latinitas: cf. F. latinité.] The Latin tongue, style, or idiom, or the use thereof; specifically, purity of Latin style or idiom. "His ele&?;ant Latinity." Motley.

Lat`in*i*za"tion (?), n. The act or process of Latinizing, as a word, language, or country.

> The Germanization of Britain went far deeper than the Latinization of France.

M. Arnold.

Lat"in*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Latinized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Latinizing (?).] [L. latinizare: cf. F. latiniser.] 1. To give Latin terminations or forms to, as to foreign words, in writing Latin.

2. To bring under the power or influence of the Romans or Latins; to affect with the usages of the Latins, especially in speech. "Latinized races." Lowell.

3. To make like the Roman Catholic Church or diffuse its ideas in; as, to Latinize the Church of England.

Lat"in*ize, v. i. To use words or phrases borrowed from the Latin. Dryden.

2. To come under the influence of the Romans, or of the Roman Catholic Church.

Lat"in*ly, adv. In the manner of the Latin language; in correct Latin. [Obs.] Heylin.

La"tion (?), n. [L. latio, fr. latus borne. See Tolerate.] Transportation; conveyance. [Obs.]

{ Lat`i*ros"tral (?), Lat`i*ros"trous (?), } a. [Cf. F. latirostre. See Latirostres.] (Zoöl.) Having a broad beak. Sir T. Browne.

||Lat`i*ros"tres (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. latus broad + rostrum beak.] (Zoöl.) The broad-billed singing birds, such as the swallows, and their allies.

Lat"ish (?), a. Somewhat late. [Colloq.]

Lat`i*ster"nal (?), a. [L. latus broad + E. sternal.] (Zoöl.) Having a broad breastbone, or sternum; -- said of anthropoid apes.

Lat"i*tan*cy (?), n. [See Latitant.] Act or state of lying hid, or lurking. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Lat"i*tant (?), a. [L. latitans, pr. of latitare to lie hid, to lurk, v. intens. fr. latere to be hid: cf. F. latitant.] Lying hid; concealed; latent. [R.]

||Lat"i*tat (?), n. [L., he lies hid.] (O. Eng. Law) A writ based upon the presumption that the person summoned was hiding. Blackstone.

Lat`i*ta"tion (?), n. [L. latitatio.] A lying in concealment; hiding. [Obs.]

Lat"i*tude (?), n. [F. latitude, L. latitudo, fr. latus broad, wide, for older stlatus; perh. akin to E. strew.] 1. Extent from side to side, or distance sidewise from a given point or line; breadth; width.

> Provided the length do not exceed the latitude above one third part.

Sir H. Wotton.

2. Room; space; freedom from confinement or restraint; hence, looseness; laxity; independence.

> In human actions there are no degrees and precise natural limits described, but a latitude is indulged.

Jer. Taylor.

3. Extent or breadth of signification, application, etc.; extent of deviation from a standard, as truth, style, etc.

> No discreet man will believe Augustine's miracles, in the latitude of monkish relations.

Fuller.

4. Extent; size; amplitude; scope.

> I pretend not to treat of them in their full latitude.

Locke.

5. (Geog.) Distance north or south of the equator, measured on a meridian.

6. (Astron.) The angular distance of a heavenly body from the ecliptic.

Ascending latitude, Circle of latitude, Geographical latitude, etc. See under Ascending. Circle, etc. -- High latitude, that part of the earth's surface near either pole, esp. that part within either the arctic or the antarctic circle. -- Low latitude, that part of the earth's surface which is near the equator.

Lat`i*tu"di*nal (?), a. Of or pertaining to latitude; in the direction of latitude.

Lat`i*tu`di*na"ri*an (?), a. [Cf. F. latitudinaire.] 1. Not restrained; not confined by precise limits.

2. Indifferent to a strict application of any standard of belief or opinion; hence, deviating more or less widely from such standard; lax in doctrine; as, latitudinarian divines; latitudinarian theology.

> Latitudinarian sentiments upon religious subjects.

Allibone.

3. Lax in moral or religious principles.

Lat`i*tu`di*na"ri*an, n. 1. One who is moderate in his notions, or not restrained by precise settled limits in opinion; one who indulges freedom in thinking.

2. (Eng. Eccl. Hist.) A member of the Church of England, in the time of Charles II., who adopted more liberal notions in respect to the authority, government, and doctrines of the church than generally prevailed.

> They were called "men of latitude;" and upon this, men of narrow thoughts fastened upon them the name of latitudinarians.

Bp. Burnet.

3. (Theol.) One who departs in opinion from the strict principles of orthodoxy.

Lat`i*tu`di*na"ri*an*ism (?), n. A latitudinarian system or condition; freedom of opinion in matters pertaining to religious belief.

> Fierce sectarianism bred fierce latitudinarianism.

De Quincey.

> He [Ammonius Saccas] plunged into the wildest latitudinarianism of opinion.

J. S. Harford.

Lat`i*tu"di*nous (?), a. Having latitude, or wide extent.

{ Lat"on (?), Lat"oun (?), } n. Latten, 1. [Obs.] Chaucer.

La"trant (?), a. [L. latrans, p. pr. of latrare. See Latrate.] Barking. [Obs.] Tickell.

La"trate (?), v. i. [L. latratus, p. p. of latrare to bark.] To bark as a dog. [Obs.]

La*tra"tion (?), n. A barking. [Obs.]

La*treu"tic*al (l*tr"t*kal), a. [Gr. latreytiko`s, fr. latrey`ein to serve, to worship.] 1. Acting as a hired servant; serving; ministering; assisting. [Obs.]

2. Of or pertaining to latria. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

||La*tri"a (l*tr"; 277), n. [L., fr. Gr. latrei`a, fr. latrey`ein to serve, fr. la`tris servant.] The highest kind of worship, or that paid to God; -- distinguished by the Roman Catholics from dulia, or the inferior worship paid to saints.

La*trine" (l*trn"), n. [L. latrina: cf. F. latrines.] A privy, or water- closet, esp. in a camp, hospital, etc.

Lat"ro*cin`y (?), n. [L. latrocinium. Cf. Larceny.] Theft; larceny. [Obs.]

Lat"ten (?), n. [OE. latoun, laton, OF. laton, F. laiton, prob. fr. OF. late lath, F. latte; -- because made in thin plates; cf. It. latta a sheet of tinned iron, tin plate. F. latte is of German origin. See Lath a thin board.]

1. A kind of brass hammered into thin sheets, formerly much used for making church utensils, as candlesticks, crosses, etc.; -- called also latten brass.

> He had a cross of latoun full of stones.

Chaucer.

2. Sheet tin; iron plate, covered with tin; also, any metal in thin sheets; as, gold latten.

Black latten, brass in milled sheets, composed of copper and zinc, used by braziers, and for drawing into wire. -- Roll latten, latten polished on both sides ready for use. -- Shaven latten, a thinner kind than black latten. -- White latten, a mixture of brass and tin.

Lat"ter (?), a. [OE. later, lætter, compar. of lat late. See Late, and cf. Later.] 1. Later; more recent; coming or happening after something else; -- opposed to former; as, the former and latter rain.

2. Of two things, the one mentioned second.

> The difference between reason and revelation, and in what sense the latter is superior.

I. Watts.

3. Recent; modern.

> Hath not navigation discovered in these latter ages, whole nations at the bay of Soldania?

Locke.

4. Last; latest; final. [R.] "My latter gasp." Shak.

Latter harvest, the last part of the harvest. -- Latter spring, the last part of the spring of the year. Shak.

Lat"ter-day` saint" (?). A Mormon; -- the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints being the name assumed by the whole body of Mormons.

Lat"ter*kin (?), n. A pointed wooden tool used in glazing leaden lattice.

Lat"ter*ly, adv. Lately; of late; recently; at a later, as distinguished from a former, period.

> Latterly Milton was short and thick.

Richardson.

Lat"ter*math (?), n. [Cf. Aftermath.] The latter, or second, mowing; the aftermath.

Lat"tice (?), n. [OE. latis, F. lattis lathwork, fr. latte lath. See Latten, 1st Lath.] 1. Any work of wood or metal, made by crossing laths, or thin strips, and forming a network; as, the lattice of a window; -- called also latticework.

> The mother of Sisera looked out at a window, and cried through the lattice.

Judg. v. 28.

2. (Her.) The representation of a piece of latticework used as a bearing, the bands being vertical and horizontal.

Lattice bridge, a bridge supported by lattice girders, or latticework trusses. -- Lattice girder (Arch.), a girder of which the wed consists of diagonal pieces crossing each other in the manner of latticework. -- Lattice plant (Bot.), an aquatic plant of Madagascar (Ouvirandra fenestralis), whose leaves have interstices between their ribs and cross veins, so as to resemble latticework. A second species is O. Berneriana. The genus is merged in Aponogeton by recent authors.

Lat"tice, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Latticed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Latticing (?).] 1. To make a lattice of; as, to lattice timbers.

2. To close, as an opening, with latticework; to furnish with a lattice; as, to lattice a window.

To lattice up, to cover or inclose with a lattice.

> Therein it seemeth he [Alexander] hath latticed up Cæsar.

Sir T. North.

Lat"tice*work` (?), n. Same as Lattice, n., 1.

Lat"ti*cing (?), n. 1. The act or process of making a lattice of, or of fitting a lattice to.

2. (Bridge Building) A system of bars crossing in the middle to form braces between principal longitudinal members, as of a strut.

||La"tus rec"tum (?). [L., the right side.] (Conic Sections) The line drawn through a focus of a conic section parallel to the directrix and terminated both ways by the curve. It is the parameter of the principal axis. See Focus, and Parameter.

Laud (?), n. [L. laus, laudis. See Laud, v. i.]

1. High commendation; praise; honor; exaltation; glory. "Laud be to God." Shak.

> So do well and thou shalt have laud of the same.

Tyndals.

2. A part of divine worship, consisting chiefly of praise; -- usually in the pl.

In the Roman Catholic Church, the prayers used at daybreak, between those of matins and prime, are called lauds.

3. Music or singing in honor of any one.

Laud, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lauded; p. pr. & vb. n. Lauding.] [L. laudare, fr. laus, laudis, praise. Cf. Allow.] To praise in words alone, or with words and singing; to celebrate; to extol.

> With all the company of heaven, we laud and magnify thy glorious name.

Book of Common Prayer.

Laud`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. [L. laudabilitas.] Laudableness; praiseworthiness.

Laud"a*ble (?), a. [L. laudabilis: cf. OE. laudable. See Laud, v. i.] 1. Worthy of being lauded; praiseworthy; commendable; as, laudable motives; laudable actions; laudable ambition.

2. (Med.) Healthy; salubrious; normal; having a disposition to promote healing; not noxious; as, laudable juices of the body; laudable pus. Arbuthnot.

<! p. 834 !>

Laud"a*ble*ness (ld"*b'l*ns), n. The quality of being laudable; praiseworthiness; commendableness.

Laud"a*bly (?), adv. In a laudable manner.

Lau"da*nine (?), n. [From Laudanum.] (Chem.) A white organic base, resembling morphine, and obtained from certain varieties of opium.

Lau"da*num (?), n. [Orig. the same wort as ladanum, ladbdanum: cf. F. laudanum, It. laudano, ladano. See Ladanum.] Tincture of opium, used for various medical purposes.

A fluid ounce of American laudanum should contain the soluble matter of one tenth of an ounce avoirdupois of powdered opium with equal parts of alcohol and water. English laudanum should have ten grains less of opium in the fluid ounce. U. S. Disp.

Dutchman's laudanum (Bot.) See under Dutchman.

Lau*da"tion (?), n. [L. laudatio: cf. OE. taudation. See Land, v. t.] The act of lauding; praise; high commendation.

Laud"a*tive (?), a. [L. laudativus laudatory: cf. F. laudatif.] Laudatory.

Laud"a*tive, n. A panegyric; a eulogy. [Obs.] Bacon.

||Lau*da"tor (?), n. [L.] 1. One who lauds.

2. (Law) An arbitrator. [Obs.] Cowell.

Laud"a*to*ry (?), a. [L. laudatorius: cf. OF. laudatoire.] Of or pertaining praise, or to the expression of praise; as, laudatory verses; the laudatory powers of Dryden. Sir J. Stephen.

Laud"er (?), n. One who lauds.

Laugh (lf), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Laughed (lft); p. pr. & vb. n. Laughing.] [OE. laughen, laghen, lauhen, AS. hlehhan, hlihhan, hlyhhan, hliehhan; akin to OS. hlahan, D. & G. lachen, OHG. hlahhan, lahhan, lahhn, Icel. hlæja, Dan. lee, Sw. le, Goth. hlahjan; perh. of imitative origin.] 1. To show mirth, satisfaction, or derision, by peculiar movement of the muscles of the face, particularly of the mouth, causing a lighting up of the face and eyes, and usually accompanied by the emission of explosive or chuckling sounds from the chest and throat; to indulge in laughter.

> Queen Hecuba laughed that her eyes ran o'er.

Shak.

> He laugheth that winneth.

Heywood's Prov.

2. Fig.: To be or appear gay, cheerful, pleasant, mirthful, lively, or brilliant; to sparkle; to sport.

> Then laughs the childish year, with flowerets crowned.

Dryden.

> In Folly's cup still laughs the bubble Joy.

Pope.

To laugh at, to make an object of laughter or ridicule; to make fun of; to deride.

> No wit to flatter left of all his store,
> No fool to laugh at, which he valued more.

Pope.

-- To laugh in the sleeve, to laugh secretly, or so as not to be observed, especially while apparently preserving a grave or serious demeanor toward the person or persons laughed at. -- To laugh out, to laugh in spite of some restraining influence; to laugh aloud. -- To laugh out of the other corner (or side) of the mouth, to weep or cry; to feel regret, vexation, or disappointment after hilarity or exaltation. [Slang]

Laugh, v. t. 1. To affect or influence by means of laughter or ridicule.

> Will you laugh me asleep, for I am very heavy?

Shak.

> I shall laugh myself to death.

Shak.

2. To express by, or utter with, laughter; -- with out.

> From his deep chest laughs out a loud applause.

Shak.

To laugh away. (a) To drive away by laughter; as, to laugh away regret. (b) To waste in hilarity. "Pompey doth this day laugh away his fortune." Shak. -- To laugh down. (a) To cause to cease or desist by laughter; as, to laugh down a speaker. (b) To cause to be given up on account of ridicule; as, to laugh down a reform. -- To laugh one out of, to cause one by laughter or ridicule to abandon or give up; as, to laugh one out of a plan or purpose. -- To laugh to scorn, to deride; to treat with mockery, contempt, and scorn; to despise.

Laugh (?), n. An expression of mirth peculiar to the human species; the sound heard in laughing; laughter. See Laugh, v. i.

> And the loud laugh that spoke the vacant mind.

Goldsmith.

> That man is a bad man who has not within him the power of a hearty laugh.

F. W. Robertson.

Laugh"a*ble (?), a. Fitted to excite laughter; as, a laughable story; a laughable scene.

Syn. -- Droll; ludicrous; mirthful; comical. See Droll, and Ludicrous.

-- Laugh"a*ble*ness, n. -- Laugh"a*bly, adv.

Laugh"er (?), n. 1. One who laughs.

2. A variety of the domestic pigeon.

Laugh"ing (?), a. & n. from Laugh, v. i.

Laughing falcon (Zoöl.), a South American hawk (Herpetotheres cachinnans); -- so called from its notes, which resemble a shrill laugh. -- Laughing gas (Chem.), hyponitrous oxide, or protoxide of nitrogen; -- so called from the exhilaration and laughing which it sometimes produces when inhaled. It is much used as an anæsthetic agent. -- Laughing goose (Zoöl.), the European white-fronted goose. -- Laughing gull. (Zoöl.) (a) A common European gull (Xema ridibundus); -- called also pewit, black cap, red-legged gull, and sea crow. (b) An American gull (Larus atricilla). In summer the head is nearly black, the back slate color, and the five outer primaries black. -- Laughing hyena (Zoöl.), the spotted hyena. See Hyena. -- Laughing jackass (Zoöl.), the great brown kingfisher (Dacelo gigas), of Australia; -- called also giant kingfisher, and gogobera. -- Laughing owl (Zoöl.), a peculiar owl (Sceloglaux albifacies) of New Zealand, said to be on the verge of extinction. The name alludes to its notes.

Laugh"ing*ly (?), adv. With laughter or merriment.

Laugh"ing*stock` (?), n. An object of ridicule; a butt of sport. Shak.

> When he talked, he talked nonsense, and made himself the laughingstock of his hearers.

Macaulay.

Laugh"some (?), a. Exciting laughter; also, addicted to laughter; merry. [R.]

Laugh"ter (?), n. [AS. hleahtor; akin to OHG. hlahtar, G. gelächter, Icel. hltr, Dan. latter. See Laugh, v. i. ] A movement (usually involuntary) of the muscles of the face, particularly of the lips, with a peculiar expression of the eyes, indicating merriment, satisfaction, or derision, and usually attended by a sonorous and interrupted expulsion of air from the lungs. See Laugh, v. i.

> The act of laughter, which is a sweet contraction of the muscles of the face, and a pleasant agitation of the vocal organs, is not merely, or totally within the jurisdiction of ourselves.

Sir T. Browne.

> Archly the maiden smiled, and with eyes overrunning with laughter.

Longfellow.

Laugh"ter*less, a. Not laughing; without laughter.

Laugh"wor`thy (?), a. Deserving to be laughed at. [R.] B. Jonson.

Lau"mont*ite (?), n. [From Dr. Laumont, the discoverer.] (Min.) A mineral, of a white color and vitreous luster. It is a hydrous silicate of alumina and lime. Exposed to the air, it loses water, becomes opaque, and crumbles. [Written also laumonite.]

Launce (?), n. A lance. [Obs.]

Launce, n. [It. lance, L. lanx, lancis, plate, scale of a balance. Cf. Balance.] A balance. [Obs.]

> Fortune all in equal launce doth sway.

Spenser.

Launce, n. (Zoöl.) See Lant, the fish.

Launce"gaye` (?), n. See Lancegaye. [Obs.]

Launch (länch), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Launched (läncht); p. pr. & vb. n. Launching.] [OE. launchen to throw as a lance, OF. lanchier, another form of lancier, F. lancer, fr. lance lance. See Lance.] [Written also lanch.] 1. To throw, as a lance or dart; to hurl; to let fly.

2. To strike with, or as with, a lance; to pierce. [Obs.]

> Launch your hearts with lamentable wounds.

Spenser.

3. To cause to move or slide from the land into the water; to set afloat; as, to launch a ship.

> With stays and cordage last he rigged the ship,
> And rolled on levers, launched her in the deep.

Pope.

4. To send out; to start (one) on a career; to set going; to give a start to (something); to put in operation; as, to launch a son in the world; to launch a business project or enterprise.

> All art is used to sink episcopacy, and launch presbytery in England.

Eikon Basilike.

Launch, v. i. To move with force and swiftness like a sliding from the stocks into the water; to plunge; to make a beginning; as, to launch into the current of a stream; to launch into an argument or discussion; to launch into lavish expenditures; -- often with out.

> Launch out into the deep, and let down your nets for a draught.

Luke v. 4.

> He [Spenser] launches out into very flowery paths.

Prior.

Launch, n. 1. The act of launching.

2. The movement of a vessel from land into the water; especially, the sliding on ways from the stocks on which it is built.

3. [Cf. Sp. lancha.] (Naut.) The boat of the largest size belonging to a ship of war; also, an open boat of any size driven by steam, naphtha, electricity, or the like.

Launching ways. (Naut.) See Way, n. (Naut.).

Laund (lnd), n. [See Lawn of grass.] A plain sprinkled with trees or underbrush; a glade. [Obs.]

> In a laund upon an hill of flowers.

Chaucer.

> Through this laund anon the deer will come.

Shak.

Laun"der (län"dr), n. [Contracted fr. OE. lavender, F. lavandière, LL. lavandena, from L. lavare to wash. See Lave.] 1. A washerwoman. [Obs.]

2. (Mining) A trough used by miners to receive the powdered ore from the box where it is beaten, or for carrying water to the stamps, or other apparatus, for comminuting, or sorting, the ore.

Laun"der, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Laundered (-drd); p. pr. & vb. n. Laundering.] 1. To wash, as clothes; to wash, and to smooth with a flatiron or mangle; to wash and iron; as, to launder shirts.

2. To lave; to wet. [Obs.] Shak.

Laun"der*er (?), n. One who follows the business of laundering.

Laun"der*ing, n. The act, or occupation, of one who launders; washing and ironing.

Laun"dress (?), n. A woman whose employment is laundering.

Laun"dress, v. i. To act as a laundress.[Obs.]

Laun"dry (?), n.; pl. Laundries (#). [OE. lavendrie, OF. lavanderie. See Launder.] 1. A laundering; a washing.

2. A place or room where laundering is done.

Laun"dry*man (?), n.; pl. Laundrymen (&?;). A man who follows the business of laundering.

Lau"ra (?), n. [LL., fr. Gr. (&?;) lane, defile, also, a kind of monastery.] (R. C. Ch.) A number of hermitages or cells in the same neighborhood occupied by anchorites who were under the same superior. C. Kingsley.

Lau*ra"ceous (?), a. [From Laurus.] (Bot.) Belonging to, or resembling, a natural order (Lauraceæ) of trees and shrubs having aromatic bark and foliage, and including the laurel, sassafras, cinnamon tree, true camphor tree, etc.

Lau"rate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of lauric acid.

Lau"re*ate (?), a. [L. laureatus, fr. laurea laurel tree, fr. laureus of laurel, fr. laurus laurel: cf. F. lauréat. Cf. Laurel.] Crowned, or decked, with laurel. Chaucer.

> To strew the laureate hearse where Lycid lies.

Milton.

> Soft on her lap her laureate son reclines.

Pope.

Poet laureate. (b) One who received an honorable degree in grammar, including poetry and rhetoric, at the English universities; -- so called as being presented with a wreath of laurel. [Obs.] (b) Formerly, an officer of the king's household, whose business was to compose an ode annually for the king's birthday, and other suitable occasions; now, a poet officially distinguished by such honorary title, the office being a sinecure. It is said this title was first given in the time of Edward IV. [Eng.]

Lau"re*ate, n. One crowned with laurel; a poet laureate. "A learned laureate." Cleveland.

Lau"re*ate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Laureated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Laureating (?).] To honor with a wreath of laurel, as formerly was done in bestowing a degree at the English universities.

Lau"re*ate*ship, n. State, or office, of a laureate.

Lau`re*a"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. lauréation.] The act of crowning with laurel; the act of conferring an academic degree, or honorary title.

Lau"rel (?), n. [OE. lorel, laurer, lorer, OF. lorier, laurier, F. laurier, (assumed) LL. Laurarius, fr. L. laurus.] 1. (Bot.) An evergreen shrub, of the genus Laurus (L. nobilis), having aromatic leaves of a lanceolate shape, with clusters of small, yellowish white flowers in their axils; -- called also sweet bay. The fruit is a purple berry. It is found about the Mediterranean, and was early used by the ancient Greeks to crown the victor in the games of Apollo. At a later period, academic honors were indicated by a crown of laurel, with the fruit. The leaves and tree yield an aromatic oil, used to flavor the bay water of commerce.

The name is extended to other plants which in some respect resemble the true laurel. See Phrases, below.

2. A crown of laurel; hence, honor; distinction; fame; -- especially in the plural; as, to win laurels.

3. An English gold coin made in 1619, and so called because the king's head on it was crowned with laurel.

Laurel water, water distilled from the fresh leaves of the cherry laurel, and containing prussic acid and other products carried over in the process.

American laurel, or Mountain laurel, Kalmia latifolia. See under Mountain. -- California laurel, Umbellularia Californica. -- Cherry laurel (in England called laurel). See under Cherry. -- Great laurel, the rosebay (Rhododendron maximum). -- Ground laurel, trailing arbutus. -- New Zealand laurel, Laurelia Novæ Zelandiæ. -- Portugal laurel, the Prunus Lusitanica. -- Rose laurel, the oleander. See Oleander. -- Sheep laurel, a poisonous shrub, Kalmia angustifolia, smaller than the mountain laurel, and with smaller and redder flowers. -- Spurge laurel, Daphne Laureola. -- West Indian laurel, Prunus occidentalis.

Lau"reled (?), a. Crowned with laurel, or with a laurel wreath; laureate. [Written also laurelled.]

Lau*ren"tian (?), a. Pertaining to, or near, the St. Lawrence River; as, the Laurentian hills.

Laurentian period (Geol.), the lower of the two divisions of the Archæan age; -- called also the Laurentian.

Lau"rer (?), n. Laurel. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lau"res*tine (?), n. [NL. lautus tinus, fr. L. laurus the laurel + tinus laurestine. See Laurel.] (Bot.) The Viburnum Tinus, an evergreen shrub or tree of the south of Europe, which flowers during the winter months. [Written also laurustine and laurestina.]

Lau"ric (?), a. Pertaining to, or derived from, the European bay or laurel (Laurus nobilis).

Lauric acid (Chem.), a white, crystalline substance, C12H24O2, resembling palmitic acid, and obtained from the fruit of the bay tree, and other sources.

Lau*rif"er*ous (?), a. [L. laurifer; laurus + ferre to bear.] Producing, or bringing, laurel.

Lau"rin (?), n. [Cf. F. laurine.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance extracted from the fruit of the bay (Laurus nobilis), and consisting of a complex mixture of glycerin ethers of several organic acids.

Lau"ri*nol (?), n. [Laurin + -ol.] (Chem.) Ordinary camphor; -- so called in allusion to the family name (Lauraceæ) of the camphor trees. See Camphor.

Lau"ri*ol (?), n. Spurge laurel. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lau"rite (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Min.) A rare sulphide of osmium and ruthenium found with platinum in Borneo and Oregon.

Lau"rone (?), n. [Lauric + - one.] (Chem.) The ketone of lauric acid.

||Lau"rus (?), n. [L., laurel.] (Bot.) A genus of trees including, according to modern authors, only the true laurel (Laurus nobilis), and the larger L. Canariensis of Madeira and the Canary Islands. Formerly the sassafras, the camphor tree, the cinnamon tree, and several other aromatic trees and shrubs, were also referred to the genus Laurus.

Laus (?), a. Loose. [Obs.] Chaucer.

La"va (lä"v; 277), n. [It. lava lava, orig. in Naples, a torrent of rain overflowing the streets, fr. It. & L. lavare to wash. See Lave.] The melted rock ejected by a volcano from its top or fissured sides. It flows out in streams sometimes miles in length. It also issues from fissures in the earth's surface, and forms beds covering many square miles, as in the Northwestern United States.

Lavas are classed, according to their structure, as scoriaceous or cellular, glassy, stony, etc., and according to the material of which they consist, as doleritic, trachytic, etc.

Lava millstone, a hard and coarse basaltic millstone from the neighborhood of the Rhine. -- Lava ware, a kind of cheap pottery made of iron slag cast into tiles, urns, table tops, etc., resembling lava in appearance.

Lav"a*ret (?), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) A European whitefish (Coregonus laveretus), found in the mountain lakes of Sweden, Germany, and Switzerland.

<! p. 835 !>

La*vat"ic (l*vt"k), a. Like lava, or composed of lava; lavic.

La*va"tion (?), n. [L. lavatio: cf. OF. lavation.] A washing or cleansing. [Obs. or R.]

Lav"a*to*ry (?), a. Washing, or cleansing by washing.

Lav"a*to*ry, n.; pl. Lavatories (#). [L. lavatorium: cf. lavatoire. See Lave to wash, and cf. Laver.] 1. A place for washing.

2. A basin or other vessel for washing in.

3. A wash or lotion for a diseased part.

4. A place where gold is obtained by washing.

Lav"a*ture (?; 135), n. A wash or lotion. [Obs.]

Lave (lv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Laved (lvd); p. pr. & vb. n. Laving.] [F. laver, L. lavare, akin to luere to wash, Gr. &?;. Cf. Ablution, Deluge, Lavender, Lava, Lotion.] To wash; to bathe; as, to lave a bruise.

> His feet the foremost breakers lave.

Byron.

Lave, v. i. To bathe; to wash one's self.

> In her chaste current oft the goddess laves.

Pope.

Lave, v. t. [OE. laven. See Lavish.] To lade, dip, or pour out. [Obs.] Dryden.

Lave, n. [AS. lf the remainder, what is left. √119. See Leave.] The remainder; others. [Scot.] Bp. Hall.

Lave"-eared` (?), a. [Cf. W. llaf that extends round, llipa flaccid, flapping, G. lapp flabby, lappohr flap ear.] Having large, pendent ears. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

La*veer" (?), v. i. [D. laveren.] (Naut.) To beat against the wind; to tack. [Obs.] Dryden.

Lave"ment (?), n. [F. lavement, fr. laver to wash.] A washing or bathing; also, a clyster.

Lav"en*der (?), n. [OE. lavendre, F. lavande, It. lavanda lavender, a washing, fr. L. lavare to wash; cf. It. lsavendola, LL. lavendula. So called because it was used in bathing and washing. See Lave. to wash, and cf. Lavender.] 1. (Bot.) An aromatic plant of the genus Lavandula (L. vera), common in the south of Europe. It yields and oil used in medicine and perfumery. The Spike lavender (L. Spica) yields a coarser oil (oil of spike), used in the arts.

2. The pale, purplish color of lavender flowers, paler and more delicate than lilac.

Lavender cotton (Bot.), a low, twiggy, aromatic shrub (Santolina Chamæcyparissus) of the Mediterranean region, formerly used as a vermifuge, etc., and still used to keep moths from wardrobes. Also called ground cypress. -- Lavender water, a perfume composed of alcohol, essential oil of lavender, essential oil of bergamot, and essence of ambergris. -- Sea lavender. (Bot.) See Marsh rosemary. -- To lay in lavender. (a) To lay away, as clothing, with sprigs of lavender. (b) To pawn. [Obs.]

Lav"er (l"vr), n. [OE. lavour, F. lavoir, L. lavatorium a washing place. See Lavatory.] 1. A vessel for washing; a large basin.

2. (Script. Hist.) (a) A large brazen vessel placed in the court of the Jewish tabernacle where the officiating priests washed their hands and feet. (b) One of several vessels in Solomon's Temple in which the offerings for burnt sacrifices were washed.

3. That which washes or cleanses. J. H. Newman.

Lav"er, n. [From Lave to wash.] One who laves; a washer. [Obs.]

La"ver (l"vr), n. The fronds of certain marine algæ used as food, and for making a sauce called laver sauce. Green laver is the Ulva latissima; purple laver, Porphyra laciniata and P. vulgaris. It is prepared by stewing, either alone or with other vegetables, and with various condiments; -- called also sloke, or sloakan.

Mountain laver (Bot.), a reddish gelatinous alga of the genus Palmella, found on the sides of mountains

La"ver*ock (l"vr*k), n. [See Lark the bird.] The lark. [Old Eng. & Scot.] [Written also lavrock.] Gower.

La"vic (lä"vk), a. See Lavatic.

Lav"ish (lv"sh), a. [Akin to E. lave to lade out; cf. AS. gelafian to refresh, G. laben.] 1. Expending or bestowing profusely; profuse; prodigal; as, lavish of money; lavish of praise.

2. Superabundant; excessive; as, lavish spirits.

> Let her have needful, but not lavish, means.

Shak.

Syn. -- Profuse; prodigal; wasteful; extravagant; exuberant; immoderate. See Profuse.

Lav"ish, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lavished (-sht); p. pr. & vb. n. Lavishing.] To expend or bestow with profusion; to use with prodigality; to squander; as, to lavish money or praise.

Lav"ish*er (-r), n. One who lavishes.

Lav"ish*ly, adv. In a lavish manner.

Lav"ish*ment (-ment), n. The act of lavishing.

Lav"ish*ness, n. The quality or state of being lavish.

||La*vœ"si*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Lavoisier, the celebrated French chemist.] (Chem.) A supposed new metallic element. It is said to have been discovered in pyrites, and some other minerals, and to be of a silver-white color, and malleable.

{ La*volt" (?), La*vol"ta (?), } n. [It. la volta the turn, turning, whirl. Cf. Volt of a horse, Volta.] An old dance, for two persons, being a kind of waltz, in which the woman made a high spring or bound. Shak.

La*vol`ta*teer" (?), n. A dancer of the lavolta.

Lav"our (?), n. A laver. [Obs.] Chaucer.

La"vrock (?), n. Same as Laverock.

Law (l), n. [OE. lawe, laghe, AS. lagu, from the root of E. lie: akin to OS. lag, Icel. lög, Sw. lag, Dan. lov; cf. L. lex, E. legal. A law is that which is laid, set, or fixed; like statute, fr. L. statuere to make to stand. See Lie to be prostrate.] 1. In general, a rule of being or of conduct, established by an authority able to enforce its will; a controlling regulation; the mode or order according to which an agent or a power acts.

A law may be universal or particular, written or unwritten, published or secret. From the nature of the highest laws a degree of permanency or stability is always implied; but the power which makes a law, or a superior power, may annul or change it.

> These are the statutes and judgments and laws, which the Lord made.

Lev. xxvi. 46.

> The law of thy God, and the law of the King.

Ezra vii. 26.

> As if they would confine the Interminable . . .
> Who made our laws to bind us, not himself.

Milton.

> His mind his kingdom, and his will his law.

Cowper.

2. In morals: The will of God as the rule for the disposition and conduct of all responsible beings toward him and toward each other; a rule of living, conformable to righteousness; the rule of action as obligatory on the conscience or moral nature.

3. The Jewish or Mosaic code, and that part of Scripture where it is written, in distinction from the gospel; hence, also, the Old Testament.

> What things soever the law saith, it saith to them who are under the law . . . But now the righteousness of God without the law is manifested, being witnessed by the law and the prophets.

Rom. iii. 19, 21.

4. In human government: (a) An organic rule, as a constitution or charter, establishing and defining the conditions of the existence of a state or other organized community. (b) Any edict, decree, order, ordinance, statute, resolution, judicial, decision, usage, etc., or recognized, and enforced, by the controlling authority.

5. In philosophy and physics: A rule of being, operation, or change, so certain and constant that it is conceived of as imposed by the will of God or by some controlling authority; as, the law of gravitation; the laws of motion; the law heredity; the laws of thought; the laws of cause and effect; law of self- preservation.

6. In mathematics: The rule according to which anything, as the change of value of a variable, or the value of the terms of a series, proceeds; mode or order of sequence.

7. In arts, works, games, etc.: The rules of construction, or of procedure, conforming to the conditions of success; a principle, maxim; or usage; as, the laws of poetry, of architecture, of courtesy, or of whist.

8. Collectively, the whole body of rules relating to one subject, or emanating from one source; -- including usually the writings pertaining to them, and judicial proceedings under them; as, divine law; English law; Roman law; the law of real property; insurance law.

9. Legal science; jurisprudence; the principles of equity; applied justice.

> Reason is the life of the law; nay, the common law itself is nothing else but reason.

Coke.

> Law is beneficence acting by rule.

Burke.

> And sovereign Law, that state's collected will
> O'er thrones and globes elate,
> Sits empress, crowning good, repressing ill.

Sir W. Jones.

10. Trial by the laws of the land; judicial remedy; litigation; as, to go law.

> When every case in law is right.

Shak.

> He found law dear and left it cheap.

Brougham.

11. An oath, as in the presence of a court. [Obs.] See Wager of law, under Wager.

Avogadro's law (Chem.), a fundamental conception, according to which, under similar conditions of temperature and pressure, all gases and vapors contain in the same volume the same number of ultimate molecules; -- so named after Avogadro, an Italian scientist. Sometimes called Ampère's law. -- Bode's law (Astron.), an approximative empirical expression of the distances of the planets from the sun, as follows: --

where each distance (line third) is the sum of 4 and a multiple of 3 by the series 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, etc., the true distances being given in the lower line. -- Boyle's law (Physics), an expression of the fact, that when an elastic fluid is subjected to compression, and kept at a constant temperature, the product of the pressure and volume is a constant quantity, i. e., the volume is inversely proportioned to the pressure; -- known also as Mariotte's law, and the law of Boyle and Mariotte. -- Brehon laws. See under Brehon. -- Canon law, the body of ecclesiastical law adopted in the Christian Church, certain portions of which (for example, the law of marriage as existing before the Council of Tent) were brought to America by the English colonists as part of the common law of the land. Wharton. -- Civil law, a term used by writers to designate Roman law, with modifications thereof which have been made in the different countries into which that law has been introduced. The civil law, instead of the common law, prevails in the State of Louisiana. Wharton. -- Commercial law. See Law merchant (below). -- Common law. See under Common. -- Criminal law, that branch of jurisprudence which relates to crimes. -- Ecclesiastical law. See under Ecclesiastical. -- Grimm's law (Philol.), a statement (propounded by the German philologist Jacob Grimm) of certain regular changes which the primitive Indo-European mute consonants, so-called (most plainly seen in Sanskrit and, with some changes, in Greek and Latin), have undergone in the Teutonic languages. Examples: Skr. bhtr, L. frater, E. brother, G. bruder; L. tres, E. three, G. drei, Skr. go, E. cow, G. kuh; Skr. dh to put, Gr. ti-qe`-nai, E. do, OHG, tuon, G. thun. -- Kepler's laws (Astron.), three important laws or expressions of the order of the planetary motions, discovered by John Kepler. They are these: (1) The orbit of a planet with respect to the sun is an ellipse, the sun being in one of the foci. (2) The areas swept over by a vector drawn from the sun to a planet are proportioned to the times of describing them. (3) The squares of the times of revolution of two planets are in the ratio of the cubes of their mean distances. -- Law binding, a plain style of leather binding, used for law books; -- called also law calf. -- Law book, a book containing, or treating of, laws. -- Law calf. See Law binding (above). -- Law day. (a) Formerly, a day of holding court, esp. a court-leet. (b) The day named in a mortgage for the payment of the money to secure which it was given. [U. S.] -- Law French, the dialect of Norman, which was used in judicial proceedings and law books in England from the days of William the Conqueror to the thirty-sixth year of Edward III. -- Law language, the language used in legal writings and forms. -- Law Latin. See under Latin. -- Law lords, peers in the British Parliament who have held high judicial office, or have been noted in the legal profession. -- Law merchant, or Commercial law, a system of rules by which trade and commerce are regulated; -- deduced from the custom of merchants, and regulated by judicial decisions, as also by enactments of legislatures. -- Law of Charles (Physics), the law that the volume of a given mass of gas increases or decreases, by a definite fraction of its value for a given rise or fall of temperature; -- sometimes less correctly styled Gay Lussac's law, or Dalton's law. -- Law of nations. See International law, under International. -- Law of nature. (a) A broad generalization expressive of the constant action, or effect, of natural conditions; as, death is a law of nature; self-defense is a law of nature. See Law, 4. (b) A term denoting the standard, or system, of morality deducible from a study of the nature and natural relations of human beings independent of supernatural revelation or of municipal and social usages. -- Law of the land, due process of law; the general law of the land. -- Laws of honor. See under Honor. -- Laws of motion (Physics), three laws defined by Sir Isaac Newton: (1) Every body perseveres in its state of rest or of moving uniformly in a straight line, except so far as it is made to change that state by external force. (2) Change of motion is proportional to the impressed force, and takes place in the direction in which the force is impressed. (3) Reaction is always equal and opposite to action, that is to say, the actions of two bodies upon each other are always equal and in opposite directions. -- Marine law, or Maritime law, the law of the sea; a branch of the law merchant relating to the affairs of the sea, such as seamen, ships, shipping, navigation, and the like. Bouvier. -- Mariotte's law. See Boyle's law (above). -- Martial law.See under Martial. -- Military law, a branch of the general municipal law, consisting of rules ordained for the government of the military force of a state in peace and war, and administered in courts martial. Kent. Warren's Blackstone. -- Moral law, the law of duty as regards what is right and wrong in the sight of God; specifically, the ten commandments given by Moses. See Law, 2. -- Mosaic, or Ceremonial, law. (Script.) See Law, 3. -- Municipal law, or Positive law, a rule prescribed by the supreme power of a state, declaring some right, enforcing some duty, or prohibiting some act; -- distinguished from international and constitutional law. See Law, 1. -- Periodic law. (Chem.) See under Periodic. -- Roman law, the system of principles and laws found in the codes and treatises of the lawmakers and jurists of ancient Rome, and incorporated more or less into the laws of the several European countries and colonies founded by them. See Civil law (above). -- Statute law, the law as stated in statutes or positive enactments of the legislative body. -- Sumptuary law. See under Sumptuary. -- To go to law, to seek a settlement of any matter by bringing it before the courts of law; to sue or prosecute some one. -- To take, or have, the law of, to bring the law to bear upon; as, to take the law of one's neighbor. Addison. -- Wager of law. See under Wager.

Syn. -- Justice; equity. -- Law, Statute, Common law, Regulation, Edict, Decree. Law is generic, and, when used with reference to, or in connection with, the other words here considered, denotes whatever is commanded by one who has a right to require obedience. A statute is a particular law drawn out in form, and distinctly enacted and proclaimed. Common law is a rule of action founded on long usage and the decisions of courts of justice. A regulation is a limited and often, temporary law, intended to secure some particular end or object. An edict is a command or law issued by a sovereign, and is peculiar to a despotic government. A decree is a permanent order either of a court or of the executive government. See Justice.

Law (?), v. t. Same as Lawe, v. t. [Obs.]

Law, interj. [Cf. La.] An exclamation of mild surprise. [Archaic or Low]

Law"-a*bid`ing (?), a. Abiding the law; waiting for the operation of law for the enforcement of rights; also, abiding by the law; obedient to the law; as, law-abiding people.

Law"break`er (?), n. One who disobeys the law; a criminal. -- Law"break`ing, n. & a.

Lawe (?), v. t. [See 2d Lawing.] To cut off the claws and balls of, as of a dog's fore feet. Wright.

Law"er (?), n. A lawyer. [Obs.] Bale.

Law"ful (?), a. 1. Conformable to law; allowed by law; legitimate; competent.

2. Constituted or authorized by law; rightful; as, the lawful owner of lands.

Lawful age, the age when the law recognizes one's right of independent action; majority; -- generally the age of twenty-one years.

In some of the States, and for some purposes, a woman attains lawful age at eighteen. Abbott.

Syn. -- Legal; constitutional; allowable; regular; rightful. -- Lawful, Legal. Lawful means conformable to the principle, spirit, or essence of the law, and is applicable to moral as well as juridical law. Legal means conformable to the letter or rules of the law as it is administered in the courts; conformable to juridical law. Legal is often used as antithetical to equitable, but lawful is seldom used in that sense.

-- Law"ful*ly, adv. -- Law"ful*ness, n.

Law"giv`er (?), n. One who makes or enacts a law or system of laws; a legislator.

Law"giv`ing, a. Enacting laws; legislative.

Law"ing, n. Going to law; litigation. Holinshed.

Law"ing, n. [So called because done in compliance with an English forest law.] Expeditation. Blackstone.

Law"less, a. 1. Contrary to, or unauthorized by, law; illegal; as, a lawless claim.

> He needs no indirect nor lawless course.

Shak.

2. Not subject to, or restrained by, the law of morality or of society; as, lawless men or behavior.

3. Not subject to the laws of nature; uncontrolled.

> Or, meteorlike, flame lawless through the void.

Pope.

-- Law"less*ly, adv. -- Law"less*ness, n.

Law"mak`er (?), n. A legislator; a lawgiver.

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Law"mak`ing (l"m`kng), a. Enacting laws; legislative. -- n. The enacting of laws; legislation.

Law"mon`ger (?), n. A trader in law; one who practices law as if it were a trade. Milton.

Lawn (ln), n. [OE. laund, launde, F. lande heath, moor; of Celtic origin; cf. W. llan an open, clear place, llawnt a smooth rising hill, lawn, Armor. lann or lan territory, country, lann a prickly plant, pl. lannou heath, moor.] 1. An open space between woods. Milton.

> "Orchard lawns and bowery hollows."

Tennyson.

2. Ground (generally in front of or around a house) covered with grass kept closely mown.

Lawn mower, a machine for clipping the short grass of lawns. -- Lawn tennis, a variety of the game of tennis, played in the open air, sometimes upon a lawn, instead of in a tennis court. See Tennis.

Lawn, n. [Earlier laune lynen, i. e., lawn linen; prob. from the town Laon in France.] A very fine linen (or sometimes cotton) fabric with a rather open texture. Lawn is used for the sleeves of a bishop's official dress in the English Church, and, figuratively, stands for the office itself.

> A saint in crape is twice a saint in lawn.

Pope.

Lawnd (lnd), n. [Obs.] See Laund.

Lawn"y (ln"), a. Having a lawn; characterized by a lawn or by lawns; like a lawn.

> Musing through the lawny park.

T. Warton.

Lawn"y, a. Made of lawn or fine linen. Bp. Hall.

Law*so"ni*a (?), n. (Bot.) An Asiatic and North African shrub (Lawsonia inermis), with smooth oval leaves, and fragrant white flowers. Henna is prepared from the leaves and twigs. In England the shrub is called Egyptian privet, and in the West Indies, Jamaica mignonette.

Law"suit` (?), n. An action at law; a suit in equity or admiralty; any legal proceeding before a court for the enforcement of a claim.

Law"yer (?), n. [From Law, like bowyer, fr. bow.] 1. One versed in the laws, or a practitioner of law; one whose profession is to conduct lawsuits for clients, or to advise as to prosecution or defence of lawsuits, or as to legal rights and obligations in other matters. It is a general term, comprehending attorneys, counselors, solicitors, barristers, sergeants, and advocates.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The black-necked stilt. See Stilt. (b) The bowfin (Amia calva). (c) The burbot (Lota maculosa).

{ Law"yer*like` (?), Law"yer*ly (?), } a. Like, or becoming, a lawyer; as, lawyerlike sagacity. "Lawyerly mooting of this point." Milton.

Lax (lks), a. [Compar. Laxer (-r); superl. Laxest.] [L. laxus Cf. Laches, Languish, Lease, v. t., Leash.] 1. Not tense, firm, or rigid; loose; slack; as, a lax bandage; lax fiber.

> The flesh of that sort of fish being lax and spongy.

Ray.

2. Not strict or stringent; not exact; loose; weak; vague; equivocal.

> The discipline was lax.

Macaulay.

> Society at that epoch was lenient, if not lax, in matters of the passions.

J. A. Symonds.

> The word "æternus" itself is sometimes of a lax signification.

Jortin.

3. Having a looseness of the bowels; diarrheal.

Syn. -- Loose; slack; vague; unconfined; unrestrained; dissolute; licentious.

Lax, n. A looseness; diarrhea.

Lax*a"tion (?), n. [L. laxatio, fr. laxare to loosen, fr. laxus loose, slack.] The act of loosening or slackening, or the state of being loosened or slackened.

Lax"a*tive (?), a. [L. laxativus mitigating, assuaging: cf. F. laxatif. See Lax, a.] 1. Having a tendency to loosen or relax. Milton.

2. (Med.) Having the effect of loosening or opening the intestines, and relieving from constipation; -- opposed to astringent. -- n. (Med.) A laxative medicine. See the Note under Cathartic.

Lax"a*tive*ness, n. The quality of being laxative.

||Lax*a"tor (?), n. [NL., fr. L. laxare, laxatum, to loosen.] (Anat.) That which loosens; -- esp., a muscle which by its contraction loosens some part.

Lax"i*ty (lks"*t), n. [L. laxitas, fr. laxus loose, slack: cf. F. laxité, See Lax, a.] The state or quality of being lax; want of tenseness, strictness, or exactness.

Lax"ly, adv. In a lax manner.

Lax"ness, n. The state of being lax; laxity.

Lay (?), imp. of Lie, to recline.

Lay, a. [F. lai, L. laicus, Gr. &?; of or from the people, lay, from &?;, &?;, people. Cf. Laic.] 1. Of or pertaining to the laity, as distinct from the clergy; as, a lay person; a lay preacher; a lay brother.

2. Not educated or cultivated; ignorant.[Obs.]

3. Not belonging to, or emanating from, a particular profession; unprofessional; as, a lay opinion regarding the nature of a disease.

Lay baptism (Eccl.), baptism administered by a lay person. F. G. Lee. -- Lay brother (R. C. Ch.), one received into a convent of monks under the three vows, but not in holy orders. -- Lay clerk (Eccl.), a layman who leads the responses of the congregation, etc., in the church service. Hook. -- Lay days (Com.), time allowed in a charter party for taking in and discharging cargo. McElrath. -- Lay elder. See 2d Elder, 3, note.

Lay (?), n. The laity; the common people. [Obs.]

> The learned have no more privilege than the lay.

B. Jonson.

Lay, n. A meadow. See Lea. [Obs.] Dryden.

Lay, n. [OF. lei faith, law, F. loi law. See Legal.] 1. Faith; creed; religious profession. [Obs.]

> Of the sect to which that he was born
> He kept his lay, to which that he was sworn.

Chaucer.

2. A law. [Obs.] "Many goodly lays." Spenser.

3. An obligation; a vow. [Obs.]

> They bound themselves by a sacred lay and oath.

Holland.

Lay (?), a. [OF. lai, lais, prob. of Celtic origin; cf. Ir. laoi, laoidh, song, poem, OIr. laoidh poem, verse; but cf. also AS. lc play, sport, G. leich a sort of poem (cf. Lake to sport). &?;.] 1. A song; a simple lyrical poem; a ballad. Spenser. Sir W. Scott.

2. A melody; any musical utterance.

> The throstle cock made eke his lay.

Chaucer.

Lay (l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Laid (ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Laying.] [OE. leggen, AS. lecgan, causative, fr. licgan to lie; akin to D. leggen, G. legen, Icel. leggja, Goth. lagjan. See Lie to be prostrate.] 1. To cause to lie down, to be prostrate, or to lie against something; to put or set down; to deposit; as, to lay a book on the table; to lay a body in the grave; a shower lays the dust.

> A stone was brought, and laid upon the mouth of the den.

Dan. vi. 17.

> Soft on the flowery herb I found me laid.

Milton.

2. To place in position; to establish firmly; to arrange with regularity; to dispose in ranks or tiers; as, to lay a corner stone; to lay bricks in a wall; to lay the covers on a table.

3. To prepare; to make ready; to contrive; to provide; as, to lay a snare, an ambush, or a plan.

4. To spread on a surface; as, to lay plaster or paint.

5. To cause to be still; to calm; to allay; to suppress; to exorcise, as an evil spirit.

> After a tempest when the winds are laid.

Waller.

6. To cause to lie dead or dying.

> Brave Cæneus laid Ortygius on the plain,
> The victor Cæneus was by Turnus slain.

Dryden.

7. To deposit, as a wager; to stake; to risk.

> I dare lay mine honor
> He will remain so.

Shak.

8. To bring forth and deposit; as, to lay eggs.

9. To apply; to put.

> She layeth her hands to the spindle.

Prov. xxxi. 19.

10. To impose, as a burden, suffering, or punishment; to assess, as a tax; as, to lay a tax on land.

> The Lord hath laid on him the iniquity of us all.

Is. liii. 6.

11. To impute; to charge; to allege.

> God layeth not folly to them.

Job xxiv. 12.

> Lay the fault on us.

Shak.

12. To impose, as a command or a duty; as, to lay commands on one.

13. To present or offer; as, to lay an indictment in a particular county; to lay a scheme before one.

14. (Law) To state; to allege; as, to lay the venue. Bouvier.

15. (Mil.) To point; to aim; as, to lay a gun.

16. (Rope Making) To put the strands of (a rope, a cable, etc.) in their proper places and twist or unite them; as, to lay a cable or rope.

17. (Print.) (a) To place and arrange (pages) for a form upon the imposing stone. (b) To place (new type) properly in the cases.

To lay asleep, to put sleep; to make unobservant or careless. Bacon. -- To lay bare, to make bare; to strip.

> And laid those proud roofs bare to summer's rain.

Byron.

-- To lay before, to present to; to submit for consideration; as, the papers are laid before Congress. -- To lay by. (a) To save. (b) To discard.

> Let brave spirits . . . not be laid by.

Bacon.

-- To lay by the heels, to put in the stocks. Shak. -- To lay down. (a) To stake as a wager. (b) To yield; to relinquish; to surrender; as, to lay down one's life; to lay down one's arms. (c) To assert or advance, as a proposition or principle. -- To lay forth. (a) To extend at length; (reflexively) to exert one's self; to expatiate. [Obs.] (b) To lay out (as a corpse). [Obs.] Shak. -- To lay hands on, to seize. -- To lay hands on one's self, or To lay violent hands on one's self, to injure one's self; specif., to commit suicide. -- To lay heads together, to consult. -- To lay hold of, or To lay hold on, to seize; to catch. -- To lay in, to store; to provide. -- To lay it on, to apply without stint. Shak. -- To lay on, to apply with force; to inflict; as, to lay on blows. -- To lay on load, to lay on blows; to strike violently. [Obs. or Archaic] -- To lay one's self out, to strive earnestly.

> No selfish man will be concerned to lay out himself for the good of his country.

Smalridge.

-- To lay one's self open to, to expose one's self to, as to an accusation. -- To lay open, to open; to uncover; to expose; to reveal. - - To lay over, to spread over; to cover. - - To lay out. (a) To expend. Macaulay. (b) To display; to discover. (c) To plan in detail; to arrange; as, to lay out a garden. (d) To prepare for burial; as, to lay out a corpse. (e) To exert; as, to lay out all one's strength. -- To lay siege to. (a) To besiege; to encompass with an army. (b) To beset pertinaciously. -- To lay the course (Naut.), to sail toward the port intended without jibing. -- To lay the land (Naut.), to cause it to disappear below the horizon, by sailing away from it. -- To lay to (a) To charge upon; to impute. (b) To apply with vigor. (c) To attack or harass. [Obs.] Knolles. (d) (Naut.) To check the motion of (a vessel) and cause it to be stationary. -- To lay to heart, to feel deeply; to consider earnestly. -- To lay under, to subject to; as, to lay under obligation or restraint. -- To lay unto. (a) Same as To lay to (above). (b) To put before. Hos. xi. 4. -- To lay up. (a) To store; to reposit for future use. (b) To confine; to disable. (c) To dismantle, and retire from active service, as a ship. -- To lay wait for, to lie in ambush for. -- To lay waste, to destroy; to make desolate; as, to lay waste the land.

Syn. -- See Put, v. t., and the Note under 4th Lie.

Lay, v. i. 1. To produce and deposit eggs.

2. (Naut.) To take a position; to come or go; as, to lay forward; to lay aloft.

3. To lay a wager; to bet.

To lay about, or To lay about one, to strike vigorously in all directions. J. H. Newman. -- To lay at, to strike or strike at. Spenser. -- To lay for, to prepare to capture or assault; to lay wait for. [Colloq.] Bp Hall. -- To lay in for, to make overtures for; to engage or secure the possession of. [Obs.] "I have laid in for these." Dryden. -- To lay on, to strike; to beat; to attack. Shak. -- To lay out, to purpose; to plan; as, he lays out to make a journey.

Lay (?), n. 1. That which lies or is laid or is conceived of as having been laid or placed in its position; a row; a stratum; a layer; as, a lay of stone or wood. Addison.

> A viol should have a lay of wire strings below.

Bacon.

The lay of a rope is right-handed or left-handed according to the hemp or strands are laid up. See Lay, v. t., 16. The lay of land is its topographical situation, esp. its slope and its surface features.

2. A wager. "My fortunes against any lay worth naming."

3. (a) A job, price, or profit. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. (b) A share of the proceeds or profits of an enterprise; as, when a man ships for a whaling voyage, he agrees for a certain lay. [U. S.]

4. (Textile Manuf.) (a) A measure of yarn; a lea. See 1st Lea (a). (b) The lathe of a loom. See Lathe, 3.

5. A plan; a scheme. [Slang] Dickens.

Lay figure. (a) A jointed model of the human body that may be put in any attitude; -- used for showing the disposition of drapery, etc. (b) A mere puppet; one who serves the will of others without independent volition. -- Lay race, that part of a lay on which the shuttle travels in weaving; -- called also shuttle race.

Lay"er (?), n. [See Lay to cause to lie flat.] 1. One who, or that which, lays.

2. [Prob. a corruption of lair.] That which is laid; a stratum; a bed; one thickness, course, or fold laid over another; as, a layer of clay or of sand in the earth; a layer of bricks, or of plaster; the layers of an onion.

3. A shoot or twig of a plant, not detached from the stock, laid under ground for growth or propagation.

4. An artificial oyster bed.

Lay"er*ing, n. A propagating by layers. Gardner.

Lay"ing (?), n.

1. The act of one who, or that which, lays.

2. The act or period of laying eggs; the eggs laid for one incubation; a clutch.

3. The first coat on laths of plasterer's two-coat work.

Lay"land` (?), n. [Lay a meadow + land.] Land lying untilled; fallow ground. [Obs.] Blount.

Lay"man (?) n.; pl. Laymen (&?;). [Lay, adj. + man.] 1. One of the people, in distinction from the clergy; one of the laity; sometimes, a man not belonging to some particular profession, in distinction from those who do.

> Being a layman, I ought not to have concerned myself with speculations which belong to the profession.

Dryden.

2. A lay figure. See under Lay, n. (above). Dryden

Lay"ner (?), n. [See Lanier.] A whiplash. [Obs.]

Lay"ship (?), n. The condition of being a layman. [Obs.] Milton.

Lay"stall` (?), n. 1. A place where rubbish, dung, etc., are laid or deposited.[Obs.] B. Jonson.

> Smithfield was a laystall of all ordure and filth.

Bacon.

2. A place where milch cows are kept, or cattle on the way to market are lodged. [Obs.]

La"zar (?), n. [OF. lazare, fr. Lazarus the beggar. Luke xvi. 20.] A person infected with a filthy or pestilential disease; a leper. Chaucer.

> Like loathsome lazars, by the hedges lay.

Spenser.

Lazar house a lazaretto; also, a hospital for quarantine.

{ Laz`a*ret" (?), Laz`a*ret"to (?), } n. [F. lazaret, or It. lazzeretto, fr. Lazarus. See Lazar.] A public building, hospital, or pesthouse for the reception of diseased persons, particularly those affected with contagious diseases.

{ Laz"a*rist (?), Laz"a*rite (?), } n. (R. C. Ch.) One of the Congregation of the Priests of the Mission, a religious institute founded by Vincent de Paul in 1624, and popularly called Lazarists or Lazarites from the College of St. Lazare in Paris, which was occupied by them until 1792.

{ La"zar*like` (?), La"zar*ly (?), } a. Full of sores; leprous. Shak. Bp. Hall.

Laz`a*ro"ni (?), n. pl. See Lazzaroni.

La"zar*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) Laserwort.

Laze (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lazed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lazing.] [See Lazy.] To be lazy or idle. [Colloq.] Middleton.

Laze, v. t. To waste in sloth; to spend, as time, in idleness; as, to laze away whole days. [Colloq.]

La"zi*ly (?), adv. In a lazy manner. Locke.

La"zi*ness, n. The state or quality of being lazy.

> Laziness travels so slowly, that Poverty soon overtakes him.

Franklin.

Laz"u*li (?), n. [F. & NL. lapis lazuli, LL. lazulus, lazurius, lazur from the same Oriental source as E. azure. See Azure.] (Min.) A mineral of a fine azure-blue color, usually in small rounded masses. It is essentially a silicate of alumina, lime, and soda, with some sodium sulphide, is often marked by yellow spots or veins of sulphide of iron, and is much valued for ornamental work. Called also lapis lazuli, and Armenian stone.

Laz"u*lite (?), n. [From lazuli : cf. F. lazulite, G. lazulith.] (Min.) A mineral of a light indigo-blue color, occurring in small masses, or in monoclinic crystals; blue spar. It is a hydrous phosphate of alumina and magnesia.

La"zy (?), a. [Compar. Lazier (?); superl. Laziest.] [OE. lasie, laesic, of uncertain origin; cf. F. las tired, L. lassus, akin to E. late; or cf. LG. losig, lesig.] 1. Disinclined to action or exertion; averse to labor; idle; shirking work. Bacon.

2. Inactive; slothful; slow; sluggish; as, a lazy stream. "The night owl's lazy flight." Shak.

3. Wicked; vicious. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] B. Jonson.

<! p. 837 !>

Lazy tongs, a system of jointed bars capable of great extension, originally made for picking up something at a distance, now variously applied in machinery.

Syn. -- Idle; indolent; sluggish; slothful. See Idle.

La"zy*back` (l"z*bk`), n. A support for the back, attached to the seat of a carriage. [Colloq.]

La"zy*bones` (?), n. A lazy person. [Colloq.]

Laz`za*ro"ni (lz`z*r"n; It. lät`s*r"n), n. pl. [It. lazzarone, pl. lazzaroni.] The homeless idlers of Naples who live by chance work or begging; -- so called from the Hospital of St. Lazarus, which serves as their refuge. [Written also, but improperly, lazaroni.]

Lea, n. [Cf. Lay, n. (that which is laid), 4.] (Textile Manuf.) (a) A measure of yarn; for linen, 300 yards; for cotton, 120 yards; a lay. (b) A set of warp threads carried by a loop of the heddle.

Lea, n. [OE. ley, lay, As. leáh, leá; akin to Prov. G. lon bog, morass, grove, and perh. to L. lucus grove, E. light, n.] A meadow or sward land; a grassy field. "Plow-torn leas." Shak.

> The lowing herd wind slowly o'er the lea.

Gray.

Leach (?), n. (Naut.) See 3d Leech.

Leach, n. [Written also letch.] [Cf. As. leáh lye, G. lauge. See Lye.] 1. A quantity of wood ashes, through which water passes, and thus imbibes the alkali.

2. A tub or vat for leaching ashes, bark, etc.

Leach tub, a wooden tub in which ashes are leached.

Leach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leached (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Leaching.] [Written also leech and letch.] 1. To remove the soluble constituents from by subjecting to the action of percolating water or other liquid; as, to leach ashes or coffee.

2. To dissolve out; -- often used with out; as, to leach out alkali from ashes.

Leach, v. i. To part with soluble constituents by percolation.

Leach, n. See Leech, a physician. [Obs.]

Leach"y (?), a. Permitting liquids to pass by percolation; not capable of retaining water; porous; pervious; -- said of gravelly or sandy soils, and the like.

Lead (ld), n. [OE. led, leed, lead, AS. leád; akin to D. lood, MHG. lt, G. loth plummet, sounding lead, small weight, Sw. & Dan. lod. √123.] 1. (Chem.) One of the elements, a heavy, pliable, inelastic metal, having a bright, bluish color, but easily tarnished. It is both malleable and ductile, though with little tenacity, and is used for tubes, sheets, bullets, etc. Its specific gravity is 11.37. It is easily fusible, forms alloys with other metals, and is an ingredient of solder and type metal. Atomic weight, 206.4. Symbol Pb (L. Plumbum). It is chiefly obtained from the mineral galena, lead sulphide.

2. An article made of lead or an alloy of lead; as: (a) A plummet or mass of lead, used in sounding at sea. (b) (Print.) A thin strip of type metal, used to separate lines of type in printing. (c) Sheets or plates of lead used as a covering for roofs; hence, pl., a roof covered with lead sheets or terne plates.

> I would have the tower two stories, and goodly leads upon the top.

Bacon

3. A small cylinder of black lead or plumbago, used in pencils.

Black lead, graphite or plumbago; -- so called from its leadlike appearance and streak. [Colloq.] -- Coasting lead, a sounding lead intermediate in weight between a hand lead and deep-sea lead. -- Deep- sea lead, the heaviest of sounding leads, used in water exceeding a hundred fathoms in depth. Ham. Nav. Encyc. -- Hand lead, a small lead use for sounding in shallow water. -- Krems lead, Kremnitz lead [so called from Krems or Kremnitz, in Austria], a pure variety of white lead, formed into tablets, and called also Krems, or Kremnitz, white, and Vienna white. -- Lead arming, tallow put in the hollow of a sounding lead. See To arm the lead (below). -- Lead colic. See under Colic. -- Lead color, a deep bluish gray color, like tarnished lead. -- Lead glance. (Min.) Same as Galena. -- Lead line (a) (Med.) A dark line along the gums produced by a deposit of metallic lead, due to lead poisoning. (b) (Naut.) A sounding line. -- Lead mill, a leaden polishing wheel, used by lapidaries. -- Lead ocher (Min.), a massive sulphur-yellow oxide of lead. Same as Massicot. -- Lead pencil, a pencil of which the marking material is graphite (black lead). -- Lead plant (Bot.), a low leguminous plant, genus Amorpha (A. canescens), found in the Northwestern United States, where its presence is supposed to indicate lead ore. Gray. -- Lead tree. (a) (Bot.) A West Indian name for the tropical, leguminous tree, Leucæna glauca; -- probably so called from the glaucous color of the foliage. (b) (Chem.) Lead crystallized in arborescent forms from a solution of some lead salt, as by suspending a strip of zinc in lead acetate. -- Mock lead, a miner's term for blende. -- Red lead, a scarlet, crystalline, granular powder, consisting of minium when pure, but commonly containing several of the oxides of lead. It is used as a paint or cement and also as an ingredient of flint glass. -- Red lead ore (Min.), crocoite. -- Sugar of lead, acetate of lead. -- To arm the lead, to fill the hollow in the bottom of a sounding lead with tallow in order to discover the nature of the bottom by the substances adhering. Ham. Nav. Encyc. -- To cast, or heave, the lead, to cast the sounding lead for ascertaining the depth of water. -- White lead, hydrated carbonate of lead, obtained as a white, amorphous powder, and much used as an ingredient of white paint.

Lead, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Leading.] 1. To cover, fill, or affect with lead; as, continuous firing leads the grooves of a rifle.

2. (Print.) To place leads between the lines of; as, to lead a page; leaded matter.

Lead (ld), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Led (ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Leading.] [OE. leden, AS. ldan (akin to OS. ldian, D. leiden, G. leiten, Icel. leða, Sw. leda, Dan. lede), properly a causative fr. AS. liðan to go; akin to OHG. ldan, Icel. lða, Goth. leiþan (in comp.). Cf. Lode, Loath.] 1. To guide or conduct with the hand, or by means of some physical contact or connection; as, a father leads a child; a jockey leads a horse with a halter; a dog leads a blind man.

> If a blind man lead a blind man, both fall down in the ditch.

Wyclif (Matt. xv. 14.)

> They thrust him out of the city, and led him unto the brow of the hill.

Luke iv. 29.

> In thy right hand lead with thee
> The mountain nymph, sweet Liberty.

Milton.

2. To guide or conduct in a certain course, or to a certain place or end, by making the way known; to show the way, esp. by going with or going in advance of. Hence, figuratively: To direct; to counsel; to instruct; as, to lead a traveler; to lead a pupil.

> The Lord went before them by day in a pillar of a cloud, to lead them the way.

Ex. xiii. 21.

> He leadeth me beside the still waters.

Ps. xxiii. 2.

> This thought might lead me through the world's vain mask.
> Content, though blind, had I no better guide.

Milton.

3. To conduct or direct with authority; to have direction or charge of; as, to lead an army, an exploring party, or a search; to lead a political party.

> Christ took not upon him flesh and blood that he might conquer and rule nations, lead armies, or possess places.

South.

4. To go or to be in advance of; to precede; hence, to be foremost or chief among; as, the big sloop led the fleet of yachts; the Guards led the attack; Demosthenes leads the orators of all ages.

> As Hesperus, that leads the sun his way.

Fairfax.

> And lo ! Ben Adhem's name led all the rest.

Leigh Hunt.

5. To draw or direct by influence, whether good or bad; to prevail on; to induce; to entice; to allure; as, to lead one to espouse a righteous cause.

> He was driven by the necessities of the times, more than led by his own disposition, to any rigor of actions.

Eikon Basilike.

> Silly women, laden with sins, led away by divers lusts.

2 Tim. iii. 6 (Rev. Ver.).

6. To guide or conduct one's self in, through, or along (a certain course); hence, to proceed in the way of; to follow the path or course of; to pass; to spend. Also, to cause (one) to proceed or follow in (a certain course).

> That we may lead a quiet and peaceable life.

1 Tim. ii. 2.

> Nor thou with shadowed hint confuse
> A life that leads melodious days.

Tennyson.

> You remember . . . the life he used to lead his wife and daughter.

Dickens.

7. (Cards & Dominoes) To begin a game, round, or trick, with; as, to lead trumps; the double five was led.

To lead astray, to guide in a wrong way, or into error; to seduce from truth or rectitude. -- To lead captive, to carry or bring into captivity. -- To lead the way, to show the way by going in front; to act as guide. Goldsmith.

Lead (?), v. i. 1. To guide or conduct, as by accompanying, going before, showing, influencing, directing with authority, etc.; to have precedence or preëminence; to be first or chief; -- used in most of the senses of lead, v. t.

2. To tend or reach in a certain direction, or to a certain place; as, the path leads to the mill; gambling leads to other vices.

> The mountain foot that leads towards Mantua.

Shak.

To lead off or out, to go first; to begin.

Lead, n. 1. The act of leading or conducting; guidance; direction; as, to take the lead; to be under the lead of another.

> At the time I speak of, and having a momentary lead, . . . I am sure I did my country important service.

Burke.

2. Precedence; advance position; also, the measure of precedence; as, the white horse had the lead; a lead of a boat's length, or of half a second.

3. (Cards & Dominoes) The act or right of playing first in a game or round; the card suit, or piece, so played; as, your partner has the lead.

4. An open way in an ice field. Kane.

5. (Mining) A lode.

6. (Naut.) The course of a rope from end to end.

7. (Steam Engine) The width of port opening which is uncovered by the valve, for the admission or release of steam, at the instant when the piston is at end of its stroke.

When used alone it means outside lead, or lead for the admission of steam. Inside lead refers to the release or exhaust.

8. (Civil Engineering) the distance of haul, as from a cutting to an embankment.

9. (Horology) The action of a tooth, as a tooth of a wheel, in impelling another tooth or a pallet. Saunier.

Lead angle (Steam Engine), the angle which the crank maker with the line of centers, in approaching it, at the instant when the valve opens to admit steam. -- Lead screw (Mach.), the main longitudinal screw of a lathe, which gives the feed motion to the carriage.

Lead"ed (?), a. 1. Fitted with lead; set in lead; as, leaded windows.

2. (Print.) Separated by leads, as the lines of a page.

Lead"en (?), a. 1. Made of lead; of the nature of lead; as, a leaden ball.

2. Like lead in color, etc.; as, a leaden sky.

3. Heavy; dull; sluggish. "Leaden slumber." Shak.

Lead"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, leads or conducts; a guide; a conductor. Especially: (a) One who goes first. (b) One having authority to direct; a chief; a commander. (c) (Mus.) A performer who leads a band or choir in music; also, in an orchestra, the principal violinist; the one who plays at the head of the first violins. (d) (Naut.) A block of hard wood pierced with suitable holes for leading ropes in their proper places. (e) (Mach.) The principal wheel in any kind of machinery. [Obs. or R.] G. Francis. (f) A horse placed in advance of others; one of the forward pair of horses.

> He forgot to pull in his leaders, and they gallop away with him at times.

Hare.

(g) A pipe for conducting rain water from a roof to a cistern or to the ground; a conductor. (h) (Fishing) A net for leading fish into a pound, weir, etc.; also, a line of gut, to which the snell of a fly hook is attached. (i) (Mining) A branch or small vein, not important in itself, but indicating the proximity of a better one.

2. The first, or the principal, editorial article in a newspaper; a leading or main editorial article.

3. (Print.) (a) A type having a dot or short row of dots upon its face. (b) pl. a row of dots, periods, or hyphens, used in tables of contents, etc., to lead the eye across a space to the right word or number.

Syn. -- chief; chieftain; commander. See Chief.

Lead"er*ship (?), n. The office of a leader.

Lead"hill*ite (?), n. (Min.) A mineral of a yellowish or greenish white color, consisting of the sulphate and carbonate of lead; -- so called from having been first found at Leadhills, Scotland.

Lead"ing (?), a. Guiding; directing; controlling; foremost; as, a leading motive; a leading man; a leading example. -- Lead"ing*ly, adv.

Leading case (Law), a reported decision which has come to be regarded as settling the law of the question involved. Abbott. -- Leading motive [a translation of G. leitmotif] (Mus.), a guiding theme; in the modern music drama of Wagner, a marked melodic phrase or short passage which always accompanies the reappearance of a certain person, situation, abstract idea, or allusion in the course of the play; a sort of musical label. -- Leading note (Mus.), the seventh note or tone in the ascending major scale; the sensible note. -- Leading question, a question so framed as to guide the person questioned in making his reply. -- Leading strings, strings by which children are supported when beginning to walk. -- To be in leading strings, to be in a state of infancy or dependence, or under the guidance of others. -- Leading wheel, a wheel situated before the driving wheels of a locomotive engine.

Lead"ing, n. 1. The act of guiding, directing, governing, or enticing; guidance. Shak.

2. Suggestion; hint; example. [Archaic] Bacon.

Lead"man (?), n.; pl. Leadmen (&?;). One who leads a dance.[Obs.] B. Jonson.

Leads"man (?), n.; pl. Leadsmen (&?;). (Naut.) The man who heaves the lead. Totten.

Lead"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) A genus of maritime herbs (Plumbago). P. Europæa has lead-colored spots on the leaves, and nearly lead-colored flowers.

Lead"y (?), a. Resembling lead. Sir T. Elyot.

Leaf (lf), n.; pl. Leaves (lvz). [OE. leef, lef, leaf, AS. leáf; akin to S. lf, OFries. laf, D. loof foliage, G. laub, OHG. loub leaf, foliage, Icel. lauf, Sw. löf, Dan. löv, Goth. laufs; cf. Lith. lapas. Cf. Lodge.] 1. (Bot.) A colored, usually green, expansion growing from the side of a stem or rootstock, in which the sap for the use of the plant is elaborated under the influence of light; one of the parts of a plant which collectively constitute its foliage.

Such leaves usually consist of a blade, or lamina , supported upon a leafstalk or petiole, which, continued through the blade as the midrib, gives off woody ribs and veins that support the cellular texture. The petiole has usually some sort of an appendage on each side of its base, which is called the stipule. The green parenchyma of the leaf is covered with a thin epiderm pierced with closable microscopic openings, known as stomata.

2. (Bot.) A special organ of vegetation in the form of a lateral outgrowth from the stem, whether appearing as a part of the foliage, or as a cotyledon, a scale, a bract, a spine, or a tendril.

In this view every part of a plant, except the root and the stem, is either a leaf, or is composed of leaves more or less modified and transformed.

3. Something which is like a leaf in being wide and thin and having a flat surface, or in being attached to a larger body by one edge or end; as : (a) A part of a book or folded sheet containing two pages upon its opposite sides. (b) A side, division, or part, that slides or is hinged, as of window shutters, folding doors, etc. (c) The movable side of a table. (d) A very thin plate; as, gold leaf. (e) A portion of fat lying in a separate fold or layer. (f) One of the teeth of a pinion, especially when small.

Leaf beetle (Zoöl.), any beetle which feeds upon leaves; esp., any species of the family Chrysomelidæ, as the potato beetle and helmet beetle. -- Leaf bridge, a draw-bridge having a platform or leaf which swings vertically on hinges. -- Leaf bud (Bot.), a bud which develops into leaves or a leafy branch. -- Leaf butterfly (Zoöl.), any butterfly which, in the form and colors of its wings, resembles the leaves of plants upon which it rests; esp., butterflies of the genus Kallima, found in Southern Asia and the East Indies. -- Leaf crumpler (Zoöl.), a small moth (Phycis indigenella), the larva of which feeds upon leaves of the apple tree, and forms its nest by crumpling and fastening leaves together in clusters. -- Leaf cutter (Zoöl.) , any one of various species of wild bees of the genus Megachile, which cut rounded pieces from the edges of leaves, or the petals of flowers, to be used in the construction of their nests, which are made in holes and crevices, or in a leaf rolled up for the purpose. Among the common American species are M. brevis and M. centuncularis. Called also rose- cutting bee. -- Leaf fat, the fat which lies in leaves or layers within the body of an animal. -- Leaf flea (Zoöl.), a jumping plant louse of the family Psyllidæ. -- Leaf frog (Zoöl.), any tree frog of the genus Phyllomedusa. -- Leaf green.(Bot.) See Chlorophyll. -- Leaf hopper (Zoöl.), any small jumping hemipterous insect of the genus Tettigonia, and allied genera. They live upon the leaves and twigs of plants. See Live hopper. -- Leaf insect (Zoöl.), any one of several genera and species of orthopterous insects, esp. of the genus Phyllium, in which the wings, and sometimes the legs, resemble leaves in color and form. They are common in Southern Asia and the East Indies. -- Leaf lard, lard from leaf fat. See under Lard. -- Leaf louse (Zoöl.), an aphid. -- Leaf metal, metal in thin leaves, as gold, silver, or tin. -- Leaf miner (Zoöl.), any one of various small lepidopterous and dipterous insects, which, in the larval stages, burrow in and eat the parenchyma of leaves; as, the pear-tree leaf miner (Lithocolletis geminatella). -- Leaf notcher (Zoöl.), a pale bluish green beetle (Artipus Floridanus), which, in Florida, eats the edges of the leaves of orange trees. -- Leaf roller (Zoöl.), the larva of any tortricid moth which makes a nest by rolling up the leaves of plants. See Tortrix. - - Leaf scar (Bot.), the cicatrix on a stem whence a leaf has fallen. -- Leaf sewer (Zoöl.), a tortricid moth, whose caterpillar makes a nest by rolling up a leaf and fastening the edges together with silk, as if sewn; esp., Phoxopteris nubeculana, which feeds upon the apple tree. -- Leaf sight, a hinged sight on a firearm, which can be raised or folded down. -- Leaf trace (Bot.), one or more fibrovascular bundles, which may be traced down an endogenous stem from the base of a leaf. -- Leaf tier (Zoöl.), a tortricid moth whose larva makes a nest by fastening the edges of a leaf together with silk; esp., Teras cinderella, found on the apple tree. -- Leaf valve, a valve which moves on a hinge. -- Leaf wasp (Zoöl.), a sawfly. - - To turn over a new leaf, to make a radical change for the better in one's way of living or doing. [Colloq.]

> They were both determined to turn over a new leaf.

Richardson.

<! p. 838 !>

Leaf (lf), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leafed (lft); p. pr. & vb. n. Leafing.] To shoot out leaves; to produce leaves; to leave; as, the trees leaf in May. Sir T. Browne.

Leaf"age (?), n. Leaves, collectively; foliage.

Leaf"cup` (?), n. (Bot.) A coarse American composite weed (Polymnia Uvedalia).

Leafed (?), a. Having (such) a leaf or (so many) leaves; -- used in composition; as, broad- leafed; four-leafed.

Leaf"et (?), n. (Bot.) A leaflet.

Leaf"-foot`ed (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having leaflike expansions on the legs; -- said of certain insects; as, the leaf-footed bug (Leptoglossus phyllopus).

Leaf"i*ness (?), n. The state of being leafy.

Leaf"less, a. Having no leaves or foliage; bearing no foliage. "Leafless groves." Cowper. -- Leaf"less*ness, n.

Leafless plants, plants having no foliage, though leaves may be present in the form of scales and bracts. See Leaf, n., 1 and 2.

Leaf"let (?), n. 1. A little leaf; also, a little printed leaf or a tract.

2. (Bot.) One of the divisions of a compound leaf; a foliole.

3. (Zoöl.) A leaflike organ or part; as, a leaflet of the gills of fishes.

Leaf"-nosed` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Having a leaflike membrane on the nose; -- said of certain bats, esp. of the genera Phyllostoma and Rhinonycteris. See Vampire.

Leaf"stalk` (?), n. (Bot.) The stalk or petiole which supports a leaf.

Leaf"y (?), a. [Compar. Leafier (?); superl. Leafiest.] 1. Full of leaves; abounding in leaves; as, the leafy forest. "The leafy month of June." Coleridge.

2. Consisting of leaves. "A leafy bed." Byron.

League (?), n. [Cf. OE. legue, lieue, a measure of length, F. lieue, Pr. lega, legua, It. & LL. lega, Sp. legua, Pg. legoa, legua; all fr. LL. leuca, of Celtic origin: cf. Arm. leo, lev (perh. from French), Ir. leige (perh. from English); also Ir. & Gael. leac a flag, a broad, flat stone, W. llech, -- such stones having perh. served as a sort of milestone (cf. Cromlech).] 1. A measure of length or distance, varying in different countries from about 2.4 to 4.6 English statute miles of 5,280 feet each, and used (as a land measure) chiefly on the continent of Europe, and in the Spanish parts of America. The marine league of England and the United States is equal to three marine, or geographical, miles of 6080 feet each.

The English land league is equal to three English statute miles. The Spanish and French leagues vary in each country according to usage and the kind of measurement to which they are applied. The Dutch and German leagues contain about four geographical miles, or about 4.6 English statute miles.

2. A stone erected near a public road to mark the distance of a league. [Obs.]

League (?), n. [F. ligue, LL. liga, fr. L. ligare to bind; cf. Sp. liga. Cf. Ally a confederate, Ligature.] An alliance or combination of two or more nations, parties, or persons, for the accomplishment of a purpose which requires a continued course of action, as for mutual defense, or for furtherance of commercial, religious, or political interests, etc.

> And let there be
> 'Twixt us and them no league, nor amity.

Denham.

A league may be offensive or defensive, or both; offensive, when the parties agree to unite in attacking a common enemy; defensive, when they agree to a mutual defense of each other against an enemy.

The Holy League, an alliance of Roman Catholics formed in 1576 by influence of the Duke of Guise for the exclusion of Protestants from the throne of France. -- Solemn League and Covenant. See Covenant,2. -- The land league, an association, organized in Dublin in 1879, to promote the interests of the Irish tenantry, its avowed objects being to secure fixity of tenure, fair rent, and free sale of the tenants' interest. It was declared illegal by Parliament, but vigorous prosecutions have failed to suppress it.

Syn. -- Alliance; confederacy; confederation; coalition; combination; compact; coöperation.

League (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leagued (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Leaguing (?).] [Cf. F. se liguer. See 2d League.] To unite in a league or confederacy; to combine for mutual support; to confederate. South.

League, v. t. To join in a league; to cause to combine for a joint purpose; to combine; to unite; as, common interests will league heterogeneous elements.

Lea"guer, n. [D. leger camp, bed, couch, lair. See Lair, and cf.Beleaguer.] 1. The camp of a besieging army; a camp in general. b. Jonson.

2. A siege or beleaguering. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

Lea"guer, v. t. To besiege; to beleaguer. [Obs.]

Lea"guer*er (?), n. A besieger. [R.] J. Webster.

Leak (?), n. [Akin to D. lek leaky, a leak, G. leck, Icel. lekr leaky, Dan. læk leaky, a leak, Sw. läck; cf. AS. hlec full of cracks or leaky. Cf. Leak, v.] 1. A crack, crevice, fissure, or hole which admits water or other fluid, or lets it escape; as, a leak in a roof; a leak in a boat; a leak in a gas pipe. "One leak will sink a ship." Bunyan.

2. The entrance or escape of a fluid through a crack, fissure, or other aperture; as, the leak gained on the ship's pumps.

To spring a leak, to open or crack so as to let in water; to begin to let in water; as, the ship sprung a leak.

Leak, a. Leaky. [Obs.] Spenser.

Leak, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leaked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Leaking.] [Akin to D. lekken, G. lecken, lechen, Icel. leka, Dan. lække, Sw. läcka, AS. leccan to wet, moisten. See Leak, n.] 1. To let water or other fluid in or out through a hole, crevice, etc.; as, the cask leaks; the roof leaks; the boat leaks.

2. To enter or escape, as a fluid, through a hole, crevice, etc.; to pass gradually into, or out of, something; -- usually with in or out.

To leak out, to be divulged gradually or clandestinely; to become public; as, the facts leaked out.

Leak"age (&?;), n. [Cf. D. lekkage, for sense 1.] 1. A leaking; also, the quantity that enters or issues by leaking.

2. (Com.) An allowance of a certain rate per cent for the leaking of casks, or waste of liquors by leaking.

Leak"i*ness (?), n. The quality of being leaky.

Leak"y (?), a. [Compar. Leakier (?); superl. Leakiest.] 1. Permitting water or other fluid to leak in or out; as, a leaky roof or cask.

2. Apt to disclose secrets; tattling; not close. [Colloq.]

Leal (?), a. [OE. leial, another form of loial, F. loyal. See Loyal.] Faithful; loyal; true.

> All men true and leal, all women pure.

Tennyson.

Land of the leal, the place of the faithful; heaven.

Leam (?), n. & v. i. See Leme. [Obs.] Holland.

Leam, n. [See Leamer, Lien.] A cord or strap for leading a dog. Sir W. Scott.

Leam"er (?), n. [F. limier, OF. liemier, fr. L. ligamen band, bandage. See Lien.] A dog held by a leam.

Lean (ln), v. t. [Icel. leyna; akin to G. läugnen to deny, AS. lgnian, also E. lie to speak falsely.] To conceal. [Obs.] Ray.

Lean (ln), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leaned (lnd), sometimes Leant (lnt); p. pr. & vb. n. Leaning.] [OE. lenen, AS. hlinian, hleonian, v. i.; akin to OS. hlinn, D. leunen, OHG. hlinn, linn, G. lehnen, L. inclinare, Gr. kli`nein , L. clivus hill, slope. √40. Cf. Declivity, Climax, Incline, Ladder.] 1. To incline, deviate, or bend, from a vertical position; to be in a position thus inclining or deviating; as, she leaned out at the window; a leaning column. "He leant forward." Dickens.

2. To incline in opinion or desire; to conform in conduct; -- with to, toward, etc.

> They delight rather to lean to their old customs.

Spenser.

3. To rest or rely, for support, comfort, and the like; -- with on, upon, or against.

> He leaned not on his fathers but himself.

Tennyson.

Lean, v. t. [From Lean, v. i.; AS. hlnan, v. t., fr. hleonian, hlinian, v. i.] To cause to lean; to incline; to support or rest. Mrs. Browning.

> His fainting limbs against an oak he leant.

Dryden.

Lean (ln), a. [Compar. Leaner (ln"r); superl. Leanest.] [OE. lene, AS. hlne; prob. akin to E. lean to incline. See Lean, v. i. ] 1. Wanting flesh; destitute of or deficient in fat; not plump; meager; thin; lank; as, a lean body; a lean cattle.

2. Wanting fullness, richness, sufficiency, or productiveness; deficient in quality or contents; slender; scant; barren; bare; mean; -- used literally and figuratively; as, the lean harvest; a lean purse; a lean discourse; lean wages. "No lean wardrobe." Shak.

> Their lean and flashy songs.

Milton.

> What the land is, whether it be fat or lean.

Num. xiii. 20.

> Out of my lean and low ability
> I'll lend you something.

Shak.

3. (Typog.) Of a character which prevents the compositor from earning the usual wages; -- opposed to fat; as, lean copy, matter, or type.

Syn. -- slender; spare; thin; meager; lank; skinny; gaunt.

Lean (?), n. 1. That part of flesh which consists principally of muscle without the fat.

> The fat was so white and the lean was so ruddy.

Goldsmith.

2. (Typog.) Unremunerative copy or work.

Lean"-faced` (?), a. 1. Having a thin face.

2. (Typog.) slender or narrow; -- said of type the letters of which have thin lines, or are unusually narrow in proportion to their height. W. Savage.

Lean"ing, n. The act, or state, of inclining; inclination; tendency; as, a leaning towards Calvinism.

Lean"ly, adv. Meagerly; without fat or plumpness.

Lean"ness, n. [AS. hlnnes.] The condition or quality of being lean.

Lean"-to` (?), a. (Arch.) Having only one slope or pitch; -- said of a roof. -- n. A shed or slight building placed against the wall of a larger structure and having a single-pitched roof; -- called also penthouse, and to-fall.

> The outer circuit was covered as a lean-to, all round this inner apartment.

De Foe.

Lean"-wit`ted (?), a. Having but little sense or shrewdness.

Lean"y (?), a. Lean. [Obs.] Spenser.

Leap (?), n. [AS. leáp.] 1. A basket. [Obs.] Wyclif.

2. A weel or wicker trap for fish. [Prov. Eng.]

Leap (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leaped (?), rarely Leapt; p. pr. & vb. n. Leaping.] [OE. lepen, leapen, AS. hleápan to leap, jump, run; akin to OS. hl&?;pan, OFries. hlapa, D. loopen, G. laufen, OHG. louffan, hlauffan, Icel. hlaupa, Sw. löpa, Dan. löbe, Goth. ushlaupan. Cf. Elope, Lope, Lapwing, Loaf to loiter.] 1. To spring clear of the ground, with the feet; to jump; to vault; as, a man leaps over a fence, or leaps upon a horse. Bacon.

> Leap in with me into this angry flood.

Shak.

2. To spring or move suddenly, as by a jump or by jumps; to bound; to move swiftly. Also Fig.

> My heart leaps up when I behold
> A rainbow in the sky.

Wordsworth.

Leap, v. t. 1. To pass over by a leap or jump; as, to leap a wall, or a ditch.

2. To copulate with (a female beast); to cover.

3. To cause to leap; as, to leap a horse across a ditch.

Leap, n. 1. The act of leaping, or the space passed by leaping; a jump; a spring; a bound.

> Wickedness comes on by degrees, . . . and sudden leaps from one extreme to another are unnatural.

L'Estrange.

> Changes of tone may proceed either by leaps or glides.

H. Sweet.

2. Copulation with, or coverture of, a female beast.

3. (Mining) A fault.

4. (Mus.) A passing from one note to another by an interval, especially by a long one, or by one including several other and intermediate intervals.

Leap"er (?), n. [AS. hleápere.] One who, or that which, leaps.

Leap"er, n. [See 1st Leap.] A kind of hooked instrument for untwisting old cordage.

Leap"frog` (?), n. A play among boys, in which one stoops down and another leaps over him by placing his hands on the shoulders of the former.

Leap"ful (?), n. [See 1st Leap.] A basketful. [Obs.]

Leap"ing, a. & n. from Leap, to jump.

Leaping house, a brothel. [Obs.] Shak. -- Leaping pole, a pole used in some games of leaping. -- Leaping spider (Zoöl.), a jumping spider; one of the Saltigradæ.

Leap"ing*ly, adv. By leaps.

Leap" year` (?). Bissextile; a year containing 366 days; every fourth year which leaps over a day more than a common year, giving to February twenty-nine days. See Bissextile.

Every year whose number is divisible by four without a remainder is a leap year, excepting the full centuries, which, to be leap years, must be divisible by 400 without a remainder. If not so divisible they are common years. 1900, therefore, is not a leap year.

Lear (?), v. t. To learn. See Lere, to learn. [Obs.]

Lear, n. Lore; lesson. [Obs.] Spenser.

Lear, a. See Leer, a. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Lear, n. An annealing oven. See Leer, n.

Learn (lrn), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Learned (lrnd), or Learnt (lrnt); p. pr. & vb. n. Learning.] [OE. lernen, leornen, AS. leornian; akin to OS. linn, for lirnn, OHG. lirnn, lernn, G. lernen, fr. the root of AS. l&?;ran to teach, OS. lrian, OHG. lran, G. lehren, Goth. laisjan, also Goth lais I know, leis acquainted (in comp.); all prob. from a root meaning, to go, go over, and hence, to learn; cf. AS. leoran to go . Cf. Last a mold of the foot, lore.] 1. To gain knowledge or information of; to ascertain by inquiry, study, or investigation; to receive instruction concerning; to fix in the mind; to acquire understanding of, or skill; as, to learn the way; to learn a lesson; to learn dancing; to learn to skate; to learn the violin; to learn the truth about something. "Learn to do well." Is. i. 17.

> Now learn a parable of the fig tree.

Matt. xxiv. 32.

2. To communicate knowledge to; to teach. [Obs.]

> Hast thou not learned me how
> To make perfumes ?

Shak.

Learn formerly had also the sense of teach, in accordance with the analogy of the French and other languages, and hence we find it with this sense in Shakespeare, Spenser, and other old writers. This usage has now passed away. To learn is to receive instruction, and to teach is to give instruction. He who is taught learns, not he who teaches.

Learn, v. i. To acquire knowledge or skill; to make progress in acquiring knowledge or skill; to receive information or instruction; as, this child learns quickly.

> Take my yoke upon you and learn of me.

Matt. xi. 29.

To learn by heart. See By heart, under Heart. -- To learn by rote, to memorize by repetition without exercise of the understanding.

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Learn"a*ble (lrn"*b'l), a. Such as can be learned.

Learn"ed (lrn"d), a. Of or pertaining to learning; possessing, or characterized by, learning, esp. scholastic learning; erudite; well-informed; as, a learned scholar, writer, or lawyer; a learned book; a learned theory.

> The learnedlover lost no time.

Spenser.

> Men of much reading are greatly learned, but may be little knowing.

Locke.

> Words of learned length and thundering sound.

Goldsmith.

The learned, learned men; men of erudition; scholars.

-- Learn"ed*ly, adv. Learn"ed*ness, n.

> Every coxcomb swears as learnedly as they.

Swift.

Learn"er (?), n. One who learns; a scholar.

Learn"ing, n. [AS. leornung.] 1. The acquisition of knowledge or skill; as, the learning of languages; the learning of telegraphy.

2. The knowledge or skill received by instruction or study; acquired knowledge or ideas in any branch of science or literature; erudition; literature; science; as, he is a man of great learning.

Book learning. See under Book.

Syn. -- Literature; erudition; lore; scholarship; science; letters. See Literature.

Leas"a*ble (?), a. [From 2d Lease.] Such as can be leased.

Lease (?), v. i. [AS. lesan to gather; akin to D. lezen to gather, read, G. lesen, Goth. lisan to gather; cf. Lith lesti to peck.] To gather what harvesters have left behind; to glean. [Obs.] Dryden.

Lease (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leased (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Leasing.] [F. laisser, OF. laissier, lessier, to leave, transmit, L. laxare to loose, slacken, from laxus loose, wide. See Lax, and cf. Lesser.] 1. To grant to another by lease the possession of, as of lands, tenements, and hereditaments; to let; to demise; as, a landowner leases a farm to a tenant; -- sometimes with out.

> There were some [houses] that were leased out for three lives.

Addison.

2. To hold under a lease; to take lease of; as, a tenant leases his land from the owner.

Lease (?), n. [Cf. OF. lais. See Lease, v. t.] 1. A demise or letting of lands, tenements, or hereditaments to another for life, for a term of years, or at will, or for any less interest than that which the lessor has in the property, usually for a specified rent or compensation.

2. The contract for such letting.

3. Any tenure by grant or permission; the time for which such a tenure holds good; allotted time.

> Our high-placed Macbeth
> Shall live the lease of nature.

Shak.

Lease and release a mode of conveyance of freehold estates, formerly common in England and in New York. its place is now supplied by a simple deed of grant. Burrill. Warren's Blackstone.

Lease"hold` (?), a. Held by lease.

Lease"hold`, n. A tenure by lease; specifically, land held as personalty under a lease for years.

Lease"hold`er (?), n. A tenant under a lease. -- Lease"hold`ing, a. & n.

Leas"er (?), n. [From 1st Lease.] One who leases or gleans. [Obs.] Swift.

Leas"er, n. A liar. [Obs.] See Leasing.

Leash (?), n. [OE. lese, lees, leece, OF. lesse, F. laisse, LL. laxa, fr. L. laxus loose. See Lax.] 1. A thong of leather, or a long cord, by which a falconer holds his hawk, or a courser his dog.

> Even like a fawning greyhound in the leash.

Shak.

2. (Sporting) A brace and a half; a tierce; three; three creatures of any kind, especially greyhounds, foxes, bucks, and hares; hence, the number three in general.

> [I] kept my chamber a leash of days.

B. Jonson.

> Then were I wealthier than a leash of kings.

Tennyson.

3. (Weaving) A string with a loop at the end for lifting warp threads, in a loom.

Leash, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leashed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Leashing.] To tie together, or hold, with a leash.

Leas"ing (?), n. [AS. leásung, fr. leás loose, false, deceitful. See -less, Loose, a.] The act of lying; falsehood; a lie or lies. [Archaic] Spenser.

> Thou shalt destroy them that speak leasing.

Ps. v. 6.

> Blessed be the lips that such a leasing told.

Fairfax.

Leasing making (Scots Law), the uttering of lies or libels upon the personal character of the sovereign, his court, or his family. Bp. Burnet.

Lea"sow (?), n. [AS. lesu, læsu.] A pasture. [Obs.]

Least (lst), a. [OE. last, lest, AS. lsast, lsest, superl. of lssa less. See Less, a.] [Used as the superlative of little.] Smallest, either in size or degree; shortest; lowest; most unimportant; as, the least insect; the least mercy; the least space.

Least is often used with the, as if a noun.

> I am the least of the apostles.

1 Cor. xv. 9.

At least, or At the least, at the least estimate, consideration, chance, etc.; hence, at any rate; at all events; even. See However.

> He who tempts, though in vain, at least asperses
> The tempted with dishonor.

Milton.

> Upon the mast they saw a young man, at least if he were a man, who sat as on horseback.

Sir P. Sidney.

-- In least, or In the least, in the least degree, manner, etc. "He that is unjust in the least is unjust also in much." Luke xvi. 10. -- Least squares (Math.), a method of deducing from a number of carefully made yet slightly discordant observations of a phenomenon the most probable values of the unknown quantities. It takes as its fundamental principle that the most probable values are those which make the sum of the squares of the residual errors of the observation a minimum.

Least, adv. In the smallest or lowest degree; in a degree below all others; as, to reward those who least deserve it.

Least, conj. See Lest, conj. [Obs.] Spenser.

{ Least"ways` (?), Least"wise` (?), } adv. At least; at all events. [Colloq.]

At leastways, or At leastwise, at least. [Obs.] Fuller.

Lea"sy (?), a. [AS. leás void, loose, false. Cf. Leasing.] Flimsy; vague; deceptive. [Obs.] Ascham.

Leat (?), n. [Cf. Lead to conduct.] An artificial water trench, esp. one to or from a mill. C. Kingsley.

Leath"er (l"r), n. [OE. lether, AS. leðer; akin to D. leder, leêr, G. leder, OHG. ledar, Icel. leðr, Sw. läder, Dan. læder.] 1. The skin of an animal, or some part of such skin, tanned, tawed, or otherwise dressed for use; also, dressed hides, collectively.

2. The skin. [Ironical or Sportive]

Leather is much used adjectively in the sense of made of, relating to, or like, leather.

Leather board, an imitation of sole leather, made of leather scraps, rags, paper, etc. -- Leather carp (Zoöl.) , a variety of carp in which the scales are all, or nearly all, absent. See Illust. under Carp. -- Leather jacket. (Zoöl.) (a) A California carangoid fish (Oligoplites saurus). (b) A trigger fish (Balistes Carolinensis). -- Leather flower (Bot.), a climbing plant (Clematis Viorna) of the Middle and Southern States having thick, leathery sepals of a purplish color. -- Leather leaf (Bot.), a low shrub (Cassandra calyculata), growing in Northern swamps, and having evergreen, coriaceous, scurfy leaves. -- Leather plant (Bot.), one or more New Zealand plants of the composite genus Celmisia, which have white or buff tomentose leaves. -- Leather turtle. (Zoöl.) See Leatherback. -- Vegetable leather. (a) An imitation of leather made of cotton waste. (b) Linen cloth coated with India rubber. Ure.

Leath"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leathered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Leathering.] To beat, as with a thong of leather. [Obs. or Colloq.] G. Eliot.

Leath"er*back` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large sea turtle (Sphargis coriacea), having no bony shell on its back. It is common in the warm and temperate parts of the Atlantic, and sometimes weighs over a thousand pounds; -- called also leather turtle, leathery turtle, leather-backed tortoise, etc.

{ Leath"er*et (?), Leath`er*ette" (?) }, n. [Leather + et, F. -ette.] An imitation of leather, made of paper and cloth.

Leath"er*head` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The friar bird.

Leath"ern (?), a. Made of leather; consisting of. leather; as, a leathern purse. "A leathern girdle about his loins." Matt. iii. 4.

Leath"er*neck` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The sordid friar bird of Australia (Tropidorhynchus sordidus).

Leath"er*wood`, n. (Bot.) A small branching shrub (Dirca palustris), with a white, soft wood, and a tough, leathery bark, common in damp woods in the Northern United States; -- called also moosewood, and wicopy. Gray.

Leath"er*y (?), a. Resembling leather in appearance or consistence; tough. "A leathery skin." Grew.

Leave (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leaved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Leaving] To send out leaves; to leaf; -- often with out. G. Fletcher.

Leave, v. t. [See Levy.] To raise; to levy. [Obs.]

> An army strong she leaved.

Spenser.

Leave, n. [OE. leve, leave, AS. leáf; akin to leóf pleasing, dear, E. lief, D. oorlof leave, G. arlaub, and erlauben to permit, Icel. leyfi. √124. See Lief.] 1. Liberty granted by which restraint or illegality is removed; permission; allowance; license.

> David earnestly asked leave of me.

1 Sam. xx. 6.

> No friend has leave to bear away the dead.

Dryden.

2. The act of leaving or departing; a formal parting; a leaving; farewell; adieu; -- used chiefly in the phrase, to take leave, i. e., literally, to take permission to go.

> A double blessing is a'double grace;
> Occasion smiles upon a second leave.

Shak.

> And Paul after this tarried there yet a good while, and then took his leave of the brethren.

Acts xviii. 18.

French leave. See under French.

Syn. -- See Liberty.

Leave, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Left (lft); p. pr. & vb. n. Leaving.] [OE. leven, AS. l&?;fan, fr. lf remnant, heritage; akin to lifian, libban, to live, orig., to remain; cf. belfan to remain, G. bleiben, Goth. bileiban. √119. See Live, v.] 1. To withdraw one's self from; to go away from; to depart from; as, to leave the house.

> Therefore shall a man leave his father and his mother, and shall cleave unto his wife.

Gen. ii. 24.

2. To let remain unremoved or undone; to let stay or continue, in distinction from what is removed or changed.

> If grape gatherers come to thee, would they not leave some gleaning grapes ?

Jer. xlix. 9.

> These ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone.

Matt. xxiii. 23.

> Besides it leaveth a suspicion, as if more might be said than is expressed.

Bacon.

3. To cease from; to desist from; to abstain from.

> Now leave complaining and begin your tea.

Pope.

4. To desert; to abandon; to forsake; hence, to give up; to relinquish.

> Lo, we have left all, and have followed thee.

Mark x. 28.

> The heresies that men do leave.

Shak.

5. To let be or do without interference; as, I left him to his reflections; I leave my hearers to judge.

> I will leave you now to your gossiplike humor.

Shak.

6. To put; to place; to deposit; to deliver; to commit; to submit -- with a sense of withdrawing one's self from; as, leave your hat in the hall; we left our cards; to leave the matter to arbitrators.

> Leave there thy gift before the altar and go thy way.

Matt. v. 24.

> The foot
> That leaves the print of blood where'er it walks.

Shak.

7. To have remaining at death; hence, to bequeath; as, he left a large estate; he left a good name; he left a legacy to his niece.

To leave alone. (a) To leave in solitude. (b) To desist or refrain from having to do with; as, to leave dangerous chemicals alone. -- To leave off. (a) To desist from; to forbear; to stop; as, to leave off work at six o'clock. (b) To cease wearing or using; to omit to put in the usual position; as, to leave off a garment; to leave off the tablecloth. (c) To forsake; as, to leave off a bad habit. -- To leave out, to omit; as, to leave out a word or name in writing. -- To leave to one's self, to let (one) be alone; to cease caring for (one).

Syn>- To quit; depart from; forsake; abandon; relinquish; deliver; bequeath; give up; forego; resign; surrender; forbear. See Quit.

Leave (?), v. i. 1. To depart; to set out. [Colloq.]

> By the time I left for Scotland.

Carlyle.

2. To cease; to desist; to leave off. "He . . . began at the eldest, and left at the youngest." Gen. xliv. 12.

To leave off, to cease; to desist; to stop.

> Leave off, and for another summons wait.

Roscommon.

Leaved (?), a. [From Leaf.] Bearing, or having, a leaf or leaves; having folds; -- used in combination; as, a four-leaved clover; a two-leaved gate; long-leaved.

Leave"less (?), a. Leafless. [Obs.] Carew.

Leav"en (?), n. [OE. levain, levein, F. levain, L. levamen alleviation, mitigation; but taken in the sense of, a raising, that which raises, fr. levare to raise. See Lever, n.] 1. Any substance that produces, or is designed to produce, fermentation, as in dough or liquids; esp., a portion of fermenting dough, which, mixed with a larger quantity of dough, produces a general change in the mass, and renders it light; yeast; barm.

2. Anything which makes a general assimilating (especially a corrupting) change in the mass.

> Beware of the leaven of the Pharisees, which is hypocrisy.

Luke xii. 1.

Leav"en, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leavened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Leavening (?).] 1. To make light by the action of leaven; to cause to ferment.

> A little leaven leaveneth the whole lump.

1 Cor. v. 6.

2. To imbue; to infect; to vitiate.

> With these and the like deceivable doctrines, he leavens also his prayer.

Milton.

Leav"en*ing (?), n. 1. The act of making light, or causing to ferment, by means of leaven.

2. That which leavens or makes light. Bacon.

Leav"en*ous (?), a. Containing leaven. Milton.

Leav"er (lv"r), n. One who leaves, or withdraws.

Leaves (lvz), n., pl. of Leaf.

Leave"-tak`ing (?), n. Taking of leave; parting compliments. Shak.

Leav"i*ness (?), n. [Fr. Leaf.] Leafiness.[Obs.]

Leav"ings, n. pl. 1. Things left; remnants; relics.

2. Refuse; offal.

Leav"y (?), a. Leafy. [Obs.] Chapman.

{ Leb"an, Leb"ban } (?), n. Coagulated sour milk diluted with water; -- a common beverage among the Arabs. Also, a fermented liquor made of the same.

Le*ca"ma (?), n. (Zoöl.) The hartbeest.

Le*can"o*man`cy (?), n. [Gr. leka`nh bowl or basin + -mancy.] Divination practiced with water in a basin, by throwing three stones into it, and invoking the demon whose aid was sought.

Lec`a*no"ric (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an organic acid which is obtained from several varieties of lichen (Lecanora, Roccella, etc.), as a white, crystalline substance, and is called also orsellic, or diorsellinic acid, lecanorin, etc.

Lec`a*no"rin (?), n. (Chem.) See Lecanoric.

Lech (?), v. t. [F. lécher. See Lick.] To lick. [Obs.]

Le*che" (?), n. See water buck, under 3d Buck.

Lech"er (?), n. [OE. lechur, lechour, OF. lecheor, lecheur, gormand, glutton, libertine, parasite, fr. lechier to lick, F. lécher; of Teutonic origin. See Lick.] A man given to lewdness; one addicted, in an excessive degree, to the indulgence of sexual desire, or to illicit commerce with women.

Lech"er, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lechered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lechering.] To practice lewdness.

Lech"er*er (?), n. See Lecher, n. Marston.

Lech"er*ous (?), a. Like a lecher; addicted to lewdness; lustful; also, lust-provoking. "A lecherous thing is wine." Chaucer. -- Lech"er*ous*ly, adv. -- Lech"er*ous*ness, n.

Lech"er*y (?), n. [OE. lecherie, OF. lecherie. See Lecher.] 1. Free indulgence of lust; lewdness.

2. Selfish pleasure; delight. [Obs.] Massinger.

Lec"i*thin (?), n. [Gr. le`kiqos the yolk of an egg.] (Physiol. Chem.) A complex, nitrogenous phosphorized substance widely distributed through the animal body, and especially conspicuous in the brain and nerve tissue, in yolk of eggs, and in the white blood corpuscles.

Lec"tern (?), n. See Lecturn.

||Lec*ti"ca (?), n.; pl. Lecticæ (#). [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) A kind of litter or portable couch.

Lec"tion (?), n. [L. lectio, fr. legere, lectum, to read. See lesson, Legend.] 1. (Eccl.) A lesson or selection, esp. of Scripture, read in divine service.

2. A reading; a variation in the text.

> We ourselves are offended by the obtrusion of the new lections into the text.

De Quincey.

Lec"tion*a*ry (?), n.; pl. -ries (#). [LL. lectionarium, lectionarius : cf. F. lectionnaire.] (Eccl.) A book, or a list, of lections, for reading in divine service.

<! p. 840 pr=VMG !>

Lec"tor (lk"tr), n. [L. See Lection.] (Eccl.) A reader of lections; formerly, a person designated to read lessons to the illiterate.

Lec"tu*al (-t*al), a. [LL. lectualis, fr. L. lectus bed.] (Med.) Confining to the bed; as, a lectual disease.

Lec"ture (-tr; 135), n. [F. lecture, LL. lectura, fr. L. legere, lectum, to read. See Legend.] 1. The act of reading; as, the lecture of Holy Scripture. [Obs.]

2. A discourse on any subject; especially, a formal or methodical discourse, intended for instruction; sometimes, a familiar discourse, in contrast with a sermon.

3. A reprimand or formal reproof from one having authority.

4. (Eng. Universities) A rehearsal of a lesson.

Lec"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lectured (-trd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lecturing.] 1. To read or deliver a lecture to.

2. To reprove formally and with authority.

Lec"ture, v. i. To deliver a lecture or lectures.

Lec"tur*er (-r), n. One who lectures; an assistant preacher.

Lec"ture*ship, n. The office of a lecturer.

Lec"turn (lk"trn), n. [LL. lectrinum, fr. lectrum; cf. L. legere, lectum, to read.] A choir desk, or reading desk, in some churches, from which the lections, or Scripture lessons, are chanted or read; hence, a reading desk. [Written also lectern and lettern.] Fairholt.

||Lec"y*this (ls"*ths), n. [NL., fr. Gr. 3 an oil flask.] (Bot.) A genus of gigantic trees, chiefly Brazilian, of the order Myrtaceæ, having woody capsules opening by an apical lid. Lecythis Zabucajo yields the delicious sapucaia nuts. L. Ollaria produces the monkey-pots, its capsules. Its bark separates into thin sheets, like paper, used by the natives for cigarette wrappers.

Led (ld), imp. & p. p. of Lead.

Led captain. An obsequious follower or attendant. [Obs.] Swift. -- Led horse, a sumpter horse, or a spare horse, that is led along.

{ Led"en (ld"'n), Led"den (-d'n) } n. [AS. lden, lden, language, speech. Cf. Leod.] Language; speech; voice; cry. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Ledge (lj), n. [Akin to AS. licgan to lie, Icel. liggja; cf. Icel. lögg the ledge or rim at the bottom of a cask. See Lie to be prostrate.] [Formerly written lidge.] 1. A shelf on which articles may be laid; also, that which resembles such a shelf in form or use, as a projecting ridge or part, or a molding or edge in joinery.

2. A shelf, ridge, or reef, of rocks.

3. A layer or stratum.

> The lowest ledge or row should be of stone.

Sir H. Wotton.

4. (Mining) A lode; a limited mass of rock bearing valuable mineral.

5. (Shipbuilding) A piece of timber to support the deck, placed athwartship between beams.

Ledge"ment (lj"ment), n. See Ledgment.

Ledg"er(lj"r), n. [Akin to D. legger layer, daybook (fr. leggen to lay, liggen to lie), E. ledge, lie. See Lie to be prostrate.] 1. A book in which a summary of accounts is laid up or preserved; the final book of record in business transactions, in which all debits and credits from the journal, etc., are placed under appropriate heads. [Written also leger.]

2. (Arch.) (a) A large flat stone, esp. one laid over a tomb. Oxf. Gloss. (b) A horizontal piece of timber secured to the uprights and supporting floor timbers, a staircase, scaffolding, or the like. It differs from an intertie in being intended to carry weight. [Written also ligger.]

Ledger bait, fishing bait attached to a floating line fastened to the bank of a stream, pond, etc. Walton. J. H. Walsh. -- Ledger blade, a stationary shearing blade in a machine for shearing the nap of cloth. -- Ledger line. See Leger line, under 3d Leger, a. -- Ledger wall (Mining), the wall under a vein; the foot wall. Raymond.

Ledg"ment (-ment), n. (Arch.) (a) A string-course or horizontal suit of moldings, such as the base moldings of a building. Oxf. Gloss. (b) The development of the surface of a body on a plane, so that the dimensions of the different sides may be easily ascertained. Gwilt. [Written also ledgement, legement, and ligement.]

Ledg"y (-), a. Abounding in ledges; consisting of a ledge or reef; as, a ledgy island.

Lee (l), v. i., To lie; to speak falsely. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lee, n.; pl. Lees (lz). [F. lie, perh. fr. L. levare to lift up, raise. Cf. Lever.] That which settles at the bottom, as of a cask of liquor (esp. wine); sediment; dregs; -- used now only in the plural. [Lees occurs also as a form of the singular.] "The lees of wine." Holland.

> A thousand demons lurk within the lee.

Young.

> The wine of life is drawn, and the mere lees
> Is left this vault to brag of.

Shak.

Lee, n. [OE. lee shelter, Icel. hl, akin to AS. hleó, hleów, shelter, protection, OS. hlèo, D. lij lee, Sw. lä, Dan. læ.] 1. A sheltered place; esp., a place protected from the wind by some object; the side sheltered from the wind; shelter; protection; as, the lee of a mountain, an island, or a ship.

> We lurked under lee.

Morte d'Arthure.

> Desiring me to take shelter in his lee.

Tyndall.

2. (Naut.) That part of the hemisphere, as one stands on shipboard, toward which the wind blows. See Lee, a.

By the lee, To bring by the lee. See under By, and Bring. -- Under the lee of, on that side which is sheltered from the wind; as, to be under the lee of a ship.

Lee, a. (Naut.) Of or pertaining to the part or side opposite to that against which the wind blows; -- opposed to weather; as, the lee side or lee rail of a vessel.

Lee gauge. See Gauge, n. (Naut.) -- Lee shore, the shore on the lee side of a vessel. -- Lee tide, a tide running in the same direction that the wind blows. -- On the lee beam, directly to the leeward; in a line at right angles to the length of the vessel and to the leeward.

Lee"board` (l"brd`), n. A board, or frame of planks, lowered over the side of a vessel to lessen her leeway when closehauled, by giving her greater draught.

Leech (lch), n. See 2d Leach.

Leech, v. t. See Leach, v. t.

Leech, n. [Cf. LG. leik, Icel. lk, Sw. lik boltrope, stående liken the leeches.] (Naut.) The border or edge at the side of a sail. [Written also leach.]

Leech line, a line attached to the leech ropes of sails, passing up through blocks on the yards, to haul the leeches by. Totten. -- Leech rope, that part of the boltrope to which the side of a sail is sewed.

Leech, n. [OE. leche, læche, physician, AS. lce; akin to Fries. ltza, OHG. lhh, Icel. læknari, Sw. läkare, Dan. læge, Goth. lkeis, AS. lcnian to heal, Sw. läka, Dan. læge, Icel. lækna, Goth. lkinn.] 1. A physician or surgeon; a professor of the art of healing. [Written also leach.] [Archaic] Spenser.

> Leech, heal thyself.

Wyclif (Luke iv. 23).

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous genera and species of annulose worms, belonging to the order Hirudinea, or Bdelloidea, esp. those species used in medicine, as Hirudo medicinalis of Europe, and allied species.

In the mouth of bloodsucking leeches are three convergent, serrated jaws, moved by strong muscles. By the motion of these jaws a stellate incision is made in the skin, through which the leech sucks blood till it is gorged, and then drops off. The stomach has large pouches on each side to hold the blood. The common large bloodsucking leech of America (Macrobdella decora) is dark olive above, and red below, with black spots. Many kinds of leeches are parasitic on fishes; others feed upon worms and mollusks, and have no jaws for drawing blood. See Bdelloidea. Hirudinea, and Clepsine.

3. (Surg.) A glass tube of peculiar construction, adapted for drawing blood from a scarified part by means of a vacuum.

Horse leech, a less powerful European leech (Hæmopis vorax), commonly attacking the membrane that lines the inside of the mouth and nostrils of animals that drink at pools where it lives.

Leech, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leeched (lcht); p. pr. & vb. n. Leeching.] 1. To treat as a surgeon; to doctor; as, to leech wounds. [Archaic]

2. To bleed by the use of leeches.

Leech"craft` (-krft`), n. The art of healing; skill of a physician. [Archaic] Chaucer.

{ Leed, Leede (ld) }, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A caldron; a copper kettle. [Obs.] "A furnace of a leed." Chaucer.

Leef (lf), a. & adv. See Lief. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Leek (lk), n. [AS. leác; akin to D. look, G. lauch, OHG. louh, Icel. laukr, Sw. lök, Dan lög. Cf. Garlic.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Allium (A. Porrum), having broadly linear succulent leaves rising from a loose oblong cylindrical bulb. The flavor is stronger than that of the common onion.

Wild leek , in America, a plant (Allium tricoccum) with a cluster of ovoid bulbs and large oblong elliptical leaves.

Leeme (lm), v. & n. See Leme. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Leep (lp), obs. strong imp. of Leap. Leaped.

Leer (lr), v. t. To learn. [Obs.] See Lere, to learn.

Leer, a. [OE. lere; akin to G. leer, OHG. & OS. lri.] [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Empty; destitute; wanting; as: (a) Empty of contents. "A leer stomach." Gifford. (b) Destitute of a rider; and hence, led, not ridden; as, a leer horse. B. Jonson. (c) Wanting sense or seriousness; trifling; trivolous; as, leer words.

Leer, n. An oven in which glassware is annealed.

Leer, n. [OE. lere cheek, face, look, AS. hleór cheek, face; akin to OS. hlear, hlior, OD. lier, Icel. hlr.] 1. The cheek. [Obs.] Holinshed.

2. Complexion; aspect; appearance. [Obs.]

> A Rosalind of a better leer than you.

Shak.

3. A distorted expression of the face, or an indirect glance of the eye, conveying a sinister or immodest suggestion.

> With jealous leer malign
> Eyed them askance.

Milton.

> She gives the leer of invitation.

Shak.

> Damn with faint praise, assent with civil leer.

Pope.

Leer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Leered (lrd); p. pr. & vb. n. Leering.] To look with a leer; to look askance with a suggestive expression, as of hatred, contempt, lust, etc.; to cast a sidelong lustful or malign look.

> I will leerupon him as a' comes by.

Shak.

> The priest, above his book,
> Leering at his neighbor's wife.

Tennyson.

Leer, v. t. To entice with a leer, or leers; as, to leer a man to ruin. Dryden.

Leere (lr), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] Tape or braid; an ornament. Halliwell.

Leere side, the left side, as that on which a leere or ornament was worn. B. Jonson.

Leer"ing*ly, adv. In a leering manner.

Lees (lz), n. pl. Dregs. See 2d Lee.

Lees (ls), n. A leash. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Leese (lz), v. t. [See Lose.] To lose. [Obs.]

> They would rather leese their friend than their jest.

Lord Burleigh.

Leese, v. t. [Cf. F. léser, L. laesus, p. p. of laedere.] To hurt. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Leet (lt), obs. imp. of Let, to allow. Chaucer.

Leet, n. [Cf. AS. hlt share, lot.] A portion; a list, esp. a list of candidates for an office. [Scot.]

Leet, n. [LL. leta. Cf. F. lit de justice a solemn sitting of the king in Parliament, L. lis, litis, a lawsuit, It., Sp., & Pg. lite.] (Eng. Hist.) A court-leet; the district within the jurisdiction of a court-leet; the day on which a court-leet is held. Shak.

The original intent of the court-leet was to view the frankpledges or freemen within the liberty; hence called the view of frankpledge. Latterly it has fallen into almost entire disuse. Burrill. Warren's Blackstone.

Leet ale, a feast or merrymaking in time of leet. [Obs.]

Leet, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoöl.) The European pollock.

Leet"man (-man), n.; pl. Leetmen (-men). One subject to the jurisdiction of a court-leet.

Lee"ward (l"wrd or l"rd), a. (Naut.) Pertaining to, or in the direction of, the part or side toward which the wind blows; -- opposed to windward; as, a leeward berth; a leeward ship. -- n. The lee side; the lee. -- adv. Toward the lee.

Lee"way` (l"w`), n. (Naut.) The lateral movement of a ship to the leeward of her course; drift.

Left (lft), imp. & p. p. of Leave.

Left, a. [OE. left, lift, luft; akin to Fries. leeft, OD. lucht, luft; cf. AS. left (equiv. to L. inanis), lyftdl palsy; or cf. AS. lf weak.] Of or pertaining to that side of the body in man on which the muscular action of the limbs is usually weaker than on the other side; -- opposed to right, when used in reference to a part of the body; as, the left hand, or arm; the left ear. Also said of the corresponding side of the lower animals.

Left bank of a river, that which is on the left hand of a person whose face is turned downstream. -- Left bower. See under 2d Bower. -- Left center, the members whose sympathies are, in the main, with the members of the Left, but who do not favor extreme courses, and on occasions vote with the government. They sit between the Center and the extreme Left. -- Over the left shoulder, or Over the left, an old but still current colloquialism, or slang expression, used as an aside to indicate insincerity, negation, or disbelief; as, he said it, and it is true, -- over the left.

Left, n. 1. That part of surrounding space toward which the left side of one's body is turned; as, the house is on the left when you face North.

> Put that rose a little more to the left.

Ld. Lytton.

2. Those members of a legislative assembly (as in France) who are in the opposition; the advanced republicans and extreme radicals. They have their seats at the left-hand side of the presiding officer. See Center, and Right.

Left"-hand` (lft"hnd`), a. Situated on the left; nearer the left hand than the right; as, the left-hand side; the left-hand road.

Left-hand rope, rope laid up and twisted over from right to left, or against the sun; -- called also water- laid rope.

Left"-hand`ed, a. 1. Having the left hand or arm stronger and more dexterous than the right; using the left hand and arm with more dexterity than the right.

2. Clumsy; awkward; unlucky; insincere; sinister; malicious; as, a left-handed compliment.

> The commendations of this people are not always left-handed and detractive.

Landor.

3. Having a direction contrary to that of the hands of a watch when seen in front; -- said of a twist, a rotary motion, etc., looked at from a given direction.

Left-handed marriage, a morganatic marriage. See Morganatic. -- Left-handed screw, a screw constructed to advance away from the observer, when turned, as in a nut, with a left-handed rotation. An ordinary wood screw is right-handed.

{ Left"-hand`ed*ness, Left"-hand`i*ness (- *ns), } n. The state or quality of being left-handed; awkwardness.

> An awkward address, ungraceful attitudes and actions, and a certain left-handiness (if I may use the expression) proclaim low education.

Chesterfield.

Left"-off` (-f`; 115), a. Laid aside; cast-off.

Left"ward (-wrd), adv. Toward or on the left side.

> Rightward and leftward rise the rocks.

Southey.

Le"ful (l"fl), a. See Leveful. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Leg (lg), n. [Icel. leggr; akin to Dan. læg calf of the leg, Sw. lägg.] 1. A limb or member of an animal used for supporting the body, and in running, climbing, and swimming; esp., that part of the limb between the knee and foot.

2. That which resembles a leg in form or use; especially, any long and slender support on which any object rests; as, the leg of a table; the leg of a pair of compasses or dividers.

3. The part of any article of clothing which covers the leg; as, the leg of a stocking or of a pair of trousers.

4. A bow, esp. in the phrase to make a leg; probably from drawing the leg backward in bowing. [Obs.]

> He that will give a cap and make a leg in thanks for a favor he never received.

Fuller.

5. A disreputable sporting character; a blackleg. [Slang, Eng.]

6. (Naut.) The course and distance made by a vessel on one tack or between tacks.

7. (Steam Boiler) An extension of the boiler downward, in the form of a narrow space between vertical plates, sometimes nearly surrounding the furnace and ash pit, and serving to support the boiler; -- called also water leg.

8. (Grain Elevator) The case containing the lower part of the belt which carries the buckets.

9. (Cricket) A fielder whose position is on the outside, a little in rear of the batter.

A good leg (Naut.), a course sailed on a tack which is near the desired course. -- Leg bail, escape from custody by flight. [Slang] -- Legs of an hyperbola (or other curve) (Geom.), the branches of the curve which extend outward indefinitely. -- Legs of a triangle, the sides of a triangle; -- a name seldom used unless one of the sides is first distinguished by some appropriate term; as, the hypothenuse and two legs of a right-angled triangle. On one's legs, standing to speak. -- On one's last legs. See under Last. -- To have legs (Naut.), to have speed. -- To stand on one's own legs, to support one's self; to be independent.

<! p. 841 pr=VMG !>

Leg (lg), v. t. To use as a leg, with it as object: (a) To bow. [Obs.] (b) To run. [Low]

Leg"a*cy (lg"*s), n.; pl. Legacies (- sz). [L. (assumed) legatia, for legatum, from legare to appoint by last will, to bequeath as a legacy, to depute: cf. OF. legat legacy. See Legate.] 1. A gift of property by will, esp. of money or personal property; a bequest. Also Fig.; as, a legacy of dishonor or disease.

2. A business with which one is intrusted by another; a commission; -- obsolete, except in the phrases last legacy, dying legacy, and the like.

> My legacy and message wherefore I am sent into the world.

Tyndale.

> He came and told his legacy.

Chapman.

Legacy duty, a tax paid to government on legacies. Wharton. -- Legacy hunter, one who flatters and courts any one for the sake of a legacy.

Le"gal (l"gal), a. [L. legalis, fr. lex, legis, law; prob. orig., that which lies or is fixed (cf. L. lectus bed), and if so akin to E. lie, law: cf. F. légal. Cf. Lie to be prostrate, Loyal, Leal.] 1. Created by, permitted by, in conformity with, or relating to, law; as, a legal obligation; a legal standard or test; a legal procedure; a legal claim; a legal trade; anything is legal which the laws do not forbid.

2. (Theol.) (a) According to the law of works, as distinguished from free grace; or resting on works for salvation. (b) According to the old or Mosaic dispensation; in accordance with the law of Moses.

3. (Law) Governed by the rules of law as distinguished from the rules of equity; as, legal estate; legal assets. Bouvier. Burrill.

Legal cap. See under Cap. -- Legal tender. (a) The act of tendering in the performance of a contract or satisfaction of a claim that which the law prescribes or permits, and at such time and place as the law prescribes or permits. (b) That currency, or money, which the law authorizes a debtor to tender and requires a creditor to receive. It differs in different countries.

Syn. -- Lawful; constitutional; legitimate; licit; authorized. See Lawful.

Le"gal*ism (l"gal*z'm), n. Strictness, or the doctrine of strictness, in conforming to law.

Le"gal*ist, n. One who practices or advocates strict conformity to law; in theology, one who holds to the law of works. See Legal, 2 (a).

Le*gal"i*ty (l*gl"*t), n. [Cf. LL. legalitas, F. légalité. Cf. Loyalty.] 1. The state or quality of being legal; conformity to law.

2. (Theol.) A conformity to, and resting upon, the letter of the law.

Le`gal*i*za"tion (l`gal**z"shn), n. The act of making legal.

Le"gal*ize (l"gal*z), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Legalized (- zd); p. pr. & vb. n. Legalizing (- `zng).] [Cf. F. légaliser.] 1. To make legal.

2. (Theol.) To interpret or apply in a legal spirit.

Le"gal*ly, adv. In a legal manner.

Le*gan"tine (l*gn"tn), a. [Obs.] See Legatine.

Leg"a*ta*ry (lg"*t*r), n. [L. legatarius, fr. legaturius enjoined by a last will: cf. F. légataire. See Legacy.] A legatee. [R.] Ayliffe.

Leg"ate (lg"t), n. [OE. legat, L. legatus, fr. legare to send with a commission or charge, to depute, fr. lex, legis, law: cf. F. légat, It. legato. See Legal.] 1. An ambassador or envoy.

2. An ecclesiastic representing the pope and invested with the authority of the Holy See.

Legates are of three kinds: (a) Legates a latere, now always cardinals. They are called ordinary or extraordinary legates, the former governing provinces, and the latter class being sent to foreign countries on extraordinary occasions. (b) Legati missi, who correspond to the ambassadors of temporal governments. (c) Legati nati, or legates by virtue of their office, as the archbishops of Salzburg and Prague.

3. (Rom. Hist.) (a) An official assistant given to a general or to the governor of a province. (b) Under the emperors, a governor sent to a province.

Leg`a*tee" (lg`*t"), n. [See Legacy.] (Law) One to whom a legacy is bequeathed.

Leg"ate*ship (lg"t*shp), n. The office of a legate.

Leg"a*tine (-*tn), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a legate; as, legatine power. Holinshed.

2. Made by, proceeding from, or under the sanction of, a legate; as, a legatine constitution. Ayliffe.

Le*ga"tion (l*g"shn), n. [L. legatio: cf. F. légation, It. legazione. See Legate.] 1. The sending forth or commissioning one person to act for another. "The Divine legation of Moses." Bp. Warburton.

2. A legate, or envoy, and the persons associated with him in his mission; an embassy; or, in stricter usage, a diplomatic minister and his suite; a deputation.

3. The place of business or official residence of a diplomatic minister at a foreign court or seat of government.

4. A district under the jurisdiction of a legate.

||Le*ga"to (l*gä"t), a. [It., tied, joined, fr. legare to tie, bind, L. ligare.] (Mus.) Connected; tied; -- a term used when successive tones are to be produced in a closely connected, smoothly gliding manner. It is often indicated by a tie, thus &?;, &?;, or &?;, &?;, written over or under the notes to be so performed; -- opposed to staccato.

||Leg`a*tor" (lg`*tôr"), n. [L., fr. legare: cf. OF. legateur. See Legacy.] (Law) A testator; one who bequeaths a legacy. Dryden.

||Le`ga*tu"ra (l`g*t"r), n. [It. See Ligature.] (Mus.) A tie or brace; a syncopation.

Leg"a*ture (lg"*tr; 135), n. Legateship. [Obs.]

Lege (lj), v. t. [Abbrev. fr. allege to assert.] To allege; to assert. [Obs.] Bp. Fisher.

Lege"ment (-ment), n. See Ledgment.

Leg"end (lj"nd or l"jnd; 277), n. [OE. legende, OF. legende, F. légende, LL. legenda, fr. L. legendus to be read, fr. legere to read, gather; akin to Gr. le`gein to gather, speak. Cf. Collect, Dialogue, Lesson, Logic.]

1. That which is appointed to be read; especially, a chronicle or register of the lives of saints, formerly read at matins, and in the refectories of religious houses.

2. A story respecting saints; especially, one of a marvelous nature. Addison.

3. Any wonderful story coming down from the past, but not verifiable by historical record; a myth; a fable.

> And in this legend all that glorious deed
> Read, whilst you arm you.

Fairfax.

4. An inscription, motto, or title, esp. one surrounding the field in a medal or coin, or placed upon an heraldic shield or beneath an engraving or illustration.

Golden legend. See under Golden.

Leg"end, v. t. To tell or narrate, as a legend. Bp. Hall.

Leg"end*a*ry (lj"n*d*r), a. Of or pertaining to a legend or to legends; consisting of legends; like a legend; fabulous. "Legendary writers." Bp. Lloyd.

> Legendary stories of nurses and old women.

Bourne.

Leg"end*a*ry, n. [Cf. OF. legendaire, LL. legendarius.] 1. A book of legends; a tale or narrative.

> Read the Countess of Pembroke's "Arcadia," a gallant legendary full of pleasurable accidents.

James I.

2. One who relates legends. Bp. Lavington.

Leg"er (lj"r), n. [See Ledger.] 1. Anything that lies in a place; that which, or one who, remains in a place. [Obs.]

2. A minister or ambassador resident at a court or seat of government. [Written also lieger, leiger.] [Obs.]

> Sir Edward Carne, the queen's leger at Rome.

Fuller.

3. A ledger.

Leg"er, a. Lying or remaining in a place; hence, resident; as, leger ambassador.

Leg"er, a. [F. léger, fr. LL. (assumed) leviarius, fr. L. levis light in weight. See Levity.] Light; slender; slim; trivial. [Obs. except in special phrases.] Bacon.

Leger line (Mus.), a line added above or below the staff to extend its compass; -- called also added line.

Leg`er*de*main" (lj`r*d*mn"), n. [F. léger light, nimble + de of + main hand, L. manus. See 3d Leger, and Manual.] Sleight of hand; a trick of sleight of hand; hence, any artful deception or trick.

> He of legierdemayne the mysteries did know.

Spenser.

> The tricks and legerdemain by which men impose upon their own souls.

South.

Leg`er*de*main"ist, n. One who practices sleight of hand; a prestidigitator.

Le*ger"i*ty (l*jr"*t), n. [F. légèreté. See 3d Leger.] Lightness; nimbleness. [Archaic] Shak.

Legge (lg), v. t. [See Lay, v. t. ] To lay. [Obs.]

Legge, v. t. [Abbrev. fr. alegge.] To lighten; to allay. [Obs.] Rom. of R.

Legged (lgd or lg"gd), a. [From Leg.] Having (such or so many) legs; -- used in composition; as, a long-legged man; a two- legged animal.

{ ||Leg`gi*a"dro (ld`j*ä"dr), ||Leg`gi*e"ro (ld`j*"r), } a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) Light or graceful; in a light, delicate, and brisk style.

{ Leg"ging (lg"gng), Leg"gin (lg"gn), } n. [From Leg.] A cover for the leg, like a long gaiter.

Leg"ging, a. & vb. n., from Leg, v. t.

Leg"gy (-g), a. Having long legs. Thackeray.

Leg"horn (-hôrn), n. A straw plaiting used for bonnets and hats, made from the straw of a particular kind of wheat, grown for the purpose in Tuscany, Italy; -- so called from Leghorn, the place of exportation.

Leg`i*bil"i*ty (lj`*bl"*t), n. The quality of being legible; legibleness. Sir. D. Brewster.

Leg"i*ble (lj"*b'l), a. [L. legibilis, fr. legere to read: cf. OF. legible. See Legend.] 1. Capable of being read or deciphered; distinct to the eye; plain; -- used of writing or printing; as, a fair, legible manuscript.

> The stone with moss and lichens so overspread,
> Nothing is legible but the name alone.

Longfellow.

2. Capable of being discovered or understood by apparent marks or indications; as, the thoughts of men are often legible in their countenances.

Leg"i*ble*ness, n. The state or quality of being legible.

Leg"i*bly, adv. In a legible manner.

Le*gif"ic (l*jf"k), a. [L. lex, legis, law + - ficare (in comp.) to make. See -fy.] Of or pertaining to making laws.

> Practically, in many cases, authority or legific competence has begun in bare power.

J. Grote.

Le"gion (l"jn), n. [OE. legioun, OF. legion, F. légion, fr. L. legio, fr. legere to gather, collect. See Legend.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A body of foot soldiers and cavalry consisting of different numbers at different periods, -- from about four thousand to about six thousand men, -- the cavalry being about one tenth.

2. A military force; an army; military bands.

3. A great number; a multitude.

> Where one sin has entered, legions will force their way through the same breach.

Rogers.

4. (Taxonomy) A group of orders inferior to a class.

Legion of honor, an order instituted by the French government in 1802, when Bonaparte was First Consul, as a reward for merit, both civil and military.

Le"gion*a*ry (-*r), a. [L. legionarius: cf. F. légionnaire.] Belonging to a legion; consisting of a legion or legions, or of an indefinitely great number; as, legionary soldiers; a legionary force. "The legionary body of error." Sir T. Browne.

Le"gion*a*ry (l"jn**r), n.; pl. Legionaries (- rz). A member of a legion. Milton.

Le"gioned (l"jnd), a. Formed into a legion or legions; legionary. Shelley.

Le"gion*ry (l"jn*r), n. A body of legions; legions, collectively. [R.] Pollok.

Leg"is*late (lj"s*lt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Legislated (- l`td); p. pr. & vb. n. Legislating (-l`tng).] [See Legislator.] To make or enact a law or laws.

> Solon, in legislating for the Athenians, had an idea of a more perfect constitution than he gave them.

Bp. Watson (1805).

Leg`is*la"tion (-l"shn), n. [Cf. F. législation, L. legis latio. See Legislator.] The act of legislating; preparation and enactment of laws; the laws enacted.

> Pythagoras joined legislation to his philosophy.

Lyttelton.

Leg"is*la*tive (lj"s*l*tv), a. [Cf. F. législatif.]

1. Making, or having the power to make, a law or laws; lawmaking; -- distinguished from executive; as, a legislative act; a legislative body.

> The supreme legislative power of England was lodged in the king and great council, or what was afterwards called the Parliament.

Hume.

2. Of or pertaining to the making of laws; suitable to legislation; as, the transaction of legislative business; the legislative style.

Leg"is*la*tive*ly, adv. In a legislative manner.

Leg"is*la`tor (lj"s*l`tr), n. [L. legis lator, prop., a proposer of a law; lex, legis, law + lator a proposer, bearer, fr. latus, used as p. p. of ferre to bear: cf. F. législateur. See Legal, and Tolerate.] A lawgiver; one who makes laws for a state or community; a member of a legislative body.

> The legislators in ancient and heroical times.

Bacon.

> Many of the legislators themselves had taken an oath of abjuration of his Majesty's person and family.

E. Phillips.

Leg`is*la*to"ri*al (- l*t"r*al), a. Of or pertaining to a legislator or legislature.

Leg"is*la`tor*ship (lj"s*l`tr*shp), n. The office of a legislator. Halifax.

{ Leg"is*la`tress (-trs), Leg"is*la`trix (-trks), } n. A woman who makes laws. Shaftesbury.

Leg"is*la`ture (lj"s*l`tr; 135), n. [Cf. F. législature.] The body of persons in a state or kingdom invested with power to make and repeal laws; a legislative body.

> Without the concurrent consent of all three parts of the legislature, no law is, or can be, made.

Sir M. Hale.

The legislature of Great Britain consists of the Lords and Commons, with the king or queen, whose sanction is necessary to every bill before it becomes a law. The legislatures of most of the United States consist of two houses or branches; but the sanction or consent of the governor is required to give their acts the force of law, or a concurrence of two thirds of the two houses after he has refused his sanction and assigned his objections.

Le"gist (l"jst), n. [F. légiste, LL. legista, fr. L. lex, legis, law. See Legal.] One skilled in the laws; a writer on law. Milman. J. Morley.

Le*git"im (l*j"m), n. [See Legitimate, a.] (Scots Law) The portion of movable estate to which the children are entitled upon the death of the father.

Le*git"i*ma*cy (-*m*s), n. [See Legitimate, a.] The state, or quality, of being legitimate, or in conformity with law; hence, the condition of having been lawfully begotten, or born in wedlock.

> The doctrine of Divine Right, which has now come back to us, like a thief from transportation, under the alias of Legitimacy.

Macaulay.

Le*git"i*mate (-mt), a. [LL. legitimatus, p. p. of legitimare to legitimate, fr. L. legitimus legitimate. See Legal.] 1. Accordant with law or with established legal forms and requirements; lawful; as, legitimate government; legitimate rights; the legitimate succession to the throne; a legitimate proceeding of an officer; a legitimate heir.

2. Lawfully begotten; born in wedlock.

3. Authorized; real; genuine; not false, counterfeit, or spurious; as, legitimate poems of Chaucer; legitimate inscriptions.

4. Conforming to known principles, or accepted rules; as, legitimate reasoning; a legitimate standard, or method; a legitimate combination of colors.

> Tillotson still keeps his place as a legitimate English classic.

Macaulay.

5. Following by logical sequence; reasonable; as, a legitimate result; a legitimate inference.

Le*git"i*mate (-mt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Legitimated (- m`td); p. pr. & vb. n. Legitimating (-m`tng).] To make legitimate, lawful, or valid; esp., to put in the position or state of a legitimate person before the law, by legal means; as, to legitimate a bastard child.

> To enact a statute of that which he dares not seem to approve, even to legitimate vice.

Milton.

Le*git"i*mate*ly (-mt*l), adv. In a legitimate manner; lawfully; genuinely.

Le*git"i*mate*ness, n. The state or quality of being legitimate; lawfulness; genuineness.

Le*git`i*ma"tion (-m"shn), n. [Cf. F. légitimation.]

1. The act of making legitimate.

> The coining or legitimation of money.

East.

2. Lawful birth. [R.] Shak.

Le*git"i*ma*tist (l*jt"*m*tst), n. See Legitimist.

Le*git"i*ma*tize (-tz), v. t. To legitimate.

Le*git"i*mism (-mz'm), n. The principles or plans of legitimists.

Le*git"i*mist (-mst), n. [Cf. F. légitimiste.] 1. One who supports legitimate authority; esp., one who believes in hereditary monarchy, as a divine right.

2. Specifically, a supporter of the claims of the elder branch of the Bourbon dynasty to the crown of France.

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Le*git"i*mize (l*jt"*mz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Legitimized (-mzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Legitimizing.] To legitimate.

Leg"less (lg"ls), a. Not having a leg.

Le"go-lit"er*a*ry (l"g- lt"r**r), a. [See Legal, and Literary.] Pertaining to the literature of law.

Le`gu*le"ian (l`g*l"yan), a. [L. leguleius pettifogger, fr. lex, legis, law.] Lawyerlike; legal. [R.] "Leguleian barbarism." De Quincey. -- n. A lawyer.

Leg"ume (lg"m or l*gm"), n. [F. légume, L. legumen, fr. legere to gather. So called because they may be gathered without cutting. See Legend.] 1. (Bot.) A pod dehiscent into two pieces or valves, and having the seed attached at one suture, as that of the pea.

In the latter circumstance, it differs from a siliqua, in which the seeds are attached to both sutures. In popular use, a legume is called a pod, or cod; as, pea pod, or peas cod.

2. pl. The fruit of leguminous plants, as peas, beans, lupines; pulse.

||Le*gu"men (l*g"mn), n.; pl. L. Legumina (- m*n), E. Legumens (-mnz). [L.] Same as Legume.

Le*gu"min (-mn), n. [Cf. F. légumine.] (Physiol. Chem.) An albuminous substance resembling casein, found as a characteristic ingredient of the seeds of leguminous and grain-bearing plants.

Le*gu"mi*nous (-m*ns), a. [Cf. F. légumineux.] 1. Pertaining to pulse; consisting of pulse.

2. (Bot.) Belonging to, or resembling, a very large natural order of plants (Leguminosæ), which bear legumes, including peas, beans, clover, locust trees, acacias, and mimosas.

Lei"ger (l"jr), n. [See Leger, and Ledger.] See Leger, n., 2. [Obs.] Shak.

Lei*ot"ri*chan (l*t"r*kan), a. Of or pertaining to the Leiotrichi. - - n. One of the Leiotrichi.

||Lei*ot"ri*chi (-k), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lei^os smooth + qri`x, tricho`s, hair.] (Anthropol.) The division of mankind which embraces the smooth-haired races.

Lei*ot"ri*chous (-ks), a. [See Leiotrichi.] (Anthropol.) Having smooth, or nearly smooth, hair.

||Lei*po"a (l*p"), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A genus of Australian gallinaceous birds including but a single species (Leipoa ocellata), about the size of a turkey. Its color is variegated, brown, black, white, and gray. Called also native pheasant.

It makes large mounds of sand and vegetable material, in which its eggs are laid to be hatched by the heat of the decomposing mass.

Lei`po*thym"ic (l`p*thm"k), a. See Lipothymic.

{ Leis"ter, Lis"ter } (ls"tr), n. A spear armed with three or more prongs, for striking fish. [Scotland]

Lei"sur*a*ble (l"zhr**b'l; 135), a. [See Leisure.]

1. Leisurely. [Obs.] Hooker.

2. Vacant of employment; not occupied; idle; leisure; as leisurable hours. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Lei"sur*a*bly, adv. At leisure. [Obs.]

Lei"sure (l"zhr; 135), n. [OE. leisere, leiser, OF. leisir, F. loisir, orig., permission, fr. L. licere to be permitted. See License.] 1. Freedom from occupation or business; vacant time; time free from employment.

> The desire of leisure is much more natural than of business and care.

Sir W. Temple.

2. Time at one's command, free from engagement; convenient opportunity; hence, convenience; ease.

> He sighed, and had no leisure more to say.

Dryden.

At leisure. (a) Free from occupation; not busy. (b) In a leisurely manner; at a convenient time.

Lei"sure, a. Unemployed; as, leisure hours.

Lei"sured (l"zhrd), a. Having leisure. "The leisured classes." Gladstone.

Lei"sure*ly (l"zhr*l), a. Characterized by leisure; taking abundant time; not hurried; as, a leisurely manner; a leisurely walk.

Lei"sure*ly, adv. In a leisurely manner. Addison.

||Leit"mo*tif" (lt"m*tf"), n. [G.] (Mus.) See Leading motive, under Leading, a.

Le"man (l"man or lm"an; 277), n. [OE. lemman, lefman; AS. leóf dear + mann man. See Lief, and Man.] A sweetheart, of either sex; a gallant, or a mistress; -- usually in a bad sense. [Archaic] Chaucer. Spenser. Shak.

Leme (lm), n. [OE. leem, leme, leam, AS. leóma light, brightness; akin to E. light, n. √122.] A ray or glimmer of light; a gleam. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Leme, v. i. To shine. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Lem"ma (lm"m), n.; pl. L. Lemmata (-m*t), E. Lemmas (-mz). [L. lemma, Gr. lh^mma anything received, an assumption or premise taken for granted, fr. lamba`nein to take, assume. Cf. Syllable.] A preliminary or auxiliary proposition demonstrated or accepted for immediate use in the demonstration of some other proposition, as in mathematics or logic.

Lem"man (lm"man), n. A leman. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lem"ming (lm"mng), n. [Nor. lemming, lemende; cf. Sw. lemel, Lapp. lummik.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small arctic rodents of the genera Myodes and Cuniculus, resembling the meadow mice in form. They are found in both hemispheres.

The common Northern European lemming (Myodes lemmus) is remarkable for making occasional devastating migrations in enormous numbers from the mountains into the lowlands.

Lem"ni*an (lm"n*an), a. [L. Lemnius, fr. Lemnus, Gr. Lh^mnos.] Of or pertaining to the isle of Lemnos.

Lemnian bole, Lemnian earth, an aluminous earth of a grayish yellow color; sphragide; -- formerly sold as medicine, having astringent properties. -- Lemnian reddle, a reddle of firm consistence and deep red color; -- used by artificers in coloring.

{ Lem`nis*ca"ta (lm`ns*k"t), Lem*nis"cate (lm*ns"kt), } n. [L. lemniscatus adorned with ribbons, fr. lemniscus a ribbon hanging down, Gr. lhmni`skos.] (Geom.) A curve in the form of the figure 8, with both parts symmetrical, generated by the point in which a tangent to an equilateral hyperbola meets the perpendicular on it drawn from the center.

||Lem*nis"cus (lm*ns"ks), n.; pl. Lemnisci (- s). [L. See Lemniscata.] (Zoöl.) One of two oval bodies hanging from the interior walls of the body in the Acanthocephala.

Lem"on (lm"n), n. [F. limon, Per. lmn; cf. Ar. laimn, Sp. limon, It. limone. Cf. Lime a fruit.]

1. (Bot.) An oval or roundish fruit resembling the orange, and containing a pulp usually intensely acid. It is produced by a tropical tree of the genus Citrus, the common fruit known in commerce being that of the species C. Limonum or C. Medica (var. Limonum). There are many varieties of the fruit, some of which are sweet.

2. The tree which bears lemons; the lemon tree.

Lemon grass (Bot.), a fragrant East Indian grass (Andropogon Shœnanthus, and perhaps other allied species), which yields the grass oil used in perfumery. - - Lemon sole (Zoöl.), a yellow European sole (Solea aurantiaca). -- Salts of lemon (Chem.), a white crystalline substance, inappropriately named, as it consists of an acid potassium oxalate and contains no citric acid, which is the characteristic acid of lemon; -- called also salts of sorrel. It is used in removing ink stains. See Oxalic acid, under Oxalic. [Colloq.]

Lem`on*ade" (lm`n*d"), n. [F. limonade; cf. Sp. limonada, It. limonata. See Lemon.] A beverage consisting of lemon juice mixed with water and sweetened.

Le"mur (l"mr), n. [L., a ghost, specter. So called on account of its habit of going abroad by night.] (Zoöl.) One of a family (Lemuridæ) of nocturnal mammals allied to the monkeys, but of small size, and having a sharp and foxlike muzzle, and large eyes. They feed upon birds, insects, and fruit, and are mostly natives of Madagascar and the neighboring islands, one genus (Galago) occurring in Africa. The slow lemur or kukang of the East Indies is Nycticebus tardigradus. See Galago, Indris, and Colugo.

||Lem"u*res (lm"*rz; E. l"mrz), n. pl. [L. See Lemur.] Spirits or ghosts of the departed; specters.

> The Lars and Lemures moan with midnight plaint.

Milton.

Le*mu"ri*a (l*m"r*), n. [So named from the supposition that it was the original home of the lemurs.] A hypothetical land, or continent, supposed by some to have existed formerly in the Indian Ocean, of which Madagascar is a remnant. Herschel.

Lem"u*rid (lm"*rd), a. & n. (Zoöl.) Same as Lemuroid.

{ Le*mu"ri*dous (l*m"r*ds), Lem"u*rine (lm"*rn or *rn), } a. (Zoöl.) Lemuroid.

Lem"u*roid (lm"*roid), a. [Lemur + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the lemurs or the Lemuroidea. -- n. One of the Lemuroidea.

||Lem`u*roi"de*a (lm`*roi"d*), n. pl. [NL. See Lemur, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of primates, including the lemurs, the aye-aye, and allied species. [Written also Lemuroida.]

||Le"na (l"n), n. [L.] A procuress. J. Webster.

Lend (lnd), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lent (lnt); p. pr. & vb. n. Lending.] [OE. lenen, AS. lnan, fr. ln loan; akin to G. lehnen to lend. See Loan.] 1. To allow the custody and use of, on condition of the return of the same; to grant the temporary use of; as, to lend a book; -- opposed to borrow.

> Give me that ring.
> I'll lend it thee, my dear, but have no power
> To give it from me.

Shak.

2. To allow the possession and use of, on condition of the return of an equivalent in kind; as, to lend money or some article of food.

> Thou shalt not give him thy money upon usury, nor lend him thy victuals for increase.

Levit. xxv. 37.

3. To afford; to grant or furnish in general; as, to lend assistance; to lend one's name or influence.

> Cato, lend me for a while thy patience.

Addison.

> Mountain lines and distant horizons lend space and largeness to his compositions.

J. A. Symonds.

4. To let for hire or compensation; as, to lend a horse or gig.

This use of the word is rare in the United States, except with reference to money.

To lend a hand, to give assistance; to help. [Colloq.] -- To lend an ear or one's ears, to give attention.

Lend"a*ble (-*b'l), a. Such as can be lent. Sherwood.

Lend"er (-r), n. One who lends.

> The borrower is servant to the lender.

Prov. xxii. 7.

Lend"es (lnd"z), n. pl. See Lends. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lend"ing, n. 1. The act of one who lends.

2. That which is lent or furnished.

Lends (lndz), n. pl. [AS. lend, lenden; akin to D. & G. lende, OHG. lenti, Icel. lend, and perh to E. loin.] Loins. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Lene (ln), v. t. [See Lend.] To lend; to grant; to permit. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Le"ne (l"n), a. [L. lenis smooth.] (Phonetics) (a) Smooth; as, the lene breathing. (b) Applied to certain mute consonants, as p, k, and t (or Gr. π, κ, τ). W. E. Jelf.

Le"ne, n. (Phonetics) (a) The smooth breathing (spiritus lenis). (b) Any one of the lene consonants, as p, k, or t (or Gr. π, κ, τ). W. E. Jelf.

{ Leng"er (lng"r), Leng"est }, a. Longer; longest; -- obsolete compar. and superl. of long. Chaucer.

Length (lngth), n. [OE. lengthe, AS. lengð, fr. lang, long, long; akin to D. lengte, Dan. længde, Sw. längd, Icel. lengd. See Long, a. ] 1. The longest, or longer, dimension of any object, in distinction from breadth or width; extent of anything from end to end; the longest line which can be drawn through a body, parallel to its sides; as, the length of a church, or of a ship; the length of a rope or line.

2. A portion of space or of time considered as measured by its length; -- often in the plural.

> Large lengths of seas and shores.

Shak.

> The future but a length behind the past.

Dryden.

3. The quality or state of being long, in space or time; extent; duration; as, some sea birds are remarkable for the length of their wings; he was tired by the length of the sermon, and the length of his walk.

4. A single piece or subdivision of a series, or of a number of long pieces which may be connected together; as, a length of pipe; a length of fence.

5. Detail or amplification; unfolding; continuance as, to pursue a subject to a great length.

> May Heaven, great monarch, still augment your bliss
> With length of days, and every day like this.

Dryden.

6. Distance.[Obs.]

> He had marched to the length of Exeter.

Clarendon.

At length. (a) At or in the full extent; without abbreviation; as, let the name be inserted at length. (b) At the end or conclusion; after a long period. See Syn. of At last, under Last. -- At arm's length. See under Arm.

Length, v. t. To lengthen. [Obs.] Shak.

Length"en (-'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lengthened (-'nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lengthening (-'n*ng).] To extent in length; to make longer in extent or duration; as, to lengthen a line or a road; to lengthen life; -- sometimes followed by out.

> What if I please to lengthen out his date.

Dryden.

Length"en, v. i. To become longer. Locke.

Length"ful (-fl), a. Long. [Obs.] Pope.

Length"i*ly (-*l), adv. In a lengthy manner; at great length or extent.

Length"i*ness, n. The state or quality of being lengthy; prolixity.

{ Length"ways` (-wz`), Length"wise` (- wz`), } adv. In the direction of the length; in a longitudinal direction.

Length"y (-), a. [Compar. Lengthier (-*r); superl. Lengthiest.] Having length; rather long or too long; prolix; not brief; -- said chiefly of discourses, writings, and the like. "Lengthy periods." Washington. "Some lengthy additions." Byron. "These would be details too lengthy." Jefferson. "To cut short lengthy explanations." Trench.

{ Le"ni*ence (l"n*ens or ln"yens; 106), Le"ni*en*cy (l"n*en*s or ln"yen*s), } n. The quality or state of being lenient; lenity; clemency.

Le"ni*ent (l"n*ent or ln"yent), a. [L. leniens, - entis, p. pr. of lenire to soften, fr. lenis soft, mild. Cf. Lithe.]

1. Relaxing; emollient; softening; assuasive; -- sometimes followed by of. "Lenient of grief." Milton.

> Of relax the fibers, are lenient, balsamic.

Arbuthnot.

> Time, that on all things lays his lenient hand.

Pope.

2. Mild; clement; merciful; not rigorous or severe; as, a lenient disposition; a lenient judge or sentence.

Le"ni*ent, n. (Med.) A lenitive; an emollient.

Le"ni*ent*ly, adv. In a lenient manner.

Len"i*fy (ln"*f), v. t. [L. lenis soft, mild + -fy: cf. F. lénifier.] To assuage; to soften; to mitigate; to alleviate. Bacon. Dryden.

Len"i*ment (-ment), n. [L. lenimentum: cf. OF. leniment. See Lenient.] An assuasive. [Obs.]

Len"i*tive (-tv), a. [Cf. F. lénitif. See Lenient.] Having the quality of softening or mitigating, as pain or acrimony; assuasive; emollient.

Len"i*tive, n. [Cf. F. lénitif.] 1. (Med.) (a) A medicine or application that has the quality of easing pain or protecting from the action of irritants. (b) A mild purgative; a laxative.

2. That which softens or mitigates; that which tends to allay passion, excitement, or pain; a palliative.

> There is one sweet lenitive at least for evils, which Nature holds out; so I took it kindly at her hands, and fell asleep.

Sterne.

Len"i*tive*ness, n. The quality of being lenitive.

Len"i*tude (-td), n. [L. lenitudo.] The quality or habit of being lenient; lenity. [Obs.] Blount.

Len"i*ty (-t), n. [L. lenitas, fr. lenis soft, mild: cf. OF. lenité. See Lenient.] The state or quality of being lenient; mildness of temper or disposition; gentleness of treatment; softness; tenderness; clemency; -- opposed to severity and rigor.

> His exceeding lenity disposes us to be somewhat too severe.

Macaulay.

Syn. -- Gentleness; kindness; tenderness; softness; humanity; clemency; mercy.

Len`ni-Len*a"pe (ln`n- ln*ä"p), n. pl. (Ethnol.) A general name for a group of Algonquin tribes which formerly occupied the coast region of North America from Connecticut to Virginia. They included the Mohicans, Delawares, Shawnees, and several other tribes.

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Le"no (l"n), n. [Cf. It. leno weak, flexible.] A light open cotton fabric used for window curtains.

Le*noc"i*nant (l*ns"*nant), a. [L. lenocinans, p. pr. of lenocinari to pander, cajole; akin to leno pimp.] Given to lewdness. [Obs.]

Lens (lnz), n.; pl. Lenses (-z). [L. lens a lentil. So named from the resemblance in shape of a double convex lens to the seed of a lentil. Cf. Lentil.] (Opt.) A piece of glass, or other transparent substance, ground with two opposite regular surfaces, either both curved, or one curved and the other plane, and commonly used, either singly or combined, in optical instruments, for changing the direction of rays of light, and thus magnifying objects, or otherwise modifying vision. In practice, the curved surfaces are usually spherical, though rarely cylindrical, or of some other figure.

Lenses

Of spherical lenses, there are six varieties, as shown in section in the figures herewith given: viz., a plano-concave; b double-concave; c plano-convex; d double- convex; e converging concavo-convex, or converging meniscus; f diverging concavo-convex, or diverging meniscus.

Crossed lens (Opt.), a double-convex lens with one radius equal to six times the other. -- Crystalline lens. (Anat.) See Eye. -- Fresnel lens (Opt.), a compound lens formed by placing around a central convex lens rings of glass so curved as to have the same focus; used, especially in lighthouses, for concentrating light in a particular direction; -- so called from the inventor. -- Multiplying lens or glass (Opt.), a lens one side of which is plane and the other convex, but made up of a number of plane faces inclined to one another, each of which presents a separate image of the object viewed through it, so that the object is, as it were, multiplied. -- Polyzonal lens. See Polyzonal.

Lent (lnt), imp. & p. p. of Lend.

Lent, n. [OE. lente, lenten, leynte, AS. lengten, lencten, spring, lent, akin to D. lente, OHG. lenzin, langiz, G. lenz, and perh. fr. AS. lang long, E. long, because at this season of the year the days lengthen.] (Eccl.) A fast of forty days, beginning with Ash Wednesday and continuing till Easter, observed by some Christian churches as commemorative of the fast of our Savior.

Lent lily (Bot.), the daffodil; -- so named from its blossoming in spring.

Lent, a. [L. lentus; akin to lenis soft, mild: cf. F. lent. See Lenient.] 1. Slow; mild; gentle; as, lenter heats. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

2. (Mus.) See Lento.

||Len`ta*men"te (ln`t*mn"t; E. ln`t*mn"t), adv. [It.] (Mus.) Slowly; in slow time.

||Len*tan"do (ln*tän"d; E. ln*tn"d), a. [It., p. pr. of lentare to make slow. See Lent, a.] (Mus.) Slackening; retarding. Same as Rallentando.

Lent"en (lnt"'n), n. Lent. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

Lent"en, a. [From OE. lenten lent. See Lent, n. ] 1. Of or pertaining to the fast called Lent; used in, or suitable to, Lent; as, the Lenten season.

> She quenched her fury at the flood,
> And with a Lenten salad cooled her blood.

Dryden.

2. Spare; meager; plain; somber; unostentatious; not abundant or showy. "Lenten entertainment." " Lenten answer." Shak. " Lenten suit." Beau. & Fl.

Lenten color, black or violet. F. G. Lee.

Lent"en*tide` (-td`), n. The season of Lenten or Lent.

Len"ti*cel (ln"t*sl), n. [F. lenticelle, dim. fr. L. lens, lentis, a lentil. Cf. Lentil.] (Bot.) (a) One of the small, oval, rounded spots upon the stem or branch of a plant, from which the underlying tissues may protrude or roots may issue, either in the air, or more commonly when the stem or branch is covered with water or earth. (b) A small, lens-shaped gland on the under side of some leaves.

Len`ti*cel"late (ln`t*sl"lt), a. (Bot.) Producing lenticels; dotted with lenticels.

Len`ti*celle" (ln`t*sl"), n. [F.] (Bot.) Lenticel.

||Len*tic"u*la (ln*tk"*l), n.; pl. E. Lenticulas (- lz), L. Lenticulæ (-l). [L. See Lenticel.] 1. (Med.) A kind of eruption upon the skin; lentigo; freckle.

2. (Opt.) A lens of small size.

3. (Bot.) A lenticel.

Len*tic"u*lar (-lr), a. [L. lenticularis: cf. F. lenticulaire. See Lenticel.] Resembling a lentil in size or form; having the form of a double-convex lens.

Len*tic"u*lar*ly, adv. In the manner of a lens; with a curve.

Len"ti*form (ln"t*fôrm), a. [L. lens, lentis, lentil + - form: cf. F. lentiforme.] Lenticular.

Len*tig"i*nose` (ln*tj"*ns`), a. [See Lentiginous.] (Bot.) Bearing numerous dots resembling freckles.

Len*tig"i*nous (-ns), a. [L. lentiginosus. See Lentigo.] Of or pertaining to lentigo; freckly; scurfy; furfuraceous.

||Len*ti"go (ln*t"g), n. [L., fr. lens, lentis, lentil.] (Med.) A freckly eruption on the skin; freckles.

Len"til (ln"tl), n. [F. lentille, fr. L. lenticula, dim. of lens, lentis, lentil. Cf. Lens.] (Bot.) A leguminous plant of the genus Ervum (Ervum Lens), of small size, common in the fields in Europe. Also, its seed, which is used for food on the continent.

The lentil of the Scriptures probably included several other vetchlike plants.

Lentil shell (Zoöl.), a small bivalve shell of the genus Ervillia, family Tellinidæ.

{ Len*tis"cus (ln*ts"ks), Len"tisk (ln"tsk), } n. [L. lentiscus, lentiscum: cf. F. lentisque.] (Bot.) A tree; the mastic. See Mastic.

Len"ti*tude (ln"t*td), n. [L. lentitudo, fr. lentus slow: cf. OF. lentitude. See Lent, a.] Slowness; sluggishness. [Obs.]

||Len"to (ln"t; E. ln"t), a. & adv. [It.] (Mus.) Slow; in slow time; slowly; -- rarely written lente.

Len"toid (ln"toid), a. [Lens + -oid.] Having the form of a lens; lens- shaped.

||Len"tor (-tr), n. [L., fr. lentus pliant, tough, slow. See Lent, a.] 1. Tenacity; viscidity, as of fluids.

2. Slowness; delay; sluggishness. Arbuthnot.

Len"tous (-ts), a. [L. lentus. See Lentor.] Viscid; viscous; tenacious.

> Spawn of a lentous and transparent body.

Sir T. Browne.

||L'en`voi", or L'en`voy" (län`vwä"), n. [F. le the + envoi a sending. See Envoy.] 1. One or more detached verses at the end of a literary composition, serving to convey the moral, or to address the poem to a particular person; -- orig. employed in old French poetry. Shak.

2. A conclusion; a result. Massinger.

||Le"o (l"), n. [L. See Lion.] (Astron.) 1. The Lion, the fifth sign of the zodiac, marked thus [] in almanacs.

2. A northern constellation east of Cancer, containing the bright star Regulus at the end of the handle of the Sickle.

Leo Minor, a small constellation between Leo and the Great Bear.

Le"od (l"d), n. [AS. leód people, nation, man, chief; akin to OS. liud, OHG. liut, pl. liuti, G. leute, pl., fr. AS. leódan to grow, akin to Goth. liudan, OS. liodan, OHG. liotan to grow; cf. Skr. ruh. √123.] People; a nation; a man. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Bp. Gibson.

Le"on (l"n), n. A lion. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Le"onced (l"nst), a. (Her.) See Lionced.

Le`o*nese" (l`*nz" or - ns"), a. Of or pertaining to Leon, in Spain. -- n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Leon.

Le"o*nid (l"*nd), n. [From Leo: cf. F. léonides, pl.] (Astron.) One of the shooting stars which constitute the star shower that recurs near the fourteenth of November at intervals of about thirty-three years; -- so called because these shooting stars appear on the heavens to move in lines directed from the constellation Leo.

Le"o*nine (l"*nn), a. [L. leoninus, fr. leo, leonis, lion: cf. F. léonin. See Lion.] Pertaining to, or characteristic of, the lion; as, a leonine look; leonine rapacity. -- Le"o*nine*ly, adv.

Leonine verse, a kind of verse, in which the end of the line rhymes with the middle; -- so named from Leo, or Leoninus, a Benedictine and canon of Paris in the twelfth century, who wrote largely in this measure, though he was not the inventor. The following line is an example:

> Gloria factorum temere conceditur horum.

Le*on"to*don (l*n"t*dn), n. [Gr. le`wn, le`ontos, lion + 'odoy`s, 'odo`ntos, tooth. Cf. Lion's- tooth, Dandelion.] (Bot.) A genus of liguliflorous composite plants, including the fall dandelion (L. autumnale), and formerly the true dandelion; -- called also lion's tooth.

Leop"ard (lp"rd), n. [OE. leopart, leparde, lebarde, libbard, OF. leopard, liepart, F. léopard, L. leopardus, fr. Gr. leo`pardos; le`wn lion + pa`rdos pard. See Lion, and Pard.] (Zoöl.) A large, savage, carnivorous mammal (Felis leopardus). It is of a yellow or fawn color, with rings or roselike clusters of black spots along the back and sides. It is found in Southern Asia and Africa. By some the panther (Felis pardus) is regarded as a variety of leopard.

Hunting leopard. See Cheetah. -- Leopard cat (Zoöl.) any one of several species or varieties of small, spotted cats found in Africa, Southern Asia, and the East Indies; esp., Felis Bengalensis. -- Leopard marmot. See Gopher, 2.

Leop"ard's bane` (lp"rdz bn`). (Bot.) A name of several harmless plants, as Arnica montana, Senecio Doronicum, and Paris quadrifolia.

Leop"ard*wood`, n. (Bot.) See Letterwood.

Lep (lp), obs. strong imp. of Leap. Leaped. Chaucer.

Lep"a*dite (-*dt), n. [L. lepas, lepadis, limpet, Gr. lepa`s, lepa`dos.] (Zoöl.) Same as Lepadoid.

Lep"a*doid (-*doid), n. [Lepas + -oid.] (Zoöl.) A stalked barnacle of the genus Lepas, or family Lepadidæ; a goose barnacle. Also used adjectively.

Lep"al (lp"al), n. [Gr. lepi`s a scale: cf. F. lépale.] (Bot.) A sterile transformed stamen.

||Le"pas (l"ps), n. [L., a limpet, fr. Gr. lepa`s.] (Zoöl.) Any one of various species of Lepas, a genus of pedunculated barnacles found attached to floating timber, bottoms of ships, Gulf weed, etc.; -- called also goose barnacle. See Barnacle.

Lep"er (lp"r), n. [OE. lepre leprosy, F. lèpre, L. leprae, lepra, fr. Gr. le`pra, fr. lepro`s scaly, fr. le`pos scale, le`pein to peel.] A person affected with leprosy.

Lep"ered (-rd), a. Affected or tainted with leprosy.

Lep"er*ize (lp"r*z), v. t. To affect with leprosy.

Lep"er*ous (-r*s), a. Leprous; infectious; corrupting; poisonous. "The leperous distillment." Shak.

Lep"id (-d), a. [L. lepidus.] Pleasant; jocose. [R.]

> The joyous and lepid consul.

Sydney Smith.

Lep"i*dine (lp"*dn or *dn), n. (Chem.) An organic base, C9H6.N.CH3, metameric with quinaldine, and obtained by the distillation of cinchonine.

Lep`i*do*den"drid (lp`*d*dn"drd), n. (Paleon.) One of an extinct family of trees allied to the modern club mosses, and including Lepidodendron and its allies.

Lep`i*do*den"droid (-droid), a. (Paleon.) Allied to, or resembling, Lepidodendron. -- n. A lepidodendrid.

||Lep`i*do*den"dron (-drn), n. [NL., fr. Gr. lepi`s -i`dos, a scale + de`ndron tree.] (Paleon.) A genus of fossil trees of the Devonian and Carboniferous ages, having the exterior marked with scars, mostly in quincunx order, produced by the separation of the leafstalks.

Lep`i*do*ga"noid (lp`*d*g"noid or -gn"oid), n. [Gr. lepi`s -i`dos, a scale + E. ganoid.] (Zoöl.) Any one of a division (Lepidoganoidei) of ganoid fishes, including those that have scales forming a coat of mail. Also used adjectively.

Le*pid"o*lite (l*pd"*lt; 277), n. [Gr. lepi`s -i`dos, a scale + -lite: cf. F. lépidolithe.] (Min.) A species of mica, of a lilac or rose-violet color, containing lithia. It usually occurs in masses consisting of small scales. See Mica.

Lep`i*dom"e*lane (lp`*dm"*ln), n. [Gr. lepi`s -i`dos, a scale + me`las, me`laina, black.] (Min.) An iron-potash mica, of a raven-black color, usually found in granitic rocks in small six-sided tables, or as an aggregation of minute opaque scales. See Mica.

Lep`i*dop"ter (lp`*dp"tr), n. [Cf. F. lépidoptère.] (Zoöl.) One of the Lepidoptera.

||Lep`i*dop"te*ra (-dp"t*r), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lepi`s - i`dos, a scale + ptero`n a feather, wing.] (Zoöl.) An order of insects, which includes the butterflies and moths. They have broad wings, covered with minute overlapping scales, usually brightly colored.

They have a tubular proboscis, or haustellum, formed by the two slender maxillæ. The labial palpi are usually large, and the proboscis, when not in use, can be coiled up spirally between them. The mandibles are rudimentary. The larvæ, called caterpillars, are often brightly colored, and they commonly feed on leaves. The adults feed chiefly on the honey of flowers.

{ Lep`i*dop"ter*al (-tr*al), Lep`i*dop"ter*ous (-s), } a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Lepidoptera.

Lep`i*dop"ter*ist, n. (Zoöl.) One who studies the Lepidoptera.

||Lep`i*do*sau"ri*a (-d*s"r*), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lepi`s - i`dos, a scale + say^ros a lizard.] (Zoöl.) A division of reptiles, including the serpents and lizards; the Plagiotremata.

Lep`i*do*si"ren (-s"rn), n. [Gr. lepi`s -i`dos, a scale + seirh`n a siren.] (Zoöl.) An eel- shaped ganoid fish of the order Dipnoi, having both gills and lungs. It inhabits the rivers of South America. The name is also applied to a related African species (Protopterus annectens). The lepidosirens grow to a length of from four to six feet. Called also doko.

{ Lep"i*dote (lp"*dt), Lep"i*do`ted (-d`td), } a. [Gr. lepidwto`s covered with scales, fr. lepi`s -i`dos, a scale.] (Bot.) Having a coat of scurfy scales, as the leaves of the oleaster.

||Le*pis"ma (l*pz"m), n. [NL., fr. Gr. le`pisma peel, fr. lepi`s -i`dos, a scale.] (Zoöl.) A genus of wingless thysanurous insects having an elongated flattened body, covered with shining scales and terminated by seven unequal bristles. A common species (Lepisma saccharina) is found in houses, and often injures books and furniture. Called also shiner, silver witch, silver moth, and furniture bug.

Le*pis"moid (-moid), a. [Lepisma + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the Lepisma.

Lep"o*rine (lp"*rn or - rn), a. [L. leporinus, fr. lepus, leporis, hare. See Leveret.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a hare; like or characteristic of, a hare.

||Le"pra (l"pr), n. [L. See Leper.] (Med.) Leprosy.

The term lepra was formerly given to various skin diseases, the leprosy of modern authors being Lepra Arabum. See Leprosy.

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Lep"re (lp"r), n. Leprosy.[Obs.] Wyclif.

Lep"rose` (lp"rs`), a. [See Leprous.] (Nat. Hist.) Covered with thin, scurfy scales.

Le*pros"i*ty (l*prs"*t), n. The state or quality of being leprous or scaly; also, a scale. Bacon.

Lep"ro*sy (lp"r*s), n. [See Leprous.] (Med.) A cutaneous disease which first appears as blebs or as reddish, shining, slightly prominent spots, with spreading edges. These are often followed by an eruption of dark or yellowish prominent nodules, frequently producing great deformity. In one variety of the disease, anæsthesia of the skin is a prominent symptom. In addition there may be wasting of the muscles, falling out of the hair and nails, and distortion of the hands and feet with destruction of the bones and joints. It is incurable, and is probably contagious.

The disease now called leprosy, also designated as Lepra or Lepra Arabum, and Elephantiasis Græcorum, is not the same as the leprosy of the ancients. The latter was, indeed, a generic name for many varieties of skin disease (including our modern leprosy, psoriasis, etc.), some of which, among the Hebrews, rendered a person ceremonially unclean. A variety of leprosy of the Hebrews (probably identical with modern leprosy) was characterized by the presence of smooth, shining, depressed white patches or scales, the hair on which participated in the whiteness, while the skin and adjacent flesh became insensible. It was an incurable disease.

Lep"rous (-rs), a. [OF. leprous, lepros, F. lépreux, fr. L. leprosus, fr. lepra, leprae, leprosy. See Leper.]

1. Infected with leprosy; pertaining to or resembling leprosy. "His hand was leprous as snow." Ex. iv. 6.

2. (Nat. Hist.) Leprose.

-- Lep"rous*ly, adv. -- Lep"rous*ness, n.

Lep"ry (-r), n. Leprosy. [Obs.] Holland.

Lep"ti*form (-t*fôrm), a. [Leptus + -form.] (Zoöl.) Having a form somewhat like leptus; -- said of active insect larvæ having three pairs of legs. See Larva.

||Lep`to*car"di*a (lp`t*kär"d*), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lepto`s small + kardi`a the heart.] (Zoöl.) The lowest class of Vertebrata, including only the Amphioxus. The heart is represented only by a simple pulsating vessel. The blood is colorless; the brain, renal organs, and limbs are wanting, and the backbone is represented only by a simple, unsegmented notochord. See Amphioxus. [Written also Leptocardii.]

Lep`to*car"di*an (-an), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Leptocardia. -- n. One of the Leptocardia.

Lep`to*dac"tyl (-dk"tl), n. [Gr. lepto`s small, thin + da`ktylos finger, toe.] (Zoöl.) A bird or other animal having slender toes. [Written also lepodactyle.]

Lep`to*dac"tyl*ous (-s), a. Having slender toes.

Lep*tol"o*gy (lp*tl"*j), n. [Gr. leptologi`a; lepto`s small, subtile + lo`gos discourse.] A minute and tedious discourse on trifling things.

||Lep`to*men`in*gi"tis (lp`t*mn`n*j"ts), n. [NL., fr. Gr. lepto`s small + meningitis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the pia mater or of the arachnoid membrane.

Lep"to*rhine (lp"t*rn or *rn), a. [Gr. lepto`s small + "ri`s, "rino`s, the nose.] (Anat.) Having the nose narrow; -- said esp. of the skull. Opposed to platyrhine.

||Lep*tos"tra*ca (lp*ts"tr*k), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lepto`s thin, slender + 'o`strakon shell of a testacean.] (Zoöl.) An order of Crustacea, including Nebalia and allied forms.

||Lep"to*thrix (lp"t*thrks), n. [NL., fr. Gr. lepto`s small + qri`x hair.] (Biol.) A genus of bacteria, characterized by having their filaments very long, slender, and indistinctly articulated.

||Lep"to*thrix, a. [See Leptothrix, n. ] (Biol.) Having the form of a little chain; -- applied to bacteria when, as in multiplication by fission, they form a chain of filiform individuals.

||Lep"tus (lp"ts), n. [NL., from Gr. lepto`s thin, small.] (Zoöl.) The six-legged young, or larva, of certain mites; -- sometimes used as a generic name. See Harvest mite, under Harvest.

Lep"ty*nite (lp"t*nt), n. (Min.) See Granulite.

Lere (lr), n. [See Lore knowledge.] Learning; lesson; lore. [Obs.] Spenser.

Lere, v. t. & i. [OE. leeren, leren, AS. lran. See Lore, Learn.] To learn; to teach. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lere, a. Empty. [Obs.] See Leer, a.

Lere, n. [AS. lira flesh; cf. Icel. lær thigh.] Flesh; skin. [Obs.] "His white leer." Chaucer.

Ler"ed (lr"d), a. [From lere, v. t.] Learned. [Obs.] " Lewed man or lered." Chaucer.

||Ler*næ"a (lr*n"), n. [NL., fr. L. Lernaeus Lernæan, fr. Lerna, Gr. Le`rnh, a forest and marsh near Argos, the mythological abode of the hydra.] (Zoöl.) A Linnæan genus of parasitic Entomostraca, -- the same as the family Lernæidæ.

The genus is restricted by modern zoölogists to a limited number of species similar to Lernæa branchialis found on the gills of the cod.

||Ler`næ*a"ce*a (lr`n*"sh*), n. pl. [NL. See Lernæa.] (Zoöl.) A suborder of copepod Crustacea, including a large number of remarkable forms, mostly parasitic on fishes. The young, however, are active and swim freely. See Illustration in Appendix.

Ler*ne"an (lr*n"an), n. [See Lernæa.] (Zoöl.) One of a family (Lernæidæ) of parasitic Crustacea found attached to fishes and other marine animals. Some species penetrate the skin and flesh with the elongated head, and feed on the viscera. See Illust. in Appendix.

||Lé`rot" (l`r"), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) A small European rodent (Eliomys nitela), allied to the dormouse.

Les (ls), n. A leash. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Les"bi*an (ls"b*an), a. Of or pertaining to the island anciently called Lesbos, now Mitylene, in the Grecian Archipelago.

Lese (lz), v. t. To lose. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lese`-maj"es*ty (-mj"s*t), n. See Leze majesty.

Le"sion (l"zhn), n. [F. lésion, L. laesio, fr. laedere, laesum, to hurt, injure.] A hurt; an injury. Specifically: (a) (Civil Law) Loss sustained from failure to fulfill a bargain or contract. Burrill. (b) (Med.) Any morbid change in the exercise of functions or the texture of organs. Dunglison.

-less (-ls). [AS. leás loose, false; akin to OS. ls loose, false, D. los loose, loos false, sly, G. los loose, Icel. lauss loose, vacant, Goth. laus empty, vain, and also to E. loose, lose. √127. See Lose, and cf. Loose, Leasing.] A privative adjective suffix, denoting without, destitute of, not having; as witless, childless, fatherless.

Less (ls), conj. Unless. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Less, a. [OE. lesse, AS. lssa; akin to OFries. lssa; a compar. from a lost positive form. Cf. Lesser, Lest, Least. Less has the sense of the comparative degree of little.] Smaller; not so large or great; not so much; shorter; inferior; as, a less quantity or number; a horse of less size or value; in less time than before.

The substantive which less qualifies is often omitted; as, the purse contained less (money) than ten dollars. See Less, n.

> Thus in less [time] than a hundred years from the coming of Augustine, all England became Christian.

E. A. Freeman.

Less, adv. [AS. ls. See Less, adj., and cf. Lest.] Not so much; in a smaller or lower degree; as, less bright or loud; less beautiful.

Less, n. 1. A smaller portion or quantity.

> The children of Israel did so, and gathered, some more, some less.

Ex. xvi. 17.

2. The inferior, younger, or smaller.

> The less is blessed of the better.

Heb. vii. 7.

Less, v. t. To make less; to lessen. [Obs.] Gower.

Les*see" (ls*s"), n. [F. laissé, p. p. of laisser. See Lease, v. t.] (Law) The person to whom a lease is given, or who takes an estate by lease. Blackstone.

Less"en (ls"'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lessened (-'nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lessening.] [From Less, a.] To make less; to reduce; to make smaller, or fewer; to diminish; to lower; to degrade; as, to lessen a kingdom, or a population; to lessen speed, rank, fortune.

> Charity . . . shall lessen his punishment.

Calamy.

> St. Paul chose to magnify his office when ill men conspired to lessen it.

Atterbury.

Syn. -- To diminish; reduce; abate; decrease; lower; impair; weaken; degrade.

Less"en, v. i. To become less; to shrink; to contract; to decrease; to be diminished; as, the apparent magnitude of objects lessens as we recede from them; his care, or his wealth, lessened.

> The objection lessens much, and comes to no more than this: there was one witness of no good reputation.

Atterbury.

Less"en*er (-r), n. One who, or that which, lessens.

> His wife . . . is the lessener of his pain, and the augmenter of his pleasure.

J. Rogers (1839).

Less"er (-r), a. [This word is formed by adding anew the compar. suffix -er (in which r is from an original s) to less. See Less, a.] Less; smaller; inferior.

> God made . . . the lesser light to rule the night.

Gen. i. 15.

Lesser is used for less, now the compar. of little, in certain special instances in which its employment has become established by custom; as, Lesser Asia (i. e., Asia Minor), the lesser light, and some others; also in poetry, for the sake of the meter, and in prose where its use renders the passage more euphonious.

> The more my prayer, the lesser is my grace.

Shak.

> The larger here, and there the lesser lambs.

Pope.

> By the same reason may a man, in the state of nature, punish the lesser breaches of the law.

Locke.

Less"er, adv. Less. [Obs.] Shak.

Les"ses (ls"sz), n. pl. [F. laissées, from laisser to leave. See Lease, v. t.] The leavings or dung of beasts.

Les"son (ls"s'n), n. [OE. lessoun, F. leçon lesson, reading, fr. L. lectio a reading, fr. legere to read, collect. See Legend, and cf. Lection.] 1. Anything read or recited to a teacher by a pupil or learner; something, as a portion of a book, assigned to a pupil to be studied or learned at one time.

2. That which is learned or taught by an express effort; instruction derived from precept, experience, observation, or deduction; a precept; a doctrine; as, to take or give a lesson in drawing." A smooth and pleasing lesson." Milton.

> Emprinteth well this lesson in your mind.

Chaucer.

3. A portion of Scripture read in divine service for instruction; as, here endeth the first lesson.

4. A severe lecture; reproof; rebuke; warning.

> She would give her a lesson for walking so late.

Sir. P. Sidney.

5. (Mus.) An exercise; a composition serving an educational purpose; a study.

Les"son, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lessoned (-s'nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lessoning.] To teach; to instruct. Shak.

> To rest the weary, and to soothe the sad,
> Doth lesson happier men, and shame at least the bad.

Byron.

Les"sor (ls"sr or ls*sôr"), n. [See Lessee, Lease, v. t.] (Law) One who leases; the person who lets to farm, or gives a lease. Blackstone.

Lest (lst), v. i. To listen. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Lest, n. [See List to choose.] Lust; desire; pleasure. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lest, a. Last; least. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lest, conj. [OE. leste, fr. AS. ð ls ð the less that, where ð is the instrumental case of the definite article, and ð is an indeclinable relative particle, that, who, which. See The, Less, a.] 1. For fear that; that . . . not; in order that . . . not.

> Love not sleep, lest thou come to poverty.

Prov. xx. 13.

> Wherefore let him that thinketh he standeth take heed lest he fall.

1 Cor. x. 12.

2. That (without the negative particle); -- after certain expressions denoting fear or apprehension.

> I feared
> Lest I might anger thee.

Shak.

-let (-lt). [From two French dim. endings - el (L. -ellus) and -et, as in bracelet.] A noun suffix having a diminutive force; as in streamlet, wavelet, armlet.

Let (lt), v. t. [OE. letten, AS. lettan to delay, to hinder, fr. læt slow; akin to D. letten to hinder, G. verletzen to hurt, Icel. letja to hold back, Goth. latjan. See Late.] To retard; to hinder; to impede; to oppose. [Archaic]

> He was so strong that no man might him let.

Chaucer.

> He who now letteth will let, until he be taken out of the way.

2. Thess. ii. 7.

> Mine ancient wound is hardly whole,
> And lets me from the saddle.

Tennyson.

Let, n. 1. A retarding; hindrance; obstacle; impediment; delay; -- common in the phrase without let or hindrance, but elsewhere archaic. Keats.

> Consider whether your doings be to the let of your salvation or not.

Latimer.

2. (Lawn Tennis) A stroke in which a ball touches the top of the net in passing over.

Let, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Let (Letted (lt"td), [Obs].); p. pr. & vb. n. Letting.] [OE. leten, læten (past tense lat, let, p. p. laten, leten, lete), AS. ltan (past tense lt, p. p. lten); akin to OFries. lta, OS. ltan, D. laten, G. lassen, OHG. lzzan, Icel. lta, Sw. låta, Dan. lade, Goth. ltan, and L. lassus weary. The original meaning seems to have been, to let loose, let go, let drop. Cf. Alas, Late, Lassitude, Let to hinder.] 1. To leave; to relinquish; to abandon. [Obs. or Archaic, except when followed by alone or be.]

> He . . . prayed him his voyage for to let.

Chaucer.

> Yet neither spins nor cards, ne cares nor frets,
> But to her mother Nature all her care she lets.

Spenser.

> Let me alone in choosing of my wife.

Chaucer.

2. To consider; to think; to esteem. [Obs.] Chaucer.

3. To cause; to make; -- used with the infinitive in the active form but in the passive sense; as, let make, i. e., cause to be made; let bring, i. e., cause to be brought. [Obs.]

> This irous, cursed wretch
> Let this knight's son anon before him fetch.

Chaucer.

> He . . . thus let do slay hem all three.

Chaucer.

> Anon he let two coffers make.

Gower.

4. To permit; to allow; to suffer; -- either affirmatively, by positive act, or negatively, by neglecting to restrain or prevent.

In this sense, when followed by an infinitive, the latter is commonly without the sign to; as to let us walk, i. e., to permit or suffer us to walk. Sometimes there is entire omission of the verb; as, to let [to be or to go] loose.

> Pharaoh said, I will let you go.

Ex. viii. 28.

> If your name be Horatio, as I am let to know it is.

Shak.

5. To allow to be used or occupied for a compensation; to lease; to rent; to hire out; -- often with out; as, to let a farm; to let a house; to let out horses.

6. To give, grant, or assign, as a work, privilege, or contract; -- often with out; as, to let the building of a bridge; to let out the lathing and the plastering.

The active form of the infinitive of let, as of many other English verbs, is often used in a passive sense; as, a house to let (i. e., for letting, or to be let). This form of expression conforms to the use of the Anglo-Saxon gerund with to (dative infinitive) which was commonly so employed. See Gerund, 2. " Your elegant house in Harley Street is to let." Thackeray. In the imperative mood, before the first person plural, let has a hortative force. " Rise up, let us go." Mark xiv. 42. " Let us seek out some desolate shade." Shak.

To let alone, to leave; to withdraw from; to refrain from interfering with. -- To let blood, to cause blood to flow; to bleed. -- To let down. (a) To lower. (b) To soften in tempering; as, to let down tools, cutlery, and the like. -- To let drive or fly, to discharge with violence, as a blow, an arrow, or stone. See under Drive, and Fly. -- To let in or into. (a) To permit or suffer to enter; to admit. (b) To insert, or imbed, as a piece of wood, in a recess formed in a surface for the purpose. To let loose, to remove restraint from; to permit to wander at large. -- To let off. (a) To discharge; to let fly, as an arrow; to fire the charge of, as a gun. (b) To release, as from an engagement or obligation. [Colloq.] -- To let out. (a) To allow to go forth; as, to let out a prisoner. (b) To extend or loosen, as the folds of a garment; to enlarge; to suffer to run out, as a cord. (c) To lease; to give out for performance by contract, as a job. (d) To divulge. -- To let slide, to let go; to cease to care for. [Colloq.] " Let the world slide." Shak.

Let, v. i. 1. To forbear. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. To be let or leased; as, the farm lets for $500 a year. See note under Let, v. t.

To let on, to tell; to tattle; to divulge something. [Low] -- To let up, to become less severe; to diminish; to cease; as, when the storm lets up. [Colloq.]

Let"-a*lone" (lt"*ln"), a. Letting alone.

The let-alone principle, doctrine, or policy. (Polit. Econ.) See Laissez faire.

Letch (lch), v. & n. See Leach.

Letch, n. [See Lech, Lecher.] Strong desire; passion. (Archaic).

> Some people have a letch for unmasking impostors, or for avenging the wrongs of others.

De Quincey.

Letch"y (-), a. See Leachy.

Lete (lt), v. t. To let; to leave. [Obs.]

Let"en (lt"en), obs. p. p. of Lete. Chaucer.

Leth"al (lth"l), n. [Lauric + ether + alcohol.] (Chem.) One of the higher alcohols of the paraffine series obtained from spermaceti as a white crystalline solid. It is so called because it occurs in the ethereal salt of lauric acid.

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Le"thal (l"thal), a. [L. lethalis, letalis, fr. lethum, letum, death: cf. F. léthal.] Deadly; mortal; fatal. "The lethal blow." W. Richardson. -- Le"thal*ly, adv.

Le*thal"i*ty (l*thl"*t), n. [Cf. F. léthalité.] The quality of being lethal; mortality.

{ Le*thar"gic (l*thär"jk), Le*thar"gic*al (-j*kal), } a. [L. lethargicus, Gr. lhqargiko`s: cf. F. léthargique. See Lethargy.] Pertaining to, affected with, or resembling, lethargy; morbidly drowsy; dull; heavy. -- Le*thar"gic*al*ly, adv. -- Le*thar"gic*al*ness, n. -- Le*thar"gic*ness, n.

Leth"ar*gize (lth"r*jz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lethargized (- jzd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lethargizing (- j`zng).] To make lethargic.

> All bitters are poison, and act by stilling, and depressing, and lethargizing the irritability.

Coleridge.

Leth"ar*gy (-j), n.; pl. -gies (-jz). [F. léthargie, L. lethargia, Gr. lhqargi`a, fr. lh`qargos forgetful, fr. lh`qh forgetfulness. See Lethe.] 1. Morbid drowsiness; continued or profound sleep, from which a person can scarcely be awaked.

2. A state of inaction or indifference.

> Europe lay then under a deep lethargy.

Atterbury.

Leth"ar*gy, v. t. To lethargize. [Obs.] Shak.

Le"the (l"th or lth), n. [See Lethal.] Death.[Obs.] Shak.

Le"the (l"th), n. [L., fr. Gr. lh`qh, prop., forgetfulness; akin to lanqa`nesqai to forget, lanqa`nein to escape notice.] 1. (Class. Myth.) A river of Hades whose waters when drunk caused forgetfulness of the past.

2. Oblivion; a draught of oblivion; forgetfulness.

Le*the"an (l*th"an), a. [L. Lethaeus, Gr. lh`qaios or lhqai^os.] Of or pertaining to Lethe; resembling in effect the water of Lethe. Milton. Barrow.

Le"theed (l"thd), a. Caused by Lethe. " Letheed dullness." [Obs.] Shak.

Le"the*on (l"th*n), n. [NL., fr. Gr. lh`qh.] (Med.) Sulphuric ether used as an anæsthetic agent. [R.]

Le"the*on*ize (-z), v. t. To subject to the influence of letheon. [R. or Obs.]

Le*thif"er*ous (l*thf"r*s), a. [L. lethifer, letifer, fr. lethum, letum, death + ferre to bear, to bring: cf. F. léthifère.] Deadly; bringing death or destruction.

Le"thy (l"th), a. Lethean. [Obs.] Marston.

Let"-off` (lt"f`; 115), n. (Mach.) A device for letting off, releasing, or giving forth, as the warp from the cylinder of a loom.

Let"te (lt"te), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Letted.] To let; to hinder. See Let, to hinder. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Let"ter (lt"tr), n. [From Let to permit.] One who lets or permits; one who lets anything for hire.

Let"ter, n. [From Let to hinder.] One who retards or hinders. [Archaic.]

Let"ter, n. [OE. lettre, F. lettre, OF. letre, fr. L. littera, litera, a letter; pl., an epistle, a writing, literature, fr. linere, litum, to besmear, to spread or rub over; because one of the earliest modes of writing was by graving the characters upon tablets smeared over or covered with wax. Pliny, xiii. 11. See Liniment, and cf. Literal.] 1. A mark or character used as the representative of a sound, or of an articulation of the human organs of speech; a first element of written language.

> And a superscription also was written over him in letters of Greek, and Latin, and Hebrew.

Luke xxiii. 38.

2. A written or printed communication; a message expressed in intelligible characters on something adapted to conveyance, as paper, parchment, etc.; an epistle.

> The style of letters ought to be free, easy, and natural.

Walsh.

3. A writing; an inscription. [Obs.]

> None could expound what this letter meant.

Chaucer.

4. Verbal expression; literal statement or meaning; exact signification or requirement.

> We must observe the letter of the law, without doing violence to the reason of the law and the intention of the lawgiver.

Jer. Taylor.

> I broke the letter of it to keep the sense.

Tennyson.

5. (Print.) A single type; type, collectively; a style of type.

> Under these buildings . . . was the king's printing house, and that famous letter so much esteemed.

Evelyn.

6. pl. Learning; erudition; as, a man of letters.

7. pl. A letter; an epistle. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Dead letter, Drop letter, etc. See under Dead, Drop, etc. -- Letter book, a book in which copies of letters are kept. -- Letter box, a box for the reception of letters to be mailed or delivered. -- Letter carrier, a person who carries letters; a postman; specif., an officer of the post office who carries letters to the persons to whom they are addressed, and collects letters to be mailed. -- Letter cutter, one who engraves letters or letter punches. -- Letter lock, a lock that can not be opened when fastened, unless certain movable lettered rings or disks forming a part of it are in such a position (indicated by a particular combination of the letters) as to permit the bolt to be withdrawn.

> A strange lock that opens with AMEN.

Beau. & Fl.

-- Letter paper, paper for writing letters on; especially, a size of paper intermediate between note paper and foolscap. See Paper. -- Letter punch, a steel punch with a letter engraved on the end, used in making the matrices for type. -- Letters of administration (Law), the instrument by which an administrator or administratrix is authorized to administer the goods and estate of a deceased person. -- Letter of attorney, Letter of credit, etc. See under Attorney, Credit, etc. -- Letter of license, a paper by which creditors extend a debtor's time for paying his debts. -- Letters close or clause (Eng. Law.), letters or writs directed to particular persons for particular purposes, and hence closed or sealed on the outside; -- distinguished from letters patent. Burrill. -- Letters of orders (Eccl.), a document duly signed and sealed, by which a bishop makes it known that he has regularly ordained a certain person as priest, deacon, etc. -- Letters patent, overt, or open (Eng. Law), a writing executed and sealed, by which power and authority are granted to a person to do some act, or enjoy some right; as, letters patent under the seal of England. -- Letter-sheet envelope, a stamped sheet of letter paper issued by the government, prepared to be folded and sealed for transmission by mail without an envelope. -- Letters testamentary (Law), an instrument granted by the proper officer to an executor after probate of a will, authorizing him to act as executor. -- Letter writer. (a) One who writes letters. (b) A machine for copying letters. (c) A book giving directions and forms for the writing of letters.

Let"ter (lt"tr), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lettered (-trd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lettering.] To impress with letters; to mark with letters or words; as, a book gilt and lettered.

Let"tered (lt"trd), a. 1. Literate; educated; versed in literature. " Are you not lettered?" Shak.

> The unlettered barbarians willingly accepted the aid of the lettered clergy, still chiefly of Roman birth, to reduce to writing the institutes of their forefathers.

Milman.

2. Of or pertaining to learning or literature; learned. " A lettered education." Collier.

3. Inscribed or stamped with letters. Addison.

Let"ter*er (lt"tr*r), n. One who makes, inscribes, or engraves, alphabetical letters.

Let"ter*ing, n. 1. The act or business of making, or marking with, letters, as by cutting or painting.

2. The letters made; as, the lettering of a sign.

Let"ter*less (lt"tr*ls), a. 1. Not having a letter.

2. Illiterate. [Obs.] E. Waterhouse.

Let"tern (lt"trn), n. See Lecturn.

Let"ter*press` (-tr*prs`), n. Print; letters and words impressed on paper or other material by types; -- often used of the reading matter in distinction from the illustrations.

> Letterpress printing, printing directly from type, in distinction from printing from plates.

Let"ter*ure (-r), n. Letters; literature. [Obs.] "To teach him letterure and courtesy." Chaucer.

Let"ter*wood` (-wd`), n. (Bot.) The beautiful and highly elastic wood of a tree of the genus Brosimum (B. Aubletii), found in Guiana; -- so called from black spots in it which bear some resemblance to hieroglyphics; also called snakewood, and leopardwood. It is much used for bows and for walking sticks.

Let"tic (lt"tk), a. (a) Of or pertaining to the Letts; Lettish. (b) Of or pertaining to a branch of the Slavic family, subdivided into Lettish, Lithuanian, and Old Prussian. -- n. (a) The language of the Letts; Lettish. (b) The language of the Lettic race, including Lettish, Lithuanian, and Old Prussian.

Let"tish (lt"tsh), a. Of or pertaining to the Letts. -- n. The language spoken by the Letts. See Lettic.

Let"trure (-trr), n. See Letterure. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Letts (lts), n. pl.; sing. Lett (lt). (Ethnol.) An Indo-European people, allied to the Lithuanians and Old Prussians, and inhabiting a part of the Baltic provinces of Russia.

Let"tuce (lt"ts), n. [OE. letuce, prob. through Old French from some Late Latin derivative of L. lactuca lettuce, which, according to Varro, is fr. lac, lactis, milk, on account of the milky white juice which flows from it when it is cut: cf. F. laitue. Cf. Lacteal, Lactucic.] (Bot.) A composite plant of the genus Lactuca (L. sativa), the leaves of which are used as salad. Plants of this genus yield a milky juice, from which lactucarium is obtained. The commonest wild lettuce of the United States is L. Canadensis.

Hare's lettuce, Lamb's lettuce. See under Hare, and Lamb. - - Lettuce opium. See Lactucarium. - - Sea lettuce, certain papery green seaweeds of the genus Ulva.

Let"u*a*ry (lt"**r), n. Electuary. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Let"-up` (lt"p`), n. [See Let to forbear.] Abatement; also, cessation; as, it blew a gale for three days without any let-up. [Colloq.]

Leuc- (lk-). Same as Leuco-.

||Leu`ca*den"dron (l`k*dn"drn), n. [NL., fr. Gr. leyko`s white + de`ndron tree.] (Bot.) A genus of evergreen shrubs from the Cape of Good Hope, having handsome foliage. Leucadendron argenteum is the silverboom of the colonists.

Leu*can"i*line (l*kn"*ln or -ln), n. [Leuc- + aniline.] (Chem.) A colorless, crystalline, organic base, obtained from rosaniline by reduction, and also from other sources. It forms colorless salts.

||Leu*chæ"mi*a (l*k"m*), n. [NL., fr. Gr. leyko`s white + a"i^ma blood.] (Med.) See Leucocythæmia. -- Leu*chæm"ic (l*km"k), a. [Written also leukæmia, leukæmic.]

{ Leu"cic (l"sk), Leu*cin"ic (l*sn"k), } a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained from leucin, and called also oxycaproic acid.

Leu"cin (l"sn), n. [Gr. leyko`s white.] (Physiol. Chem.) A white, crystalline, nitrogenous substance formed in the decomposition of albuminous matter by pancreatic digestion, by the action of boiling dilute sulphuric acid, and by putrefaction. It is also found as a constituent of various tissues and organs, as the spleen, pancreas, etc., and likewise in the vegetable kingdom. Chemically it is to be considered as amido-caproic acid.

Leu"cite (l"st), n. [Gr. leyko`s white: cf. F. leucite.]

1. (Min.) A mineral having a glassy fracture, occurring in translucent trapezohedral crystals. It is a silicate of alumina and potash. It is found in the volcanic rocks of Italy, especially at Vesuvius.

2. (Bot.) A leucoplast.

Leu*cit"ic (l*st"k), a. (Min.) Containing leucite; as, leucitic rocks.

Leu"ci*toid (l"s*toid), n. [Leucite + -oid.] (Crystallog.) The trapezohedron or tetragonal trisoctahedron; -- so called as being the form of the mineral leucite.

{ Leu"co- (l"k-), Leuc- (lk- ). } [Gr. leyko`s white.] A combining form signifying white, colorless; specif. (Chem.), denoting an extensive series of colorless organic compounds, obtained by reduction from certain other colored compounds; as, leucaniline, leucaurin, etc.

Leu"co*cyte (l"k*st), n. [Leuco- + Gr. ky`tos a hollow vessel.] (Physiol.) A colorless corpuscle, as one of the white blood corpuscles, or those found in lymph, marrow of bone, connective tissue, etc.

They all consist of more or less spherical masses of protoplasm, without any surrounding membrane or wall, and are capable of motion.

{ ||Leu`co*cy*thæ"mi*a ||Leu`co*cy*the"mi*a } (l`k*s*th"m*), n. [NL., fr. Gr. leyko`s white + ky`tos a hollow vessel + a"i^ma blood.] (Med.) A disease in which the white corpuscles of the blood are largely increased in number, and there is enlargement of the spleen, or the lymphatic glands; leuchæmia.

Leu`co*cy`to*gen"e*sis (- s`t*jn"*ss), n. [Leucocyte + genesis.] (Physiol.) The formation of leucocytes.

Leu`co*e`thi*op"ic (- `th*p"k), a. [Leuco- + Ethiopic.] White and black; -- said of a white animal of a black species, or the albino of the negro race.

Leu`co*e"thi*ops (-"th*ps), n. [Leuco- + Aethiops.] An albino. [Also written leucœthiops.]

Leu"co*line (l"k*ln or -ln), n. [Leuc- + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous organic base from coal tar, and identical with quinoline. Cf. Quinoline.

||Leu*co"ma (l*k"m), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ley`kwma, fr. leyko`s white.] (Med.) A white opacity in the cornea of the eye; -- called also albugo.

Leu*co"ma*ine (l*k"m*n or - n), n. [Leuco- + -maine, as in ptomaine.] (Physiol. Chem.) An animal base or alkaloid, appearing in the tissue during life; hence, a vital alkaloid, as distinguished from a ptomaine or cadaveric poison.

Leu*con"ic (-kn"k), a. [Leuc- + croconic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a complex organic acid, obtained as a yellowish white gum by the oxidation of croconic acid.

Leu*cop"a*thy (l*kp"*th), n. [Leuco- + Gr. pa`schein, paqei^n to suffer.] The state of an albino, or of a white child of black parents.

Leu"co*phane (l"k*fn), n. [Gr. leykofanh`s appearing bright or white; leyko`s white + fai`nein to show: cf. G. leukophan.] (Min.) A mineral of a greenish yellow color; it is a silicate of glucina, lime, and soda with fluorine. Called also leucophanite.

Leu`co*phleg"ma*cy (l`k*flg"m*s), n. [Gr. leykoflegmati`a; leyko`s white + fle`gma phlegm: cf. F. leucophlegmasie.] (Med.) A dropsical habit of body, or the commencement of anasarca; paleness, with viscid juices and cold sweats.

Leu`co*phleg*mat"ic (-flg*mt"k), a. [Cf. F. leucophlegmatique, Gr. leykofle`gmatos.] Having a dropsical habit of body, with a white bloated skin.

Leu"co*phyll (l"k*fl), n. [Leuco- + Gr. fy`llon a leaf.] (Chem.) A colorless substance isomeric with chlorophyll, contained in parts of plants capable of becoming green. Watts.

Leu*coph"yl*lous (l*kf"l*ls or l`k*fl"ls), a. [Gr. leyko`fyllos; leyko`s white + fy`llon a leaf.] (Bot.) Having white or silvery foliage.

{ Leu"co*plast (l"k*plst), Leu`co*plas"tid (-pls"td), } n. [Leuco- + Gr. pla`ssein to mold.] (Bot.) One of certain very minute whitish or colorless granules occurring in the protoplasm of plants and supposed to be the nuclei around which starch granules will form.

Leu*cop"y*rite (l*kp"*rt), n. [Leuco- + pyrites.] (Min.) A mineral of a color between white and steel-gray, with a metallic luster, and consisting chiefly of arsenic and iron.

Leu`cor*rhœ"a (l`kr*r"), n. [Leuco- + Gr. "rei^n to flow.] (Med.) A discharge of a white, yellowish, or greenish, viscid mucus, resulting from inflammation or irritation of the membrane lining the genital organs of the female; the whites. Dunglison.

||Leu"co*ryx (l"k*rks), n. [NL., from Gr. leyko`s + 'o`ryx a kind of gazelle.] (Zoöl.) A large antelope of North Africa (Oryx leucoryx), allied to the gemsbok.

Leu"co*scope (l"k*skp), n. [Leuco- + -scope.] (Physics) An instrument, devised by Professor Helmholtz, for testing the color perception of the eye, or for comparing different lights, as to their constituent colors or their relative whiteness.

Leu"co*soid (-soid), a. [NL. Leucosia, the typical genus (fr. Gr. leyko`s white) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the Leucosoidea, a tribe of marine crabs including the box crab or Calappa.

Leu"co*sphere (-sfr), n. [Leuco- + sphere.] (Astron.) The inner corona. [R.]

Leu`co*tu"ric (l`k*t"rk), a. [Leuco- + allantoic + uric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a nitrogenous organic substance of the uric acid group, called leucoturic acid or oxalantin. See Oxalantin.

Leu"cous (l"ks), a. [Gr. leyko`s.] White; -- applied to albinos, from the whiteness of their skin and hair.

Leu*cox"ene (l*kks"n), n. [Leuco- + Gr. xe`nos stranger.] (Min.) A nearly opaque white mineral, in part identical with titanite, observed in some igneous rocks as the result of the alteration of titanic iron.

Leu*kæ"mi*a (l*k"m*), n. Leucocythæmia.

Leuke (lk), a., Leuke"ness, n. See Luke, etc.

Leu"ko*plast (l"k*plst), n. (Bot.) See Leucoplast.

||Le*va"na (l*v"n), n. [L., fr. levare to raise.] (Rom. Myth.) A goddess who protected newborn infants.

Le"vant (l"vant), a. [F., p. pr. of lever to raise.] (Law) Rising or having risen from rest; -- said of cattle. See Couchant and levant, under Couchant.

Le*vant" (l*vnt"), n. [It. levante the point where the sun rises, the east, the Levant, fr. levare to raise, levarsi to rise: cf. F. levant. See Lever.] 1. The countries washed by the eastern part of the Mediterranean and its contiguous waters.

2. A levanter (the wind so called).

Le"vant (l"vant; 277), a. Eastern. [Obs.]

> Forth rush the levant and the ponent winds.

Milton.

Le*vant" (l*vnt"), v. i. [Cf. Sp. levantar to raise, go from one place to another.] To run away from one's debts; to decamp. [Colloq. Eng.] Thackeray.

<! p. 846 pr=VMG !>

Le*vant"er (l*vnt"r), n. [From Levant, v.] One who levants, or decamps. [Colloq. Eng.]

Le*vant"er, n. [From Levant, n.] A strong easterly wind peculiar to the Mediterranean. W. H. Russell.

Le*vant"ine (l*vnt"n or lv"ant*n; 277), a. [F. levantin, or It. levantino. See Levant, n.] Of or pertaining to the Levant. J. Spencer.

Le*vant"ine, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of the Levant.

2. [F. levantine, or It. levantina.] A stout twilled silk fabric, formerly made in the Levant.

||Le*va`ri fa"ci*as (l*v`r f"sh*s). [Law L., cause to be levied.] A writ of execution at common law.

Le*va"tion (l*v"shn), n. [L. levatio.] The act of raising; elevation; upward motion, as that produced by the action of a levator muscle.

Le*va"tor (l*v"tr), n. [NL., fr. L. levare to raise. See Lever, n.] 1. (Anat.) A muscle that serves to raise some part, as the lip or the eyelid.

2. (Surg.) A surgical instrument used to raise a depressed part of the skull.

Leve (lv), a. Dear. See Lief. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Leve, n. & v. Same as 3d & 4th Leave. [Obs.]

Leve, v. i. To live. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Leve, v. t. [OE., fr. AS. lfan, abbrev. fr. gelfan. See Believe.] To believe. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Leve, v. t. [OE. leven, AS. lfan, lfan. See Leave permission.] To grant; -- used esp. in exclamations or prayers followed by a dependent clause. [Obs.]

> God leve all be well.

Chaucer.

Lev"ee (lv"; often lv*" in U. S.), n. [F. lever, fr. lever to raise, se lever to rise. See Lever, n.] 1. The act of rising. " The sun's levee." Gray.

2. A morning assembly or reception of visitors, -- in distinction from a soirée, or evening assembly; a matinée; hence, also, any general or somewhat miscellaneous gathering of guests, whether in the daytime or evening; as, the president's levee.

In England a ceremonious day reception, when attended by both ladies and gentlemen, is called a drawing-room.

Lev"ee, v. t. To attend the levee or levees of.

> He levees all the great.

Young.

Lev"ee, n. [F. levée, fr. lever to raise. See Lever, and cf. Levy.] An embankment to prevent inundation; as, the levees along the Mississippi; sometimes, the steep bank of a river. [U. S.]

Lev"ee, v. t. To keep within a channel by means of levees; as, to levee a river. [U. S.]

||Le*vée" en` masse" (le*v" äN` ms"). [F.] See Levy in mass, under Levy, n.

Leve"ful (lv"fl), a. [Leve, n. + -ful.] Allowable; permissible; lawful. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lev"el (lv"l), n. [OE. level, livel, OF. livel, F. niveau, fr. L. libella level, water level, a plumb level, dim. of libra pound, measure for liquids, balance, water poise, level. Cf. Librate, Libella.] 1. A line or surface to which, at every point, a vertical or plumb line is perpendicular; a line or surface which is everywhere parallel to the surface of still water; -- this is the true level, and is a curve or surface in which all points are equally distant from the center of the earth, or rather would be so if the earth were an exact sphere.

2. A horizontal line or plane; that is, a straight line or a plane which is tangent to a true level at a given point and hence parallel to the horizon at that point; -- this is the apparent level at the given point.

3. An approximately horizontal line or surface at a certain degree of altitude, or distance from the center of the earth; as, to climb from the level of the coast to the level of the plateau and then descend to the level of the valley or of the sea.

> After draining of the level in Northamptonshire.

Sir M. Hale.

> Shot from the deadly level of a gun.

Shak.

4. Hence, figuratively, a certain position, rank, standard, degree, quality, character, etc., conceived of as in one of several planes of different elevation.

> Providence, for the most part, sets us on a level.

Addison.

> Somebody there of his own level.

Swift.

> Be the fair level of thy actions laid
> As temperance wills and prudence may persuade.

Prior.

5. A uniform or average height; a normal plane or altitude; a condition conformable to natural law or which will secure a level surface; as, moving fluids seek a level.

> When merit shall find its level.

F. W. Robertson.

6. (Mech. & Surv.) (a) An instrument by which to find a horizontal line, or adjust something with reference to a horizontal line. (b) A measurement of the difference of altitude of two points, by means of a level; as, to take a level.

7. A horizontal passage, drift, or adit, in a mine.

Air level, a spirit level. See Spirit level (below). -- Box level, a spirit level in which a glass-covered box is used instead of a tube. -- Carpenter's level, Mason's level, either the plumb level or a straight bar of wood, in which is imbedded a small spirit level. -- Level of the sea, the imaginary level from which heights and depths are calculated, taken at a mean distance between high and low water. -- Line of levels, a connected series of measurements, by means of a level, along a given line, as of a railroad, to ascertain the profile of the ground. -- Plumb level, one in which a horizontal bar is placed in true position by means of a plumb line, to which it is at right angles. -- Spirit level, one in which the adjustment to the horizon is shown by the position of a bubble in alcohol or ether contained in a nearly horizontal glass tube, or a circular box with a glass cover. -- Surveyor's level, a telescope, with a spirit level attached, and with suitable screws, etc., for accurate adjustment, the whole mounted on a tripod, for use in leveling; -- called also leveling instrument. -- Water level, an instrument to show the level by means of the surface of water in a trough, or in upright tubes connected by a pipe.

Lev"el (lv"l), a. 1. Even; flat; having no part higher than another; having, or conforming to, the curvature which belongs to the undisturbed liquid parts of the earth's surface; as, a level field; level ground; the level surface of a pond or lake.

> Ample spaces o'er the smooth
> And level pavement.

Milton.

2. Coinciding or parallel with the plane of the horizon; horizontal; as, the telescope is now level.

3. Even with anything else; of the same height; on the same line or plane; on the same footing; of equal importance; -- followed by with, sometimes by to.

> Young boys and girls
> Are level now with men; the odds is gone.

Shak.

> Everything lies level to our wish.

Shak.

4. Straightforward; direct; clear; open.

> A very plain and level account.

M. Arnold.

5. Well balanced; even; just; steady; impartial; as, a level head; a level understanding. [Colloq.] " A level consideration." Shak.

6. (Phonetics) Of even tone; without rising or falling inflection. H. Sweet.

Level line (Shipbuilding), the outline of a section which is horizontal crosswise, and parallel with the rabbet of the keel lengthwise. -- Level surface (Physics), an equipotential surface at right angles at every point to the lines of force.

Lev"el, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Leveled (-ld) or Levelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Leveling or Levelling.] 1. To make level; to make horizontal; to bring to the condition of a level line or surface; hence, to make flat or even; as, to level a road, a walk, or a garden.

2. To bring to a lower level; to overthrow; to topple down; to reduce to a flat surface; to lower.

> And their proud structures level with the ground.

Sandys.

> He levels mountains and he raises plains.

Dryden.

3. To bring to a horizontal position, as a gun; hence, to point in taking aim; to aim; to direct.

> Bertram de Gordon, standing on the castle wall, leveled a quarrel out of a crossbow.

Stow.

4. Figuratively, to bring to a common level or plane, in respect of rank, condition, character, privilege, etc.; as, to level all the ranks and conditions of men.

5. To adjust or adapt to a certain level; as, to level remarks to the capacity of children.

> For all his mind on honor fixed is,
> To which he levels all his purposes.

Spenser.

Lev"el, v. i. 1. To be level; to be on a level with, or on an equality with, something; hence, to accord; to agree; to suit. [Obs.]

> With such accommodation and besort
> As levels with her breeding.

Shak.

2. To aim a gun, spear, etc., horizontally; hence, to aim or point a weapon in direct line with the mark; fig., to direct the eye, mind, or effort, directly to an object.

> The foeman may with as great aim level at the edge of a penknife.

Shak.

> The glory of God and the good of his church . . . ought to be the mark whereat we also level.

Hooker.

> She leveled at our purposes.

Shak.

Lev"el*er (-r), n. [Written also leveller.] 1. One who, or that which, levels.

2. One who would remove social inequalities or distinctions; a socialist.

Lev"el*ing, n. [Written also levelling.] 1. The act or operation of making level.

2. (Surveying) The art or operation of using a leveling instrument for finding a horizontal line, for ascertaining the differences of level between different points of the earth's surface included in a survey, for establishing grades, etc., as in finding the descent of a river, or locating a line of railroad.

Leveling instrument. See Surveyor's level, under Level, n. -- Leveling staff, a graduated rod or staff used in connection with a leveling instrument for measuring differences of level between points.

Lev"el*ism (-z'm), n. The disposition or endeavor to level all distinctions of rank in society.

Lev"el*ly, adv. In an even or level manner.

Lev"el*ness, n. The state or quality of being level.

Lev"en (lv"en), n. [See Levin.] Lightning. [Obs.]

> Wild thunder dint and fiery leven.

Chaucer.

Lev"er (l"vr), a. [Old compar. of leve or lief.] More agreeable; more pleasing. [Obs.] Chaucer.

To be lever than. See Had as lief, under Had.

Lev"er, adv. Rather. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> For lever had I die than see his deadly face.

Spenser.

Le"ver (l"vr or lv"r; 277), n. [OE. levour, OF. leveor, prop., a lifter, fr. F. lever to raise, L. levare; akin to levis light in weight, E. levity, and perh. to E. light not heavy: cf. F. levier. Cf. Alleviate, Elevate, Leaven, Legerdemain, Levee, Levy, n.] 1. (Mech.) A rigid piece which is capable of turning about one point, or axis (the fulcrum), and in which are two or more other points where forces are applied; -- used for transmitting and modifying force and motion. Specif., a bar of metal, wood, or other rigid substance, used to exert a pressure, or sustain a weight, at one point of its length, by receiving a force or power at a second, and turning at a third on a fixed point called a fulcrum. It is usually named as the first of the six mechanical powers, and is of three kinds, according as either the fulcrum F, the weight W, or the power P, respectively, is situated between the other two, as in the figures.

2. (Mach.) (a) A bar, as a capstan bar, applied to a rotatory piece to turn it. (b) An arm on a rock shaft, to give motion to the shaft or to obtain motion from it.

Compound lever, a machine consisting of two or more levers acting upon each other. -- Lever escapement. See Escapement. -- Lever jack. See Jack, n., 5. -- Lever watch, a watch having a vibrating lever to connect the action of the escape wheel with that of the balance. -- Universal lever, a machine formed by a combination of a lever with the wheel and axle, in such a manner as to convert the reciprocating motion of the lever into a continued rectilinear motion of some body to which the power is applied.

Lev"er*age (lv"r*j or l"vr*j), n. The action of a lever; mechanical advantage gained by the lever.

Leverage of a couple (Mech.), the perpendicular distance between the lines of action of two forces which act in parallel and opposite directions. -- Leverage of a force, the perpendicular distance from the line in which a force acts upon a body to a point about which the body may be supposed to turn.

Lev"er*et (lv"r*t), n. [F. levraut, dim. of lièvre hare, L. lepus. Cf. Leporine.] (Zoöl.) A hare in the first year of its age.

Lev"er*ock (-k), n. [See Lark.] A lark. [Scot.]

Lev"er*wood` (lv"r*wd`), n. (Bot.) The American hop hornbeam (Ostrya Virginica), a small tree with very tough wood.

Lev"e*sel (lv"*sl), n. [AS. leáf a leaf + sæl, sel, a room, a hall.] A leafy shelter; a place covered with foliage. [Obs.]

> Behind the mill, under a levesel.

Chaucer.

Lev"et (lv"t), n. [Cf. F. lever to raise.] A trumpet call for rousing soldiers; a reveille. [Obs.] Hudibras.

Lev"i*a*ble (lv"**b'l), a. [From Levy to assess.] Fit to be levied; capable of being assessed and collected; as, sums leviable by course of law. Bacon.

Le*vi"a*than (l*v"*than), n. [Heb. livythn.]

1. An aquatic animal, described in the book of Job, ch. xli., and mentioned in other passages of Scripture.

It is not certainly known what animal is intended, whether the crocodile, the whale, or some sort of serpent.

2. The whale, or a great whale. Milton.

Lev"i*er (lv"*r), n. One who levies. Cartwright.

Lev"i*ga*ble (lv"*g*b'l), a. [See Levigate, v. t.] Capable of being levigated.

Lev"i*gate (-gt), a. [L. levigatus, p. p. of levigare to lighten, fr. lvis light.] Made less harsh or burdensome; alleviated. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

Lev"i*gate (-gt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Levigated (- g`td); p. pr. & vb. n. Levigating.] [L. levigatus, p. p. of levigare to make smooth, fr. lvis smooth; akin to Gr. lei^os.] To make smooth in various senses: (a) To free from grit; to reduce to an impalpable powder or paste. (b) To mix thoroughly, as liquids or semiliquids. (c) To polish. (d) To make smooth in action. " When use hath levigated the organs." Barrow. (e) Technically, to make smooth by rubbing in a moist condition between hard surfaces, as in grinding pigments.

Lev"i*gate (-gt), a. [L. levigatus, p. p.] Made smooth, as if polished.

Lev`i*ga"tion (lv`*g"shn), n. [L. levigatio a smoothing: cf. F. lévigation.] The act or operation of levigating.

Lev"in (lv"n), n. [Etymol. uncertain. Cf. Leven.] Lightning. [Obs.] Spenser.

Levin brand, a thunderbolt. [Obs.] Spenser.

Lev"in*er (-r), n. (Zoöl.) A swift hound.

Le"vir (l"vr), n. [L.] A husband's brother; -- used in reference to levirate marriages.

{ Lev"i*rate (lv"*rt), Lev`i*rat"ic*al (-rt"*kal), } a. [L. levir a husband's brother, brother- in-law; akin to Gr. dah`r: cf. F. lévirat leviration.] Of, pertaining to, or in accordance with, a law of the ancient Israelites and other tribes and races, according to which a woman, whose husband died without issue, was married to the husband's brother.

> The firstborn son of a leviratical marriage was reckoned and registered as the son of the deceased brother.

Alford.

Lev`i*ra"tion (lv`*r"shn), n. Levirate marriage or marriages. Kitto.

||Lev`i*ros"tres (-rs"trz), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. levis light + rostrum beak.] (Zoöl.) A group of birds, including the hornbills, kingfishers, and related forms.

Lev"i*tate (lv"*tt), v. i. [L. levitas, -atis, lightness. See Levity.] To rise, or tend to rise, as if lighter than the surrounding medium; to become buoyant; -- opposed to gravitate. Sir. J. Herschel.

Lev"i*tate, v. t. (Spiritualism) To make buoyant; to cause to float in the air; as, to levitate a table. [Cant]

Lev`i*ta"tion (-t"shn), n. [L. levis light in weight.]

1. Lightness; buoyancy; act of making light. Paley.

2. The act or process of making buoyant.

Le"vite (l"vt), n. [L. Levites, Gr. Leyi:`ths, fr. Heb. Levi, one of the sons of Jacob.] 1. (Bib. Hist.) One of the tribe or family of Levi; a descendant of Levi; esp., one subordinate to the priests (who were of the same tribe) and employed in various duties connected with the tabernacle first, and afterward the temple, such as the care of the building, bringing of wood and other necessaries for the sacrifices, the music of the services, etc.

2. A priest; -- so called in contempt or ridicule.

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Le*vit"ic*al (l*vt"*kal), a. [L. Leviticus, Gr. Leyitiko`s.] 1. Of or pertaining to a Levite or the Levites.

2. Priestly. " Levitical questions." Milton.

3. Of or pertaining to, or designating, the law contained in the book of Leviticus. Ayliffe.

Levitical degrees, degrees of relationship named in Leviticus, within which marriage is forbidden.

Le*vit"ic*al*ly, adv. After the manner of the Levites; in accordance with the levitical law.

Le*vit"i*cus (-*ks), n. [See Levitical.] The third canonical book of the Old Testament, containing the laws and regulations relating to the priests and Levites among the Hebrews, or the body of the ceremonial law.

Lev"i*ty (lv"*t), n. [L. levitas, fr. levis light in weight; akin to levare to raise. See Lever, n.] 1. The quality of weighing less than something else of equal bulk; relative lightness, especially as shown by rising through, or floating upon, a contiguous substance; buoyancy; -- opposed to gravity.

> He gave the form of levity to that which ascended; to that which descended, the form of gravity.

Sir. W. Raleigh.

> This bubble by reason of its comparative levity to the fluidity that incloses it, would ascend to the top.

Bentley.

2. Lack of gravity and earnestness in deportment or character; trifling gayety; frivolity; sportiveness; vanity. " A spirit of levity and libertinism." Atterbury.

> He never employed his omnipotence out of levity.

Calamy.

3. Lack of steadiness or constancy; disposition to change; fickleness; volatility.

> The levity that is fatigued and disgusted with everything of which it is in possession.

Burke.

Syn. -- Inconstancy; thoughtlessness; unsteadiness; inconsideration; volatility; flightiness. -- Levity, Volatility, Flightiness. All these words relate to outward conduct. Levity springs from a lightness of mind which produces a disregard of the proprieties of time and place.Volatility is a degree of levity which causes the thoughts to fly from one object to another, without resting on any for a moment. Flightiness is volatility carried to an extreme which often betrays its subject into gross impropriety or weakness. Levity of deportment, of conduct, of remark; volatility of temper, of spirits; flightiness of mind or disposition.

Le"vo- (l"v-). A prefix from L. laevus, meaning: (a) Pertaining to, or toward, the left; as, levorotatory. (b) (Chem. & Opt.) Turning the plane of polarized light to the left; as, levotartaric acid; levoracemic acid; levogyratory crystals, etc. [Written also lævo-.]

Le`vo*gy"rate (-j"rt), a. [Levo- + gyrate.] (Chem. & Physics) Turning or twisting the plane of polarization towards the left, as levulose, levotartaric acid, etc. [Written also lævogyrate.]

Le`vo*ro"ta*to*ry (-r"t*t*r), a. [Levo- + rotatory.] (Chem. & Physics) Turning or rotating the plane of polarization towards the left; levogyrate, as levulose, left-handed quartz crystals, etc. [Written also lævorotatory.]

Lev"u*lin (lv"*ln), n. (Chem.) A substance resembling dextrin, obtained from the bulbs of the dahlia, the artichoke, and other sources, as a colorless, spongy, amorphous material. It is so called because by decomposition it yields levulose. [Written also lævulin.]

Lev`u*lin"ic (-ln"k), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or denoting, an acid (called also acetyl-propionic acid), C5H8O3, obtained by the action of dilute acids on various sugars (as levulose). [Written also lævulinic.]

Lev`u*lo"san (-l"san), n. (Chem.) An unfermentable carbohydrate obtained by gently heating levulose.

Lev"u*lose` (lv"*ls`), n. [See Levo-.] (Chem.) A sirupy variety of sugar, rarely obtained crystallized, occurring widely in honey, ripe fruits, etc., and hence called also fruit sugar. It is called levulose, because it rotates the plane of polarization to the left. [Written also lævulose.]>

It is obtained, together with an equal quantity of dextrose, by the inversion of ordinary cane or beet sugar, and hence, as being an ingredient of invert sugar, is often so called. It is fermentable, nearly as sweet as cane sugar, and is metameric with dextrose. Cf. Dextrose.

Lev"y (-), n.; pl. Levies (-z). [A contr. of elevenpence or elevenpenny bit.] A name formerly given in Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia to the Spanish real of one eighth of a dollar (or 12½ cents), valued at eleven pence when the dollar was rated at 7s. 6d.

Lev"y, n. [F. levée, fr. lever to raise. See Lever, and cf. Levee.] 1. The act of levying or collecting by authority; as, the levy of troops, taxes, etc.

> A levy of all the men left under sixty.

Thirlwall.

2. That which is levied, as an army, force, tribute, etc. " The Irish levies." Macaulay.

3. (Law) The taking or seizure of property on executions to satisfy judgments, or on warrants for the collection of taxes; a collecting by execution.

Levy in mass [F. levée en masse], a requisition of all able-bodied men for military service.

Lev"y, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Levied (lv"d); p. pr. & vb. n. Levying.] 1. To raise, as a siege. [Obs.] Holland.

2. To raise; to collect; said of troops, to form into an army by enrollment, conscription, etc.

> Augustine . . . inflamed Ethelbert, king of Kent, to levy his power, and to war against them.

Fuller.

3. To raise or collect by assessment; to exact by authority; as, to levy taxes, toll, tribute, or contributions.

> If they do this . . . my ransom, then,
> Will soon be levied.

Shak.

4. (Law) (a) To gather or exact; as, to levy money. (b) To erect, build, or set up; to make or construct; to raise or cast up; as, to levy a mill, dike, ditch, a nuisance, etc. [Obs.] Cowell. Blackstone. (c) To take or seize on execution; to collect by execution.

To levy a fine, to commence and carry on a suit for assuring the title to lands or tenements. Blackstone. -- To levy war, to make or begin war; to take arms for attack; to attack.

Lev"y, v. i. To seize property, real or personal, or subject it to the operation of an execution; to make a levy; as, to levy on property; the usual mode of levying, in England, is by seizing the goods.

To levy on goods and chattels, to take into custody or seize specific property in satisfaction of a writ.

{ Lev"yne (lv"n), Lev"yn*ite (- n*t), } n. [From Mr. Levy, an English mineralogist.] (Min.) A whitish, reddish, or yellowish, transparent or translucent mineral, allied to chabazite.

Lew (l), a. [Cf. lee a calm or sheltered place, lukewarm.] Lukewarm; tepid. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Lewd (ld), a. [Compar. Lewder (-r); superl. Lewdest.] [OE. lewed, lewd, lay, ignorant, vile, AS. lwed laical, belonging to the laity.] 1. Not clerical; laic; laical; hence, unlearned; simple. [Obs.]

> For if a priest be foul, on whom we trust,
> No wonder is a lewed man to rust.

Chaucer.

> So these great clerks their little wisdom show
> To mock the lewd, as learn'd in this as they.

Sir. J. Davies.

2. Belonging to the lower classes, or the rabble; idle and lawless; bad; vicious. [Archaic] Chaucer.

> But the Jews, which believed not, . . . took unto them certain lewd fellows of the baser sort, . . . and assaulted the house of Jason.

Acts xvii. 5.

> Too lewd to work, and ready for any kind of mischief.

Southey.

3. Given to the promiscuous indulgence of lust; dissolute; lustful; libidinous. Dryden.

4. Suiting, or proceeding from, lustfulness; involving unlawful sexual desire; as, lewd thoughts, conduct, or language.

Syn. -- Lustful; libidinous; licentious; profligate; dissolute; sensual; unchaste; impure; lascivious; lecherous; rakish; debauched.

-- Lewd"ly, adv. -- Lewd"ness, n.

Lewd"ster (-str), n. A lewd person. [Obs.] Shak.

{ Lew"is (l"s), Lew"is*son (- sn), } n. 1. An iron dovetailed tenon, made in sections, which can be fitted into a dovetail mortise; -- used in hoisting large stones, etc.

2. A kind of shears used in cropping woolen cloth.

Lewis hole, a hole wider at the bottom than at the mouth, into which a lewis is fitted. De Foe.

||Lex (lks), n.; pl. Leges (l"jz). [L. See Legal.] Law; as, lex talionis, the law of retaliation; lex terræ, the law of the land; lex fori, the law of the forum or court; lex loci, the law of the place; lex mercatoria, the law or custom of merchants.

Lex"ic*al (-*kal), a. Of or pertaining to a lexicon, to lexicography, or words; according or conforming to a lexicon. -- Lex"ic*al*ly, adv.

Lex`i*cog"ra*pher (- *kg"r*fr), n. [Gr. lexikogra`fos; lexiko`n dictionary + gra`fein to write: cf. F. lexicographe. See Lexicon.] The author or compiler of a lexicon or dictionary.

> Every other author may aspire to praise; the lexicographer can only hope to escape reproach; and even this negative recompense has been yet granted to very few.

Johnson.

{ Lex`i*co*graph"ic (-k*grf"k), Lex`i*co*graph"ic*al (-*kal), } a. [Cf. F. lexicographique.] Of or pertaining to, or according to, lexicography. -- Lex`i*co*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

Lex`i*cog"ra*phist (-kg"r*fst), n. A lexicographer. [R.] Southey.

Lex`i*cog"ra*phy (-f), n. [Cf. F. lexicographie.] The art, process, or occupation of making a lexicon or dictionary; the principles which are applied in making dictionaries.

Lex`i*col"o*gist (-kl"*jst), n. One versed in lexicology.

Lex`i*col"o*gy (-j), n. [Gr. lexiko`n lexicon + -logy: cf. F. lexicologie.] The science of the derivation and signification of words; that branch of learning which treats of the signification and application of words.

Lex"i*con (lks"*kn), n. [Gr. lexiko`n (sc. bibli`on), neut. of lexiko`s of or belonging to words, fr. le`xis a speaking, speech, a way of speaking, a single word or phrase, fr. le`gein to say, to speak. See Legend.] A vocabulary, or book containing an alphabetical arrangement of the words in a language or of a considerable number of them, with the definition of each; a dictionary; especially, a dictionary of the Greek, Hebrew, or Latin language.

Lex"i*con*ist, n. A writer of a lexicon. [R.]

Lex`i*graph"ic (-grf"k), a. [Cf. F. lexigraphique.] Of or pertaining to lexigraphy.

Lex*ig"ra*phy (lks*g"r*f), n. [Gr. le`xis word + -graphy: cf. F. lexigraphie.] The art or practice of defining words; definition of words.

Lex`i*phan"ic (lks`*fn"k), a. [Gr. lexifa`nis a phrase monger; le`xis speech + fai`nein to show.] Using, or interlarded with, pretentious words; bombastic; as, a lexiphanic writer or speaker; lexiphanic writing.

Lex`i*phan"i*cism (-*sz'm), n. The use of pretentious words, language, or style.

Lex`i*phar"mic (-fär"mk), a. See Alexipharmic.

Ley (l), v. t. & i. To lay; to wager. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ley, n. [OF.] Law. Abbott.

Ley (l), n. [Obs.] See Lye.

Ley (l), n. Grass or meadow land; a lea.

Ley, a. Fallow; unseeded. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

{ Ley"den jar" (l"d'n jär"; 277). Ley"den phi"al (f"al).} (Elec.) A glass jar or bottle used to accumulate electricity. It is coated with tin foil, within and without, nearly to its top, and is surmounted by a brass knob which communicates with the inner coating, for the purpose of charging it with electricity. It is so named from having been invented in Leyden, Holland.

Ley"ser (l"zr), n. Leisure. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Leze` maj"es*ty (lz` mj"s*t). [F. lese-majesté, fr. L. laesus, fem. laesa, injured (see Lesion) + majestas majesty; that is, crimen laesae majestatis.] [Written also lese majesty.] (Law) Any crime committed against the sovereign power.

Lher"zo*lite (lr"z*lt), n. [From Lherz, a place in the Pyrenees + -lite.] (Min.) An igneous rock consisting largely of chrysolite, with pyroxene and picotite (a variety of spinel containing chromium).

Li (l), n. 1. A Chinese measure of distance, being a little more than one third of a mile.

2. A Chinese copper coin; a cash. See Cash.

Li`a*bil"i*ty (l`*bl"*t), n.; pl. Liabilities (- tz).

1. The state of being liable; as, the liability of an insurer; liability to accidents; liability to the law.

2. That which one is under obligation to pay, or for which one is liable. Specifically, in the pl., the sum of one's pecuniary obligations; -- opposed to assets.

Limited liability. See Limited company, under Limited.

Li"a*ble (l"*b'l), a. [From F. lier to bind, L. ligare. Cf. Ally, v. t., Ligature.] 1. Bound or obliged in law or equity; responsible; answerable; as, the surety is liable for the debt of his principal.

2. Exposed to a certain contingency or casualty, more or less probable; -- with to and an infinitive or noun; as, liable to slip; liable to accident.

Syn. -- Accountable; responsible; answerable; bound; subject; obnoxious; exposed. -- Liable, Subject. Liable refers to a future possible or probable happening which may not actually occur; as, horses are liable to slip; even the sagacious are liable to make mistakes. Subject refers to any actual state or condition belonging to the nature or circumstances of the person or thing spoken of, or to that which often befalls one. One whose father was subject to attacks of the gout is himself liable to have that disease. Men are constantly subject to the law, but liable to suffer by its infraction.

> Proudly secure, yet liable to fall.

Milton.

> All human things are subject to decay.

Dryden.

Li"a*ble*ness, n. Quality of being liable; liability.

Li"age (l"j), n. [Cf. OF. liage a bond. See Liable.] Union by league; alliance. [Obs.]

||Li`ai`son" (l``zôN"), n. [F., fr. L. ligatio, fr. ligare to bind. See Ligature, and cf. Ligation.] A union, or bond of union; an intimacy; especially, an illicit intimacy between a man and a woman.

{ Li*ane" (l*n"), Li*a"na (l*"n), } n. [F. liane; prob. akin to lien a band, fr. L. ligamen, fr. ligare to bind. Cf. Lien, n. ] (Bot.) A luxuriant woody plant, climbing high trees and having ropelike stems. The grapevine often has the habit of a liane. Lianes are abundant in the forests of the Amazon region.

Li"ar (l"r), n. [OE. liere. See Lie to falsify.] A person who knowingly utters falsehood; one who lies.

Li"ard (l"rd), a. [OF. liart, LL. liardus gray, dapple.] Gray. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Used by Chaucer as an epithet of a gray or dapple gray horse. Also used as a name for such a horse.

||Liard (lyär), n. [F.] A French copper coin of one fourth the value of a sou.

Li"as (l"as), n. [Cf. F. lias, fr. liais sort of limestone, OF. also liois; perh. of Celtic origin, cf. Armor. liach, leach, a stone, Gael. leac, W. llech. Cf. Cromlech.] (Geol.) The lowest of the three divisions of the Jurassic period; a name given in England and Europe to a series of marine limestones underlying the Oölite. See the Chart of Geology.

Li*as"sic (l*s"sk), a. (Geol.) Of the age of the Lias; pertaining to the Lias formation. -- n. Same as Lias.

Lib (lb), v. t. [Cf. Glib to geld.] To castrate. [Obs.]

Lib"a*ment (lb"*ment), n. [L. libamentum.] Libation. [Obs.] Holland.

Li"bant (l"bant), a. [L. libans, p. pr. of libare to taste, touch.] Sipping; touching lightly. [R.] Landor.

Li*ba"tion (l*b"shn), n. [L. libatio, fr. libare to take a little from anything, to taste, to pour out as an offering: cf. F. libation.] The act of pouring a liquid or liquor, usually wine, either on the ground or on a victim in sacrifice, in honor of some deity; also, the wine or liquid thus poured out. Dryden.

> A heathen sacrifice or libation to the earth.

Bacon.

Li"ba*to*ry (l"b*t*r), a. Pertaining to libation.

Lib"bard (lb"brd), n. [See Leopard.] A leopard. [Obs. or Poetic] Spenser. Keats.

Lib"bard's bane` (-brdz bn`). Leopard's bane. [Obs.]

Li"bel (l"bl), n. [L. libellus a little book, pamphlet, libel, lampoon, dim. of liber the liber or inner bark of a tree; also (because the ancients wrote on this bark), paper, parchment, or a roll of any material used to write upon, and hence, a book or treatise: cf. F. libelle.]

1. A brief writing of any kind, esp. a declaration, bill, certificate, request, supplication, etc. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> A libel of forsaking [divorcement].

Wyclif (Matt. v. 31).

2. Any defamatory writing; a lampoon; a satire.

3. (Law) A malicious publication expressed either in print or in writing, or by pictures, effigies, or other signs, tending to expose another to public hatred, contempt, or ridicule. Such publication is indictable at common law.

The term, in a more extended sense, includes the publication of such writings, pictures, and the like, as are of a blasphemous, treasonable, seditious, or obscene character. These also are indictable at common law.

4. (Law) The crime of issuing a malicious defamatory publication.

5. (Civil Law & Courts of Admiralty) A written declaration or statement by the plaintiff of his cause of action, and of the relief he seeks.

Li"bel, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Libeled (-bld) or Libelled; p. pr. & vb. n. Libeling or Libelling.] 1. To defame, or expose to public hatred, contempt, or ridicule, by a writing, picture, sign, etc.; to lampoon.

> Some wicked wits have libeled all the fair.

Pope.

2. (Law) To proceed against by filing a libel, particularly against a ship or goods.

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Li"bel (l"bl), v. i. To spread defamation, written or printed; -- with against. [Obs.]

> What's this but libeling against the senate?

Shak.

> [He] libels now 'gainst each great man.

Donne.

Li"bel*ant (-ant), n. One who libels; one who institutes a suit in an ecclesiastical or admiralty court. [Written also libellant.] Cranch.

Li"bel*er (-r), n. One who libels. [Written also libeller.] " Libelers of others." Buckminster.

Li"bel*ist (-st), n. A libeler.

||Li *bel"la (l*bl"l), n. [L., dim. of libra balance. See Level, n.] 1. A small balance.

2. A level, or leveling instrument.

Li*bel"lu*lid (l*bl"l*ld), n. (Zoöl.) A dragon fly.

Li*bel"lu*loid (-loid), a. [NL. Libellula, the name of the typical genus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the dragon flies.

Li"bel*ous (l"bl*s), a. Containing or involving a libel; defamatory; containing that which exposes some person to public hatred, contempt, or ridicule; as, a libelous pamphlet. [Written also libellous.] -- Li"bel*ous*ly, adv.

||Li"ber (l"br), n. [L. See Libel.] (Bot.) The inner bark of plants, lying next to the wood. It usually contains a large proportion of woody, fibrous cells, and is, therefore, the part from which the fiber of the plant is obtained, as that of hemp, etc.

Liber cells, elongated woody cells found in the liber.

Lib"er*al (lb"r*al), a. [F. libéral, L. liberalis, from liber free; perh. akin to libet, lubet, it pleases, E. lief. Cf. Deliver.] 1. Free by birth; hence, befitting a freeman or gentleman; refined; noble; independent; free; not servile or mean; as, a liberal ancestry; a liberal spirit; liberal arts or studies. " Liberal education." Macaulay. " A liberal tongue." Shak.

2. Bestowing in a large and noble way, as a freeman; generous; bounteous; open-handed; as, a liberal giver. " Liberal of praise." Bacon.

> Infinitely good, and of his good
> As liberal and free as infinite.

Milton.

3. Bestowed in a large way; hence, more than sufficient; abundant; bountiful; ample; profuse; as, a liberal gift; a liberal discharge of matter or of water.

> His wealth doth warrant a liberal dower.

Shak.

4. Not strict or rigorous; not confined or restricted to the literal sense; free; as, a liberal translation of a classic, or a liberal construction of law or of language.

5. Not narrow or contracted in mind; not selfish; enlarged in spirit; catholic.

6. Free to excess; regardless of law or moral restraint; licentious. " Most like a liberal villain." Shak.

7. Not bound by orthodox tenets or established forms in political or religious philosophy; independent in opinion; not conservative; friendly to great freedom in the constitution or administration of government; having tendency toward democratic or republican, as distinguished from monarchical or aristocratic, forms; as, liberal thinkers; liberal Christians; the Liberal party.

> I confess I see nothing liberal in this " order of thoughts," as Hobbes elsewhere expresses it.

Hazlitt.

Liberal has of, sometimes with, before the thing bestowed, in before a word signifying action, and to before a person or object on which anything is bestowed; as, to be liberal of praise or censure; liberal with money; liberal in giving; liberal to the poor.

The liberal arts. See under Art. -- Liberal education, education that enlarges and disciplines the mind and makes it master of its own powers, irrespective of the particular business or profession one may follow.

Syn. -- Generous; bountiful; munificent; beneficent; ample; large; profuse; free. -- Liberal, Generous. Liberal is freeborn, and generous is highborn. The former is opposed to the ordinary feelings of a servile state, and implies largeness of spirit in giving, judging, acting, etc. The latter expresses that nobleness of soul which is peculiarly appropriate to those of high rank, -- a spirit that goes out of self, and finds its enjoyment in consulting the feelings and happiness of others. Generosity is measured by the extent of the sacrifices it makes; liberality, by the warmth of feeling which it manifests.

Lib"er*al, n. One who favors greater freedom in political or religious matters; an opponent of the established systems; a reformer; in English politics, a member of the Liberal party, so called. Cf. Whig.

Lib"er*al*ism (-z'm), n. [Cf. F. libéralisme.] Liberal principles; the principles and methods of the liberals in politics or religion; specifically, the principles of the Liberal party.

Lib"er*al*ist, n. A liberal.

Lib`er*al*is"tic (-s"tk), a. Pertaining to, or characterized by, liberalism; as, liberalistic opinions.

Lib`er*al"i*ty (-l"*t), n.; pl. Liberalities (- tz). [L. liberalitas: cf. F. libéralité.] 1. The quality or state of being liberal; liberal disposition or practice; freedom from narrowness or prejudice; generosity; candor; charity.

> That liberality is but cast away
> Which makes us borrow what we can not pay.

Denham.

2. A gift; a gratuity; -- sometimes in the plural; as, a prudent man is not impoverished by his liberalities.

Lib`er*al*i*za"tion (- al**z"shn), n. The act of liberalizing.

Lib"er*al*ize (lb"r*al*z), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liberalized (-zd); p. pr. & vb. n. Liberalizing (-`zng).] [Cf. F. libéraliser.] To make liberal; to free from narrow views or prejudices.

> To open and to liberalize the mind.

Burke.

Lib"er*al*i`zer (-`zr), n. One who, or that which, liberalizes. Emerson.

Lib"er*al*ly, adv. In a liberal manner.

Lib"er*ate (-t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liberated (- `td); p. pr. & vb. n. Liberating (-`tng).] [L. liberatus, p. p. of liberare to free, fr. liber free. See Liberal, a., and cf. Deliver.] To release from restraint or bondage; to set at liberty; to free; to manumit; to disengage; as, to liberate a slave or prisoner; to liberate the mind from prejudice; to liberate gases.

Syn. -- To deliver; free; release. See Deliver.

Lib`er*a"tion (lb`r*"shn), n. [L. liberatio: cf. F. libération. Cf. Livraison.] The act of liberating or the state of being liberated.

> This mode of analysis requires perfect liberation from all prejudged system.

Pownall.

Lib"er*a`tor (lb"r*`tr), n. [L.] One who, or that which, liberates; a deliverer.

Lib"er*a*to*ry (-*t*r), a. Tending, or serving, to liberate. [R.]

Lib`er*ta"ri*an (-t"r*an), a. [See Liberty.] Pertaining to liberty, or to the doctrine of free will, as opposed to the doctrine of necessity.

Lib`er*ta"ri*an, n. One who holds to the doctrine of free will.

Lib`er*ta"ri*an*ism (-z'm), n. Libertarian principles or doctrines.

Lib"er*ti*cide (lb"r*t*sd), n. [L. libertas liberty + caedere to kill: cf. (for sense 2) F. liberticide.] 1. The destruction of civil liberty.

2. A destroyer of civil liberty. B. F. Wade.

Lib"er*tin*age (-tn*j), n. [Cf. F. libertinage. See Libertine.] Libertinism; license. [R.]

Lib"er*tine (-tn), n. [L. libertinus freedman, from libertus one made free, fr. liber free: cf. F. libertin. See Liberal.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A manumitted slave; a freedman; also, the son of a freedman.

2. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of Anabaptists, in the fifteenth and early part of the sixteenth century, who rejected many of the customs and decencies of life, and advocated a community of goods and of women.

3. One free from restraint; one who acts according to his impulses and desires; now, specifically, one who gives rein to lust; a rake; a debauchee.

> Like a puffed and reckless libertine,
> Himself the primrose path of dalliance treads.

Shak.

4. A defamatory name for a freethinker. [Obsoles.]

Lib"er*tine, a. [L. libertinus of a freedman: cf. F. libertin. See Libertine, n. ] 1. Free from restraint; uncontrolled. [Obs.]

> You are too much libertine.

Beau. & Fl.

2. Dissolute; licentious; profligate; loose in morals; as, libertine principles or manners. Bacon.

Lib"er*tin*ism (-tn*z'm), n. 1. The state of a libertine or freedman. [R.] Hammond.

2. Licentious conduct; debauchery; lewdness.

3. Licentiousness of principle or opinion.

> That spirit of religion and seriousness vanished all at once, and a spirit of liberty and libertinism, of infidelity and profaneness, started up in the room of it.

Atterbury.

Lib"er*ty (lb"r*t), n.; pl. Liberties (- tz). [OE. liberte, F. liberté, fr. L. libertas, fr. liber free. See Liberal.] 1. The state of a free person; exemption from subjection to the will of another claiming ownership of the person or services; freedom; -- opposed to slavery, serfdom, bondage, or subjection.

> But ye . . . caused every man his servant, and every man his handmaid whom he had set at liberty at their pleasure, to return, and brought them into subjection.

Jer. xxxiv. 16.

> Delivered fro the bondage of corruption into the glorious liberty of the sons of God.

Bible, 1551. Rom. viii. 21.

2. Freedom from imprisonment, bonds, or other restraint upon locomotion.

> Being pent from liberty, as I am now.

Shak.

3. A privilege conferred by a superior power; permission granted; leave; as, liberty given to a child to play, or to a witness to leave a court, and the like.

4. Privilege; exemption; franchise; immunity enjoyed by prescription or by grant; as, the liberties of the commercial cities of Europe.

> His majesty gave not an entire county to any; much less did he grant . . . any extraordinary liberties.

Sir J. Davies.

5. The place within which certain immunities are enjoyed, or jurisdiction is exercised. [Eng.]

> Brought forth into some public or open place within the liberty of the city, and there . . . burned.

Fuller.

6. A certain amount of freedom; permission to go freely within certain limits; also, the place or limits within which such freedom is exercised; as, the liberties of a prison.

7. A privilege or license in violation of the laws of etiquette or propriety; as, to permit, or take, a liberty.

> He was repeatedly provoked into striking those who had taken liberties with him.

Macaulay.

8. The power of choice; freedom from necessity; freedom from compulsion or constraint in willing.

> The idea of liberty is the idea of a power in any agent to do or forbear any particular action, according to the determination or thought of the mind, whereby either of them is preferred to the other.

Locke.

> This liberty of judgment did not of necessity lead to lawlessness.

J. A. Symonds.

9. (Manege) A curve or arch in a bit to afford room for the tongue of the horse.

10. (Naut.) Leave of absence; permission to go on shore.

At liberty. (a) Unconfined; free. (b) At leisure. -- Civil liberty, exemption from arbitrary interference with person, opinion, or property, on the part of the government under which one lives, and freedom to take part in modifying that government or its laws. -- Liberty bell. See under Bell. -- Liberty cap. (a) The Roman pileus which was given to a slave at his manumission. (b) A limp, close- fitting cap with which the head of representations of the goddess of liberty is often decked. It is sometimes represented on a spear or a liberty pole. -- Liberty of the press, freedom to print and publish without official supervision. Liberty party, the party, in the American Revolution, which favored independence of England; in more recent usage, a party which favored the emancipation of the slaves. -- Liberty pole, a tall flagstaff planted in the ground, often surmounted by a liberty cap. [U. S.] -- Moral liberty, that liberty of choice which is essential to moral responsibility. -- Religious liberty, freedom of religious opinion and worship.

Syn. -- Leave; permission; license. -- Liberty, Freedom. These words, though often interchanged, are distinct in some of their applications. Liberty has reference to previous restraint; freedom, to the simple, unrepressed exercise of our powers. A slave is set at liberty; his master had always been in a state of freedom. A prisoner under trial may ask liberty (exemption from restraint) to speak his sentiments with freedom (the spontaneous and bold utterance of his feelings). The liberty of the press is our great security for freedom of thought.

Li*beth"en*ite (l*bth"n*t), n. [From Libethen, in Hungary, where it was first found.] (Min.) A mineral of an olive-green color, commonly in orthorhombic crystals. It is a hydrous phosphate of copper.

Li*bid"i*nist (l*bd"*nst), n. [See Libidinous.] One given to lewdness.

Li*bid`i*nos"i*ty (-ns"*t), n. The state or quality of being libidinous; libidinousness. Skelton.

Li*bid"i*nous (-ns), a. [L. libidinosus, fr. libido, libidinis, pleasure, desire, lust, fr. libet, lubet, it pleases: cf. F. libidineux. See Lief.] Having lustful desires; characterized by lewdness; sensual; lascivious. -- Li*bid"i*nous*ly, adv. -- Li*bid"i*nous*ness, n.

Syn. -- Lewd; lustful; lascivious; unchaste; impure; sensual; licentious; lecherous; salacious.

{ Lib"ken (lb"kn), Lib"kin (lb"kn), } n. [AS. libban, E. live, v. i. + -kin.] A house or lodging. [Old Slang] B. Jonson.

||Li"bra (l"br), n.; pl. Libræ (l"br). [L., a balance.] (Astron.) (a) The Balance; the seventh sign in the zodiac, which the sun enters at the autumnal equinox in September, marked thus in almanacs, etc. (b ) A southern constellation between Virgo and Scorpio.

Li"bral (l"bral), a. [L. libralis, fr. libra the Roman pound.] Of a pound weight. [Obs.] Johnson.

Li*bra"ri*an (l*br"r*an), n. [See Library.] 1. One who has the care or charge of a library.

2. One who copies manuscript books. [Obs.] Broome.

Li*bra"ri*an*ship, n. The office of a librarian.

Li"bra*ry (l"br*r), n.; pl. Libraries (- rz). [OE. librairie, F. librairie bookseller's shop, book trade, formerly, a library, fr. libraire bookseller, L. librarius, from liber book; cf. libraria bookseller's shop, librarium bookcase, It. libreria. See Libel.] 1. A considerable collection of books kept for use, and not as merchandise; as, a private library; a public library.

2. A building or apartment appropriated for holding such a collection of books. Holland.

Li"brate (l"brt), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Librated (l"br*td); p. pr. & vb. n. Librating.] [L. libratus, p. p. of librare to balance, to make even, fr. libra. Cf. Level, Deliberate, Equilibrium.] To vibrate as a balance does before resting in equilibrium; hence, to be poised.

> Their parts all librate on too nice a beam.

Clifton.

Li"brate, v. t. To poise; to balance.

Li*bra"tion (l*br"shn), n. [L. libratio: cf. F. libration.] 1. The act or state of librating. Jer. Taylor.

2. (Astron.) A real or apparent libratory motion, like that of a balance before coming to rest.

Libration of the moon, any one of those small periodical changes in the position of the moon's surface relatively to the earth, in consequence of which narrow portions at opposite limbs become visible or invisible alternately. It receives different names according to the manner in which it takes place; as: (a) Libration in longitude, that which, depending on the place of the moon in its elliptic orbit, causes small portions near the eastern and western borders alternately to appear and disappear each month. (b) Libration in latitude, that which depends on the varying position of the moon's axis in respect to the spectator, causing the alternate appearance and disappearance of either pole. (c) Diurnal or parallactic libration, that which brings into view on the upper limb, at rising and setting, some parts not in the average visible hemisphere.

Li"bra*to*ry (l"br*t*r), a. Balancing; moving like a balance, as it tends to an equipoise or level.

Li*bret"tist (l*brt"tst), n. One who makes a libretto.

Li*bret"to (l*brt"t; It. l*brt"t), n.; pl. E. Librettos (-tz), It. Libretti (-t). [It., dim. of libro book, L. liber. See Libel.] (Mus.) (a) A book containing the words of an opera or extended piece of music. (b) The words themselves.

Li"bri*form (l"br*fôrm), a. [Liber + -form.] (Bot.) Having the form of liber, or resembling liber.

Libriform cells, peculiar wood cells which are very slender and relatively thick-walled, and occasionally are furnished with bordered pits. Goodale.

Lib"y*an (lb"*an), a. Of or pertaining to Libya, the ancient name of that part of Africa between Egypt and the Atlantic Ocean, or of Africa as a whole.

Lice (ls), n.; pl. of Louse.

Li"cens*a*ble (l"sens**b'l), a. That can be licensed.

Li"cense (l"sens), n. [Written also licence.] [F. licence, L. licentia, fr. licere to be permitted, prob. orig., to be left free to one; akin to linquere to leave. See Loan, and cf. Illicit, Leisure.] 1. Authority or liberty given to do or forbear any act; especially, a formal permission from the proper authorities to perform certain acts or to carry on a certain business, which without such permission would be illegal; a grant of permission; as, a license to preach, to practice medicine, to sell gunpowder or intoxicating liquors.

> To have a license and a leave at London to dwell.

P. Plowman.

2. The document granting such permission. Addison.

3. Excess of liberty; freedom abused, or used in contempt of law or decorum; disregard of law or propriety.

> License they mean when they cry liberty.

Milton.

4. That deviation from strict fact, form, or rule, in which an artist or writer indulges, assuming that it will be permitted for the sake of the advantage or effect gained; as, poetic license; grammatical license, etc.

Syn. -- Leave; liberty; permission.

<! p. 849 pr=VMG !>

Li"cense (l"sens), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Licensed (l"senst); p. pr. & vb. n. Licensing.] To permit or authorize by license; to give license to; as, to license a man to preach. Milton. Shak.

Li"censed (l"senst), a. Having a license; permitted or authorized by license; as, a licensed victualer; a licensed traffic.

Licensed victualer, one who has a license to keep an inn or eating house; esp., a victualer who has a license to sell intoxicating liquors.

Li`cen*see" (l`sen*s"), n. (Law) The person to whom a license is given.

Li"cens*er (l"sens*r), n. One who gives a license; as, a licenser of the press.

Li"cen*sure (l"sen*shr; 135), n. A licensing. [R.]

Li*cen"ti*ate (l*sn"sh*t or - sht; 106), n. [LL. licentiatus, fr. licentiare to allow to do anything, fr. L. licentia license. See License, n.] 1. One who has a license to exercise a profession; as, a licentiate in medicine or theology.

> The college of physicians, in July, 1687, published an edict, requiring all the fellows, candidates, and licentiates, to give gratuitous advice to the neighboring poor.

Johnson.

2. A friar authorized to receive confessions and grant absolution in all places, independently of the local clergy. [Obs.] Chaucer.

3. One who acts without restraint, or takes a liberty, as if having a license therefor. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

4. On the continent of Europe, a university degree intermediate between that of bachelor and that of doctor.

Li*cen"ti*ate (-sh*t), v. t. To give a license to. [Obs.] L'Estrange.

Li*cen"tious (-shs), a. [L. licentiosus: cf. F. licencieux. See License.] 1. Characterized by license; passing due bounds; excessive; abusive of freedom; wantonly offensive; as, a licentious press.

> A wit that no licentious pertness knows.

Savage.

2. Unrestrained by law or morality; lawless; immoral; dissolute; lewd; lascivious; as, a licentious man; a licentious life. "Licentious wickedness." Shak.

Syn. -- Unrestrained; uncurbed; uncontrolled; unruly; riotous; ungovernable; wanton; profligate; dissolute; lax; loose; sensual; impure; unchaste; lascivious; immoral.

-- Li*cen"tious*ly, adv. -- Li*cen"tious*ness, n.

Lich (lk), a. Like. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Lich (lch), n. [AS. lc body. See Like, a.] A dead body; a corpse. [Obs.]

Lich fowl (Zoöl.), the European goatsucker; -- called also lich owl. -- Lich gate, a covered gate through which the corpse was carried to the church or burial place, and where the bier was placed to await the clergyman; a corpse gate. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell. -- Lich wake, the wake, or watching, held over a corpse before burial. [Prov Eng.] Chaucer. -- Lich wall, the wall of a churchyard or burying ground. -- Lich way, the path by which the dead are carried to the grave. [Prov. Eng.]

Li"chen (l"kn; 277), n. [L., fr. Gr. leichh`n.] 1. (Bot.) One of a class of cellular, flowerless plants, (technically called Lichenes), having no distinction of leaf and stem, usually of scaly, expanded, frond-like forms, but sometimes erect or pendulous and variously branched. They derive their nourishment from the air, and generate by means of spores. The species are very widely distributed, and form irregular spots or patches, usually of a greenish or yellowish color, upon rocks, trees, and various bodies, to which they adhere with great tenacity. They are often improperly called rock moss or tree moss.

A favorite modern theory of lichens (called after its inventor the Schwendener hypothesis), is that they are not autonomous plants, but that they consist of ascigerous fungi, parasitic on algæ. Each lichen is composed of white filaments and green, or greenish, rounded cells, and it is argued that the two are of different nature, the one living at the expense of the other. See Hyphæ, and Gonidia.

2. (Med.) A name given to several varieties of skin disease, esp. to one characterized by the eruption of small, conical or flat, reddish pimples, which, if unchecked, tend to spread and produce great and even fatal exhaustion.

Li"chened (l"knd), a. Belonging to, or covered with, lichens. Tennyson.

Li*chen"ic (l*kn"k), a. Of, pertaining to, or obtained from, lichens.

Lichenic acid. (a) An organic acid, C14H24O3, obtained from Iceland moss. (b) An old name of fumaric acid.

Li*chen"i*form (-*fôrm), a. Having the form of a lichen.

Li"chen*in (l"kn*n), n. (Chem.) A substance isomeric with starch, extracted from several species of moss and lichen, esp. from Iceland moss.

{ Li`chen*o*graph"ic (l`kn**grf"k), Li`chen*o*graph"ic*al (-*kal), } a. [Cf. F. lichénographique.] Of or pertaining to lichenography.

Li`chen*og"ra*phist (-g"r*fst), n. One who describes lichens; one versed in lichenography.

Li`chen*og"ra*phy (l`kn*g"r*f), n. [Lichen + -graphy: cf. F. lichénographie.] A description of lichens; the science which illustrates the natural history of lichens.

Li`chen*ol"o*gist (-l"*jst), n. One versed in lichenology.

Li`chen*ol"o*gy (-j), n. [Lichen + -logy.] The science which treats of lichens.

Li"chen*ous (l"kn*s), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, lichens; abounding in lichens; covered with lichens. G. Eliot.

Li"chi` (l"ch`), n. (Bot.) See Litchi.

Lich"wale` (lch"wl`), n. (Bot.) The gromwell.

Lich"wort` (-wûrt`), n. (Bot.) An herb, the wall pellitory. See Pellitory.

Lic"it (ls"t), a. [L. licitus permitted, lawful, from licere: cf. F. licite. See License.] Lawful. "Licit establishments." Carlyle. -- Lic"it*ly, adv. -- Lic"it*ness, n.

Lic`i*ta"tion (ls`*t"shn), n. [L. licitatio, fr. licitari, liceri, to bid, offer a price.] The act of offering for sale to the highest bidder. [R.]

Lick (lk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Licked (lkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Licking.] [AS. liccian; akin to OS. likkn, D. likken, OHG. lecchn, G. lecken, Goth. bi-laign, Russ. lizate, L. lingere, Gr. lei`chein , Skr. lih, rih. √121. Cf. Lecher, Relish.] 1. To draw or pass the tongue over; as, a dog licks his master's hand. Addison.

2. To lap; to take in with the tongue; as, a dog or cat licks milk. Shak.

To lick the dust, to be slain; to fall in battle. "His enemies shall lick the dust." Ps. lxxii. 9. -- To lick into shape, to give proper form to; -- from a notion that the bear's cubs are born shapeless and subsequently formed by licking. Hudibras. -- To lick the spittle of, to fawn upon. South. - - To lick up, to take all of by licking; to devour; to consume entirely. Shak. Num. xxii. 4.

Lick, n. [See Lick, v.] 1. A stroke of the tongue in licking. "A lick at the honey pot." Dryden.

2. A quick and careless application of anything, as if by a stroke of the tongue, or of something which acts like a tongue; as, to put on colors with a lick of the brush. Also, a small quantity of any substance so applied. [Colloq.]

> A lick of court whitewash.

Gray.

3. A place where salt is found on the surface of the earth, to which wild animals resort to lick it up; -- often, but not always, near salt springs. [U. S.]

Lick, v. t. [Cf. OSw. lägga to place, strike, prick.] To strike with repeated blows for punishment; to flog; to whip or conquer, as in a pugilistic encounter. [Colloq. or Low] Carlyle. Thackeray.

Lick, n. A slap; a quick stroke.[Colloq.] "A lick across the face." Dryden.

Lick"er (lk"r), n. [Cf. Lecher.] One who, or that which, licks.

Licker in (Carding Machine), the drum, or cylinder, by which the lap is taken from the feed rollers.

Lick"er*ish, a. [Cf. Lecherous.] 1. Eager; craving; urged by desire; eager to taste or enjoy; greedy. "The lickerish palate of the glutton." Bp. Hall.

2. Tempting the appetite; dainty. "Lickerish baits, fit to insnare a brute." Milton.

3. Lecherous; lustful. Robert of Brunne.

-- Lick"er*ish*ly, adv. -- Lick"er*ish*ness, n.

Lick"er*ous (-s), a. Lickerish; eager; lustful. [Obs.]

-- Lick"er*ous*ness, n. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lick"ing, n. 1. A lapping with the tongue.

2. A flogging or castigation. [Colloq. or Low]

Lick"pen`ny (-pn`n), n. A devourer or absorber of money. "Law is a lickpenny." Sir W. Scott.

Lick"-spig`ot (-spg`t), n. A tapster. [Obs.]

Lick"-spit`tle (-spt`t'l), n. An abject flatterer or parasite. Theodore Hook.

Lic"o*rice (lk"*rs), n. [OE. licoris, through old French, fr. L. liquiritia, corrupted fr. glycyrrhiza, Gr. glyky`rriza; glyky`s sweet + "ri`za root. Cf. Glycerin, Glycyrrhiza, Wort.] [Written also liquorice.] 1. (Bot.) A plant of the genus Glycyrrhiza (G. glabra), the root of which abounds with a sweet juice, and is much used in demulcent compositions.

2. The inspissated juice of licorice root, used as a confection and for medicinal purposes.

Licorice fern (Bot.), a name of several kinds of polypody which have rootstocks of a sweetish flavor. -- Licorice sugar. (Chem.) See Glycyrrhizin. -- Licorice weed (Bot.), the tropical plant Scapania dulcis. -- Mountain licorice (Bot.), a kind of clover (Trifolium alpinum), found in the Alps. It has large purplish flowers and a sweetish perennial rootstock. -- Wild licorice. (Bot.) (a) The North American perennial herb Glycyrrhiza lepidota. (b) Certain broad-leaved cleavers (Galium circæzans and G. lanceolatum). (c) The leguminous climber Abrus precatorius, whose scarlet and black seeds are called black-eyed Susans. Its roots are used as a substitute for those of true licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra).

Lic"o*rous (lk"*rs), a. See Lickerish. -- Lic"o*rous*ness, n. [Obs.] Herbert.

Lic"our (lk"r), n. Liquor. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lic"tor (lk"tr), n. [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) An officer who bore an ax and fasces or rods, as ensigns of his office. His duty was to attend the chief magistrates when they appeared in public, to clear the way, and cause due respect to be paid to them, also to apprehend and punish criminals.

> Lictors and rods, the ensigns of their power.

Milton.

Lid (ld), n. [AS. hlid, fr. hldan (in comp.) to cover, shut; akin to OS. hldan (in comp.), D. lid lid, OHG. hlit, G. augenlid eyelid, Icel. hlið gate, gateway. √40.]

1. That which covers the opening of a vessel or box, etc.; a movable cover; as, the lid of a chest or trunk.

2. The cover of the eye; an eyelid. Shak.

> Tears, big tears, gushed from the rough soldier's lid.

Byron.

3. (Bot.) (a) The cover of the spore cases of mosses. (b) A calyx which separates from the flower, and falls off in a single piece, as in the Australian Eucalypti. (c) The top of an ovary which opens transversely, as in the fruit of the purslane and the tree which yields Brazil nuts.

Lid"ded (ld"dd), a. Covered with a lid. Keats.

Lidge (lj), n. Same as Ledge.[Obs.] Spenser.

Lid"less (ld"ls), a. Having no lid, or not covered with the lids, as the eyes; hence, sleepless; watchful.

> A lidless watcher of the public weal.

Tennyson.

Lie (l), n. See Lye.

Lie (l), n. [AS. lyge; akin to D. leugen, OHG. lugi, G. lüge, lug, Icel. lygi, Dan. & Sw. lögn, Goth. liugn. See Lie to utter a falsehood.] 1. A falsehood uttered or acted for the purpose of deception; an intentional violation of truth; an untruth spoken with the intention to deceive.

> The proper notion of a lie is an endeavoring to deceive another by signifying that to him as true, which we ourselves think not to be so.

S. Clarke.

> It is willful deceit that makes a lie. A man may act a lie, as by pointing his finger in a wrong direction when a traveler inquires of him his road.

Paley.

2. A fiction; a fable; an untruth. Dryden.

3. Anything which misleads or disappoints.

> Wishing this lie of life was o'er.

Trench.

To give the lie to. (a) To charge with falsehood; as, the man gave him the lie. (b) To reveal to be false; as, a man's actions may give the lie to his words. -- White lie, a euphemism for such lies as one finds it convenient to tell, and excuses himself for telling.

Syn. -- Untruth; falsehood; fiction; deception. -- Lie, Untruth. A man may state what is untrue from ignorance or misconception; hence, to impute an untruth to one is not necessarily the same as charging him with a lie. Every lie is an untruth, but not every untruth is a lie. Cf. Falsity.

Lie, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lied (ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Lying (l"ng).] [OE. lien, lien, leen, leoen, AS. leógan; akin to D. liegen, OS. & OHG. liogan, G. lügen, Icel. ljga, Sw. ljuga, Dan. lyve, Goth. liugan, Russ. lgate.] To utter falsehood with an intention to deceive; to say or do that which is intended to deceive another, when he a right to know the truth, or when morality requires a just representation.

Lie, v. i. [imp. Lay (l); p. p. Lain (ln), (Lien (l"n), Obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Lying.] [OE. lien, liggen, AS. licgan; akin to D. liggen, OHG. ligen, licken, G. liegen, Icel. liggja, Sw. ligga, Dan. ligge, Goth. ligan, Russ. lejate, L. lectus bed, Gr. le`chos bed, le`xasqai to lie. Cf. Lair, Law, Lay, v. t., Litter, Low, adj.] 1. To rest extended on the ground, a bed, or any support; to be, or to put one's self, in an horizontal position, or nearly so; to be prostate; to be stretched out; -- often with down, when predicated of living creatures; as, the book lies on the table; the snow lies on the roof; he lies in his coffin.

> The watchful traveler . . .
> Lay down again, and closed his weary eyes.

Dryden.

2. To be situated; to occupy a certain place; as, Ireland lies west of England; the meadows lie along the river; the ship lay in port.

3. To abide; to remain for a longer or shorter time; to be in a certain state or condition; as, to lie waste; to lie fallow; to lie open; to lie hid; to lie grieving; to lie under one's displeasure; to lie at the mercy of the waves; the paper does not lie smooth on the wall.

4. To be or exist; to belong or pertain; to have an abiding place; to consist; -- with in.

> Envy lies between beings equal in nature, though unequal in circumstances.

Collier.

> He that thinks that diversion may not lie in hard labor, forgets the early rising and hard riding of huntsmen.

Locke.

5. To lodge; to sleep.

> Whiles I was now trifling at home, I saw London, . . . where I lay one night only.

Evelyn.

> Mr. Quinion lay at our house that night.

Dickens.

6. To be still or quiet, like one lying down to rest.

> The wind is loud and will not lie.

Shak.

7. (Law) To be sustainable; to be capable of being maintained. "An appeal lies in this case." Parsons.

Through ignorance or carelessness speakers and writers often confuse the forms of the two distinct verbs lay and lie. Lay is a transitive verb, and has for its preterit laid; as, he told me to lay it down, and I laid it down. Lie is intransitive, and has for its preterit lay; as, he told me to lie down, and I lay down. Some persons blunder by using laid for the preterit of lie; as, he told me to lie down, and I laid down. So persons often say incorrectly, the ship laid at anchor; they laid by during the storm; the book was laying on the shelf, etc. It is only necessary to remember, in all such cases, that laid is the preterit of lay, and not of lie.

To lie along the shore (Naut.), to coast, keeping land in sight. -- To lie at the door of, to be imputable to; as, the sin, blame, etc., lies at your door. -- To lie at the heart, to be an object of affection, desire, or anxiety. Sir W. Temple. -- To lie at the mercy of, to be in the power of. -- To lie by. (a) To remain with; to be at hand; as, he has the manuscript lying by him. (b) To rest; to intermit labor; as, we lay by during the heat of the day. -- To lie hard or heavy, to press or weigh; to bear hard. -- To lie in, to be in childbed; to bring forth young. -- To lie in one, to be in the power of; to belong to. "As much as lieth in you, live peaceably with all men." Rom. xii. 18. -- To lie in the way, to be an obstacle or impediment. -- To lie in wait , to wait in concealment; to lie in ambush. -- To lie on or upon. (a) To depend on; as, his life lies on the result. (b) To bear, rest, press, or weigh on. -- To lie low, to remain in concealment or inactive. [Slang] -- To lie on hand, To lie on one's hands, to remain unsold or unused; as, the goods are still lying on his hands; they have too much time lying on their hands. -- To lie on the head of, to be imputed to.

> What he gets more of her than sharp words, let it lie on my head.

Shak.

-- To lie over. (a) To remain unpaid after the time when payment is due, as a note in bank. (b) To be deferred to some future occasion, as a resolution in a public deliberative body. -- To lie to (Naut.), to stop or delay; especially, to head as near the wind as possible as being the position of greatest safety in a gale; -- said of a ship. Cf. To bring to, under Bring. -- To lie under, to be subject to; to suffer; to be oppressed by. -- To lie with. (a) To lodge or sleep with. (b) To have sexual intercourse with. (c) To belong to; as, it lies with you to make amends.

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Lie (l), n. The position or way in which anything lies; the lay, as of land or country. J. H. Newman.

> He surveyed with his own eyes . . . the lie of the country on the side towards Thrace.

Jowett (Thucyd.).

Lie"ber*kühn (l"br*kn), n. [Named after a German physician and instrument maker, J. N. Lieberkühn.] (Optics) A concave metallic mirror attached to the object-glass end of a microscope, to throw down light on opaque objects; a reflector.

Lie"ber*kühn's glands` (l"br*knz glndz`). [See Lieberkühn.] (Anat.) The simple tubular glands of the small intestines; -- called also crypts of Lieberkühn.

||Lied (lt), n.; pl. Lieder (l"dr). [G.] (Mus.) A lay; a German song. It differs from the French chanson, and the Italian canzone, all three being national.

> The German Lied is perhaps the most faithful reflection of the national sentiment.

Grove.

||Lie"der*ta`fel (l"dr*tä`f'l), n. [G., lit., a song table.] (Mus.) A popular name for any society or club which meets for the practice of male part songs.

Lief (lf), n. Same as Lif.

Lief (lf), a. [Written also lieve.] [OE. leef, lef, leof, AS. leóf; akin to OS. liof, OFries. liaf, D. lief, G. lieb, OHG. liob, Icel. ljfr, Sw. ljuf, Goth. liubs, and E. love. √124. See Love, and cf. Believe, Leave, n., Furlough, Libidinous.] 1. Dear; beloved. [Obs., except in poetry.] "My liefe mother." Chaucer. "My liefest liege." Shak.

> As thou art lief and dear.

Tennyson.

2. (Used with a form of the verb to be, and the dative of the personal pronoun.) Pleasing; agreeable; acceptable; preferable. [Obs.] See Lief, adv., and Had as lief, under Had.

> Full lief me were this counsel for to hide.

Chaucer.

> Death me liefer were than such despite.

Spenser.

3. Willing; disposed. [Obs.]

> I am not lief to gab.

Chaucer.

> He up arose, however lief or loth.

Spenser.

Lief, n. A dear one; a sweetheart. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lief, adv. Gladly; willingly; freely; -- now used only in the phrases, had as lief, and would as lief; as, I had, or would, as lief go as not.

> All women liefest would
> Be sovereign of man's love.

Gower.

> I had as lief the town crier spoke my lines.

Shak.

> Far liefer by his dear hand had I die.

Tennyson.

The comparative liefer with had or would, and followed by the infinitive, either with or without the sign to, signifies prefer, choose as preferable, would or had rather. In the 16th century rather was substituted for liefer in such constructions in literary English, and has continued to be generally so used. See Had as lief, Had rather, etc. , under Had.

Lief"some (lf"sm), a. Pleasing; delightful. [Obs.]

Lieg"ance (l"jans), n. Same as Ligeance.

Liege (lj), a. [OE. lige, lege, F. lige, LL. ligius, legius, liege, unlimited, complete, prob. of German origin; cf. G. ledig free from bonds and obstacles, MHG. ledec, ledic, lidic, freed, loosed, and Charta Ottonis de Benthem, ann. 1253, "ligius homo quod Teutonicè dicitur ledigman," i. e., uni soli homagio obligatus, free from all obligations to others; influenced by L. ligare to bind. G. ledig perh. orig. meant, free to go where one pleases, and is perh. akin to E. lead to conduct. Cf. Lead to guide.] 1. Sovereign; independent; having authority or right to allegiance; as, a liege lord. Chaucer.

> She looked as grand as doomsday and as grave;
> And he, he reverenced his liege lady there.

Tennyson.

2. Serving an independent sovereign or master; bound by a feudal tenure; obliged to be faithful and loyal to a superior, as a vassal to his lord; faithful; loyal; as, a liege man; a liege subject.

3. (Old Law) Full; perfect; complete; pure. Burrill.

Liege homage (Feudal Custom), that homage of one sovereign or prince to another which acknowledged an obligation of fealty and services. -- Liege poustie [L. legitima potestas] (Scots Law), perfect, i. e., legal, power; specif., having health requisite to do legal acts. -- Liege widowhood, perfect, i. e., pure, widowhood. [Obs.]

Liege (lj), n. 1. A free and independent person; specif., a lord paramount; a sovereign. Mrs. Browning.

> The anointed sovereign of sighs and groans,
> Liege of all loiterers and malcontents.

Shak.

2. The subject of a sovereign or lord; a liegeman.

> A liege lord seems to have been a lord of a free band; and his lieges, though serving under him, were privileged men, free from all other obligations, their name being due to their freedom, not to their service.

Skeat.

Liege"man (-man), n.; pl. Liegemen (-men). Same as Liege, n., 2. Chaucer. Spenser.

Lie"ger (l"jr), n. [See Leger, Ledger.] A resident ambassador. [Obs.] See Leger. Denham.

Lie"gian*cy (l"jan*s), n. See Ligeance.

Li"en (l"n), obs. p. p. of Lie. See Lain. Ps. lxviii. 13.

Lien (ln or l"n; 277), n. [F. lien band, bond, tie, fr. L. ligamen, fr. ligare to bind. Cf. League a union, Leam a string, Leamer, Ligament.] (Law) A legal claim; a charge upon real or personal property for the satisfaction of some debt or duty; a right in one to control or hold and retain the property of another until some claim of the former is paid or satisfied.

Li*e"nal (l*"nal), a. [L. lien the spleen.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the spleen; splenic.

||Li*en"cu*lus (l*"k*ls), n.; pl. Lienculi (- l). [NL., dim. of L. lien the spleen.] (Anat.) One of the small nodules sometimes found in the neighborhood of the spleen; an accessory or supplementary spleen.

Li*e`no-in*tes"ti*nal (l*`n- n*ts"t*nal), a. [L. lien the spleen + E. intestinal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the spleen and intestine; as, the lieno- intestinal vein of the frog.

Li`en*ter"ic (l`n*tr"k), a. [L. lientericus, Gr. leienteriko`s: cf. F. lientérique. See Lientery.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to, or of the nature of, a lientery. -- n. (Med.) A lientery. Grew.

Li"en*ter*y (l"n*tr*), n. [Gr. leienteri`a; lei^os smooth, soft + 'e`nteron an intestine: cf. F. lientérie.] (Med.) A diarrhea, in which the food is discharged imperfectly digested, or with but little change. Dunglison.

Li"er (l"r), n. [From Lie. ] One who lies down; one who rests or remains, as in concealment.

> There were liers in ambush against him.

Josh. viii. 14.

Lierne" rib` (lyârn" rb`). [F. lierne.] (Arch.) In Gothic vaulting, any rib which does not spring from the impost and is not a ridge rib, but passes from one boss or intersection of the principal ribs to another.

Lieu (l), n. [F., OF. also liu, leu, lou, fr. L. locus place. See Local, Locus.] Place; room; stead; -- used only in the phrase in lieu of, that is, instead of.

> The plan of extortion had been adopted in lieu of the scheme of confiscation.

Burke.

Lieu*ten"an*cy (l*tn"an*s; 277), n. 1. The office, rank, or commission, of a lieutenant.

2. The body of lieutenants or subordinates. [Obs.]

> The list of the lieutenancy of our metropolis.

Felton.

Lieu*ten"ant (l*tn"ant), n. [F., fr. lieu place + tenant holding, p. pr. of tenir to hold, L. tenere. See Lieu, and Tenant, and cf. Locum Tenens.] 1. An officer who supplies the place of a superior in his absence; a representative of, or substitute for, another in the performance of any duty.

> The lawful magistrate, who is the vicegerent or lieutenant of God.

Abp. Bramhall.

2. (a) A commissioned officer in the army, next below a captain. (b) A commissioned officer in the British navy, in rank next below a commander. (c) A commissioned officer in the United States navy, in rank next below a lieutenant commander.

Lieutenant is often used, either adjectively or in hyphened compounds, to denote an officer, in rank next below another, especially when the duties of the higher officer may devolve upon the lower one; as, lieutenant general, or lieutenant- general; lieutenant colonel, or lieutenant-colonel; lieutenant governor, etc.

Deputy lieutenant, the title of any one of the deputies or assistants of the lord lieutenant of a county. [Eng.] -- Lieutenant colonel, an army officer next in rank above major, and below colonel. -- Lieutenant commander, an officer in the United States navy, in rank next below a commander and next above a lieutenant. -- Lieutenant general. See in Vocabulary. -- Lieutenant governor. (a) An officer of a State, being next in rank to the governor, and, in case of the death or resignation of the latter, himself acting as governor. [U. S.] (b) A deputy governor acting as the chief civil officer of one of several colonies under a governor general. [Eng.]

Lieu*ten"ant gen"er*al (jn"r*al). An army officer in rank next below a general and next above a major general.

In the United States, before the civil war, this rank had been conferred only on George Washington and (in brevet) on Winfield Scott. In 1864 it was revived by Congress and conferred on Ulysses S. Grant, and subsequently, by promotion, on William T. Sherman and Philip H. Sheridan, each of whom was advanced to the rank of general of the army. When Sheridan was made general (in 1888) the rank of lieutenant general was suffered to lapse. See General.

Lieu*ten"ant*ry (-r), n. See Lieutenancy. [Obs.]

Lieu*ten"ant*ship, n. Same as Lieutenancy, 1.

Lieve (lv), a. Same as Lief.

Lif (lf), n. [Written also lief.] The fiber by which the petioles of the date palm are bound together, from which various kinds of cordage are made.

Life (lf), n.; pl. Lives (lvz). [AS. lf; akin to D. lijf body, G. leib body, MHG. lp life, body, OHG. lb life, Icel. lf, life, body, Sw. lif, Dan. liv, and E. live, v. √119. See Live, and cf. Alive.] 1. The state of being which begins with generation, birth, or germination, and ends with death; also, the time during which this state continues; that state of an animal or plant in which all or any of its organs are capable of performing all or any of their functions; - - used of all animal and vegetable organisms.

2. Of human beings: The union of the soul and body; also, the duration of their union; sometimes, the deathless quality or existence of the soul; as, man is a creature having an immortal life.

> She shows a body rather than a life.

Shak.

3. (Philos.) The potential principle, or force, by which the organs of animals and plants are started and continued in the performance of their several and coöperative functions; the vital force, whether regarded as physical or spiritual.

4. Figuratively: The potential or animating principle, also, the period of duration, of anything that is conceived of as resembling a natural organism in structure or functions; as, the life of a state, a machine, or a book; authority is the life of government.

5. A certain way or manner of living with respect to conditions, circumstances, character, conduct, occupation, etc.; hence, human affairs; also, lives, considered collectively, as a distinct class or type; as, low life; a good or evil life; the life of Indians, or of miners.

> That which before us lies in daily life.

Milton.

> By experience of life abroad in the world.

Ascham.

> Lives of great men all remind us
> We can make our lives sublime.

Longfellow.

> 'T is from high life high characters are drawn.

Pope

6. Animation; spirit; vivacity; vigor; energy.

> No notion of life and fire in fancy and in words.

Felton.

> That gives thy gestures grace and life.

Wordsworth.

7. That which imparts or excites spirit or vigor; that upon which enjoyment or success depends; as, he was the life of the company, or of the enterprise.

8. The living or actual form, person, thing, or state; as, a picture or a description from the life.

9. A person; a living being, usually a human being; as, many lives were sacrificed.

10. The system of animal nature; animals in general, or considered collectively.

> Full nature swarms with life.

Thomson.

11. An essential constituent of life, esp. the blood.

> The words that I speak unto you . . . they are life.

John vi. 63.

> The warm life came issuing through the wound.

Pope

12. A history of the acts and events of a life; a biography; as, Johnson wrote the life of Milton.

13. Enjoyment in the right use of the powers; especially, a spiritual existence; happiness in the favor of God; heavenly felicity.

14. Something dear to one as one's existence; a darling; -- used as a term of endearment.

Life forms the first part of many compounds, for the most part of obvious meaning; as, life-giving, life- sustaining, etc.

Life annuity, an annuity payable during one's life. -- Life arrow, Life rocket, Life shot, an arrow, rocket, or shot, for carrying an attached line to a vessel in distress in order to save life. -- Life assurance. See Life insurance, below. -- Life buoy. See Buoy. -- Life car, a water- tight boat or box, traveling on a line from a wrecked vessel to the shore. In it persons are hauled through the waves and surf. -- Life drop, a drop of vital blood. Byron. -- Life estate (Law), an estate which is held during the term of some certain person's life, but does not pass by inheritance. -- Life everlasting (Bot.), a plant with white or yellow persistent scales about the heads of the flowers, as Antennaria, and Gnaphalium; cudweed. -- Life of an execution (Law), the period when an execution is in force, or before it expires. -- Life guard. (Mil.) See under Guard. -- Life insurance, the act or system of insuring against death; a contract by which the insurer undertakes, in consideration of the payment of a premium (usually at stated periods), to pay a stipulated sum in the event of the death of the insured or of a third person in whose life the insured has an interest. -- Life interest, an estate or interest which lasts during one's life, or the life of another person, but does not pass by inheritance. -- Life land (Law), land held by lease for the term of a life or lives. -- Life line. (a) (Naut.) A line along any part of a vessel for the security of sailors. (b) A line attached to a life boat, or to any life saving apparatus, to be grasped by a person in the water. -- Life rate, the rate of premium for insuring a life. -- Life rent, the rent of a life estate; rent or property to which one is entitled during one's life. -- Life school, a school for artists in which they model, paint, or draw from living models. -- Life table, a table showing the probability of life at different ages. -- To lose one's life, to die. -- To seek the life of, to seek to kill. -- To the life, so as closely to resemble the living person or the subject; as, the portrait was drawn to the life.

Life"blood` (lf"bld`), n. 1. The blood necessary to life; vital blood. Dryden.

2. Fig.: That which gives strength and energy.

> Money [is] the lifeblood of the nation.

Swift.

Life"boat` (-bt`), n. A strong, buoyant boat especially designed for saving the lives of shipwrecked people.

Life"ful (-fl), a. Full of vitality. Spenser.

Life"-giv`ing (-gv`ng), a. Giving life or spirit; having power to give life; inspiriting; invigorating.

Life"hold` (-hld`), n. Land held by a life estate.

Life"less, a. Destitute of life, or deprived of life; not containing, or inhabited by, living beings or vegetation; dead, or apparently dead; spiritless; powerless; dull; as, a lifeless carcass; lifeless matter; a lifeless desert; a lifeless wine; a lifeless story. -- Life"less*ly, adv. -- Life"less*ness, n.

Syn. -- Dead; soulless; inanimate; torpid; inert; inactive; dull; heavy; unanimated; spiritless; frigid; pointless; vapid; flat; tasteless. -- Lifeless, Dull, Inanimate, Dead. In a moral sense, lifeless denotes a want of vital energy; inanimate, a want of expression as to any feeling that may be possessed; dull implies a torpor of soul which checks all mental activity; dead supposes a destitution of feeling. A person is said to be lifeless who has lost the spirits which he once had; he is said to be inanimate when he is naturally wanting in spirits; one is dull from an original deficiency of mental power; he who is dead to moral sentiment is wholly bereft of the highest attribute of his nature.

Life"like` (lf"lk`), a. [Cf. Lively.] Like a living being; resembling life; giving an accurate representation; as, a lifelike portrait. -- Life"like`ness, n. Poe.

Life"long` (-lng`), a. [Life + long. Cf. Livelong.] Lasting or continuing through life. Tennyson.

Life"ly, adv. [Cf. Lively, a.] In a lifelike manner. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Life"mate` (-mt`), n. Companion for life. Hawthorne.

Lif"en (lf"'n), v. t. To enliven. [Obs.] Marston.

Life"-pre*serv`er (lf"pr*zrv`r), n. An apparatus, made in very various forms, and of various materials, for saving one from drowning by buoying up the body while in the water. -- Life"-pre*serv`ing, a.

Life"-sav`ing (-sv`ng), a. That saves life, or is suited to save life, esp. from drowning; as, the life-saving service; a life- saving station.

Life"-size` (-sz`), a. Of full size; of the natural size.

Life"some (-sm), a. Animated; sprightly. [Poetic] Coleridge. -- Life"some*ness, n.

Life"spring` (-sprng`), n. Spring or source of life.

Life"string` (-strng`), n. A nerve, or string, that is imagined to be essential to life. Daniel.

Life"time` (-tm`), n. The time that life continues.

Life"-wea`ry (-w`r), a. Weary of living. Shak.

Lif"lode (lf"ld), n. Livelihood. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lift (lft), n. [AS. lyft air. See Loft.] The sky; the atmosphere; the firmament. [Obs. or Scot.]

Lift (lft), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lifted; p. pr. & vb. n. Lifting.] [Icel. lypta, fr. lopt air; akin to Sw. lyfta to lift, Dan. löfte, G. lüften; -- prop., to raise into the air. See Loft, and cf. 1st Lift.] 1. To move in a direction opposite to that of gravitation; to raise; to elevate; to bring up from a lower place to a higher; to upheave; sometimes implying a continued support or holding in the higher place; -- said of material things; as, to lift the foot or the hand; to lift a chair or a burden.

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2. To raise, elevate, exalt, improve, in rank, condition, estimation, character, etc.; -- often with up.

> The Roman virtues lift up mortal man.

Addison.

> Lest, being lifted up with pride.

1 Tim. iii. 6.

3. To bear; to support. [Obs.] Spenser.

4. To collect, as moneys due; to raise.

5. [Perh. a different word, and akin to Goth. hliftus thief, hlifan to steal, L. clepere, Gr. kle`ptein. Cf. Shoplifter.] To steal; to carry off by theft (esp. cattle); as, to lift a drove of cattle.

In old writers, lift is sometimes used for lifted.

> He ne'er lift up his hand but conquered.

Shak.

To lift up, to raise or elevate; in the Scriptures, specifically, to elevate upon the cross. John viii. 28. -- To lift up the eyes. To look up; to raise the eyes, as in prayer. Ps. cxxi. 1. -- To lift up the feet, to come speedily to one's relief. Ps. lxxiv. 3. -- To lift up the hand. (a) To take an oath. Gen. xiv. 22. (b) To pray. Ps. xxviii. 2. (c) To engage in duty. Heb. xii. 12. -- To lift up the hand against, to rebel against; to assault; to attack; to injure; to oppress. Job xxxi. 21. -- To lift up one's head, to cause one to be exalted or to rejoice. Gen. xl. 13. Luke xxi. 28. -- To lift up the heel against, to treat with insolence or unkindness. John xiii.18. -- To lift up the voice, to cry aloud; to call out. Gen. xxi. 16.

Lift (lft), v. i. 1. To try to raise something; to exert the strength for raising or bearing.

> Strained by lifting at a weight too heavy.

Locke.

2. To rise; to become or appear raised or elevated; as, the fog lifts; the land lifts to a ship approaching it.

3. [See Lift, v. t., 5.] To live by theft. Spenser.

Lift, n. 1. Act of lifting; also, that which is lifted.

2. The space or distance through which anything is lifted; as, a long lift. Bacon.

3. Help; assistance, as by lifting; as, to give one a lift in a wagon. [Colloq.]

> The goat gives the fox a lift.

L'Estrange.

4. That by means of which a person or thing lifts or is lifted; as: (a) A hoisting machine; an elevator; a dumb waiter. (b) A handle. (c) An exercising machine.

5. A rise; a degree of elevation; as, the lift of a lock in canals.

6. A lift gate. See Lift gate, below. [Prov. Eng.]

7. (Naut.) A rope leading from the masthead to the extremity of a yard below; -- used for raising or supporting the end of the yard.

8. (Mach.) One of the steps of a cone pulley.

9. (Shoemaking) A layer of leather in the heel.

10. (Horology) That portion of the vibration of a balance during which the impulse is given. Saunier.

Dead lift. See under Dead. Swift. -- Lift bridge, a kind of drawbridge, the movable part of which is lifted, instead of being drawn aside. -- Lift gate, a gate that is opened by lifting. -- Lift hammer. See Tilt hammer. -- Lift lock, a canal lock. -- Lift pump, a lifting pump. - - Lift tenter (Windmills), a governor for regulating the speed by adjusting the sails, or for adjusting the action of grinding machinery according to the speed. -- Lift wall (Canal Lock), the cross wall at the head of the lock.

Lift"a*ble (-*b'l), a. Such as can be lifted.

Lift"er (-r), n. 1. One who, or that which, lifts.

2. (Founding) A tool for lifting loose sand from the mold; also, a contrivance attached to a cope, to hold the sand together when the cope is lifted.

Lift"ing, a. Used in, or for, or by, lifting.

Lifting bridge, a lift bridge. -- Lifting jack. See 2d Jack, 5. -- Lifting machine. See Health lift, under Health. -- Lifting pump. (Mach.) (a) A kind of pump having a bucket, or valved piston, instead of a solid piston, for drawing water and lifting it to a high level. (b) A pump which lifts the water only to the top of the pump, or delivers it through a spout; a lift pump. -- Lifting rod, a vertical rod lifted by a rock shaft, and imparting motion to a puppet valve; -- used in the engines of river steamboats. -- Lifting sail (Naut.), one which tends to lift a vessel's bow out of water, as jibs and square foresails.

Lig (lg), v. i. [See Lie to be prostrate.] To recline; to lie still. [Obs. or Scot.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Lig"a*ment (lg"*ment), n. [L. ligamentum, fr. ligare to bind: cf. F. ligament. Cf. Lien, n., Ligature.]

1. Anything that ties or unites one thing or part to another; a bandage; a bond. Hawthorne.

> Interwoven is the love of liberty with every ligament of your hearts.

Washington.

2. (Anat.) (a) A tough band or plate of dense, fibrous, connective tissue or fibrocartilage serving to unite bones or form joints. (b) A band of connective tissue, or a membranous fold, which supports or retains an organ in place; as, the gastrophrenic ligament, connecting the diaphragm and stomach.

{ Lig`a*men"tal (-mn"tal), Lig`a*men"tous (-ts), } a. [Cf. F. ligamenteux.] Composing a ligament; of the nature of a ligament; binding; as, a strong ligamentous membrane.

Li"gan (l"gan), n. [Cf. L. ligare to bind, to tie, ligamen band, bandage, E. ligament, or ligsam.] (Law) Goods sunk in the sea, with a buoy attached in order that they may be found again. See Jetsam and Flotsam. [Written also lagan.] Blackstone.

Li"gate (l"gt), v. t. [L. ligatus, p. p. of ligare.] To tie with a ligature; to bind around; to bandage.

Li*ga"tion (l*g"shn), n. [L. ligatio, fr. ligare to bind. Cf. Liaison.] 1. The act of binding, or the state of being bound.

2. That which binds; bond; connection.

> Tied with tape, and sealed at each fold and ligation.

Sir W. Scott.

Li*ga"tor (-tr), n. [See Ligate.] (Surg.) An instrument for ligating, or for placing and fastening a ligature.

Lig"a*ture (lg"*tr; 135), n. [L. ligatura, fr. ligare, ligatum, to bind: cf. F. ligature. Cf. Ally, League, Legatura, Liable, Ligament.] 1. The act of binding.

2. Anything that binds; a band or bandage.

3. (Surg.) (a) A thread or string for tying the blood vessels, particularly the arteries, to prevent hemorrhage. (b) A thread or wire used to remove tumors, etc.

4. The state of being bound or stiffened; stiffness; as, the ligature of a joint.

5. Impotence caused by magic or charms. [Obs.]

6. (Mus.) A curve or line connecting notes; a slur.

7. (Print.) A double character, or a type consisting of two or more letters or characters united, as æ, , .

Lig"a*ture (lg"*tr), v. t. (Surg.) To ligate; to tie.

Lig"e (lg"e), v. t. & i. To lie; to tell lies. [Obs.]

Li"geance (l"jans), n. [OF. ligeance, ligance. See Liege.] (O. Eng. Law) The connection between sovereign and subject by which they were mutually bound, the former to protection and the securing of justice, the latter to faithful service; allegiance. [Written also ligeancy and liegance.] Chaucer.

Lige"ment (lj"ment), n. See Ledgment.

Lig"ge (lg"ge), v. i. To lie or recline. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lig"ger (lg"gr), n. 1. A baited line attached to a float, for night fishing. See Leger, a.

2. See Ledger, 2.

Light (lt), n. [OE. light, liht, AS. leóht; akin to OS. lioht, D. & G. licht, OHG. lioht, Goth. liuhaþ, Icel. ljs, L. lux light, lucere to shine, Gr. leyko`s white, Skr. ruc to shine. √122. Cf. Lucid, Lunar, Luminous, Lynx.] 1. That agent, force, or action in nature by the operation of which upon the organs of sight, objects are rendered visible or luminous.

Light was regarded formerly as consisting of material particles, or corpuscules, sent off in all directions from luminous bodies, and traversing space, in right lines, with the known velocity of about 186,300 miles per second; but it is now generally understood to consist, not in any actual transmission of particles or substance, but in the propagation of vibrations or undulations in a subtile, elastic medium, or ether, assumed to pervade all space, and to be thus set in vibratory motion by the action of luminous bodies, as the atmosphere is by sonorous bodies. This view of the nature of light is known as the undulatory or wave theory; the other, advocated by Newton (but long since abandoned), as the corpuscular, emission, or Newtonian theory. A more recent theory makes light to consist in electrical oscillations, and is known as the electro-magnetic theory of light.

2. That which furnishes, or is a source of, light, as the sun, a star, a candle, a lighthouse, etc.

> Then he called for a light, and sprang in.

Acts xvi. 29.

> And God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night.

Gen. i. 16.

3. The time during which the light of the sun is visible; day; especially, the dawn of day.

> The murderer, rising with the light, killeth the poor and needy.

Job xxiv. 14.

4. The brightness of the eye or eyes.

> He seemed to find his way without his eyes;
> For out o' door he went without their helps,
> And, to the last, bended their light on me.

Shak.

5. The medium through which light is admitted, as a window, or window pane; a skylight; in architecture, one of the compartments of a window made by a mullion or mullions.

> There were windows in three rows, and light was against light in three ranks.

I Kings vii.4.

6. Life; existence.

> O, spring to light, auspicious Babe, be born!

Pope.

7. Open view; a visible state or condition; public observation; publicity.

> The duke yet would have dark deeds darkly answered; he would never bring them to light.

Shak.

8. The power of perception by vision.

> My strength faileth me; as for the light of my eyes, it also is gone from me.

Ps. xxxviii. 10.

9. That which illumines or makes clear to the mind; mental or spiritual illumination; enlightenment; knowledge; information.

> He shall never know
> That I had any light of this from thee.

Shak.

10. Prosperity; happiness; joy; felicity.

> Then shall thy light break forth as the morning, and thy health shall spring forth speedily.

Is. lviii. 8.

11. (Paint.) The manner in which the light strikes upon a picture; that part of a picture which represents those objects upon which the light is supposed to fall; the more illuminated part of a landscape or other scene; -- opposed to shade. Cf. Chiaroscuro.

12. Appearance due to the particular facts and circumstances presented to view; point of view; as, to state things fairly and put them in the right light.

> Frequent consideration of a thing . . . shows it in its several lights and various ways of appearance.

South.

13. One who is conspicuous or noteworthy; a model or example; as, the lights of the age or of antiquity.

> Joan of Arc,
> A light of ancient France.

Tennyson.

14. (Pyrotech.) A firework made by filling a case with a substance which burns brilliantly with a white or colored flame; as, a Bengal light.

Light is used figuratively to denote that which resembles physical light in any respect, as illuminating, benefiting, enlightening, or enlivening mankind.

Ancient lights (Law), Calcium light, Flash light, etc. See under Ancient, Calcium, etc. -- Light ball (Mil.), a ball of combustible materials, used to afford light; -- sometimes made so as to be fired from a cannon or mortar, or to be carried up by a rocket. -- Light barrel (Mil.), an empty powder barrel pierced with holes and filled with shavings soaked in pitch, used to light up a ditch or a breach. -- Light dues (Com.), tolls levied on ships navigating certain waters, for the maintenance of lighthouses. - - Light iron, a candlestick. [Obs.] -- Light keeper, a person appointed to take care of a lighthouse or light-ship. -- Light money, charges laid by government on shipping entering a port, for the maintenance of lighthouses and light-ships. -- The light of the countenance, favor; kindness; smiles.

> Lord, lift thou up the light of thy countenance upon us.

Ps. iv. 6.

-- Northern lights. See Aurora borealis, under Aurora. -- To bring to light, to cause to be disclosed. -- To come to light, to be disclosed. -- To see the light, to come into the light; hence, to come into the world or into public notice; as, his book never saw the light. -- To stand in one's own light, to take a position which is injurious to one's own interest.

Light (lt), a. [AS. leóht. See Light, n.] [Compar. Lighter (-r); superl. Lightest.] 1. Having light; not dark or obscure; bright; clear; as, the apartment is light.

2. White or whitish; not intense or very marked; not of a deep shade; moderately colored; as, a light color; a light brown; a light complexion.

Light, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lighted (-d) or Lit (lt); p. pr. & vb. n. Lighting.] [AS. lhtan, lhtan, to shine. √122. See Light, n.] 1. To set fire to; to cause to burn; to set burning; to ignite; to kindle; as, to light a candle or lamp; to light the gas; -- sometimes with up.

> If a thousand candles be all lighted from one.

Hakewill.

> And the largest lamp is lit.

Macaulay.

> Absence might cure it, or a second mistress
> Light up another flame, and put out this.

Addison.

2. To give light to; to illuminate; to fill with light; to spread over with light; -- often with up.

> Ah, hopeless, lasting flames ! like those that burn
> To light the dead.

Pope.

> One hundred years ago, to have lit this theater as brilliantly as it is now lighted would have cost, I suppose, fifty pounds.

F. Harrison.

> The sun has set, and Vesper, to supply
> His absent beams, has lighted up the sky.

Dryden.

3. To attend or conduct with a light; to show the way to by means of a light.

> His bishops lead him forth, and light him on.

Landor.

To light a fire, to kindle the material of a fire.

Light, v. i. 1. To become ignited; to take fire; as, the match will not light.

2. To be illuminated; to receive light; to brighten; -- with up; as, the room lights up very well.

Light, a. [Compar. Lighter (-r); superl. Lightest.] [OE. light, liht, AS. lht, leóht; akin to D. ligt, G. leicht, OHG. lhti, Icel. lttr, Dan. let, Sw. lätt, Goth. leihts, and perh. to L. levis (cf. Levity), Gr. 'elachy`s small, Skr. laghu light. √125. ] 1. Having little, or comparatively little, weight; not tending to the center of gravity with force; not heavy.

> These weights did not exert their natural gravity, . . . insomuch that I could not guess which was light or heavy whilst I held them in my hand.

Addison.

2. Not burdensome; easy to be lifted, borne, or carried by physical strength; as, a light burden, or load.

> Ye shall find rest unto your souls. For my yoke is easy, and my burden is light.

Matt. xi. 29, 30.

3. Easy to be endured or performed; not severe; not difficult; as, a light affliction or task. Chaucer.

> Light sufferings give us leisure to complain.

Dryden.

4. Easy to be digested; not oppressive to the stomach; as, light food; also, containing little nutriment.

5. Not heavily armed; armed with light weapons; as, light troops; a troop of light horse.

6. Not encumbered; unembarrassed; clear of impediments; hence, active; nimble; swift.

> Unmarried men are best friends, best masters . . . but not always best subjects, for they are light to run away.

Bacon.

7. Not heavily burdened; not deeply laden; not sufficiently ballasted; as, the ship returned light.

8. Slight; not important; as, a light error. Shak.

9. Well leavened; not heavy; as, light bread.

10. Not copious or heavy; not dense; not inconsiderable; as, a light rain; a light snow; light vapors.

11. Not strong or violent; moderate; as, a light wind.

12. Not pressing heavily or hard upon; hence, having an easy, graceful manner; delicate; as, a light touch; a light style of execution.

13. Easy to admit influence; inconsiderate; easily influenced by trifling considerations; unsteady; unsettled; volatile; as, a light, vain person; a light mind.

> There is no greater argument of a light and inconsiderate person than profanely to scoff at religion.

Tillotson.

14. Indulging in, or inclined to, levity; wanting dignity or solemnity; trifling; gay; frivolous; airy; unsubstantial.

> Seneca can not be too heavy, nor Plautus too light.

Shak.

> Specimens of New England humor laboriously light and lamentably mirthful.

Hawthorne.

15. Not quite sound or normal; somewhat impaired or deranged; dizzy; giddy.

> Are his wits safe? Is he not light of brain ?

Shak.

16. Easily bestowed; inconsiderately rendered.

> To a fair semblance doth light faith annex.

Spenser.

17. Wanton; unchaste; as, a woman of light character.

> A light wife doth make a heavy husband.

Shak.

18. Not of the legal, standard, or usual weight; clipped; diminished; as, light coin.

19. Loose; sandy; easily pulverized; as, a light soil.

Light cavalry, Light horse (Mil.), light-armed soldiers mounted on strong and active horses. -- Light eater, one who eats but little. -- Light infantry, infantry soldiers selected and trained for rapid evolutions. -- Light of foot. (a) Having a light step. (b) Fleet. -- Light of heart, gay, cheerful. -- Light oil (Chem.), the oily product, lighter than water, forming the chief part of the first distillate of coal tar, and consisting largely of benzene and toluene. -- Light sails (Naut.), all the sails above the topsails, with, also, the studding sails and flying jib. Dana. -- Light sleeper, one easily wakened. -- Light weight, a prize fighter, boxer, wrestler, or jockey, who is below a standard medium weight. Cf. Feather weight, under Feather. [Cant] -- To make light of, to treat as of little consequence; to slight; to disregard. -- To set light by, to undervalue; to slight; to treat as of no importance; to despise.

<! p. 852 pr=VMG !>

Light (lt), adv. Lightly; cheaply. Hooker.

Light, v. t. [See Light not heavy, and cf. Light to alight, and Lighten to make less heavy.] To lighten; to ease of a burden; to take off. [Obs.]

> From his head the heavy burgonet did light.

Spenser.

Light, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lighted (-d) or Lit (lt); p. pr. & vb. n. Lighting.] [AS. lhtan to alight, orig., to relieve (a horse) of the rider's burden, to make less heavy, fr. lht light. See Light not heavy, and cf. Alight, Lighten to make light.] 1. To dismount; to descend, as from a horse or carriage; to alight; -- with from, off, on, upon, at, in.

> When she saw Isaac, she lighted off the camel.

Gen. xxiv. 64.

> Slowly rode across a withered heath,
> And lighted at a ruined inn.

Tennyson.

2. To feel light; to be made happy. [Obs.]

> It made all their hearts to light.

Chaucer.

3. To descend from flight, and rest, perch, or settle, as a bird or insect.

> [The bee] lights on that, and this, and tasteth all.

Sir. J. Davies.

> On the tree tops a crested peacock lit.

Tennyson.

4. To come down suddenly and forcibly; to fall; -- with on or upon.

> On me, me only, as the source and spring
> Of all corruption, all the blame lights due.

Milton.

5. To come by chance; to happen; -- with on or upon; formerly with into.

> The several degrees of vision, which the assistance of glasses (casually at first lit on) has taught us to conceive.

Locke.

> They shall light into atheistical company.

South.

> And here we lit on Aunt Elizabeth,
> And Lilia with the rest.

Tennyson.

Light"a*ble (-*b'l), a. Such as can be lighted.

Light"-armed` (-ärmd`), a. Armed with light weapons or accouterments.

Light"-boat` (-bt`), n. Light-ship.

Light"e (lt"e), obs. imp. of Light, to alight. Chaucer.

Light"en (lt"'n), v. i. [See Light to alight.] To descend; to light.

> O Lord, let thy mercy lighten upon us.

Book of Common Prayer [Eng. Ed.].

Light"en (lt"'n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lightened (-'nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lightening.] [OE. lightenen. See Light to kindle, illuminate.] 1. To burst forth or dart, as lightning; to shine with, or like, lightning; to display a flash or flashes of lightning; to flash.

> This dreadful night,
> That thunders, lightens, opens graves, and roars
> As doth the lion.

Shak.

2. To grow lighter; to become less dark or lowering; to brighten; to clear, as the sky.

Light"en, v. t. [See Light to illuminate.] 1. To make light or clear; to light; to illuminate; as, to lighten an apartment with lamps or gas; to lighten the streets. [In this sense less common than light.]

> A key of fire ran all along the shore,
> And lightened all the river with a blaze.

Dryden.

2. To illuminate with knowledge; to enlighten. [In this sense less common than enlighten.]

> Lighten my spirit with one clear heavenly ray.

Sir J. Davies.

3. To emit or disclose in, or as in, lightning; to flash out, like lightning.

> His eye . . . lightens forth
> Controlling majesty.

Shak.

4. To free from trouble and fill with joy.

> They looked unto him, and were lightened.

Ps. xxxiv. 5.

Light"en, v. t. [See Light not heavy.] 1. To make lighter, or less heavy; to reduce in weight; to relieve of part of a load or burden; as, to lighten a ship by unloading; to lighten a load or burden.

2. To make less burdensome or afflictive; to alleviate; as, to lighten the cares of life or the burden of grief.

3. To cheer; to exhilarate.

> Lightens my humor with his merry jests.

Shak.

Light"er (lt"r), n. One who, or that which, lights; as, a lighter of lamps.

Light"er, n. [D. ligter, fr. ligt light. See Light not heavy.] (Naut.) A large boat or barge, mainly used in unloading or loading vessels which can not reach the wharves at the place of shipment or delivery.

Lighter screw (Mach.), a screw for adjusting the distance between the stones in a grinding mill by raising or lowering the bridgetree.

Light"er, v. t. To convey by a lighter, as to or from the shore; as, to lighter the cargo of a ship.

Light"er*age (-j; 48), n. 1. The price paid for conveyance of goods on a lighter.

2. The act of unloading into a lighter, or of conveying by a lighter.

Light"er*man (-mn), n.; pl. Lightermen (-mn). A person employed on, or who manages, a lighter.

Light"-fin`gered (lt"f`grd), a. Dexterous in taking and conveying away; thievish; pilfering; addicted to petty thefts. Fuller.

{ Light"-foot` (-ft`), Light"-foot`ed, } a. Having a light, springy step; nimble in running or dancing; active; as, light-foot Iris. Tennyson.

Light"ful (lt"fl), a. Full of light; bright. [R.] "Lightful presence." Marston.

Light"-hand`ed (lt"hnd`d), a. (Naut.) Not having a full complement of men; as, a vessel light-handed.

Light"-head`ed (-hd`d), a. 1. Disordered in the head; dizzy; delirious. Walpole.

2. Thoughtless; heedless; volatile; unsteady; fickle; loose. "Light-headed, weak men." Clarendon.

-- Light"-head`ed*ness, n.

Light"-heart`ed (-härt`d), a. Free from grief or anxiety; gay; cheerful; merry. -- Light"-heart`ed*ly, adv. - - Light"-heart`ed*ness, n.

Light"-heeled` (-hld`), a. Lively in walking or running; brisk; light-footed.

Light"-horse`man (-hôrs`man), n.; pl. -men (- men).

1. A soldier who serves in the light horse. See under 5th Light.

2. (Zoöl.) A West Indian fish of the genus Ephippus, remarkable for its high dorsal fin and brilliant colors.

Light"house` (-hous`), n.; pl. Lighthouses (-houz`z). A tower or other building with a powerful light at top, erected at the entrance of a port, or at some important point on a coast, to serve as a guide to mariners at night; a pharos.

Light"ing, n. (Metal.) A name sometimes applied to the process of annealing metals.

Light"-legged` (lt"lgd`), a. Nimble; swift of foot. Sir P. Sidney.

Light"less, a. Destitute of light; dark. Shak.

Light"ly, adv. 1. With little weight; with little force; as, to tread lightly; to press lightly.

> Yet shall thy grave with rising flowers be drest,
> And the green turf lie lightly on thy breast.

Pope.

> Him thus intent Ithuriel with his spear
> Touched lightly.

Milton.

2. Swiftly; nimbly; with agility.

> So mikle was that barge, it might not lightly sail.

R. of Brunne.

> Watch what thou seest and lightly bring me word.

Tennyson.

3. Without deep impression.

> The soft ideas of the cheerful note,
> Lightly received, were easily forgot.

Prior.

4. In a small degree; slightly; not severely.

> At the first he lightly afflicted the land of Zebulun . . . and afterward did more grievously afflict her.

Is. ix. 1.

5. With little effort or difficulty; easily; readily.

> That lightly come, shall lightly go.

Old Proverb.

> They come lightly by the malt, and need not spare it.

Sir W. Scott.

6. Without reason, or for reasons of little weight.

> Flatter not the rich, neither do thou willingly or lightly appear before great personages.

Jer. Taylor.

7. Commonly; usually. [Obs.] Bp. Fisher.

> The great thieves of a state are lightly the officers of the crown.

B. Jonson.

8. Without dejection; cheerfully. "Seeming to bear it lightly." Shak.

9. Without heed or care; with levity; gayly; airily.

> Matrimony . . . is not by any to be enterprised, nor taken in hand, unadvisedly, lightly, or wantonly.

Book of Common Prayer [Eng. Ed.].

10. Not chastely; wantonly. Swift.

Light"man (-mn), n.; pl. -men (-mn). A man who carries or takes care of a light. T. Brown.

Light"-mind`ed (-mnd`d), a. Unsettled; unsteady; volatile; not considerate. -- Light"-mind`ed*ness, n.

Light"ness, n. [From Light not heavy.] The state, condition, or quality, of being light or not heavy; buoyancy; levity; fickleness; nimbleness; delicacy; grace.

Syn. -- Levity; volatility; instability; inconstancy; unsteadiness; giddiness; flightiness; airiness; gayety; liveliness; agility; nimbleness; sprightliness; briskness; swiftness; ease; facility.

Light"ness, n. [From Light bright.] 1. Illumination, or degree of illumination; as, the lightness of a room. Chaucer.

2. Absence of depth or of duskiness in color; as, the lightness of a tint; lightness of complexion.

Light"ning (lt"nng), n. [For lightening, fr. lighten to flash.] 1. A discharge of atmospheric electricity, accompanied by a vivid flash of light, commonly from one cloud to another, sometimes from a cloud to the earth. The sound produced by the electricity in passing rapidly through the atmosphere constitutes thunder.

2. The act of making bright, or the state of being made bright; enlightenment; brightening, as of the mental powers. [R.]

Ball lightning, a rare form of lightning sometimes seen as a globe of fire moving from the clouds to the earth. -- Chain lightning, lightning in angular, zigzag, or forked flashes. -- Heat lightning, more or less vivid and extensive flashes of electric light, without thunder, seen near the horizon, esp. at the close of a hot day. -- Lightning arrester (Telegraphy), a device, at the place where a wire enters a building, for preventing injury by lightning to an operator or instrument. It consists of a short circuit to the ground interrupted by a thin nonconductor over which lightning jumps. Called also lightning discharger. -- Lightning bug (Zoöl.), a luminous beetle. See Firefly. -- Lightning conductor, a lightning rod. - - Lightning glance, a quick, penetrating glance of a brilliant eye. -- Lightning rod, a metallic rod set up on a building, or on the mast of a vessel, and connected with the earth or water below, for the purpose of protecting the building or vessel from lightning. -- Sheet lightning, a diffused glow of electric light flashing out from the clouds, and illumining their outlines. The appearance is sometimes due to the reflection of light from distant flashes of lightning by the nearer clouds.

Light"ning (lt"nng), vb. n. Lightening. [R.]

Light"-o'-love` (lt"-lv`), n. 1. An old tune of a dance, the name of which made it a proverbial expression of levity, especially in love matters. Nares. "Best sing it to the tune of light-o'-love." Shak.

2. Hence: A light or wanton woman. Beau. & Fl.

Light"room` (-rm`), n. A small room from which the magazine of a naval vessel is lighted, being separated from the magazine by heavy glass windows.

Lights (lts), n. pl. [So called from their lightness.] The lungs of an animal or bird; -- sometimes coarsely applied to the lungs of a human being.

Light"-ship` (lt"shp`), n. (Naut.) A vessel carrying at the masthead a brilliant light, and moored off a shoal or place of dangerous navigation as a guide for mariners.

Light"some (lt"sm), a. 1. Having light; lighted; not dark or gloomy; bright.

> White walls make rooms more lightsome than black.

Bacon.

2. Gay; airy; cheering; exhilarating.

> That lightsome affection of joy.

Hooker.

-- Light"some*ly, adv. -- Light"some*ness, n.

> Happiness may walk soberly in dark attire, as well as dance lightsomely in a gala dress.

Hawthorne.

Light"-winged` (-wngd`), a. Having light and active wings; volatile; fleeting. Shak.

Light"wood` (-wd`), n. Pine wood abounding in pitch, used for torches in the Southern United States; pine knots, dry sticks, and the like, for kindling a fire quickly or making a blaze.

Light"y (-), a. Illuminated. [Obs.] Wyclif.

Lign`-al"oes (ln`l"z or lg*nl"z), n. [OE. ligne aloes, fr. L. lignum wood + aloe aloe.] 1. Aloes wood, or agallochum. See Agallochum.

2. A fragrant tree mentioned in the Bible. Num. xxiv. 6.

Lig"ne*ous (lg"n*s), a. [L. ligneus, fr. lignum wood. Cf. Lignous.] Made of wood; consisting of wood; of the nature of, or resembling, wood; woody.

> It should be tried with shoots of vines and roots of red roses; for it may be they, being of a moreligneous nature, will incorporate with the tree itself.

Bacon.

Ligneous marble, wood coated or prepared so as to resemble marble.

Lig*nif"er*ous (lg*nf"r*s), a. [L. lignifer; lignum wood + ferre to bear: cf. F. lignifère.] Yielding or producing wood.

Lig`ni*fi*ca"tion (lg`n*f*k"shn), n. [Cf. F. lignification. See Lignify.] (Bot.) A change in the character of a cell wall, by which it becomes harder. It is supposed to be due to an incrustation of lignin.

Lig"ni*form (lg"n*fôrm), a. [L. lignum wood + -form: cf. F. ligniforme.] Like wood.

Lig"ni*fy (-f), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lignified (-fd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lignifying (- f`ng).] [L. lignum wood + -fy: cf. F. lignifier.] (Bot.) To convert into wood or into a ligneous substance.

Lig"ni*fy, v. i. (Bot.) To become wood.

Lig"nin (lg"nn), n. [L. lignum wood: cf. F. lignine.] (Bot.) A substance characterizing wood cells and differing from cellulose in its conduct with certain chemical reagents.

Recent authors have distinguished four forms of this substance, naming them lignose, lignin, lignone, and lignireose.

Lig`ni*per"dous (lg`n*pr"ds), a. [L. lignum wood + perdere to destroy: cf. F. ligniperde.] (Zoöl.) Wood-destroying; -- said of certain insects.

Lig*nir"e*ose` (lg*nr"*s`), n. (Bot.) See Lignin.

Lig"nite (lg"nt), n. [L. lignum wood: cf. F. lignite.] (Min.) Mineral coal retaining the texture of the wood from which it was formed, and burning with an empyreumatic odor. It is of more recent origin than the anthracite and bituminous coal of the proper coal series. Called also brown coal, wood coal.

Lig*nit"ic (lg*nt"k), a. Containing lignite; resembling, or of the nature of, lignite; as, lignitic clay.

Lignitic group. See Laramie Group.

Lig`ni*tif"er*ous (lg`n*tf"r*s), a. [Lignite + -ferous.] Producing or containing lignite; lignitic.

Lig`no*cer"ic (-n*sr"k), a. [L. lignum wood + cera wax.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid of the formic acid series, found in the tar, wax, or paraffine obtained by distilling certain kinds of wood, as the beech.

Lig"none` (lg"nn`), n. (Bot.) See Lignin.

{ Lig*nose" (lg*ns"), Lig"nous (lg"ns), } a. [L. lignosus, fr. lignum wood: cf. F. ligneux. Cf. Ligneous.] Ligneous. [R.] Evelyn.

Lig"nose` (lg"ns`), n. 1. (Bot.) See Lignin.

2. (Chem.) An explosive compound of wood fiber and nitroglycerin. See Nitroglycerin.

||Lig"num rho"di*um (lg"nm r"d*m). [NL., fr. L. lignum wood + Gr. "ro`don a rose.] (Bot.) The fragrant wood of several shrubs and trees, especially of species of Rhodorhiza from the Canary Islands, and of the West Indian Amyris balsamifera.

||Lig"num-vi"tae (-v"t), n. [L., wood of life; lignum wood + vita, genitive vitæ, life.] (Bot.) A tree (Guaiacum officinale) found in the warm latitudes of America, from which the guaiacum of medicine is procured. Its wood is very hard and heavy, and is used for various mechanical purposes, as for the wheels of ships' blocks, cogs, bearings, and the like. See Guaiacum.

In New Zealand the Metrosideros buxifolia is called lignum-vitæ, and in Australia a species of Acacia. The bastard lignum-vitæ is a West Indian tree (Sarcomphalus laurinus).

Lig"ro*in (lg"r*n), n. A trade name applied somewhat indefinitely to some of the volatile products obtained in refining crude petroleum. It is a complex and variable mixture of several hydrocarbons, generally boils below 170° Fahr., and is more inflammable than safe kerosene. It is used as a solvent, as a carburetant for air gas, and for illumination in special lamps.

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Lig"sam (lg"sam), n. [Cf. D. liggen to lie, E. lie to be prostrate, and E. flotsam, jetsam, or ligan.] Same as Ligan. Brande & C.

||Lig"u*la (lg"*l), n.; pl. L. Ligulæ (- l), E. Ligulas (-lz). [L., a little tongue. See Ligule.] 1. (Bot.) See Ligule.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) The central process, or front edge, of the labium of insects. It sometimes serves as a tongue or proboscis, as in bees. [See Illust. under Labium, and Hymenoptera.] (b) A tongue-shaped lobe of the parapodia of annelids. See Parapodium.

{ Lig"u*late (lg"*lt), Lig"u*la`ted (-l`td), } a. [Cf. F. ligulé. See Ligule, and cf. Lingulate.]

1. (Bot.) Like a bandage, or strap; strap-shaped.

2. Composed of ligules.

Ligulate flower, a species of compound flower, the florets of which have their corollets flat, spreading out toward the end, with the base only tubular.

Lig"ule (-l), n. [L. ligula, lingula, little tongue, dim. of lingua tongue : cf. F. ligule.]

1. (Bot.) (a) The thin and scarious projection from the upper end of the sheath of a leaf of grass. (b) A strap-shaped corolla of flowers of Compositæ.

2. (Anat.) A band of white matter in the wall of fourth ventricle of the brain.

Lig`u*li*flo"rous (lg`*l*fl"rs), a. [Ligule + L. flos, floris, a flower.] (Bot.) Bearing only ligulate flowers; -- said of a large suborder of composite plants, such as the dandelion, lettuce, hawkweed, etc.

Lig"ure (lg"r; 277), n. [L. ligurius, Gr. ligy`rion, liggoy`rion, ligkoy`rion, lygkoy`rion, equiv. to Heb. leshem.] A kind of precious stone.

> The third row a ligure, an agate, and an amethyst.

Ex. xxviii. 19.

Li*gus"trin (l*gs"trn), n. (Chem.) A bitter principle found in the bark of the privet (Ligustrum vulgare), and extracted as a white crystalline substance with a warm, bitter taste; -- called also ligustron.

Lik"a*ble (lk"*b'l), a. Such as can be liked; such as to attract liking; as, a likable person. Thackeray.

Like (lk), a. [Compar. Liker (lk"r); superl. Likest.] [OE. lik, ilik, gelic, AS. gelc, fr. pref. ge- + lc body, and orig. meaning, having the same body, shape, or appearance, and hence, like; akin to OS. gilk, D. gelijk, G. gleich, OHG. gilh, Icel. lkr, glkr, Dan. lig, Sw. lik, Goth. galeiks, OS. lik body, D. lijk, G. leiche, Icel. lk, Sw. lik, Goth. leik. The English adverbial ending-ly is from the same adjective. Cf. Each, Such, Which.] 1. Having the same, or nearly the same, appearance, qualities, or characteristics; resembling; similar to; similar; alike; -- often with in and the particulars of the resemblance; as, they are like each other in features, complexion, and many traits of character.

> 'T is as like you
> As cherry is to cherry.

Shak.

> Like master, like man.

Old Prov.

> He giveth snow like wool; he scattereth the hoar-frost like ashes.

Ps. cxlvii. 16.

To, which formerly often followed like, is now usually omitted.

2. Equal, or nearly equal; as, fields of like extent.

> More clergymen were impoverished by the late war than ever in the like space before.

Sprat.

3. Having probability; affording probability; probable; likely. [Likely is more used now.] Shak.

> But it is like the jolly world about us will scoff at the paradox of these practices.

South.

> Many were not easy to be governed, nor like to conform themselves to strict rules.

Clarendon.

4. Inclined toward; disposed to; as, to feel like taking a walk.

Had like (followed by the infinitive), had nearly; came little short of.

> Had like to have been my utter overthrow.

Sir W. Raleigh

> Ramona had like to have said the literal truth, . . . but recollected herself in time.

Mrs. H. H. Jackson.

Like figures (Geom.), similar figures.

Like is used as a suffix, converting nouns into adjectives expressing resemblance to the noun; as, manlike, like a man; childlike, like a child; godlike, like a god, etc. Such compounds are readily formed whenever convenient, and several, as crescentlike, serpentlike, hairlike, etc., are used in this book, although, in some cases, not entered in the vocabulary. Such combinations as bell-like, ball- like, etc., are hyphened.

Like, n. 1. That which is equal or similar to another; the counterpart; an exact resemblance; a copy.

> He was a man, take him for all in all,
> I shall not look upon his like again.

Shak.

2. A liking; a preference; inclination; -- usually in pl.; as, we all have likes and dislikes.

Like, adv. [AS. gelce. See Like, a.] 1. In a manner like that of; in a manner similar to; as, do not act like him.

> He maketh them to stagger like a drunken man.

Job xii. 25.

Like, as here used, is regarded by some grammarians as a preposition.

2. In a like or similar manner. Shak.

> Like as a father pitieth his children, so the Lord pitieth them that fear him.

Ps. ciii. 13.

3. Likely; probably. "Like enough it will." Shak.

Like, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liked (lkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Liking.] [OE. liken to please, AS. lcian, gelcian, fr. gelc. See Like, a.] 1. To suit; to please; to be agreeable to. [Obs.]

> Cornwall him liked best, therefore he chose there.

R. of Gloucester.

> I willingly confess that it likes me much better when I find virtue in a fair lodging than when I am bound to seek it in an ill-favored creature.

Sir P. Sidney.

2. To be pleased with in a moderate degree; to approve; to take satisfaction in; to enjoy.

> He proceeded from looking to liking, and from liking to loving.

Sir P. Sidney.

3. To liken; to compare.[Obs.]

> Like me to the peasant boys of France.

Shak.

Like (lk), v. i. 1. To be pleased; to choose.

> He may either go or stay, as he best likes.

Locke.

2. To have an appearance or expression; to look; to seem to be (in a specified condition). [Obs.]

> You like well, and bear your years very well.

Shak.

3. To come near; to avoid with difficulty; to escape narrowly; as, he liked to have been too late. Cf. Had like, under Like, a. [Colloq.]

> He probably got his death, as he liked to have done two years ago, by viewing the troops for the expedition from the wall of Kensington Garden.

Walpole.

To like of, to be pleased with. [Obs.] Massinger.

Like"a*ble (lk"*b'l), a. See Likable.

Like"hood (-hd), n. Likelihood. [Obs.] South.

Like"li*hood (-l*hd), n. [Likely + -hood.] 1. Appearance; show; sign; expression. [Obs.]

> What of his heart perceive you in his face
> By any likelihood he showed to-day ?

Shak.

2. Likeness; resemblance. [Obs.]

> There is no likelihood between pure light and black darkness, or between righteousness and reprobation.

Sir W. Raleigh.

3. Appearance of truth or reality; probability; verisimilitude. Tennyson.

Like"li*ness, n. 1. Likelihood; probability.

2. Suitableness; agreeableness. [Obs.]

Like"ly, a. [Compar. Likelier (lk"l*r); superl. Likeliest.] [That is, like- like. See Like, a.] 1. Worthy of belief; probable; credible; as, a likely story.

> It seems likely that he was in hope of being busy and conspicuous.

Johnson.

2. Having probability; having or giving reason to expect; -- followed by the infinitive; as, it is likely to rain.

3. Similar; like; alike. [Obs.] Spenser.

4. Such as suits; good-looking; pleasing; agreeable; handsome. Shak. Milton.

5. Having such qualities as make success probable; well adapted to the place; promising; as, a likely young man; a likely servant.

Like"ly, adv. In all probability; probably.

> While man was innocent he was likely ignorant of nothing that imported him to know.

Glanvill.

Like"-mind`ed (-mnd`d), a. Having a like disposition or purpose; of the same mind. Tillotson.

Lik"en (lk"'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Likened (-'nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Likening.] [OE. liknen. See Like, a.]

1. To allege, or think, to be like; to represent as like; to compare; as, to liken life to a pilgrimage.

> Whosoever heareth these sayings of mine, and doeth them, I will liken him unto a wise man which built his house upon a rock.

Matt. vii. 24.

2. To make or cause to be like. [R.] Brougham.

Like"ness, n. [AS. gelcnes.] 1. The state or quality of being like; similitude; resemblance; similarity; as, the likeness of the one to the other is remarkable.

2. Appearance or form; guise.

> An enemy in the likeness of a friend.

L'Estrange.

3. That which closely resembles; a portrait.

> [How he looked] the likenesses of him which still remain enable us to imagine.

Macaulay.

4. A comparison; parable; proverb. [Obs.]

> He said to them, Soothly ye shall say to me this likeness, Leech, heal thyself.

Wyclif (Luke iv. 23).

Syn. -- Similarity; parallel; similitude; representation; portrait; effigy.

{Lik"er*ous (lk"r*s), a., Lik"er*ous*ness, n. } [Obs.] See Lickerish, Lickerishness. Chaucer.

Like"wise` (lk"wz`), adv. & conj. [See Wise, n.] In like manner; also; moreover; too. See Also.

> Go, and do thou likewise.

Luke x. 37.

> For he seeth that wise men die; likewise the fool and the brutish person perish.

Ps. xlix. 10.

Lik"ing (lk"ng), p. a. Looking; appearing; as, better or worse liking. See Like, to look. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> Why should he see your faces worse liking than the children which are of your sort ?

Dan. i. 10.

Lik"ing, n. 1. The state of being pleasing; a suiting. See On liking, below. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

2. The state of being pleased with, or attracted toward, some thing or person; hence, inclination; desire; pleasure; preference; -- often with for, formerly with to; as, it is an amusement I have no liking for.

> If the human intellect hath once taken a liking to any doctrine, . . . it draws everything else into harmony with that doctrine, and to its support.

Bacon.

3. Appearance; look; figure; state of body as to health or condition. [Archaic]

> I shall think the worse of fat men, as long as I have an eye to make difference of men's liking.

Shak.

> Their young ones are in good liking.

Job. xxxix. 4.

On liking, on condition of being pleasing to or suiting; also, on condition of being pleased with; as, to hold a place of service on liking; to engage a servant on liking. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

> Would he be the degenerate scion of that royal line . . . to be a king on liking and on sufferance ?

Hazlitt.

Li"lac (l"lak), n. [Also lilach.] [Sp. lilac, lila, Ar. llak, fr. Per. llaj, llanj, llang, nlaj, nl, the indigo plant, or from the kindred llak bluish, the flowers being named from the color. Cf. Anil.] 1. (Bot.) A shrub of the genus Syringa. There are six species, natives of Europe and Asia. Syringa vulgaris, the common lilac, and S. Persica, the Persian lilac, are frequently cultivated for the fragrance and beauty of their purplish or white flowers. In the British colonies various other shrubs have this name.

2. A light purplish color like that of the flower of the purplish lilac.

California lilac (Bot.), a low shrub with dense clusters of purplish flowers (Ceanothus thyrsiflorus).

Lil"a*cin (ll"*sn), n. (Chem.) See Syringin.

Lil`i*a"ceous (ll`*"shs), a. [L. liliaceus, fr. lilium lily. See Lily.] (Bot.) (a) Of or pertaining to a natural order of which the lily, tulip, and hyacinth are well-known examples. (b) Like the blossom of a lily in general form.

Lil"i*al (ll"*al), a. (Bot.) Having a general resemblance to lilies or to liliaceous plants.

Lil"ied (ll"d), a. Covered with, or having many, lilies.

> By sandy Ladon's lilied banks.

Milton.

Lill (ll), v. i. To loll. [Obs. or Prov.] Spenser.

Lil`li*pu"tian (ll`l*p"shan), n. 1. One belonging to a very diminutive race described in Swift's "Voyage to Lilliput."

2. Hence: A person or thing of very small size.

Lil`li*pu"tian, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the imaginary island of Lilliput described by Swift, or to its inhabitants.

2. Hence: Of very small size; diminutive; dwarfed.

Lil"ly-pil`ly (ll"l- pl`l), n. (Bot.) An Australian myrtaceous tree (Eugenia Smithii), having smooth ovate leaves, and panicles of small white flowers. The wood is hard and fine-grained.

Lilt (llt), v. i. [Cf. Norw. lilla, lirla, to sing in a high tone.] 1. To do anything with animation and quickness, as to skip, fly, or hop. [Prov. Eng.] Wordsworth.

2. To sing cheerfully. [Scot.]

Lilt, v. t. To utter with spirit, animation, or gayety; to sing with spirit and liveliness.

> A classic lecture, rich in sentiment,
> With scraps of thundrous epic lilted out
> By violet-hooded doctors.

Tennyson.

Lilt, n. 1. Animated, brisk motion; spirited rhythm; sprightliness.

> The movement, the lilt, and the subtle charm of the verse.

F. Harrison.

2. A lively song or dance; a cheerful tune.

> The housewife went about her work, or spun at her wheel, with a lilt upon her lips.

J. C. Shairp.

Lil"y (ll"), n.; pl. Lilies (-z). [AS. lilie, L. lilium, Gr. lei`rion. Cf. Flower-de- luce.]

1. (Bot.) A plant and flower of the genus Lilium, endogenous bulbous plants, having a regular perianth of six colored pieces, six stamens, and a superior three- celled ovary.

There are nearly fifty species, all found in the North Temperate zone. Lilium candidum and L. longiflorum are the common white lilies of gardens; L. Philadelphicum is the wild red lily of the Atlantic States; L. Chalcedonicum is supposed to be the "lily of the field" in our Lord's parable; L. auratum is the great gold-banded lily of Japan.

2. (Bot.) A name given to handsome flowering plants of several genera, having some resemblance in color or form to a true lily, as Pancratium, Crinum, Amaryllis, Nerine, etc.

3. That end of a compass needle which should point to the north; -- so called as often ornamented with the figure of a lily or fleur-de-lis.

> But sailing further, it veers its lily to the west.

Sir T. Browne.

African lily (Bot.), the blue- flowered Agapanthus umbellatus. -- Atamasco lily (Bot.), a plant of the genus Zephyranthes (Z. Atamasco), having a white and pink funnelform perianth, with six petal-like divisions resembling those of a lily. Gray. -- Blackberry lily (Bot.), the Pardanthus Chinensis, the black seeds of which form a dense mass like a blackberry. -- Bourbon lily (Bot.), Lilium candidum. See Illust. -- Butterfly lily. (Bot.) Same as Mariposa lily, in the Vocabulary. -- Lily beetle (Zool.), a European beetle (Crioceris merdigera) which feeds upon the white lily. -- Lily daffodil (Bot.), a plant of the genus Narcissus, and its flower. -- Lily encrinite (Paleon.), a fossil encrinite, esp. Encrinus liliiformis. See Encrinite. -- Lily hyacinth (Bot.), a plant of the genus Hyacinthus. -- Lily iron, a kind of harpoon with a detachable head of peculiar shape, used in capturing swordfish. -- Lily of the valley (Bot.), a low perennial herb (Convallaria majalis), having a raceme of nodding, fragrant, white flowers. -- Lily pad, the large floating leaf of the water lily. [U. S.] Lowell. -- Tiger lily (Bot.), Lilium tigrinum, the sepals of which are blotched with black. -- Turk's-cap lily (Bot.), Lilium Martagon, a red lily with recurved sepals; also, the similar American lily, L. superbum. -- Water lily (Bot.), the Nymphæa, a plant with floating roundish leaves, and large flowers having many petals, usually white, but sometimes pink, red, blue, or yellow. [See Illust. of Nymphæa.]

Lil"y-hand`ed (-hnd`d), a. Having white, delicate hands.

Lil"y-liv`ered (-lv`rd), a. White-livered; cowardly.

Lil"y*wort` (-wûrt`), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the Lily family or order. Lindley.

Lim (lm), n. [See Limb.] A limb. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Li"ma (l"m or l"m), n. The capital city of Peru, in South America.

Lima bean. (Bot.) (a) A variety of climbing or pole bean (Phaseolus lunatus), which has very large flattish seeds. (b) The seed of this plant, much used for food. -- Lima wood (Bot.), the beautiful dark wood of the South American tree Cæsalpinia echinata.

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Li*ma"ceous (l*m"shs), a. [L. limax, limacis, slug, snail: cf. F. limacé.] (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or like, Limax, or the slugs.

||Lim`a*ci"na (lm`*s"n), n. [NL., from L. limax, limacis, a slug.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small spiral pteropods, common in the Arctic and Antarctic seas. It contributes to the food of the right whales.

||Li`ma`çon" (l`m`sôN"), n. [F. limaçon, lit., a snail.] (Geom.) A curve of the fourth degree, invented by Pascal. Its polar equation is r = a cos θ + b.

Li"maille (l"ml; F. l`mä"y'), n. [F., fr. limer to file. See Limation.] Filings of metal. [Obs.] "An ounce . . . of silver lymaille." Chaucer.

Li"man (l"man), n. [F. limon, fr. L. limus slime.] The deposit of slime at the mouth of a river; slime.

Li*ma"tion (l*m"shn), n. [L. limatus, p. p. of limare to file, fr. lima file : cf. F. limation.] The act of filing or polishing.

Li"ma*ture (l"m*tr; 135), n. [L. limatura. See Limation.] 1. The act of filing.

2. That which is filed off; filings. Johnson.

||Li"max (l"mks), n. [L.] (Zoöl.) A genus of airbreathing mollusks, including the common garden slugs. They have a small rudimentary shell. The breathing pore is on the right side of the neck. Several species are troublesome in gardens. See Slug.

Limb (lm), n. [OE. lim, AS. lim; akin to Icel. limr limb, lim branch of a tree, Sw. & Dan. lem limb; cf. also AS. lið, OHG. lid, gilid, G. glied, Goth. liþus. Cf. Lith, Limber.] 1. A part of a tree which extends from the trunk and separates into branches and twigs; a large branch.

2. An arm or a leg of a human being; a leg, arm, or wing of an animal.

> A second Hector for his grim aspect,
> And large proportion of his strong-knit limbs.

Shak.

3. A thing or person regarded as a part or member of, or attachment to, something else. Shak.

> That little limb of the devil has cheated the gallows.

Sir W. Scott.

4. An elementary piece of the mechanism of a lock.

Limb of the law, a lawyer or an officer of the law. [Colloq.] Landor.

Limb, v. t. 1. To supply with limbs. [R.] Milton.

2. To dismember; to tear off the limbs of.

Limb, n. [L. limbus border. Cf. Limbo, Limbus.] A border or edge, in certain special uses. (a) (Bot.) The border or upper spreading part of a monopetalous corolla, or of a petal, or sepal; blade. (b) (Astron.) The border or edge of the disk of a heavenly body, especially of the sun and moon. (c) The graduated margin of an arc or circle, in an instrument for measuring angles.

Lim"bat (lm"bt), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A cooling periodical wind in the Isle of Cyprus, blowing from the northwest from eight o'clock, A. M., to the middle of the day or later.

Lim"bate (lm"bt), a. [L. limbatus, fr. limbus border, edge. See Limbus.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Bordered, as when one color is surrounded by an edging of another.

Lim"bec (-bk), n. [Abbrev. of alembic.] An alembic; a still. [Obs.] Spenser. Shak.

Lim"bec, v. t. To distill. [Obs.] Dryden.

Limbed (lmd), a. Having limbs; -- much used in composition; as, large-limbed; short-limbed.

> Innumerous living creatures, perfect forms,
> Limbed and full grown.

Milton.

Lim"ber (lm"br), n. [For limmer, Icel. limar branches, boughs, pl. of lim; akin to E. limb. See Limb a branch.] 1. pl. The shafts or thills of a wagon or carriage. [Prov. Eng.]

2. (Mil.) The detachable fore part of a gun carriage, consisting of two wheels, an axle, and a shaft to which the horses are attached. On top is an ammunition box upon which the cannoneers sit.

3. pl. (Naut.) Gutters or conduits on each side of the keelson to afford a passage for water to the pump well.

Limber boards (Naut.), short pieces of plank forming part of the lining of a ship's floor immediately above the timbers, so as to prevent the limbers from becoming clogged. -- Limber box or chest (Mil.), a box on the limber for carrying ammunition. -- Limber rope, Limber chain, or Limber clearer (Naut.), a rope or chain passing through the limbers of a ship, by which they may be cleared of dirt that chokes them. Totten. -- Limber strake (Shipbuilding), the first course of inside planking next the keelson.

Lim"ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Limbered (-brd); p. pr. & vb. n. Limbering.] (Mil.) To attach to the limber; as, to limber a gun.

To limber up, to change a gun carriage into a four-wheeled vehicle by attaching the limber.

Lim"ber, a. [Akin to limp, a. √125. See Limp, a.] Easily bent; flexible; pliant; yielding. Milton.

> The bargeman that doth row with long and limber oar.

Turbervile.

Lim"ber, v. t. To cause to become limber; to make flexible or pliant. Richardson.

Lim"ber*ness, n. The quality or state of being limber; flexibleness. Boyle.

Limb"less (lm"ls), a. Destitute of limbs.

Limb"meal` (-ml`), adv. [See Limb, and Piecemeal.] Piecemeal. [Obs.] "To tear her limbmeal." Shak.

{ Lim"bo (lm"b), Lim"bus (- bs), } n. [L. limbus border, edge, in limbo on the border. Cf. Limb border.] 1. (Scholastic Theol.) An extramundane region where certain classes of souls were supposed to await the judgment.

> As far from help as Limbo is from bliss.

Shak.

> A Limbo large and broad, since called
> The Paradise of fools.

Milton.

The limbus patrum was considered as a place for the souls of good men who lived before the coming of our Savior. The limbus infantium was said to be a similar place for the souls of unbaptized infants. To these was added, in the popular belief, the limbus fatuorum, or fool's paradise, regarded as a receptacle of all vanity and nonsense.

2. Hence: Any real or imaginary place of restraint or confinement; a prison; as, to put a man in limbo.

3. (Anat.) A border or margin; as, the limbus of the cornea.

Lim"bous (lm"bs), a. [See Limbus.] (Anat.) With slightly overlapping borders; -- said of a suture.

Lime (lm), n. [See Leam a string.] A thong by which a dog is led; a leash. Halliwell.

Lime, n. [Formerly line, for earlier lind. See Linden.] (Bot.) The linden tree. See Linden.

Lime, n. [F. lime; of Persian origin. See Lemon.] (Bot.) A fruit allied to the lemon, but much smaller; also, the tree which bears it. There are two kinds; Citrus Medica, var. acida which is intensely sour, and the sweet lime (C. Medica, var. Limetta) which is only slightly sour.

Lime, n. [AS. lm; akin to D. lijm, G. leim, OHG. lm, Icel. lm, Sw. lim, Dan. liim, L. limus mud, linere to smear, and E. loam. √126. Cf. Loam, Liniment.] 1. Birdlime.

> Like the lime
> That foolish birds are caught with.

Wordsworth.

2. (Chem.) Oxide of calcium; the white or gray, caustic substance, usually called quicklime, obtained by calcining limestone or shells, the heat driving off carbon dioxide and leaving lime. It develops great heat when treated with water, forming slacked lime, and is an essential ingredient of cement, plastering, mortar, etc.

Lime is the principal constituent of limestone, marble, chalk, bones, shells, etc.

Caustic lime, calcium hydrate or slacked lime; also, in a less technical sense, calcium oxide or quicklime. -- Lime burner, one who burns limestone, shells, etc., to make lime. -- Lime light. See Calcium light, under Calcium. -- Lime pit, a limestone quarry. -- Lime rod, Lime twig, a twig smeared with birdlime; hence, that which catches; a snare. Chaucer.

Lime, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Limed (lmd); p. pr. & vb. n. Liming.] [Cf. AS. gelman to glue or join together. See Lime a viscous substance.] 1. To smear with a viscous substance, as birdlime.

> These twigs, in time, will come to be limed.

L'Estrange.

2. To entangle; to insnare.

> We had limed ourselves
> With open eyes, and we must take the chance.

Tennyson.

3. To treat with lime, or oxide or hydrate of calcium; to manure with lime; as, to lime hides for removing the hair; to lime sails in order to whiten them.

> Land may be improved by draining, marling, and liming.

Sir J. Child.

4. To cement. "Who gave his blood to lime the stones together." Shak.

Lime"hound` (lm"hound`), n. [Lime a leash + hound.] A dog used in hunting the wild boar; a leamer. Spenser.

Lime"kiln` (lm"kln`), n. A kiln or furnace in which limestone or shells are burned and reduced to lime.

Li*men"e*an (l*mn"*an), a. Of or pertaining to Lima, or to the inhabitants of Lima, in Peru. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Lima.

Lim"er (lm"r), n. A limehound; a limmer. Chaucer.

Lime"stone` (lm"stn`), n. A rock consisting chiefly of calcium carbonate or carbonate of lime. It sometimes contains also magnesium carbonate, and is then called magnesian or dolomitic limestone. Crystalline limestone is called marble.

Lime twig. See under 4th Lime.

Lime"-twigged` (-twgd`), a. Beset with snares; insnared, as with birdlime. L. Addison.

Lime"wa`ter (-w`tr), n. Water impregnated with lime; esp., an artificial solution of lime for medicinal purposes.

||Li*mic"o*læ (l*mk"*l), n. pl. [L. limicola a dweller in the mud; limus mud + colere to dwell.] (Zoöl.) A group of shore birds, embracing the plovers, sandpipers, snipe, curlew, etc.; the Grallæ.

Li*mic"o*line (-ln), a. (Zoöl.) Shore-inhabiting; of or pertaining to the Limicolæ.

Lim"i*ness (lm"*ns), n. The state or quality of being limy.

Lim"it (lm"t), n. [From L. limes, limitis: cf. F. limite; or from E. limit, v. See Limit, v. t.] 1. That which terminates, circumscribes, restrains, or confines; the bound, border, or edge; the utmost extent; as, the limit of a walk, of a town, of a country; the limits of human knowledge or endeavor.

> As eager of the chase, the maid
> Beyond the forest's verdant limits strayed.

Pope.

2. The space or thing defined by limits.

> The archdeacon hath divided it
> Into three limits very equally.

Shak.

3. That which terminates a period of time; hence, the period itself; the full time or extent.

> The dateless limit of thy dear exile.

Shak.

> The limit of your lives is out.

Shak.

4. A restriction; a check; a curb; a hindrance.

> I prithee, give no limits to my tongue.

Shak.

5. (Logic & Metaph.) A determining feature; a distinguishing characteristic; a differentia.

6. (Math.) A determinate quantity, to which a variable one continually approaches, and may differ from it by less than any given difference, but to which, under the law of variation, the variable can never become exactly equivalent.

Elastic limit. See under Elastic. -- Prison limits, a definite extent of space in or around a prison, within which a prisoner has liberty to go and come.

Syn. -- Boundary; border; edge; termination; restriction; bound; confine.

Lim"it (lm"t), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Limited; p. pr. & vb. n. Limiting.] [F. limiter, L. limitare, fr. limes, limitis, limit; prob. akin to limen threshold, E. eliminate; cf. L. limus sidelong.] To apply a limit to, or set a limit for; to terminate, circumscribe, or restrict, by a limit or limits; as, to limit the acreage of a crop; to limit the issue of paper money; to limit one's ambitions or aspirations; to limit the meaning of a word.

Limiting parallels (Astron.), those parallels of latitude between which only an occultation of a star or planet by the moon, in a given case, can occur.

Lim"it, v. i. To beg, or to exercise functions, within a certain limited region; as, a limiting friar. [Obs.]

Lim"it*a*ble (-*b'l), a. Capable of being limited.

Lim`i*ta"ne*ous (lm`*t"n*s), a. [L. limitaneus. See Limit, v. t.] Of or pertaining to a limit. [Obs.]

Lim`i*ta"ri*an (-r*an), a. Tending to limit.

Lim"i*ta*ry (lm"*t*r), a. [L. limitaris. See Limit , v. t.] 1. Placed at the limit, as a guard. "Proud limitary cherub." Milton.

2. Confined within limits; limited in extent, authority, power, etc. "The limitary ocean." Trench.

> The poor, limitary creature calling himself a man of the world.

De Quincey.

3. Limiting, or tending to limit; restrictive.

> Doctrines limitary, if not subversive of the papal power.

Milman.

Lim"i*ta*ry, n.; pl. - ries (-rz). 1. That which serves to limit; a boundary; border land. [Obs.] Fuller.

2. A limiter. See Limiter, 2.

Lim"i*tate (-*tt), a. [L. limitatus, p. p. of limitare to limit. See Limit, v. t. ] Bounded by a distinct line.

Lim`i*ta"tion (-t"shn), n. [L. limitatio: cf. F. limitation. See Limit, v. t.] 1. The act of limiting; the state or condition of being limited; as, the limitation of his authority was approved by the council.

> They had no right to mistake the limitation . . . of their own faculties, for an inherent limitation of the possible modes of existence in the universe.

J. S. Mill.

2. That which limits; a restriction; a qualification; a restraining condition, defining circumstance, or qualifying conception; as, limitations of thought.

> The cause of error is ignorance what restraints and limitations all principles have in regard of the matter whereunto they are applicable.

Hooker.

3. A certain precinct within which friars were allowed to beg, or exercise their functions; also, the time during which they were permitted to exercise their functions in such a district. Chaucer. Latimer.

4. A limited time within or during which something is to be done.

> You have stood your limitation, and the tribunes
> Endue you with the people's voice.

Shak.

5. (Law) (a) A certain period limited by statute after which the claimant shall not enforce his claims by suit. (b) A settling of an estate or property by specific rules. (c) A restriction of power; as, a constitutional limitation. Wharton. Bouvier.

To know one's own limitations, to know the reach and limits of one's abilities. A. R. Wallace.

Lim"it*ed (lm"t*d), a. Confined within limits; narrow; circumscribed; restricted; as, our views of nature are very limited.

Limited company, a company in which the liability of each shareholder is limited by the number of shares he has taken, so that he can not be called on to contribute beyond the amount of his shares. [Eng.] Mozley & W.

Lim"it*ed*ly, adv. With limitation.

Lim"it*ed*ness, n. The quality of being limited.

Lim"it*er (-r), n. 1. One who, or that which, limits.

2. A friar licensed to beg within certain bounds, or whose duty was limited to a certain district. [Formerly written also limitour.] Chaucer.

> A limitour of the Gray Friars, in the time of his limitation, preached many times, and had but one sermon at all times.

Latimer.

Lim"it*ive (-v), a. Involving a limit; as, a limitive law, one designed to limit existing powers. [R.]

Lim"it*less, a. Having no limits; unbounded; boundless. Davies (Wit's Pilgr.).

Lim"it*our (-r), n. See Limiter, 2.

Lim"mer (-mr), a. Limber. [Obs.] Holland.

Lim"mer, n. [F. limier. See Leamer.] 1. A limehound; a leamer.

2. (Zoöl.) A mongrel, as a cross between the mastiff and hound.

3. A low, base fellow; also, a prostitute. [Scot.]

> Thieves, limmers, and broken men of the Highlands.

Sir W. Scott.

4. (Naut.) A man rope at the side of a ladder.

Limn (lm), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Limned (lmd); p. pr. & vb. n. Limning (lm"nng or lm"ng).] [OE. limnen, fr. luminen, for enluminen, F. enluminer to illuminate, to limn, LL. illuminare to paint. √122. See Illuminate, Luminous.] 1. To draw or paint; especially, to represent in an artistic way with pencil or brush.

> Let a painter carelessly limn out a million of faces, and you shall find them all different.

Sir T. Browne.

2. To illumine, as books or parchments, with ornamental figures, letters, or borders.

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||Lim *næ"a (lm*n"), n. [NL., fr. Gr. limnai^os pertaining to a marsh, fr. li`mh a marsh.] (Zoöl.) A genus of fresh-water air-breathing mollusks, abundant in ponds and streams; -- called also pond snail. [Written also Lymnæa.]

Lim"ner (lm"nr), n. [F. enlumineur, LL. illuminator. See Limn, and cf. Alluminor.] A painter; an artist; esp.: (a) One who paints portraits. (b) One who illuminates books. [Archaic]

Lim"ni*ad (-n*d), n. [Gr. li`mh a pool.] (Myth.) See Limoniad.

Lim"ning (lm"nng or lm"ng), n. The act, process, or art of one who limns; the picture or decoration so produced.

> Adorned with illumination which we now call limning.

Wood.

Li*moges" (l*mzh"), n. A city of Southern France.

Limoges enamel, a kind of enamel ware in which the enamel is applied to the whole surface of a metal plaque, vase, or the like, and painted in enamel colors. The art was brought to a high degree of perfection in Limoges in the 16th century. - - Limoges ware. (a) Articles decorated with Limoges enamel. (b) Articles of porcelain, etc., manufactured at Limoges.

Li*mo"ni*ad (l*m"n*d), n. [L. limoniades, pl., Gr. leimwnia`des, fr. leimw`n meadow.] (Class. Myth.) A nymph of the meadows; -- called also Limniad.

Li*mo"nin (l*m"nn), n. [From NL. Citrus Medica, var. Limonum, the scientific name of the lemon.] (Chem.) A bitter, white, crystalline substance found in orange and lemon seeds.

Li"mon*ite (l"mn*t), n. [Gr. leimw`n any moist grassy place, a meadow : cf. F. limonite, G. limonit.] (Min.) Hydrous sesquioxide of iron, an important ore of iron, occurring in stalactitic, mammillary, or earthy forms, of a dark brown color, and yellowish brown powder. It includes bog iron. Also called brown hematite.

||Li*mo"sis (l*m"ss), n. [NL., fr. Gr. limo`s hunger.] (Med.) A ravenous appetite caused by disease; excessive and morbid hunger.

Li"mous (l"ms), a. [L. limosus, fr. limus slime, mud.] Muddy; slimy; thick. Sir T. Browne.

Limp (lmp), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Limped (lmt; 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Limping.] [Cf. AS. lemphealt lame, OHG. limphen to limp, be weak; perh. akin to E. lame, or to limp, a √120.] To halt; to walk lamely. Also used figuratively. Shak.

Limp, n. A halt; the act of limping.

Limp, n. (Ore Washing) A scraper for removing poor ore or refuse from the sieve.

Limp, a. [Cf. Icel. limpa limpness, weakness, and E. lap, n., lop, v. t. Cf. Limber, a.] 1. Flaccid; flabby, as flesh. Walton.

2. Lacking stiffness; flimsy; as, a limp cravat.

Limp"er (-r), n. One who limps.

Lim"pet (lm"pt), n. [Prob. through French fr. L. lepas, -adis, Gr. lepa`s, -a`dos.] (Zoöl.) 1. In a general sense, any hatshaped, or conical, gastropod shell.

2. Any one of many species of marine shellfish of the order Docoglossa, mostly found adhering to rocks, between tides.

The common European limpets of the genus Patella (esp. P. vulgata) are extensively used as food. The common New England species is Acmæa testudinalis. Numerous species of limpets occur on the Pacific coast of America, some of them of large size.

3. Any species of Siphonaria, a genus of limpet-shaped Pulmonifera, living between tides, on rocks.

4. A keyhole limpet. See Fissurella.

Lim"pid (-pd), a. [L. limpidus; akin to Gr. la`mpein to shine: cf. F. limpide. Cf. Lamp.] Characterized by clearness or transparency; clear; as, a limpid stream.

> Springs which were clear, fresh, and limpid.

Woodward.

Syn. -- Clear; transparent; pellucid; lucid; pure; crystal; translucent; bright.

Lim*pid"i*ty (lm*pd"*t), n. [L. limpiditas: cf. F. limpidité.] The quality or state of being limpid.

Lim"pid*ness (lm"pd*ns), n. Quality of being limpid; limpidity.

Lim"pin (-pn), n. A limpet. [Obs.] Holland.

Limp"ing*ly (lmp"-), adv. In a limping manner.

Limp"i*tude (-*td), n. Limpidity. [Obs.]

Limp"kin (lmp"kn), n. (Zoöl.) Either one of two species of wading birds of the genus Aramus, intermediate between the cranes and rails. The limpkins are remarkable for the great length of the toes. One species (A. giganteus) inhabits Florida and the West Indies; the other (A. scolopaceus) is found in South America. Called also courlan, and crying bird.

Limp"ness, n. The quality or state of being limp.

{ Limp"sy (-s), Lim"sy (lm"s), } a. [See Limp, a., and cf. W. llymsi having a fickle motion, weak. Cf. Flimsy.] Limp; flexible; flimsy. [Local, U. S.]

||Li"mu (l"m), n. (Bot.) The Hawaiian name for seaweeds. Over sixty kinds are used as food, and have species names, as Limu Lipoa, Limu palawai, etc.

Lim"ule (lm"l), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) A limulus.

||Lim`u*loi"de*a (lm`*loi"d*), n. pl. [NL. See Limulus, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) An order of Merostomata, including among living animals the genus Limulus, with various allied fossil genera, mostly of the Carboniferous period. Called also Xiphosura.

There are six pairs of leglike organs, surrounding the mouth, most of which terminate in claws; those of the first pair (probably mandibles) are the smallest; the others have the basal joints thickened and spinose, to serve as jaws, while the terminal joints serve as legs.
This group is intermediate, in some characteristics, between crustaceans and certain arachnids (scorpions), but the respiration is by means of lamellate gills borne upon the five posterior abdominal appendages, which are flat and united in pairs by their inner edges, and are protected by the lidlike anterior pair, which also bear the genital orifices.

||Lim"u*lus (lm"*ls), n.; pl. Limuli (- l). [L., dim. of limus sidelong, askance.] (Zoöl.) The only existing genus of Merostomata. It includes only a few species from the East Indies, and one (Limulus polyphemus) from the Atlantic coast of North America. Called also Molucca crab, king crab, horseshoe crab, and horsefoot.

Lim"y (lm"), a. [See 4th Lime.] 1. Smeared with, or consisting of, lime; viscous. "Limy snares." Spenser.

2. Containing lime; as, a limy soil.

3. Resembling lime; having the qualities of lime.

Lin (ln), v. i. [AS. linnan. See Lithe.] To yield; to stop; to cease. [Obs. or Scot.] Marston.

Lin, v. t. To cease from. [Obs. or Scot.]

Lin, n. [Ir. linn, or Gael. linne; akin to W. llyn a pool, pond, lake, but in senses 2 and 3 prob. from AS. hlynn torrent. Cf. Dunlin.] 1. A pool or collection of water, particularly one above or below a fall of water.

2. A waterfall, or cataract; as, a roaring lin.

3. A steep ravine.

Written also linn and lyn.

Lin"age (ln"j), n. See Lineage. [Obs.] Holland.

Lin"a*ment (-*ment), n. [L. linamentum, fr. linum flax.] (Surg.) Lint; esp., lint made into a tent for insertion into wounds or ulcers.

Li*nar"ite (l*när"t), n. [So called because formerly supposed to occur at Linares, in Spain.] (Min.) A hydrous sulphate of lead and copper occurring in bright blue monoclinic crystals.

Linch (lnch), n. [AS. hlinc a hill.] A ledge; a right-angled projection.

||Lin"chi (ln"ch), n. [Native Chinese name.] (Zoöl.) An esculent swallow.

Linch"pin` (lnch"pn`), n. [AS. lynis the axletree; akin to D. luns linchpin, OS. lunisa, LG. lunse, G. lünse, OHG. lun peg, bolt.] A pin used to prevent the wheel of a vehicle from sliding off the axletree.

Lin"coln green" (l"kn grn"). A color of cloth formerly made in Lincoln, England; the cloth itself.

{ Linc"ture (lk"tr; 135), Linc"tus (lk"ts), } n. [L. lingere, linctum, to lick.] Medicine taken by licking with the tongue.

Lind (lnd), n. The linden. See Linden. Chaucer.

Lin"den (ln"den), n. [Orig. an adj. from lind linden tree, AS. lind; akin to D. & G. linde, OHG. linta, Icel., Sw., & Dan. lind. Cf. Lime linden.] (Bot.) (a) A handsome tree (Tilia Europæa), having cymes of light yellow flowers, and large cordate leaves. The tree is common in Europe. (b) In America, the basswood, or Tilia Americana.

||Lin"di*a (ln"d*), n. [NL.] (Zoöl.) A peculiar genus of rotifers, remarkable for the absence of ciliated disks. By some zoölogists it is thought to be like the ancestral form of the Arthropoda.

Lin"di*form (-d*fôrm), a. [Lindia + -form.] (Zoöl.) Resembling the genus Lindia; -- said of certain apodous insect larvæ. [See Illust. under Larva.]

Line (ln), n. [OE. lin. See Linen.] 1. Flax; linen. [Obs.] "Garments made of line." Spenser.

2. The longer and finer fiber of flax.

Line, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lined (lnd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lining.] [See Line flax.] 1. To cover the inner surface of; as, to line a cloak with silk or fur; to line a box with paper or tin.

> The inside lined with rich carnation silk.

W. Browne.

2. To put something in the inside of; to fill; to supply, as a purse with money.

> The charge amounteth very high for any one man's purse, except lined beyond ordinary, to reach unto.

Carew.

> Till coffee has her stomach lined.

Swift.

3. To place persons or things along the side of for security or defense; to strengthen by adding anything; to fortify; as, to line works with soldiers.

> Line and new repair our towns of war
> With men of courage and with means defendant.

Shak.

4. To impregnate; -- applied to brute animals. Creech.

Lined gold, gold foil having a lining of another metal.

Line, n. [OE. line, AS. lne cable, hawser, prob. from L. linea a linen thread, string, line, fr. linum flax, thread, linen, cable; but the English word was influenced by F. ligne line, from the same L. word linea. See Linen.] 1. A linen thread or string; a slender, strong cord; also, a cord of any thickness; a rope; a hawser; as, a fishing line; a line for snaring birds; a clothesline; a towline.

> Who so layeth lines for to latch fowls.

Piers Plowman.

2. A more or less threadlike mark of pen, pencil, or graver; any long mark; as, a chalk line.

3. The course followed by anything in motion; hence, a road or route; as, the arrow descended in a curved line; the place is remote from lines of travel.

4. Direction; as, the line of sight or vision.

5. A row of letters, words, etc., written or printed; esp., a row of words extending across a page or column.

6. A short letter; a note; as, a line from a friend.

7. (Poet.) A verse, or the words which form a certain number of feet, according to the measure.

> In the preceding line Ulysses speaks of Nausicaa.

Broome.

8. Course of conduct, thought, occupation, or policy; method of argument; department of industry, trade, or intellectual activity.

> He is uncommonly powerful in his own line, but it is not the line of a first-rate man.

Coleridge.

9. (Math.) That which has length, but not breadth or thickness.

10. The exterior limit of a figure, plat, or territory; boundary; contour; outline.

> Eden stretched her line
> From Auran eastward to the royal towers
> Of great Seleucia.

Milton.

11. A threadlike crease marking the face or the hand; hence, characteristic mark.

> Though on his brow were graven lines austere.

Byron.

> He tipples palmistry, and dines
> On all her fortune-telling lines.

Cleveland.

12. Lineament; feature; figure. "The lines of my boy's face." Shak.

13. A straight row; a continued series or rank; as, a line of houses, or of soldiers; a line of barriers.

> Unite thy forces and attack their lines.

Dryden.

14. A series or succession of ancestors or descendants of a given person; a family or race; as, the ascending or descending line; the line of descent; the male line; a line of kings.

> Of his lineage am I, and his offspring
> By very line, as of the stock real.

Chaucer.

15. A connected series of public conveyances, and hence, an established arrangement for forwarding merchandise, etc.; as, a line of stages; an express line.

16. (Geog.) (a) A circle of latitude or of longitude, as represented on a map. (b) The equator; -- usually called the line, or equinoctial line; as, to cross the line.

17. A long tape, or a narrow ribbon of steel, etc., marked with subdivisions, as feet and inches, for measuring; a tapeline.

18. (Script.) (a) A measuring line or cord.

> He marketh it out with a line.

Is. xliv. 13.

(b) That which was measured by a line, as a field or any piece of land set apart; hence, allotted place of abode.

> The lines are fallen unto me in pleasant places; yea, I have a goodly heritage.

Ps. xvi. 6.

(c) Instruction; doctrine.

> Their line is gone out through all the earth.

Ps. xix. 4.

19. (Mach.) The proper relative position or adjustment of parts, not as to design or proportion, but with reference to smooth working; as, the engine is in line or out of line.

20. The track and roadbed of a railway; railroad.

21. (Mil.) (a) A row of men who are abreast of one another, whether side by side or some distance apart; -- opposed to column. (b) The regular infantry of an army, as distinguished from militia, guards, volunteer corps, cavalry, artillery, etc.

22. (Fort.) (a) A trench or rampart. (b) pl. Dispositions made to cover extended positions, and presenting a front in but one direction to an enemy.

23. pl. (Shipbuilding) Form of a vessel as shown by the outlines of vertical, horizontal, and oblique sections.

24. (Mus.) One of the straight horizontal and parallel prolonged strokes on and between which the notes are placed.

25. (Stock Exchange) A number of shares taken by a jobber.

26. (Trade) A series of various qualities and values of the same general class of articles; as, a full line of hosiery; a line of merinos, etc. McElrath.

27. The wire connecting one telegraphic station with another, or the whole of a system of telegraph wires under one management and name.

28. pl. The reins with which a horse is guided by his driver. [U. S.]

29. A measure of length; one twelfth of an inch.

Hard lines, hard lot. C. Kingsley. [See Def. 18.] -- Line breeding (Stockbreeding), breeding by a certain family line of descent, especially in the selection of the dam or mother. -- Line conch (Zoöl.), a spiral marine shell (Fasciolaria distans), of Florida and the West Indies. It is marked by narrow, dark, revolving lines. -- Line engraving. (a) Engraving in which the effects are produced by lines of different width and closeness, cut with the burin upon copper or similar material; also, a plate so engraved. (b) A picture produced by printing from such an engraving. -- Line of battle. (a) (Mil. Tactics) The position of troops drawn up in their usual order without any determined maneuver. (b) (Naval) The line or arrangement formed by vessels of war in an engagement. -- Line of battle ship. See Ship of the line, below. -- Line of beauty (Fine Arts), an abstract line supposed to be beautiful in itself and absolutely; -- differently represented by different authors, often as a kind of elongated S (like the one drawn by Hogarth). -- Line of centers. (Mach.) (a) A line joining two centers, or fulcra, as of wheels or levers. (b) A line which determines a dead center. See Dead center, under Dead. -- Line of dip (Geol.), a line in the plane of a stratum, or part of a stratum, perpendicular to its intersection with a horizontal plane; the line of greatest inclination of a stratum to the horizon. -- Line of fire (Mil.), the direction of fire. -- Line of force (Physics), any line in a space in which forces are acting, so drawn that at every point of the line its tangent is the direction of the resultant of all the forces. It cuts at right angles every equipotential surface which it meets. Specifically (Magnetism), a line in proximity to a magnet so drawn that any point in it is tangential with the direction of a short compass needle held at that point. Faraday. -- Line of life (Palmistry), a line on the inside of the hand, curving about the base of the thumb, supposed to indicate, by its form or position, the length of a person's life. -- Line of lines. See Gunter's line. -- Line of march. (Mil.) (a) Arrangement of troops for marching. (b) Course or direction taken by an army or body of troops in marching. -- Line of operations, that portion of a theater of war which an army passes over in attaining its object. H. W. Halleck. -- Line of sight (Firearms), the line which passes through the front and rear sight, at any elevation, when they are sighted at an object. -- Line tub (Naut.), a tub in which the line carried by a whaleboat is coiled. -- Mason and Dixon's line, the boundary line between Pennsylvania and Maryland, as run before the Revolution (1764-1767) by two English astronomers named Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon. In an extended sense, the line between the free and the slave States. -- On the line, on a level with the eye of the spectator; -- said of a picture, as hung in an exhibition of pictures. -- Right line, a straight line; the shortest line that can be drawn between two points. -- Ship of the line, formerly, a ship of war large enough to have a place in the line of battle; a vessel superior to a frigate; usually, a seventy-four, or three- decker; -- called also line of battle ship. Totten. -- To cross the line, to cross the equator, as a vessel at sea. -- To give a person line, to allow him more or less liberty until it is convenient to stop or check him, like a hooked fish that swims away with the line. -- Water line (Shipbuilding), the outline of a horizontal section of a vessel, as when floating in the water.

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Line (ln), v. t. 1. To mark with a line or lines; to cover with lines; as, to line a copy book.

> He had a healthy color in his cheeks, and his face, though lined, bore few traces of anxiety.

Dickens.

2. To represent by lines; to delineate; to portray. [R.] "Pictures fairest lined." Shak.

3. To read or repeat line by line; as, to line out a hymn.

> This custom of reading or lining, or, as it was frequently called, "deaconing" the hymn or psalm in the churches, was brought about partly from necessity.

N. D. Gould.

4. To form into a line; to align; as, to line troops.

To line bees, to track wild bees to their nest by following their line of flight. -- To line up (Mach.), to put in alignment; to put in correct adjustment for smooth running. See 3d Line, 19.

Lin"e*age (ln"*j; 48), n. [OE. linage, F. lignage, fr. L. linea line. See 3d Line.] Descent in a line from a common progenitor; progeny; race; descending line of offspring or ascending line of parentage.

> Both the lineage and the certain sire
> From which I sprung, from me are hidden yet.

Spenser.

Lin"e*al (ln"*al), a. [L. linealis belonging to a line, fr. linea line: cf. F. linéal. See 3d Line.] 1. Descending in a direct line from an ancestor; hereditary; derived from ancestors; -- opposed to collateral; as, a lineal descent or a lineal descendant.

> The prime and ancient right of lineal succession.

Locke.

2. Inheriting by direct descent; having the right by direct descent to succeed (to).

> For only you are lineal to the throne.

Dryden.

3. Composed of lines; delineated; as, lineal designs.

4. In the direction of a line; of or pertaining to a line; measured on, or ascertained by, a line; linear; as, lineal magnitude.

Lineal measure, the measure of length; -- usually written linear measure.

Lin`e*al"i*ty (-l"*t), n. The quality of being lineal.

Lin"e*al*ly (ln"*al*l), adv. In a lineal manner; as, the prince is lineally descended from the Conqueror.

Lin"e*a*ment (-*ment), n. [L. lineamentum, fr. linea line: cf. F. linéament. See 3d Line.] One of the outlines, exterior features, or distinctive marks, of a body or figure, particularly of the face; feature; form; mark; -- usually in the plural. "The lineaments of the body." Locke. "Lineaments in the character." Swift.

> Man he seems
> In all his lineaments.

Milton.

Lin"e*ar (-*r), a. [L. linearis, linearius, fr. linea line: cf. F. linéaire. See 3d Line.] 1. Of or pertaining to a line; consisting of lines; in a straight direction; lineal.

2. (Bot.) Like a line; narrow; of the same breadth throughout, except at the extremities; as, a linear leaf.

Linear differential equation (Math.), an equation which is of the first degree, when the expression which is equated to zero is regarded as a function of the dependent variable and its differential coefficients. -- Linear equation (Math.), an equation of the first degree between two variables; -- so called because every such equation may be considered as representing a right line. -- Linear measure, the measurement of length. -- Linear numbers (Math.), such numbers as have relation to length only: such is a number which represents one side of a plane figure. If the plane figure is a square, the linear figure is called a root. -- Linear problem (Geom.), a problem which may be solved geometrically by the use of right lines alone. -- Linear transformation (Alg.), a change of variables where each variable is replaced by a function of the first degree in the new variable.

Lin`e*ar*en"sate (-n"st), a. (Bot.) Having the form of a sword, but very long and narrow.

Lin"e*ar*ly, adv. In a linear manner; with lines.

Lin"e*ar-shaped` (-shpt`), a. Of a linear shape.

Lin"e*a*ry (-*r), a. Linear. Holland.

{ Lin"e*ate (ln"*t), Lin"e*a`ted (-`td), } a. [L. lineatus, p. p. of lineare to reduce to a straight line, fr. linea line.] 1. (Zoöl.) Marked with lines.

2. (Bot.) Marked longitudinally with depressed parallel lines; as, a lineate leaf.

Lin`e*a"tion (-"shn), n. [L. lineatio the drawing of a line, fr. lineare.] Delineation; a line or lines.

Lin"e*a*ture (ln"**tr; 135), n. Anything having outline. [R.] Holland.

Line"man (ln"mn), n.; pl. Linemen (-mn). 1. One who carries the line in surveying, etc.

2. A man employed to examine the rails of a railroad to see if they are in good condition; also, a man employed to repair telegraph lines.

Lin"en (ln"n), a. [OE., fr. lin linen. See Linen, n.] 1. Made of linen; as, linen cloth; a linen stocking.

2. Resembling linen cloth; white; pale.

Lin"en, n. [Prop. an adj. from OE. lin flax, AS. ln flax, whence lnen made of flax; akin to OS., Icel., & MHG. ln flax and linen, G. lein, leinen, linen, Sw. lin flax, Goth. lein linen, L. linum flax, linen, Gr. li`non. Cf. Line, Linseed.] 1. Thread or cloth made of flax or (rarely) of hemp; -- used in a general sense to include cambric, shirting, sheeting, towels, tablecloths, etc. "In linen white as milk." Robert of Brunne.

2. Underclothing, esp. the shirt, as being, in former times, chiefly made of linen.

Linen draper, a dealer in linen. -- Linen prover, a small microscope for counting the threads in a given space in linen fabrics. -- Linen scroll, Linen pattern (Arch.), an ornament for filling panels, copied from the folds of a piece of stuff symmetrically disposed.

Lin"en*er (-r), n. A dealer in linen; a linen draper. [Obs.]

Lin"e*o*late (ln"**lt), a. [L. lineola, dim. of linea line.] 1. (Zoöl.) Marked with little lines.

2. (Bot.) Marked longitudinally with fine lines. Gray.

Lin"er (ln"r), n. 1. One who lines, as, a liner of shoes.

2. A vessel belonging to a regular line of packets; also, a line-of-battle ship; a ship of the line.

3. (Mach.) A thin piece placed between two parts to hold or adjust them, fill a space, etc.; a shim.

4. (Steam Engine) A lining within the cylinder, in which the piston works and between which and the outer shell of the cylinder a space is left to form a steam jacket.

5. A slab on which small pieces of marble, tile, etc., are fastened for grinding.

6. (Baseball) A ball which, when struck, flies through the air in a nearly straight line not far from the ground.

-ling (-lng). [AS. -ling.] A noun suffix, commonly having a diminutive or a depreciatory force; as in duckling, gosling, hireling, fosterling, firstling, underling.

-ling. An adverbial suffix; as, darkling, flatling.

Ling (lng), n. [OE. lenge; akin to D. leng, G. länge, Dan. lange, Sw. långa, Icel. langa. So named from its being long. See Long, a.] (Zoöl.) (a) A large, marine, gadoid fish (Molva vulgaris) of Northern Europe and Greenland. It is valued as a food fish and is largely salted and dried. Called also drizzle. (b) The burbot of Lake Ontario. (c) An American hake of the genus Phycis. [Canada] (d) A New Zealand food fish of the genus Genypterus. The name is also locally applied to other fishes, as the cultus cod, the mutton fish, and the cobia.

Ling, n. [Icel. lyng; akin to Dan. lyng, Sw. ljung.] (Bot.) Heather (Calluna vulgaris).

Ling honey, a sort of wild honey, made from the flowers of the heather. Holland.

{ ||Lin"ga (l"g), Lin"gam (l"gm), } n. [Skr. liga.] The phallic symbol under which Siva is principally worshiped in his character of the creative and reproductive power. Whitworth. E. Arnold.

Ling"-bird` (lng"brd`), n. (Zoöl.) The European meadow pipit; -- called also titling.

Lin"gel (l"gl), n. [F. ligneul, dim. of L. linea a linen thread.] 1. A shoemaker's thread. [Obs.]

2. A little tongue or thong of leather; a lacing for belts. Crabb.

Lin"gence (ln"jens), n. [L. lingere to lick.] A linctus. [Obs.] Fuller.

Lin"ger (l"gr), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lingered (- grd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lingering.] [OE. lengen to tarry, AS. lengan to prolong, put off, fr. lang long. √125. See Long, a.] To delay; to loiter; to remain or wait long; to be slow or reluctant in parting or moving; to be slow in deciding; to be in suspense; to hesitate.

> Nor cast one longing, lingering look behind.

Gray.

> Perhaps thou linger'st, in deep thoughts detained.

Milton.

Syn. -- To loiter; lag; saunter; delay; tarry; stop; hesitate.

Lin"ger, v. t. 1. To protract; to draw out. [Obs.]

> She lingers my desires.

Shak.

2. To spend or pass in a lingering manner; -- with out; as, to linger out one's days on a sick bed. Dryden.

Lin"ger*er (-r), n. One who lingers. Guardian.

Lin"ger*ing, a. 1. Delaying.

2. Drawn out in time; remaining long; protracted; as, a lingering disease.

> To die is the fate of man; but to die with lingering anguish is generally his folly.

Rambler.

Lin"ger*ing*ly, adv. With delay; slowly; tediously.

Lin"get (l"gt), n. [F. lingot, perh. fr. L. lingua tongue (see Tongue). Cf. Ingot.] An ingot. [Written also lingot.]

Ling"ism (lng"z'm), n. A mode of treating certain diseases, as obesity, by gymnastics; -- proposed by Pehr Henrik Ling, a Swede. See Kinesiatrics.

Lin"gle (l"g'l), n. See Lingel.

Lin"go (l"g), n. [L. lingua tongue, language. See Lingual.] Language; speech; dialect. [Slang]

Lin*go"a wood` (l*g" wd`). Amboyna wood.

Lin"got (l"gt), n. A linget or ingot; also, a mold for casting metals. See Linget.

||Lin"gua (l"gw), n.; pl. Linguæ (- gw). [L., the tongue.] (Zoöl.) (a) A tongue. (b) A median process of the labium, at the under side of the mouth in insects, and serving as a tongue.

Lin*gua"cious (l*gw"shs), a. [L. linguax, -acis, loquacious, fr. lingua tongue.] Given to the use of the tongue; loquacious. [Obs.]

Lin`gua*den"tal (l`gw*dn"tal), a. [L. lingua tongue + E. dental.] (Phonetics) Formed or uttered by the joint use of the tongue and teeth, or rather that part of the gum just above the front teeth; dentolingual, as the letters d and t.

Lin`gua*den"tal, n. (Phonetics) An articulation pronounced by the aid or use of the tongue and teeth.

Lin"gua Fran"ca (l"gw fr"k). [It., prop., language of the Franks.] The commercial language of the Levant, -- a mixture of the languages of the people of the region and of foreign traders.

Lin"gual (l"gwal), a. [L. lingua tongue: cf. F. lingual. See Tongue, and cf. Language.] Of or pertaining to the tongue; uttered by the aid of the tongue; glossal; as, the lingual nerves; a lingual letter.

Lingual ribbon. (Zoöl.) See Odontophore.

Lin"gual, n. A consonant sound formed by the aid of the tongue; -- a term especially applied to certain articulations (as those of t, d, th, and n) and to the letters denoting them.

In Sanskrit grammar certain letters, as , h, , h, , are called linguals, cerebrals, or cacuminals. They are uttered with the tip of the tongue turned up and drawn back into the dome of the palate.

Lin*gual"i*ty (l*gwl"*t), n. The quality of being lingual.

||Lin`gua*tu"li*da (l`gw*t"l*d), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. lingua tongue.] (Zoöl.) Same as Linguatulina.

||Lin*guat`u*li"na (l*gwt`*l"n), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. lingua tongue.] (Zoöl.) An order of wormlike, degraded, parasitic arachnids. They have two pairs of retractile hooks, near the mouth. Called also Pentastomida.

The adults of some species inhabit the nostrils and nasal sinuses of dogs and other carnivores. The young, after being swallowed by sheep, rabbits, etc., find their way to the lungs and liver and become encysted. These, when eaten by carnivores, develop into the adult forms.

Lin`gui*den"tal (l`gw*dn"tal), a. & n. Linguadental.

Lin"gui*form (l"gw*fôrm), a. [L. lingua tongue + -form: cf. F. linguiforme.] Having the form of the tongue; tongue- shaped.

Lin"guist (l"gwst), n. [L. lingua tongue, speech, language: cf. F. linguiste.] 1. A master of the use of language; a talker. [Obs.]

> I'll dispute with him;
> He's a rare linguist.

J. Webster.

2. A person skilled in languages.

> There too were Gibbon, the greatest historian, and Jones, the greatest linguist, of the age.

Macaulay.

{ Lin*guis"tic (l*gws"tk), Lin*guis"tic*al (-t*kal), } a. [Cf. F. linguistique.] Of or pertaining to language; relating to linguistics, or to the affinities of languages.

Lin*guis"tic*al*ly, adv. In a linguistic manner; from the point of view of a linguist. Tylor.

Lin*guis"tics (-tks), n. [Cf. F. linguistique.] The science of languages, or of the origin, signification, and application of words; glossology.

||Lin"gu*la (l"g*l), n.; pl. -læ (- l). [L., a little tongue.] 1. (Anat.) A tonguelike process or part.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of brachiopod shells belonging to the genus Lingula, and related genera. See Brachiopoda, and Illustration in Appendix.

Lingula flags (Geol.), a group of strata in the lower Silurian or Cambrian system of Wales, in which some of the layers contain vast numbers of a species of Lingula.

Lin"gu*late (-lt), a. [L. lingulatus, fr. lingula a little tongue. Cf. Ligulate.] Shaped like the tongue or a strap; ligulate.

Li*nig"er*ous (l*nj"r*s), a. [L. linum flax + -gerous.] Bearing flax; producing linen.

Lin"i*ment (ln"*ment), n. [L. linimentum, fr. linire, linere, to besmear, anoint : cf. F. liniment. Cf. Letter, Lime a viscous substance.] A liquid or semiliquid preparation of a consistence thinner than an ointment, applied to the skin by friction, esp. one used as a sedative or a stimulant.

Lin"ing (ln"ng), n. [See Line to cover the inside.]

1. The act of one who lines; the act or process of making lines, or of inserting a lining.

2. That which covers the inner surface of anything, as of a garment or a box; also, the contents of anything.

> The lining of his coffers shall make coats
> To deck our soldiers.

Shak.

Link (lk), n. [Prob. corrupted from lint and this for lunt a torch, match, D. lont match; akin to G. lunte, cf. MHG. lünden to burn. Cf. Lunt, Linstock.] A torch made of tow and pitch, or the like. Shak.

Link, n. [OE. linke, AS. hlence; akin to Sw. länk ring of a chain, Dan. lænke chain, Icel. hlekkr; cf. G. gelenk joint, link, ring of a chain, lenken to bend.] 1. A single ring or division of a chain.

2. Hence: Anything, whether material or not, which binds together, or connects, separate things; a part of a connected series; a tie; a bond. "Links of iron." Shak.

<! p. 857 pr=VMG !>

> The link of brotherhood, by which
> One common Maker bound me to the kind.

Cowper.

> And so by double links enchained themselves in lover's life.

Gascoigne.

3. Anything doubled and closed like a link; as, a link of horsehair. Mortimer.

4. (Kinematics) Any one of the several elementary pieces of a mechanism, as the fixed frame, or a rod, wheel, mass of confined liquid, etc., by which relative motion of other parts is produced and constrained.

5. (Mach.) Any intermediate rod or piece for transmitting force or motion, especially a short connecting rod with a bearing at each end; specifically (Steam Engine), the slotted bar, or connecting piece, to the opposite ends of which the eccentric rods are jointed, and by means of which the movement of the valve is varied, in a link motion.

6. (Surveying) The length of one joint of Gunter's chain, being the hundredth part of it, or 7.92 inches, the chain being 66 feet in length. Cf. Chain, n., 4.

7. (Chem.) A bond of affinity, or a unit of valence between atoms; -- applied to a unit of chemical force or attraction.

8. pl. Sausages; -- because linked together. [Colloq.]

Link (lk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Linked (lkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Linking.] To connect or unite with a link or as with a link; to join; to attach; to unite; to couple.

> All the tribes and nations that composed it [the Roman Empire] were linked together, not only by the same laws and the same government, but by all the facilities of commodious intercourse, and of frequent communication.

Eustace.

Link, v. i. To be connected.

> No one generation could link with the other.

Burke.

Link"age (lk"j; 48), n. 1. The act of linking; the state of being linked; also, a system of links.

2. (Chem.) Manner of linking or of being linked; -- said of the union of atoms or radicals in the molecule.

3. (Geom.) A system of straight lines or bars, fastened together by joints, and having certain of their points fixed in a plane. It is used to describe straight lines and curves in the plane.

{ Link"boy` (-boi`), Link"man (-mn), } n. [See 1st Link.] A boy or man that carried a link or torch to light passengers.

Link" mo"tion (m"shn). (Steam Engine) A valve gear, consisting of two eccentrics with their rods, giving motion to a slide valve by an adjustable connecting bar, called the link, in such a way that the motion of the engine can be reversed, or the cut-off varied, at will; -- used very generally in locomotives and marine engines.

The illustration shows a link motion for a vertical engine, c representing the shaft carrying two eccentrics, a and b, for making the engine run forward and backward, respectively, their rods e and d being jointed to opposite ends of the slotted link f, in the opening of which is a pin g which is attached to the valve rod h. The valve will receive the motion of the forward eccentric when the link is in the position shown, and the motion of the backward eccentric when the link is shifted so far to the right as to bring e in line with h, or a compound motion derived from both eccentrics when the link is shifted to intermediate positions, the compound motion causing the valve to cut off the steam at a point determined by the position to which the link may have been shifted.

Link"work` (-wûrk`), n. 1. A fabric consisting of links made of metal or other material fastened together; also, a chain.

> And thou shalt make hooks of gold, and two chains of fine gold; linkwork and wreathed.

Udall.

2. Mechanism in which links, or intermediate connecting pieces, are employed to transmit motion from one part to another.

||Lin*næ"a bo`re*a"lis (ln*n" b`r*"ls). [NL. Linnaeus Linnæan + L. borealis northern.] (Bot.) The twin flower which grows in cold northern climates.

{ Lin*næ"an, Lin*ne"an } (ln*n"an), a. Of or pertaining to Linnæus, the celebrated Swedish botanist.

Linnæan system (Bot.), the system in which the classes are founded mainly upon the number of stamens, and the orders upon the pistils; the artificial or sexual system.

Lin*næ"ite (-t), n. [See Linnæan.] (Min.) A mineral of pale steel- gray color and metallic luster, occurring in isometric crystals, and also massive. It is a sulphide of cobalt containing some nickel or copper.

Linne (ln), n. Flax. See Linen. [Obs.]

Lin"net (ln"nt), n. [F. linot, linotte, from L. linum flax; or perh. shortened from AS. lnetwige, fr. AS. ln flax; -- so called because it feeds on the seeds of flax and hemp. See Linen.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of fringilline birds of the genera Linota, Acanthis, and allied genera, esp. the common European species (L. cannabina), which, in full summer plumage, is chestnut brown above, with the breast more or less crimson. The feathers of its head are grayish brown, tipped with crimson. Called also gray linnet, red linnet, rose linnet, brown linnet, lintie, lintwhite, gorse thatcher, linnet finch, and greater redpoll. The American redpoll linnet (Acanthis linaria) often has the crown and throat rosy. See Redpoll, and Twite.

Green linnet (Zoöl.), the European green finch.

Li*no"le*ate (l*n"l*t), n. (Chem.) A salt of linoleic acid.

Li*no"le*ic (l*n"l*k), a. Pertaining to, or derived from, linoleum, or linseed oil; specifically (Chem.), designating an organic acid, a thin yellow oil, found combined as a salt of glycerin in oils of linseed, poppy, hemp, and certain nuts.

Li*no"le*um (l*n"l*m), n. [L. linum flax + oleum oil.] 1. Linseed oil brought to various degrees of hardness by some oxidizing process, as by exposure to heated air, or by treatment with chloride of sulphur. In this condition it is used for many of the purposes to which India rubber has been applied.

2. A kind of floor cloth made by laying hardened linseed oil mixed with ground cork on a canvas backing.

Li*nox"in (l*nks"n), n. [Linoleic + oxygen.] (Chem.) A resinous substance obtained as an oxidation product of linoleic acid. [Written also linoxyn.]

Lin*sang" (ln*säng"), n. (Zoöl.) Any viverrine mammal of the genus Prionodon, inhabiting the East Indies and Southern Asia. The common East Indian linsang (P. gracilis) is white, crossed by broad, black bands. The Guinea linsang (Porana Richardsonii) is brown with black spots.

Lin"seed` (ln"sd`), n. [OE. lin flax + seed. See Linen.] (Bot.) The seeds of flax, from which linseed oil is obtained. [Written also lintseed.]

Linseed cake, the solid mass or cake which remains when oil is expressed from flaxseed. -- Linseed meal, linseed cake reduced to powder. -- Linseed oil, oil obtained by pressure from flaxseed.

Lin"sey (ln"s), n. [See Linen.] Linsey-woolsey.

Lin"sey-wool"sey (-wl"s; 277), n. 1. Cloth made of linen and wool, mixed.

2. Jargon. [Obs.] Shak.

Lin"sey-wool"sey, a. Made of linen and wool; hence, of different and unsuitable parts; mean. Johnson.

Lin"stock (ln"stk), n. [Corrupt. fr. luntstock, D. lontstok; lont lunt + stok stock, stick. See Link a torch, Lunt, and Stock.] A pointed forked staff, shod with iron at the foot, to hold a lighted match for firing cannon. [Written also lintstock.]

Lint (lnt), n. [AS. lnet flax, hemp, fr. ln flax; or, perh. borrowed fr. L. linteum a linen cloth, linen, from linteus linen, a., fr. linum flax, lint. See Linen.] 1. Flax.

2. Linen scraped or otherwise made into a soft, downy or fleecy substance for dressing wounds and sores; also, fine ravelings, down, fluff, or loose short fibers from yarn or fabrics.

Lint doctor (Calico-printing Mach.), a scraper to remove lint from a printing cylinder.

Lin"tel (ln"tl), n. [OF. lintel, F. linteau, LL. lintellus, for limitellus, a dim. fr. L. limes limit. See Limit.] (Arch.) A horizontal member spanning an opening, and carrying the superincumbent weight by means of its strength in resisting crosswise fracture.

{ Lin"tie (ln"t), Lint"white` (lnt"hwt`) }, n. [AS. lnetwige. See Linnet.] (Zoöl.) See Linnet. Tennyson.

Lint"seed` (lnt"sd`), n. See Linseed.

||Li"num (l"nm), n. [L., flax.] (Bot.) A genus of herbaceous plants including the flax (Linum usitatissimum).

Li"on (l"n), n. [F. lion, L. leo, -onis, akin to Gr. le`wn. Cf. Chameleon, Dandelion, Leopard.] 1. (Zoöl.) A large carnivorous feline mammal (Felis leo), found in Southern Asia and in most parts of Africa, distinct varieties occurring in the different countries. The adult male, in most varieties, has a thick mane of long shaggy hair that adds to his apparent size, which is less than that of the largest tigers. The length, however, is sometimes eleven feet to the base of the tail. The color is a tawny yellow or yellowish brown; the mane is darker, and the terminal tuft of the tail is black. In one variety, called the maneless lion, the male has only a slight mane.

2. (Astron.) A sign and a constellation; Leo.

3. An object of interest and curiosity, especially a person who is so regarded; as, he was quite a lion in London at that time.

> Such society was far more enjoyable than that of Edinburgh, for here he was not a lion, but a man.

Prof. Wilson.

American lion (Zoöl.), the puma or cougar. -- Lion ant (Zoöl.), the ant-lion. -- Lion dog (Zoöl.), a fancy dog with a flowing mane, usually clipped to resemble a lion's mane. -- Lion lizard (Zoöl.), the basilisk. -- Lion's share, all, or nearly all; the best or largest part; -- from Æsop's fable of the lion hunting in company with certain smaller beasts, and appropriating to himself all the prey.

Li"onced (l"nst), a. (Her.) Adorned with lions' heads; having arms terminating in lions' heads; -- said of a cross. [Written also leonced.]

Li"on*cel (l"n*sl), n. [OF., F. lionceau, dim. of lion.] (Her.) A small lion, especially one of several borne in the same coat of arms.

Li"on*el (-l), n. [OF., dim. of lion.] (Zoöl.) The whelp of a lioness; a young lion.

Li"on*ess, n. [OF. lionesse.] (Zoöl.) A female lion.

Li"on*et (-t), n. [OF., dim. of lion.] (Zoöl.) A young or small lion.

Li"on-heart` (-härt`), n. A very brave person.

Li"on-heart`ed (-härt`d), a. Very brave; brave and magnanimous. Sir W. Scott.

Li"on*hood (-hd), n. State of being a lion. Carlyle.

Li"on*ism (-z'm), n. An attracting of attention, as a lion; also, the treating or regarding as a lion.

Li"on*ize (-z), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lionized (-zd), p. pr. & vb. n. Lionizing (- `zng).] 1. To treat or regard as a lion or object of great interest. J. D. Forbes.

2. To show the lions or objects of interest to; to conduct about among objects of interest. Macaulay.

Li"on*like` (-lk`), a. Like a lion; brave as a lion.

Li"on*ly, a. Like a lion; fierce. [Obs.] Milton.

Li"on's ear` (l"nz r`). (Bot.) A name given in Western South America to certain plants with shaggy tomentose leaves, as species of Culcitium, and Espeletia.

Li"on's foot` (ft`). (Bot.) (a) A composite plant of the genus Prenanthes, of which several species are found in the United States. (b) The edelweiss.

Li"on*ship (l"n*shp), n. The state of being a lion.

Li"on's leaf` (l"nz lf`). (Bot.) A South European plant of the genus Leontice (L. leontopetalum), the tuberous roots of which contain so much alkali that they are sometimes used as a substitute for soap.

Li"on's tail` (tl`). (Bot.) A genus of labiate plants (Leonurus); -- so called from a fancied resemblance of its flower spikes to the tuft of a lion's tail. L. Cardiaca is the common motherwort.

Li"on's tooth` (tth`); pl. Lions' teeth (tth`). (Bot.) See Leontodon.

Lip (lp), n. [OE. lippe, AS. lippa; akin to D. lip, G. lippe, lefze, OHG. lefs, Dan. læbe, Sw. läpp, L. labium, labrum. Cf. Labial.] 1. One of the two fleshy folds which surround the orifice of the mouth in man and many other animals. In man the lips are organs of speech essential to certain articulations. Hence, by a figure they denote the mouth, or all the organs of speech, and sometimes speech itself.

> Thine own lips testify against thee.

Job xv. 6.

2. An edge of an opening; a thin projecting part of anything; a kind of short open spout; as, the lip of a vessel.

3. The sharp cutting edge on the end of an auger.

4. (Bot.) (a) One of the two opposite divisions of a labiate corolla. (b) The odd and peculiar petal in the Orchis family. See Orchidaceous.

5. (Zoöl.) One of the edges of the aperture of a univalve shell.

Lip bit, a pod auger. See Auger. -- Lip comfort, comfort that is given with words only. -- Lip comforter, one who comforts with words only. -- Lip labor, unfelt or insincere speech; hypocrisy. Bale. -- Lip reading, the catching of the words or meaning of one speaking by watching the motion of his lips without hearing his voice. Carpenter. -- Lip salve, a salve for sore lips. -- Lip service, expression by the lips of obedience and devotion without the performance of acts suitable to such sentiments. -- Lip wisdom, wise talk without practice, or unsupported by experience. -- Lip work. (a) Talk. (b) Kissing. [Humorous] B. Jonson. -- To make a lip, to drop the under lip in sullenness or contempt. Shak. -- To shoot out the lip (Script.), to show contempt by protruding the lip.

Lip, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lipped (lpt); p. pr. & vb. n. Lipping (-png).] 1. To touch with the lips; to put the lips to; hence, to kiss.

> The bubble on the wine which breaks
> Before you lip the glass.

Praed.

> A hand that kings
> Have lipped and trembled kissing.

Shak.

2. To utter; to speak. [R.] Keats.

Lip, v. t. To clip; to trim. [Obs.] Holland.

||Li*pæ"mi*a (l*p"m*), n. [NL., fr. Gr. li`pos fat + a"i^ma blood.] (Med.) A condition in which fat occurs in the blood.

Li*pans" (l*pänz"), n. pl.; sing. Lipan (-pän"). (Ethnol.) A tribe of North American Indians, inhabiting the northern part of Mexico. They belong to the Tinneh stock, and are closely related to the Apaches.

Li*pa"ri*an (l*p"r*an), n. (Zoöl.) Any species of a family (Liparidæ) of destructive bombycid moths, as the tussock moths.

Lip"a*rite (lp"*rt), n. [So called from Lipari, the island.] (Min.) A quartzose trachyte; rhyolite.

Lip"ic (lp"k), a. [Gr. li`pos fat.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, fat. The word was formerly used specifically to designate a supposed acid obtained by the oxidation of oleic acid, tallow, wax, etc.

<! p. 858 pr=VMG !>

Li*pin"ic (l*pn"k), a. (Chem.) Lipic.

Lip"less (lp"ls), a. Having no lips.

Lip"let (-lt), n. A little lip.

||Lip`o*ceph"a*la (lp`*sf"*l), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lei`pesqai to be lacking + kefalh` head.] (Zoöl.) Same as Lamellibranchia.

Lip"o*chrin (lp"*krn), n. [Gr. li`pos fat + chro`a color.] (Physiol. Chem.) A yellow coloring matter, soluble in ether, contained in the small round fat drops in the retinal epithelium cells. It is best obtained from the eyes of frogs.

Lip"o*gram (lp"*grm; 277), n. [Gr. lei`pein, lipei^n, to leave, omit + -gram.] A writing composed of words not having a certain letter or letters; -- as in the Odyssey of Tryphiodorus there was no A in the first book, no B in the second, and so on.

Lip`o*gram*mat"ic (-mt"k), a. [Gr. lipogra`mmatos: cf. F. lipogrammatique.] Omitting a letter; composed of words not having a certain letter or letters; as, lipogrammatic writings.

Lip`o*gram"ma*tist (-grm"m*tst), n. [Cf. F. lipogrammatiste.] One who makes a lipogram.

||Li*po"ma (l*p"m), n. [NL., from Gr. li`pos fat + - oma.] (Med.) A tumor consisting of fat or adipose tissue. -- Li*pom"a*tous (- pm"*ts), a.

Li`po*thym"ic (l`p*thm"k), a. [Gr. leipoqymiko`s, lipoqymiko`s.] Tending to swoon; fainting. [Written also leipothymic.]

Li*poth"y*mous (l*pth"*ms), a. [Gr. lei`pein to leave, to lack + qymo`s soul, life.] Pertaining, or given, to swooning; fainting.

Li*poth"y*my (-m), n. [Gr. lipoqymi`a: cf. F. lipothymie.] A fainting; a swoon. Jer. Taylor.

Lipped (lpt), a. 1. Having a lip or lips; having a raised or rounded edge resembling the lip; -- often used in composition; as, thick-lipped, thin-lipped, etc.

2. (Bot.) Labiate.

Lip"pi*tude (lp"p*td), n. [L. lippitudo, fr. lippus blear- eyed: cf. F. lippitude.] Soreness of eyes; the state of being blear-eyed; blearedness.

Lipse (lps), v. i. To lisp. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lip"yl (lp"l), n. [Gr. li`pos fat + -yl.] (Chem.) A hypothetical radical of glycerin. [Obs.] Berzelius.

Liq"ua*ble (lk"w*b'l), a. [L. liquabilis. See Liquate, v. i.] Capable of being melted.

Li"quate (l"kwt), v. i. [L. liquatus, p. p. of liquare to melt.] To melt; to become liquid. [Obs.] Woodward.

Li"quate, v. t. (Metal.) To separate by fusion, as a more fusible from a less fusible material.

Li*qua"tion (l*kw"shn), n. [L. liquatio: cf. F. liquation.] 1. The act or operation of making or becoming liquid; also, the capacity of becoming liquid.

2. (Metal.) The process of separating, by heat, an easily fusible metal from one less fusible; eliquation.

Liq`ue*fa"cient (lk`w*f"shent), n. [L. liquefaciens, p. pr. of liquefacere. See Liquefy.] 1. That which serves to liquefy.

2. (Med.) An agent, as mercury, iodine, etc., which promotes the liquefying processes of the system, and increases the secretions.

Liq`ue*fac"tion (-fk"shn), n. [L. liquefactio: cf. F. liquéfaction. See Liquefy.] 1. The act or operation of making or becoming liquid; especially, the conversion of a solid into a liquid by the sole agency of heat.

2. The state of being liquid.

3. (Chem. Physics) The act, process, or method, of reducing a gas or vapor to a liquid by means of cold or pressure; as, the liquefaction of oxygen or hydrogen.

Liq"ue*fi`a*ble (lk"w*f`*b'l), a. [Cf. F. liquéfiable. See Liquefy.] Capable of being changed from a solid to a liquid state.

Liq"ue*fi`er (-r), n. That which liquefies.

Liq"ue*fy (-f), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liquefied (-fd); p. pr. & vb. n. Liquefying (- f`ng).] [F. liquéfier, L. liquere to be liquid + facere, -ficare (in comp.), to make. See Liquid, and -fy.] To convert from a solid form to that of a liquid; to melt; to dissolve; and technically, to melt by the sole agency of heat.

Liq"ue*fy, v. i. To become liquid.

Li*ques"cen*cy (l*kws"sen*s), n. [See Liquescent.] The quality or state of being liquescent. Johnson.

Li*ques"cent (-sent), a. [L. liquescens, p. pr. of liquescere to become liquid, incho. fr. liquere to be liquid.] Tending to become liquid; inclined to melt; melting.

||Li`queur" (l`kr"), n. [F. See Liquor.] An aromatic alcoholic cordial.

Some liqueurs are prepared by infusing certain woods, fruits, or flowers, in either water or alcohol, and adding sugar, etc. Others are distilled from aromatic or flavoring agents.

Liq"uid (lk"wd), a. [L. liquidus, fr. liquere to be fluid or liquid; cf. Skr. r to ooze, drop, l to melt.]

1. Flowing freely like water; fluid; not solid.

> Yea, though he go upon the plane and liquid water which will receive no step.

Tyndale.

2. (Physics) Being in such a state that the component parts move freely among themselves, but do not tend to separate from each other as the particles of gases and vapors do; neither solid nor aëriform; as, liquid mercury, in distinction from mercury solidified or in a state of vapor.

3. Flowing or sounding smoothly or without abrupt transitions or harsh tones. "Liquid melody." Crashaw.

4. Pronounced without any jar or harshness; smooth; as, l and r are liquid letters.

5. Fluid and transparent; as, the liquid air.

6. Clear; definite in terms or amount.[Obs.] "Though the debt should be entirely liquid." Ayliffe.

Liquid glass. See Soluble glass, under Glass.

Liq"uid, n. 1. A substance whose parts change their relative position on the slightest pressure, and therefore retain no definite form; any substance in the state of liquidity; a fluid that is not aëriform.

Liquid and fluid are terms often used synonymously, but fluid has the broader signification. All liquids are fluids, but many fluids, as air and the gases, are not liquids.

2. (Phon.) A letter which has a smooth, flowing sound, or which flows smoothly after a mute; as, l and r, in bla, bra. M and n also are called liquids.

Liquid measure, a measure, or system of measuring, for liquids, by the gallon, quart, pint, gill, etc.

Liq"uid*am`bar (lk"wd*m`br), n. [Liquid + amber.] 1. (Bot.) A genus consisting of two species of tall trees having star- shaped leaves, and woody burlike fruit. Liquidambar styraciflua is the North American sweet qum, and L. Orientalis is found in Asia Minor.

2. The balsamic juice which is obtained from these trees by incision. The liquid balsam of the Oriental tree is liquid storax.

Liq"uid*am`ber, n. See Liquidambar.

Liq"ui*date (lk"w*dt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liquidated (- d`td); p. pr. & vb. n. Liquidating.] [LL. liquidatus, p. p. of liquidare to liquidate, fr. L. liquidus liquid, clear. See Liquid.] 1. (Law) To determine by agreement or by litigation the precise amount of (indebtedness); or, where there is an indebtedness to more than one person, to determine the precise amount of (each indebtedness); to make the amount of (an indebtedness) clear and certain.

> A debt or demand is liquidated whenever the amount due is agreed on by the parties, or fixed by the operation of law.

15 Ga. Rep. 321.

> If our epistolary accounts were fairly liquidated, I believe you would be brought in considerable debtor.

Chesterfield.

2. In an extended sense: To ascertain the amount, or the several amounts, of , and apply assets toward the discharge of (an indebtedness). Abbott.

3. To discharge; to pay off, as an indebtedness.

> Friburg was ceded to Zurich by Sigismund to liquidate a debt of a thousand florins.

W. Coxe.

4. To make clear and intelligible.

> Time only can liquidate the meaning of all parts of a compound system.

A. Hamilton.

5. To make liquid. [Obs.]

Liquidated damages (Law), damages the amount of which is fixed or ascertained. Abbott.

Liq`ui*da"tion (lk`w*d"shn), n. [Cf. F. liquidation.] The act or process of liquidating; the state of being liquidated.

To go into liquidation (Law), to turn over to a trustee one's assets and accounts, in order that the several amounts of one's indebtedness may be authoritatively ascertained, and that the assets may be applied toward their discharge.

Liq"ui*da`tor (lk"w*d`tr), n. [Cf. F. liquidateur.]

1. One who, or that which, liquidates.

2. An officer appointed to conduct the winding up of a company, to bring and defend actions and suits in its name, and to do all necessary acts on behalf of the company. [Eng.] Mozley & W.

Li*quid"i*ty (l*kwd"*t), n. [L. liquiditas, fr. liquidus liquid: cf. F. liquidité.] The state or quality of being liquid.

Liq"uid*ize (lk"wd*z), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liquidized (- zd); p. pr. & vb. n. Liquidizing (- `zng).] To render liquid.

Liq"uid*ly, adv. In a liquid manner; flowingly.

Liq"uid*ness, n. The quality or state of being liquid; liquidity; fluency.

Liq"uor (lk"r), n. [OE. licour, licur, OF. licur, F. liqueur, fr. L. liquor, fr. liquere to be liquid. See Liquid, and cf. Liqueur.] 1. Any liquid substance, as water, milk, blood, sap, juice, or the like.

2. Specifically, alcoholic or spirituous fluid, either distilled or fermented, as brandy, wine, whisky, beer, etc.

3. (Pharm.) A solution of a medicinal substance in water; -- distinguished from tincture and aqua.

The U. S. Pharmacopœia includes, in this class of preparations, all aqueous solutions without sugar, in which the substance acted on is wholly soluble in water, excluding those in which the dissolved matter is gaseous or very volatile, as in the aquæ or waters. U. S. Disp.

Labarraque's liquor (Old Chem.), a solution of an alkaline hypochlorite, as sodium hypochlorite, used in bleaching and as a disinfectant. -- Liquor of flints, or Liquor silicum (Old Chem.), soluble glass; -- so called because formerly made from powdered flints. See Soluble glass, under Glass. -- Liquor of Libavius. (Old Chem.) See Fuming liquor of Libavius, under Fuming. -- Liquor sanguinis (sn"gwn*s) (Physiol.), the blood plasma. -- Liquor thief, a tube for taking samples of liquor from a cask through the bung hole. -- To be in liquor, to be intoxicated.

Liq"uor, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Liquored (-rd); p. pr. & vb. n. Liquoring.] 1. To supply with liquor. [R.]

2. To grease. [Obs.] Bacon.

> Liquor fishermen's boots.

Shak.

Liq"uor*ice (lk"r*s), n. See Licorice.

Liq"uor*ish, a. See Lickerish. [Obs.] Shak.

Liq"uor*ous (-s), a. Eagerly desirous. See Lickerish. [Obs.] Marston.

||Li"ra (l"r), n.; pl. Lire (-r). [It., fr. L. libra the Roman pound. Cf. Livre.] An Italian coin equivalent in value to the French franc.

||Li*rel"la (l*rl"l), n. [NL., dim. of L. lira a furrow.] (Bot.) A linear apothecium furrowed along the middle; the fruit of certain lichens.

Li*rel"li*form (-l*fôrm), a. [Lirella + -form.] (Bot.) Like a lirella. [Written also lirellæform.]

||Lir`i*o*den"dron (lr`**dn"drn), n.; pl. Liriodendra (- dr). [NL., fr. Gr. lei`rion lily + de`ndron tree.] (Bot.) A genus of large and very beautiful trees of North America, having smooth, shining leaves, and handsome, tuliplike flowers; tulip tree; whitewood; -- called also canoewood. Liriodendron tulipifera is the only extant species, but there were several others in the Cretaceous epoch.

Lir"i*pipe (lr"*pp), n. [Obs.] See Liripoop.

Lir"i*poop (lr"*pp), n. [OF. liripipion, liripion, LL. liripipium. Said to be corrupted from L. cleri ephippium, lit., the clergy's caparison.]

1. A pendent part of the old clerical tippet; afterwards, a tippet; a scarf; -- worn also by doctors, learned men, etc. [Obs.]

2. Acuteness; smartness; also, a smart trick or stratagem. [Obs.] Stanihurst.

3. A silly person. [Obs.]

> A liripoop, vel lerripoop, a silly, empty creature; an old dotard.

Milles. MS. Devon Gloss.

Li*roc"o*nite (l*rk"*nt), n. [Gr. leiro`s pale + koni`a powder.] (Min.) A hydrated arseniate of copper, occurring in obtuse pyramidal crystals of a sky-blue or verdigris-green color.

Lis"bon (lz"bn), n. A sweet, light-colored species of wine, produced in the province of Estremadura, and so called as being shipped from Lisbon, in Portugal.

Lisle (ll), n. A city of France celebrated for certain manufactures.

Lisle glove, a fine summer glove, made of Lisle thread. -- Lisle lace, a fine handmade lace, made at Lisle. -- Lisle thread, a hard twisted cotton thread, originally produced at Lisle.

Lisne (ln), n. [Prov. E. lissen, lisne, a cleft in a rock.] A cavity or hollow.[Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Lisp (lsp), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lisped (lspt); p. pr. & vb. n. Lisping.] [OE. lispen, lipsen, AS. wlisp stammering, lisping; akin to D. & OHG. lispen to lisp, G. lispeln, Sw. läspa, Dan. lespe.] 1. To pronounce the sibilant letter s imperfectly; to give s and z the sound of th; -- a defect common among children.

2. To speak with imperfect articulation; to mispronounce, as a child learning to talk.

> As yet a child, nor yet a fool to fame,
> I lisped in numbers, for the numbers came.

Pope.

3. To speak hesitatingly with a low voice, as if afraid.

> Lest when my lisping, guilty tongue should halt.

Drayton.

Lisp, v. t. 1. To pronounce with a lisp.

2. To utter with imperfect articulation; to express with words pronounced imperfectly or indistinctly, as a child speaks; hence, to express by the use of simple, childlike language.

> To speak unto them after their own capacity, and to lisp the words unto them according as the babes and children of that age might sound them again.

Tyndale.

3. To speak with reserve or concealment; to utter timidly or confidentially; as, to lisp treason.

Lisp, n. The habit or act of lisping. See Lisp, v. i., 1.

> I overheard her answer, with a very pretty lisp, "O! Strephon, you are a dangerous creature."

Tatler.

Lisp"er (-r), n. One who lisps.

Lisp"ing*ly, adv. With a lisp; in a lisping manner.

Liss (ls), n. [AS. liss.] Release; remission; ease; relief. [Obs.] "Of penance had a lisse." Chaucer.

Liss, v. t. [AS. lissan.] To free, as from care or pain; to relieve. [Obs.] "Lissed of his care." Chaucer.

||Lis`sen*ceph"a*la (ls`sn*sf"*l), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lisso`s smooth + 'egke`falos the brain.] (Zoöl.) A general name for all those placental mammals that have a brain with few or no cerebral convolutions, as Rodentia, Insectivora, etc.

{ Lis"som, Lis"some } (ls"sm), a. [For lithesome.] 1. Limber; supple; flexible; lithe; lithesome.

> Straight, but as lissome as a hazel wand.

Tennyson.

2. Light; nimble; active. Halliwell.

-- Lis"some*ness, n.

List (lst), n. [F. lice, LL. liciae, pl., from L. licium thread, girdle.] A line inclosing or forming the extremity of a piece of ground, or field of combat; hence, in the plural (lists), the ground or field inclosed for a race or combat. Chaucer.

> In measured lists to toss the weighty lance.

Pope.

To enter the lists, to accept a challenge, or engage in contest.

List, v. t. To inclose for combat; as, to list a field.

List, v. i. [See Listen.] To hearken; to attend; to listen. [Obs. except in poetry.]

> Stand close, and list to him.

Shak.

List, v. t. To listen or hearken to.

> Then weigh what loss your honor may sustain,
> If with too credent ear you list his songs.

Shak.

List, v. i. [OE. listen, lusten, AS. lystan, from lust pleasure. See Lust.] 1. To desire or choose; to please.

> The wind bloweth where it listeth.

John iii. 8.

> Them that add to the Word of God what them listeth.

Hooker.

> Let other men think of your devices as they list.

Whitgift.

2. (Naut.) To lean; to incline; as, the ship lists to port.

List, n. 1. Inclination; desire. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. (Naut.) An inclination to one side; as, the ship has a list to starboard.

List, n. [AS. lst a list of cloth; akin to D. lijst, G. leiste, OHG. lsta, Icel. lista, listi, Sw. list, Dan. liste. In sense 5 from F. liste, of German origin, and thus ultimately the same word.] 1. A strip forming the woven border or selvedge of cloth, particularly of broadcloth, and serving to strengthen it; hence, a strip of cloth; a fillet. "Gartered with a red and blue list. " Shak.

<! p. 859 pr=VMG !>

2. A limit or boundary; a border.

> The very list, the very utmost bound,
> Of all our fortunes.

Shak.

3. The lobe of the ear; the ear itself. [Obs.] Chaucer.

4. A stripe. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

5. A roll or catalogue, that is, a row or line; a record of names; as, a list of names, books, articles; a list of ratable estate.

> He was the ablest emperor of all the list.

Bacon.

6. (Arch.) A little square molding; a fillet; -- called also listel.

7. (Carp.) A narrow strip of wood, esp. sapwood, cut from the edge of a plank or board.

8. (Rope Making) A piece of woolen cloth with which the yarns are grasped by a workman.

9. (Tin-plate Manuf.) (a) The first thin coat of tin. (b) A wirelike rim of tin left on an edge of the plate after it is coated.

Civil list (Great Britain & U.S.), the civil officers of government, as judges, ambassadors, secretaries, etc. Hence, the revenues or appropriations of public money for the support of the civil officers. More recently, the civil list, in England, embraces only the expenses of the reigning monarch's household. -- Free list. (a) A list of articles admitted to a country free of duty. (b) A list of persons admitted to any entertainment, as a theater or opera, without payment, or to whom a periodical, or the like, is furnished without cost.

Syn. -- Roll; catalogue; register; inventory; schedule. -- List, Roll, Catalogue, Register, Inventory, Schedule. A list is properly a simple series of names, etc., in a brief form, such as might naturally be entered in a narrow strip of paper. A roll was originally a list containing the names of persons belonging to a public body (as Parliament, etc.), which was rolled up and laid aside among its archives. A catalogue is a list of persons or things arranged in order, and usually containing some description of the same, more or less extended. A register is designed for record or preservation. An inventory is a list of articles, found on hand in a store of goods, or in the estate of a deceased person, or under similar circumstances. A schedule is a formal list or inventory prepared for legal or business purposes.

List (lst), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Listed; p. pr. & vb. n. Listing.] [From list a roll.] 1. To sew together, as strips of cloth, so as to make a show of colors, or form a border. Sir H. Wotton.

2. To cover with list, or with strips of cloth; to put list on; as, to list a door; to stripe as if with list.

> The tree that stood white-listed through the gloom.

Tennyson.

3. To enroll; to place or register in a list.

> Listed among the upper serving men.

Milton.

4. To engage, as a soldier; to enlist.

> I will list you for my soldier.

Sir W. Scott.

5. (Carp.) To cut away a narrow strip, as of sapwood, from the edge of; as, to list a board.

To list a stock (Stock Exchange), to put it in the list of stocks called at the meeting of the board.

List, v. i. To engage in public service by enrolling one's name; to enlist.

List"el (ls"tl), n. [F. listel, dim. of liste fillet, list. See List the edge.] (Arch.) Same as List, n., 6.

Lis"ten (ls"'n), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Listened (-'nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Listening.] [OE. listnen, listen, lustnen, lusten, AS. hlystan; akin to hlyst hearing, OS. hlust, Icel. hlusta to listen, hlust ear, AS. hlosnian to wait in suspense, OHG. hlosn to listen, Gr. kly`ein, and E. loud. √41. See Loud, and cf. List to listen.] 1. To give close attention with the purpose of hearing; to give ear; to hearken; to attend.

> When we have occasion to listen, and give a more particular attention to some sound, the tympanum is drawn to a more than ordinary tension.

Holder.

2. To give heed; to yield to advice; to follow admonition; to obey.

> Listen to me, and by me be ruled.

Tennyson.

To listen after, to take an interest in. [Obs.]

> Soldiers note forts, armories, and magazines; scholars listen after libraries, disputations, and professors.

Fuller.

Syn. -- To attend; hearken. See Attend.

Lis"ten, v. t. To attend to. [Obs.] Shak.

Lis"ten*er (-r), n. One who listens; a hearkener.

List"er (lst"r), n. One who makes a list or roll.

Lis"ter (ls"tr), n. Same as Leister.

Lis*te"ri*an (ls*t"r*an), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to listerism.

Lis"ter*ism (ls"tr*z'm), n. (Med.) The systematic use of antiseptics in the performance of operations and the treatment of wounds; -- so called from Joseph Lister, an English surgeon.

List"ful (lst"fl), a. Attentive. [Obs.] Spenser.

List"ing, n. 1. The act or process of one who lists (in any sense of the verb); as, the listing of a door; the listing of a stock at the Stock Exchange.

2. The selvedge of cloth; list.

3. (Carp.) The sapwood cut from the edge of a board.

4. (Agric.) The throwing up of the soil into ridges, -- a method adopted in the culture of beets and some garden crops. [Local, U. S.]

List"less, a. [OE. listles, lustles. See Lust.] Having no desire or inclination; indifferent; heedless; spiritless. " A listless unconcern." Thomson.

> Benumbed with cold, and listless of their gain.

Dryden.

> I was listless, and desponding.

Swift.

Syn. -- Heedless; careless; indifferent; vacant; uninterested; languid; spiritless; supine; indolent.

-- List"less*ly, adv. -- List"less*ness, n.

Lit (lt), a form of the imp. & p. p. of Light.

Lit"a*ny (lt"*n), n.; pl. Litanies (- nz). [OE. letanie, OF. letanie, F. litanie, L. litania, Gr. litanei`a, fr. litaney`ein to pray, akin to li`tesqai, li`ssesqai, to pray, lith` prayer.] A solemn form of supplication in the public worship of various churches, in which the clergy and congregation join, the former leading and the latter responding in alternate sentences. It is usually of a penitential character.

> Supplications . . . for the appeasing of God's wrath were of the Greek church termed litanies, and rogations of the Latin.

Hooker.

Lit"arge (lt"rj), n. Litharge. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Li"tchi` (l"ch`), n. (Bot.) The fruit of a tree native to China (Nephelium Litchi). It is nutlike, having a rough but tender shell, containing an aromatic pulp, and a single large seed. In the dried fruit which is exported the pulp somewhat resembles a raisin in color and form. [Written also lichi, and lychee.]

-lite (-lt). See -lith.

Lite (lt), a., adv., & n. Little. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ Li"ter, Li"tre } (l"tr; 277), n. [F. litre, Gr. li`tra a silver coin.] A measure of capacity in the metric system, being a cubic decimeter, equal to 61.022 cubic inches, or 2.113 American pints, or 1.76 English pints.

Lit"er*a*cy (lt"r**s), n. State of being literate.

Lit"er*al (-al), a. [F. litéral, littéral, L. litteralis, literalis, fr. littera, litera, a letter. See Letter.] 1. According to the letter or verbal expression; real; not figurative or metaphorical; as, the literal meaning of a phrase.

> It hath but one simple literal sense whose light the owls can not abide.

Tyndale.

2. Following the letter or exact words; not free.

> A middle course between the rigor of literal translations and the liberty of paraphrasts.

Hooker.

3. Consisting of, or expressed by, letters.

> The literal notation of numbers was known to Europeans before the ciphers.

Johnson.

4. Giving a strict or literal construction; unimaginative; matter-of-fact; -- applied to persons.

Literal contract (Law), a contract of which the whole evidence is given in writing. Bouvier. -- Literal equation (Math.), an equation in which known quantities are expressed either wholly or in part by means of letters; -- distinguished from a numerical equation.

Lit"er*al, n. Literal meaning. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Lit"er*al*ism (-z'm), n. 1. That which accords with the letter; a mode of interpreting literally; adherence to the letter.

2. (Fine Arts) The tendency or disposition to represent objects faithfully, without abstraction, conventionalities, or idealization.

Lit"er*al*ist, n. One who adheres to the letter or exact word; an interpreter according to the letter.

Lit`er*al"i*ty (-l"*t), n. [Cf. F. littéralité.] The state or quality of being literal. Sir T. Browne.

Lit`er*al*i*za"tion (lt`r*al**z"shn), n. The act of literalizing; reduction to a literal meaning.

Lit"er*al*ize (lt"r*al*z), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Literalized (-zd); p. pr. & vb. n. Literalizing (-`zng).] To make literal; to interpret or put in practice according to the strict meaning of the words; -- opposed to spiritualize; as, to literalize Scripture.

Lit"er*al*i`zer (-`zr), n. A literalist.

Lit"er*al*ly, adv. 1. According to the primary and natural import of words; not figuratively; as, a man and his wife can not be literally one flesh.

2. With close adherence to words; word by word.

> So wild and ungovernable a poet can not be translated literally.

Dryden.

Lit"er*al*ness, n. The quality or state of being literal; literal import.

Lit"er*a*ry (lt"r**r), a. [L. litterarius, literarius, fr. littera, litera, a letter: cf. F. littéraire. See Letter.]

1. Of or pertaining to letters or literature; pertaining to learning or learned men; as, literary fame; a literary history; literary conversation.

> He has long outlived his century, the term commonly fixed as the test of literary merit.

Johnson.

2. Versed in, or acquainted with, literature; occupied with literature as a profession; connected with literature or with men of letters; as, a literary man.

> In the literary as well as fashionable world.

Mason.

Literary property. (a) Property which consists in written or printed compositions. (b) The exclusive right of publication as recognized and limited by law.

Lit"er*ate (-t), a. [L. litteratus, literatus. See Letter.] Instructed in learning, science, or literature; learned; lettered.

> The literate now chose their emperor, as the military chose theirs.

Landor.

Lit"er*ate, n. 1. One educated, but not having taken a university degree; especially, such a person who is prepared to take holy orders. [Eng.]

2. A literary man.

||Lit`e*ra"ti (lt`*r"t), n. pl. [See Literatus.] Learned or literary men. See Literatus.

> Shakespearean commentators, and other literati.

Craik.

||Lit`e*ra"tim (-tm), adv. [LL., fr. L. littera, litera, letter.] Letter for letter.

Lit`er*a"tion (lt`r*"shn), n. [L. littera, litera, letter.] The act or process of representing by letters.

Lit"er*a`tor (lt"r*`tr), n. [L. litterator, literator. See Letter.] 1. One who teaches the letters or elements of knowledge; a petty schoolmaster. Burke.

2. A person devoted to the study of literary trifles, esp. trifles belonging to the literature of a former age.

> That class of subjects which are interesting to the regular literator or black-letter " bibliomane," simply because they have once been interesting.

De Quincey.

3. A learned person; a literatus. Sir W. Hamilton.

Lit"er*a*ture (lt"r**tr; 135), n. [F. littérature, L. litteratura, literatura, learning, grammar, writing, fr. littera, litera, letter. See Letter.] 1. Learning; acquaintance with letters or books.

2. The collective body of literary productions, embracing the entire results of knowledge and fancy preserved in writing; also, the whole body of literary productions or writings upon a given subject, or in reference to a particular science or branch of knowledge, or of a given country or period; as, the literature of Biblical criticism; the literature of chemistry.

3. The class of writings distinguished for beauty of style or expression, as poetry, essays, or history, in distinction from scientific treatises and works which contain positive knowledge; belles-lettres.

4. The occupation, profession, or business of doing literary work. Lamb.

Syn. -- Science; learning; erudition; belles-lettres. See Science. -- Literature, Learning, Erudition. Literature, in its widest sense, embraces all compositions in writing or print which preserve the results of observation, thought, or fancy; but those upon the positive sciences (mathematics, etc.) are usually excluded. It is often confined, however, to belles-lettres, or works of taste and sentiment, as poetry, eloquence, history, etc., excluding abstract discussions and mere erudition. A man of literature (in this narrowest sense) is one who is versed in belles-lettres; a man of learning excels in what is taught in the schools, and has a wide extent of knowledge, especially in respect to the past; a man of erudition is one who is skilled in the more recondite branches of learned inquiry.

> The origin of all positive science and philosophy, as well as of all literature and art, in the forms in which they exist in civilized Europe, must be traced to the Greeks.

Sir G. C. Lewis.

> Learning thy talent is, but mine is sense.

Prior.

> Some gentlemen, abounding in their university erudition, fill their sermons with philosophical terms.

Swift.

||Lit`e*ra"tus (lt`*r"ts), n.; pl. Literati (- t). [L. litteratus, literatus.] A learned man; a man acquainted with literature; -- chiefly used in the plural.

> Now we are to consider that our bright ideal of a literatus may chance to be maimed.

De Quincey.

{ -lith (-lth), -lite (-lt). } Combining forms fr. Gr. li`qos, a stone; -- used chiefly in naming minerals and rocks.

Lith (lth), obs. 3d pers. sing. pres. of Lie, to recline, for lieth. Chaucer.

Lith (lth), n. [AS. lið.] A joint or limb; a division; a member; a part formed by growth, and articulated to, or symmetrical with, other parts. Chaucer.

||Li*thæ"mi*a (l*th"m*), n. [NL., fr. Gr. li`qos stone + a"i^ma blood.] (Med.) A condition in which uric (lithic) acid is present in the blood.

Lith"a*gogue (lth"*gg), n. [Gr. li`qos stone + 'agwgo`s leading.] (Med.) A medicine having, or supposed to have, the power of expelling calculous matter with the urine. Hooper.

Lith"arge (lth"rj), n. [OE. litarge, F. litharge, L. lithargyrus, Gr. liqa`rgyros the scum or foam of silver; li`qos stone + 'a`rgyros silver. Litharge is found in silverbearing lead ore.] (Chem.) Lead monoxide; a yellowish red substance, obtained as an amorphous powder, or crystallized in fine scales, by heating lead moderately in a current of air or by calcining lead nitrate or carbonate. It is used in making flint glass, in glazing earthenware, in making red lead or minium, etc. Called also massicot.

||Li*thar"gy*rum (l*thär"j*rm), n. [NL. See Litharge.] (Old Chem.) Crystallized litharge, obtained by fusion in the form of fine yellow scales.

Lith"ate (lth"t), n. (Old Med. Chem.) A salt of lithic or uric acid; a urate. [Obs.] [Written also lithiate.]

Lithe (l), v. t. & i. [Icel hlða. See Listen.] To listen or listen to; to hearken to. [Obs.] P. Plowman.

Lithe, a. [AS. lðe, for linðe tender, mild, gentle; akin to G. lind, gelind, OHG. lindi, Icel. linr, L. lenis soft, mild, lentus flexible, and AS. linnan to yield. Cf. Lenient.] 1. Mild; calm; as, lithe weather. [Obs.]

2. Capable of being easily bent; pliant; flexible; limber; as, the elephant's lithe proboscis. Milton.

Lithe, v. t. [AS. lðian. See Lithe, a.] To smooth; to soften; to palliate. [Obs.]

Lithe"ly, adv. In a lithe, pliant, or flexible manner.

Lithe"ness, n. The quality or state of being lithe; flexibility; limberness.

Li"ther (l"r), a. [AS. lðer bad, wicked.] Bad; wicked; false; worthless; slothful. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> Not lither in business, fervent in spirit.

Bp. Woolton.

Professor Skeat thinks " the lither sky" as found in Shakespeare's Henry VI. (Part I. IV. VII., 21) means the stagnant or pestilential sky.

-- Li"ther*ly, adv. [Obs.]. -- Li"ther*ness, n. [Obs.]

Li"ther*ly, a. Crafty; cunning; mischievous; wicked; treacherous; lazy.[Archaic]

> He [the dwarf] was waspish, arch, and litherly.

Sir W. Scott.

Lithe"some (l"sm), a. [See Lithe, a., and cf. Lissom.] Pliant; limber; flexible; supple; nimble; lissom.

-- Lithe"some*ness, n.

Lith"i*a (lth"*), n. [NL., from Gr. li`qos stone.] (Chem.) The oxide of lithium; a strong alkaline caustic similar to potash and soda, but weaker. See Lithium.

Lithia emerald. See Hiddenite.

||Li*thi"a*sis (l*th"*ss), n. [NL., fr. Gr. liqi`asis, fr. li`qos stone.] (Med.) The formation of stony concretions or calculi in any part of the body, especially in the bladder and urinary passages. Dunglison.

Lith"ic (lth"k), a. [Gr. liqiko`s of or belonging to stones, fr. li`qos stone: cf. F. lithique.] 1. Of or pertaining to stone; as, lithic architecture.

2. (Med.) Pertaining to the formation of uric-acid concretions (stone) in the bladder and other parts of the body; as, lithic diathesis.

Lithic acid (Old Med. Chem.), uric acid. See Uric acid, under Uric.

lith"ic, n. (Med.) A medicine which tends to prevent stone in the bladder.

Lith"ic, a. [From Lithium.] (Chem.) Pertaining to or denoting lithium or some of its compounds. Frankland.

Lith`i*oph"i*lite (lth`*f"*lt), n. [Lithium + Gr. fi`los friend.] (Min.) A phosphate of manganese and lithium; a variety of triphylite.

<! p. 860 !>

Lith"i*um (lth"*m), n. [NL., from Gr. li`qeios of stone, fr. li`qos stone.] (Chem.) A metallic element of the alkaline group, occurring in several minerals, as petalite, spodumene, lepidolite, triphylite, etc., and otherwise widely disseminated, though in small quantities.

When isolated it is a soft, silver white metal, tarnishing and oxidizing very rapidly in the air. It is the lightest solid element known, specific gravity being 0.59. Symbol Li. Atomic weight 7.0 So called from having been discovered in a mineral.

Lith"o (lth") A combining form from Gr. li`qos, stone.

Lith`o*bil"ic (-bl"k), a. [Litho + bile.] (Chem.) Pertaining to or designating an organic acid of the tartaric acid series, distinct from lithofellic acid, but, like it, obtained from certain bile products, as bezoar stones.

Lith"o*carp (lth"*kärp), n. [Litho- + Gr. karpo`s fruit: cf. F. lithocarpe.] (Paleon.) Fossil fruit; a fruit petrified; a carpolite.

Lith`o*chro*mat"ics (-kr*mt"ks), n. See Lithochromics.

Lith`o*chro"mics (-kr"mks), n. [Litho- + Gr. chrw^ma color.] The art of printing colored pictures on canvas from oil paintings on stone.

Lith"o*clast (lth"*klst), n. [Litho- + Gr. kla^n to break.] (Surg.) An instrument for crushing stones in the bladder.

Lith"o*cyst (lth"*sst), n. [Litho- + cyst.] (Zoöl.) A sac containing small, calcareous concretions (otoliths). They are found in many Medusæ, and other invertebrates, and are supposed to be auditory organs.

Lith"o*dome (-dm), n. [Litho- + Gr. do`mos house: cf. F. lithodome.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of bivalves, which form holes in limestone, in which they live; esp., any species of the genus Lithodomus.

Li*thod"o*mous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to, Lithodomus; lithophagous.

||Li*thod"o*mus (?), n. [NL. See Lithodome.] (Zoöl.) A genus of elongated bivalve shells, allied to the mussels, and remarkable for their ability to bore holes for shelter, in solid limestone, shells, etc. Called also Lithophagus.

These holes are at first very small and shallow, but are enlarged with the growth of the shell, sometimes becoming two or three inches deep and nearly an inch diameter.

Lith"o*fel"lic (?), a. [Litho- + L. fel, fellis, gall.] (Physiol. Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a crystalline, organic acid, resembling cholic acid, found in the biliary intestinal concretions (bezoar stones) common in certain species of antelope.

||Lith`o*frac"teur (?), n. [F., fr. li`qos stone + L. frangere, fractum, to break.] An explosive compound of nitroglycerin. See Nitroglycerin.

Lith`o*gen"e*sy (?), n. [Litho- Gr. ge`nesis origin, generation: cf. F. lithogénésie. See Genesis.] The doctrine or science of the origin of the minerals composing the globe.

Li*thog"e*nous (l*thj"*ns), a. [Litho- + -genous.] Stone- producing; -- said of polyps which form coral.

Lith"o*glyph (lth"*glf), n. [Gr. liqoglyfi`a; li`qos stone + gly`fein to engrave.] An engraving on a gem.

Li*thog"ly*pher (l*thg"l*fr), n. One who curs or engraves precious stones.

Lith`o*glyph"ic (lth`*glf"k), a. Of or pertaining to the art of cutting and engraving precious stones.

Lith`o*glyp"tics (-glp"tks), n. The art of cutting and engraving gems.

Lith"o*graph (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lithographed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lithographing (?).] [Litho- + - graph: cf. F. lithographier.] To trace on stone by the process of lithography so as to transfer the design to paper by printing; as, to lithograph a design; to lithograph a painting. See Lithography.

Lith"o*graph, n. A print made by lithography.

Li*thog"ra*pher (l*thg"r*fr), n. One who lithographs; one who practices lithography.

{ Lith`o*graph"ic (?), Lith`o*graph"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. lithographique.] Of or pertaining to lithography; made by lithography; as, the lithographic art; a lithographic picture.

Lithographic limestone (Min.), a compact, fine-grained limestone, obtained largely from the Lias and Oölite, esp. of Bavaria, and extensively used in lithography.

-- Lith`o*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

Li*thog"ra*phy (?), n. [Cf. F. lithographie.] The art or process of putting designs or writing, with a greasy material, on stone, and of producing printed impressions therefrom. The process depends, in the main, upon the antipathy between grease and water, which prevents a printing ink containing oil from adhering to wetted parts of the stone not covered by the design. See Lithographic limestone, under Lithographic.

{ Lith"oid (?) Li*thoid"al (?), } a. [Litho- + -oid: cf. F. lithoïde.] Like a stone; having a stony structure.

Li*thol"a*try (?), n. [Litho- + Gr. &?; worship.] The worship of a stone or stones.

{ Lith`o*log"ic (?), Lith`o*log"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. lithologique.] 1. (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the character of a rock, as derived from the nature and mode of aggregation of its mineral contents.

2. Of or pertaining to lithology.

Lith`o*log"ic*al*ly (?), adv. From a lithological point of view; as, to consider a stratum lithologically.

Li*thol"o*gist (?), n. One who is skilled in lithology.

Li*thol"o*gy (?), n. [Litho- + -logy: cf. F. lithologie.] 1. The science which treats of rocks, as regards their mineral constitution and classification, and their mode of occurrence in nature.

2. (Med.) A treatise on stones found in the body.

Lith"o*man`cy (?), n. [Litho- + -mancy: cf. F. lithomancie.] Divination by means of stones.

Lith"o*marge (?), n. [Litho- + L. marga marl.] A clay of a fine smooth texture, and very sectile.

{ Lith`on*thrip"tic, Lith`on*thryp"tic } (?), a. & n. [Litho- + Gr. &?; to crush.] Same as Lithontriptic.

Lith`on*trip"tic (?), a. [Gr. li`qos, acc. &?;, a stone + &?; to rub, grind: cf. F. lithontriptique.] (Med.) Having the quality of, or used for, dissolving or destroying stone in the bladder or kidneys; as, lithontriptic forcéps. -- n. A lithontriptic remedy or agent, as distilled water.

Lith"on*trip"tist, n. Same as Lithotriptist.

Lith"on*trip`tor (?), n. (Surg.) See Lithotriptor.

Li*thoph"a*gous (?), a. [Litho- + Gr. &?; to eat.] (Zoöl.) (a) Eating or swallowing stones or gravel, as the ostrich. (b) Eating or destroying stone; -- applied to various animals which make burrows in stone, as many bivalve mollusks, certain sponges, annelids, and sea urchins. See Lithodomus.

Lith`o*phane (?), n. [Litho- + Gr. fai`nein to show, reveal.] Porcelain impressed with figures which are made distinct by transmitted light, -- as when hung in a window, or used as a lamp shade.

Lith"o*phos`phor (?), n. [Litho- + phosphor.] A stone that becomes phosphoric by heat.

Lith`o*phos*phor"ic (?), a. Pertaining to lithophosphor; becoming phosphoric by heat.

Lith`o*pho*tog"ra*phy (?), n. [Litho- + photography.] Same as Photolithography.

Lith"o*phyll (?), n. [Gr. li`qos a stone + &?; a leaf: cf. F. lithophylle.] A fossil leaf or impression of a leaf.

Lith"o*physe (?), n. [Litho- + Gr. &?; a flatus, air bubble.] (Min.) A spherulitic cavity often with concentric chambers, observed in some volcanic rocks, as in rhyolitic lavas. It is supposed to be produced by expanding gas, whence the name.

Lith"o*phyte (?), n. [Litho- + Gr. &?; plant: cf. F. lithophyte.] (Zoöl.) A hard, or stony, plantlike organism, as the gorgonians, corals, and corallines, esp. those gorgonians having a calcareous axis. All the lithophytes except the corallines are animals.

Lith`o*phyt"ic (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to lithophytes.

Li*thoph"y*tous (?), a. Lithophytic.

Li*tho"sian (?), n. [From NL. Lithosia, the typical genus, fr. Gr. li`qos a stone, a rock.] (Zoöl.) Any one of various species of moths belonging to the family Lithosidæ. Many of them are beautifully colored.

Lith"o*tint (?), n. [Litho- + tint.] 1. A kind of lithography by which the effect of a tinted drawing is produced, as if made with India ink.

2. A picture produced by this process.

Lith"o*tome (?), n. [Gr. &?; cutting stones; li`qos stone + &?; to cut: cf. F. lithotome.] 1. A stone so formed by nature as to appear as if cut by art.

2. (Surg.) An instrument used for cutting the bladder in operations for the stone.

{ Lith`o*tom"ic (?), Lith`o*tom"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. li`qos stone cutting: cf. F. lithotomique.] Pertaining to, or performed by, lithotomy.

Li*thot"o*mist (?), n. [Cf. F. lithotomiste.] One who performs the operation of cutting for stone in the bladder, or one who is skilled in the operation.

Li*thot"o*my (?), n. [L. lithotomia, Gr. &?;: cf. F. lithotomie.] (Surg.) The operation, art, or practice of cutting for stone in the bladder.

Lith"o*trip`sy (lth"*trp`s), n. [Litho- + Gr. tri`bein to rub, grind: cf. F. lithotripsie.] (Surg.) The operation of crushing a stone in the bladder with an instrument called lithotriptor or lithotrite; lithotrity.

Lith`o*trip"tic (-trp"tk), a. & n. Same as Lithontriptic.

Lith"o*trip`tist (lth"*trp`tst), n. One skilled in breaking and extracting stone in the bladder.

Lith"o*trip`tor (?), n. (Surg.) An instrument for triturating the stone in the bladder; a lithotrite.

{ Lith"o*trite (?), Lith"o*tri"tor (?), } [See Lithotrity.] (Surg.) A lithotriptor.

Li*thot"ri*tist (?), n. A lithotriptist.

Li*thot"ri*ty (?), n. [Litho- + L. terere, tritum, to rub, grind.] (Surg.) The operation of breaking a stone in the bladder into small pieces capable of being voided.

Lith"o*type (?), n. A kind of stereotype plate made by lithotypy; also, that which in printed from it. See Lithotypy.

Lith"o*type, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lithotyped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lithotyping (?).] To prepare for printing with plates made by the process of lithotypy. See Lithotypy.

Lith`o*typ"ic (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or produced by, lithotypy.

Li*thot"y*py (?), n. [Litho- + -typy.] The art or process of making a kind of hard, stereotype plate, by pressing into a mold, taken from a page of type or other matter, a composition of gum shell-lac and sand of a fine quality, together with a little tar and linseed oil, all in a heated state.

Li*thox`yl (?), n. [Written also lithoxyle.] [Litho- + Gr. &?; wood: cf. F. lithoxyle.] Petrified wood. [Obs.]

Lith`u*a"ni*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Lithuania (formerly a principality united with Poland, but now Russian and Prussian territory).

Lith`u*a"ni*an, n. A native, or one of the people, of Lithuania; also, the language of the Lithuanian people.

Lith"y (?) a. [See Lithe.] Easily bent; pliable.

Lithy tree (Bot.), a European shrub (Viburnum Lantana); -- so named from its tough and flexible stem.

Lit"i*ga*ble (?), a. Such as can be litigated.

Lit"i*gant (?), a. [L. litigans, -antis, p. pr. of litigare: cf. F. litigant. See Litigate.] Disposed to litigate; contending in law; engaged in a lawsuit; as, the parties litigant. Ayliffe.

Lit"i*gant, n. A person engaged in a lawsuit.

Lit"i*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Litigated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Litigating.] [See Litigation.] To make the subject of a lawsuit; to contest in law; to prosecute or defend by pleadings, exhibition of evidence, and judicial debate in a court; as, to litigate a cause.

Lit"i*gate, v. i. To carry on a suit by judicial process.

Lit`i*ga"tion (?), n. [L. litigatio, fr. litigare to dispute, litigate; lis, litis, dispute, lawsuit (OL. stlis) + agere to carry on. See Agent.] The act or process of litigating; a suit at law; a judicial contest.

Lit"i*ga`tor (?), n. [L.] One who litigates.

Li*ti"gious (?), a. [L. litigiosus, fr. litigium dispute, quarrel, fr. litigare: cf. F. litigieux. See Litigation.] 1. Inclined to judicial contest; given to the practice of contending in law; quarrelsome; contentious; fond of litigation. " A pettifogging attorney or a litigious client." Macaulay.

> Soldiers find wars, and lawyers find out still
> Litigious men, who quarrels move.

Donne.

2. Subject to contention; disputable; controvertible; debatable; doubtful; precarious. Shak.

> No fences, parted fields, nor marks, nor bounds,
> Distinguished acres of litigious grounds.

Dryden.

3. Of or pertaining to legal disputes.

> Nor brothers cite to the litigious bar.

Young.

Li*ti"gious*ly, adv. In a litigious manner.

Li*ti"gious*ness, n. The state of being litigious; disposition to engage in or carry on lawsuits.

Lit"mus (?), n. [D. lakmoes; lak lacker + moes a thick preparation of fruit, pap, prob. akin to E. meat: cf. G. lackmus. See Lac a resinous substance.] (Chem.) A dyestuff extracted from certain lichens (Roccella tinctoria, Lecanora tartarea, etc.), as a blue amorphous mass which consists of a compound of the alkaline carbonates with certain coloring matters related to orcin and orcein.

Litmus is used as a dye, and being turned red by acids and restored to its blue color by alkalies, is a common indicator or test for acidity and alkalinity.

Litmus paper (Chem.), unsized paper saturated with blue or red litmus, -- used in testing for acids or alkalies.

||Li"to*tes (l"t*tz), n. [NL., fr. Gr. lito`ths, from lito`s plain, simple.] (Rhet.) A diminution or softening of statement for the sake of avoiding censure or increasing the effect by contrast with the moderation shown in the form of expression; as, " a citizen of no mean city," that is, of an illustrious city.

Li*tran"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. li`tra + -meter. See Liter] An instrument for ascertaining the specific gravity of liquids.

Li"tre (l"tr; 277), n. [F.] Same as Liter.

Lit"ter (lt"tr), n. [F. litière, LL. lectaria, fr. L. lectus couch, bed. See Lie to be prostrated, and cf. Coverlet.] 1. A bed or stretcher so arranged that a person, esp. a sick or wounded person, may be easily carried in or upon it.

> There is a litter ready; lay him in 't.

Shak.

2. Straw, hay, etc., scattered on a floor, as bedding for animals to rest on; also, a covering of straw for plants.

> To crouch in litter of your stable planks.

Shak.

> Take off the litter from your kernel beds.

Evelyn.

3. Things lying scattered about in a manner indicating slovenliness; scattered rubbish.

> Strephon, who found the room was void.
> Stole in, and took a strict survey
> Of all the litter as it lay.

Swift.

4. Disorder or untidiness resulting from scattered rubbish, or from thongs lying about uncared for; as, a room in a state of litter.

5. The young brought forth at one time, by a sow or other multiparous animal, taken collectively. Also Fig.

> A wolf came to a sow, and very kindly offered to take care of her litter.

D. Estrange.

> Reflect upon that numerous litter of strange, senseless opinions that crawl about the world.

South.

Lit"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Littered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Littering.] 1. To supply with litter, as cattle; to cover with litter, as the floor of a stall.

> Tell them how they litter their jades.

Bp. Hacke&?;.

> For his ease, well littered was the floor.

Dryden.

2. To put into a confused or disordered condition; to strew with scattered articles; as, to litter a room.

> The room with volumes littered round.

Swift.

3. To give birth to; to bear; -- said of brutes, esp. those which produce more than one at a birth, and also of human beings, in abhorrence or contempt.

> We might conceive that dogs were created blind, because we observe they were littered so with us.

Sir T. Browne.

> The son that she did litter here,
> A freckled whelp hagborn.

Shak.

<! p. 861 !>

Lit"ter (lt"tr), v. i. 1. To be supplied with litter as bedding; to sleep or make one's bed in litter. [R.]

> The inn
> Where he and his horse littered.

Habington.

2. To produce a litter.

> A desert . . . where the she-wolf still littered.

Macaulay.

||Lit`te`ra`teur" (l`t`r`tr"), n. [F.] One who occupies himself with literature; a literary man; a literatus. " Befriended by one kind-hearted littérateur after another." C. Kingsley.

Lit"ter*y (?), a. Covered or encumbered with litter; consisting of or constituting litter.

Lit"tle (?), a. [The regular comparative of this word is wanting, its place being supplied by less, or, rarely, lesser. See Lesser. For the superlative least is used, the regular form, littlest, occurring very rarely, except in some of the English provinces, and occasionally in colloquial language. " Where love is great, the littlest doubts are fear." Shak.] [OE. litel, lutel, AS. l&?;tel, ltel, l&?;t; akin to OS. littil, D. luttel, LG. lütt, OHG. luzzil, MHG. lützel; and perh. to AS. lytig deceitful, lot deceit, Goth. liuts deceitful, lut&?;n to deceive; cf. also Icel. ltill little, Sw. liten, Dan. liden, lille, Goth. leitils, which appear to have a different root vowel.] 1. Small in size or extent; not big; diminutive; -- opposed to big or large; as, a little body; a little animal; a little piece of ground; a little hill; a little distance; a little child.

> He sought to see Jesus who he was; and could not for the press, because he was little of stature.

Luke xix. 3.

2. Short in duration; brief; as, a little sleep.

> Best him enough: after a little time,
> I'll beat him too.

Shak.

3. Small in quantity or amount; not much; as, a little food; a little air or water.

> Conceited of their little wisdoms, and doting upon their own fancies.

Barrow.

4. Small in dignity, power, or importance; not great; insignificant; contemptible.

> When thou wast little in thine own sight, wast thou not made the head of the tribes?

I Sam. xv. 17.

5. Small in force or efficiency; not strong; weak; slight; inconsiderable; as, little attention or exertion;little effort; little care or diligence.

> By sad experiment I know
> How little weight my words with thee can find.

Milton.

6. Small in extent of views or sympathies; narrow; shallow; contracted; mean; illiberal; ungenerous.

> The long-necked geese of the world that are ever hissing dispraise,
> Because their natures are little.

Tennyson.

Little chief. (Zoöl.) See Chief hare. -- Little finger, the fourth and smallest finger of the hand. -- Little go (Eng. Universities), a public examination about the middle of the course, which is less strict and important than the final one; -- called also smalls. Cf. Great go, under Great. Thackeray. -- Little hours (R. C. Ch.), the offices of prime, tierce, sext, and nones. Vespers and compline are sometimes included. -- Little ones, young children.

> The men, and the women, and the little ones.

Deut. ii. 34.

Lit"tle, n. 1. That which is little; a small quantity, amount, space, or the like.

> Much was in little writ.

Dryden.

> There are many expressions, which carrying with them no clear ideas, are like to remove but little of my ignorance.

Locke.

2. A small degree or scale; miniature. " His picture in little." Shak.

> A little, to or in a small degree; to a limited extent; somewhat; for a short time. " Stay a little."

Shak.

> The painter flattered her a little.

Shak.

-- By little and little, or Little by little, by slow degrees; piecemeal; gradually.

Lit"tle, adv. In a small quantity or degree; not much; slightly; somewhat; -- often with a preceding it. " The poor sleep little." Otway.

Lit"tle-ease` (?), n. An old slang name for the pillory, stocks, etc., of a prison.[Eng.] Latimer.

Lit"tle*ness, n. The state or quality of being little; as, littleness of size, thought, duration, power, etc.

Syn. -- Smallness; slightness; inconsiderableness; narrowness; insignificance; meanness; penuriousness.

Lit"to*ral (?), a. [L. littoralis, litoralis, from littus, litus, the seashore: cf. F. littoral.] 1. Of or pertaining to a shore, as of the sea.

2. (Biol.) Inhabiting the seashore, esp. the zone between high-water and low-water mark.

||Lit"to*ri"na (?), n. [NL. See Littoral.] (Zoöl.) A genus of small pectinibranch mollusks, having thick spiral shells, abundant between tides on nearly all rocky seacoasts. They feed on seaweeds. The common periwinkle is a well-known example. See Periwinkle.

Lit"tress (lt"trs), n. A smooth kind of cartridge paper used for making cards. Knight.

Lit"u*ate (lt"u*t; 135), a. [See Lituus.] (Bot.) Forked, with the points slightly curved outward.

Lit"u*i*form (?), a. [Lituus + -form.] Having the form of a lituus; like a lituite.

Lit"u*ite (lt"u*t; 135), n. [See Lituus.] (Paleon.) Any species of ammonites of the genus Lituites. They are found in the Cretaceous formation.

Lit"u*rate (?), a. [L. lituratus, p. p. of liturare to erase, fr. litura a blur.] 1. (Zoöl.) Having indistinct spots, paler at their margins.

2. (Bot.) Spotted, as if from abrasions of the surface.

{ Li*tur"gic (?), Li*tur"gic*al (?), } [Gr. &?;: cf. F. liturgique.] Pertaining to, of or the nature of, a liturgy; of or pertaining to public prayer and worship. T. Warton.

Li*tur"gic*al*ly, adv. In the manner of a liturgy.

Li*tur"gics (?), n. The science of worship; history, doctrine, and interpretation of liturgies.

Li*tur`gi*ol"o*gist (?), n. One versed in liturgiology.

Li*tur`gi*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Liturgy + -logy.] The science treating of liturgical matters; a treatise on, or description of, liturgies. Shipley.

Lit"ur*gist (lt"r*jst), n. One who favors or adheres strictly to a liturgy. Milton.

Lit"ur*gy (lt"r*j), n.; pl. Liturgies (- jz). [F. liturgie, LL. liturgia, Gr. leitoyrgi`a a public service, the public service of God, public worship; (assumed) le`i:tos, lei^tos, belonging to the people, public (fr. lao`s, lew`s, the people) + the root of 'e`rgon work. See Lay, a., and Work.] An established formula for public worship, or the entire ritual for public worship in a church which uses prescribed forms; a formulary for public prayer or devotion. In the Roman Catholic Church it includes all forms and services in any language, in any part of the world, for the celebration of Mass.

||Lit"u*us (?), n.; pl. Litui (#). [L.] 1. (Rom. Antig.) (a) A curved staff used by the augurs in quartering the heavens. (b) An instrument of martial music; a kind of trumpet of a somewhat curved form and shrill note.

2. (Math.) A spiral whose polar equation is r2θ = a; that is, a curve the square of whose radius vector varies inversely as the angle which the radius vector makes with a given line.

Liv"a*ble (?), a. 1. Such as can be lived.

2. Such as is pleasant to live in; fit or suitable to live in. [Colloq.]

> A more delightful or livable region is not easily to be found.

T. Arnold.

Live (lv), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lived (lvd); p. pr. & vb. n. Living.] [OE. liven, livien, AS. libban, lifian; akin to OS. libbian, D. leven, G. leben, OHG. lebn, Dan. leve, Sw. lefva, Icel. lifa to live, to be left, to remain, Goth. liban to live; akin to E. leave to forsake, and life, Gr. liparei^n to persist, liparo`s oily, shining, sleek, li`pos fat, lard, Skr. lip to anoint, smear; -- the first sense prob. was, to cleave to, stick to; hence, to remain, stay; and hence, to live.] 1. To be alive; to have life; to have, as an animal or a plant, the capacity of assimilating matter as food, and to be dependent on such assimilation for a continuance of existence; as, animals and plants that live to a great age are long in reaching maturity.

> Thus saith the Lord God unto these bones; Behold, I will . . . lay sinews upon you, and will bring up flesh upon you, and cover you with skin, and put breath in you, and ye shall live.

Ezek. xxxvii. 5, 6.

2. To pass one's time; to pass life or time in a certain manner, as to habits, conduct, or circumstances; as, to live in ease or affluence; to live happily or usefully.

> O death, how bitter is the remembrance of thee to a man that liveth at rest in his possessions!

Ecclus. xli. 1.

3. To make one's abiding place or home; to abide; to dwell; to reside.

> Jacob lived in the land of Egypt seventeen years.

Gen. xlvii. 28.

4. To be or continue in existence; to exist; to remain; to be permanent; to last; -- said of inanimate objects, ideas, etc.

> Men's evil manners live in brass; their virtues
> We write in water.

Shak.

5. To enjoy or make the most of life; to be in a state of happiness.

> What greater curse could envious fortune give
> Than just to die when I began to live?

Dryden.

6. To feed; to subsist; to be nourished or supported; -- with on; as, horses live on grass and grain.

7. To have a spiritual existence; to be quickened, nourished, and actuated by divine influence or faith.

> The just shall live by faith.

Gal. iii. ll.

8. To be maintained in life; to acquire a livelihood; to subsist; -- with on or by; as, to live on spoils.

> Those who live by labor.

Sir W. Temple.

9. To outlast danger; to float; -- said of a ship, boat, etc.; as, no ship could live in such a storm.

> A strong mast that lived upon the sea.

Shak.

To live out, to be at service; to live away from home as a servant. [U. S.] -- To live with. (a) To dwell or to be a lodger with. (b) To cohabit with; to have intercourse with, as male with female.

Live (?), v. t. 1. To spend, as one's life; to pass; to maintain; to continue in, constantly or habitually; as, to live an idle or a useful life.

2. To act habitually in conformity with; to practice.

> To live the Gospel.

Foxe.

To live down, to live so as to subdue or refute; as, to live down slander.

Live (?), a. [Abbreviated from alive. See Alive, Life.] 1. Having life; alive; living; not dead.

> If one man's ox hurt another's, that he die; then they shall sell the live ox, and divide the money of it.

Ex. xxi. 35.

2. Being in a state of ignition; burning; having active properties; as, a live coal; live embers. " The live ether." Thomson.

3. Full of earnestness; active; wide awake; glowing; as, a live man, or orator.

4. Vivid; bright. " The live carnation." Thomson.

5. (Engin.) Imparting power; having motion; as, the live spindle of a lathe.

Live birth, the condition of being born in such a state that acts of life are manifested after the extrusion of the whole body. Dunglison. -- Live box, a cell for holding living objects under microscopical examination. P. H. Gosse. -- Live feathers, feathers which have been plucked from the living bird, and are therefore stronger and more elastic. -- Live gang. (Sawing) See under Gang. -- Live grass (Bot.), a grass of the genus Eragrostis. -- Live load (Engin.), a suddenly applied load; a varying load; a moving load; as a moving train of cars on a bridge, or wind pressure on a roof. Live oak (Bot.), a species of oak (Quercus virens), growing in the Southern States, of great durability, and highly esteemed for ship timber. In California the Q. chrysolepis and some other species are also called live oaks. -- Live ring (Engin.), a circular train of rollers upon which a swing bridge, or turntable, rests, and which travels around a circular track when the bridge or table turns. -- Live steam , steam direct from the boiler, used for any purpose, in distinction from exhaust steam. -- Live stock, horses, cattle, and other domestic animals kept on a farm.

Live (?), n. Life. [Obs.] Chaucer.

On live, in life; alive. [Obs.] See Alive. Chaucer.

Lived (?), a. Having life; -- used only in composition; as, long-lived; short- lived.

Live"-for*ev`er (?), n. (Bot.) A plant (Sedum Telephium) with fleshy leaves, which has extreme powers of resisting drought; garden ox-pine.

Live"li*hed (?), n. See Livelihood. [Obs.]

Live"li*hood (?), n. [OE. livelode, liflode, prop., course of life, life's support, maintenance, fr. AS. lf life + ld road, way, maintenance. Confused with livelihood liveliness. See Life, and Lode.] Subsistence or living, as dependent on some means of support; support of life; maintenance.

> The opportunities of gaining an honest livelihood.

Addison.

> It is their profession and livelihood to get their living by practices for which they deserve to forfeit their lives.

South.

Live"li*hood, n. [Lively + - hood.] Liveliness; appearance of life. [Obs.] Shak.

Live"li*ly, adv. In a lively manner. [Obs.] Lamb.

Live"li*ness, n. [From Lively.] 1. The quality or state of being lively or animated; sprightliness; vivacity; animation; spirit; as, the liveliness of youth, contrasted with the gravity of age. B. Jonson.

2. An appearance of life, animation, or spirit; as, the liveliness of the eye or the countenance in a portrait.

3. Briskness; activity; effervescence, as of liquors.

Syn. -- Sprightliness; gayety; animation; vivacity; smartness; briskness; activity. -- Liveliness, Gayety, Animation, Vivacity. Liveliness is an habitual feeling of life and interest; gayety refers more to a temporary excitement of the animal spirits; animation implies a warmth of emotion and a corresponding vividness of expressing it, awakened by the presence of something which strongly affects the mind; vivacity is a feeling between liveliness and animation, having the permanency of the one, and, to some extent, the warmth of the other. Liveliness of imagination; gayety of heart; animation of countenance; vivacity of gesture or conversation.

Live"lode` (?), n. [See 1st Livelihood.] Course of life; means of support; livelihood. [Obs.]

Live"long` (?), a. [For lifelong. Cf. Lifelong.] 1. Whole; entire; long in passing; -- used of time, as day or night, in adverbial phrases, and usually with a sense of tediousness.

> The obscure bird
> Clamored the livelong night.

Shak.

> How could she sit the livelong day,
> Yet never ask us once to play?

Swift.

2. Lasting; durable. [Obs.]

> Thou hast built thyself a livelong monument.

Milton.

Live"ly (?), a. [Compar. Livelier (?); superl. Liveliest.] [For lifely. Cf. Lifelike.] 1. Endowed with or manifesting life; living.

> Chaplets of gold and silver resembling lively flowers and leaves.

Holland.

2. Brisk; vivacious; active; as, a lively youth.

> But wherefore comes old Manoa in such haste,
> With youthful steps ? Much livelier than erewhile
> He seems.

Milton.

3. Gay; airy; animated; spirited.

> From grave to gay, from lively to severe.

Pope.

4. Representing life; lifelike. [Obs.]

> I spied the lively picture of my father.

Massinger.

5. Bright; vivid; glowing; strong; vigorous.

> The colors of the prism are manifestly more full, intense, and lively that those of natural bodies.

Sir I. Newton.

> His faith must be not only living, but lively too.

South.

Lively stones (Script.), saints, as being quickened by the Spirit, and active in holiness.

Syn. -- Brisk; vigorous; quick; nimble; smart; active; alert; sprightly; animated; spirited; prompt; earnest; strong; energetic; vivid; vivacious; blithe; gleeful; airy; gay; jocund.

Live"ly, adv. 1. In a brisk, active, or animated manner; briskly; vigorously. Hayward.

2. With strong resemblance of life. [Obs.]

> Thou counterfeitest most lively.

Shak.

Liv"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, lives.

> And try if life be worth the liver's care.

Prior.

2. A resident; a dweller; as, a liver in Brooklyn.

3. One whose course of life has some marked characteristic (expressed by an adjective); as, a free liver.

Fast liver, one who lives in an extravagant and dissipated way. -- Free liver, Good liver, one given to the pleasures of the table. -- Loose liver, a person who lives a somewhat dissolute life.

Liv"er, n. [AS. lifer; akin to D. liver, G. leber, OHG. lebara, Icel. lifr, Sw. lefver, and perh. to Gr. &?; fat, E. live, v.] (Anat.) A very large glandular and vascular organ in the visceral cavity of all vertebrates.

Most of the venous blood from the alimentary canal passes through it on its way back to the heart; and it secretes the bile, produces glycogen, and in other ways changes the blood which passes through it. In man it is situated immediately beneath the diaphragm and mainly on the right side. See Bile, Digestive, and Glycogen. The liver of invertebrate animals is usually made up of cæcal tubes, and differs materially, in form and function, from that of vertebrates.

Floating liver. See Wandering liver, under Wandering. -- Liver of antimony, Liver of sulphur. (Old Chem.) See Hepar. -- Liver brown, Liver color, the color of liver, a dark, reddish brown. -- Liver shark (Zoöl.), a very large shark (Cetorhinus maximus), inhabiting the northern coasts both of Europe and North America. It sometimes becomes forty feet in length, being one of the largest sharks known; but it has small simple teeth, and is not dangerous. It is captured for the sake of its liver, which often yields several barrels of oil. It has gill rakers, resembling whalebone, by means of which it separates small animals from the sea water. Called also basking shark, bone shark, hoemother, homer, and sailfish. -- Liver spots, yellowish brown patches or spots of chloasma.

<! p. 862 !>

Liv"er (lv"r), n. (Zoöl.) The glossy ibis (Ibis falcinellus); - - said to have given its name to the city of Liverpool.

Liv"er-col`ored (-kl`rd), a. Having a color like liver; dark reddish brown.

Liv"ered (lv"rd), a. Having (such) a liver; used in composition; as, white- livered.

Liv"er-grown` (?), a. Having an enlarged liver. Dunglison.

Liv"er*ied (?), a. Wearing a livery. See Livery, 3.

> The liveried servants wait.

Parnell.

Liv"er*ing, n. A kind of pudding or sausage made of liver or pork. [Obs.] Chapman.

Liv"er*leaf` (?), n. (Bot.) Same as Liverwort.

Liv"er*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) 1. A ranunculaceous plant (Anemone Hepatica) with pretty white or bluish flowers and a three-lobed leaf; -- called also squirrel cups.

2. A flowerless plant (Marchantia polymorpha), having an irregularly lobed, spreading, and forking frond.

From this plant many others of the same order (Hepaticæ) have been vaguely called liverworts, esp. those of the tribe Marchantiaceæ. See Illust. of Hepatica.

Liv"er*y (?), n.; pl. Liveries (#). [OE. livere, F. livrée, formerly, a gift of clothes made by the master to his servants, prop., a thing delivered, fr. livrer to deliver, L. liberare to set free, in LL., to deliver up. See Liberate.] 1. (Eng. Law) (a) The act of delivering possession of lands or tenements. (b) The writ by which possession is obtained.

It is usual to say, livery of seizin, which is a feudal investiture, made by the delivery of a turf, of a rod, or twig, from the feoffor to the feoffee. In the United States, and now in Great Britain, no such ceremony is necessary, the delivery of a deed being sufficient.

2. Release from wardship; deliverance.

> It concerned them first to sue out their livery from the unjust wardship of his encroaching prerogative.

Milton.

3. That which is delivered out statedly or formally, as clothing, food, etc.; especially: (a) The uniform clothing issued by feudal superiors to their retainers and serving as a badge when in military service. (b) The peculiar dress by which the servants of a nobleman or gentleman are distinguished; as, a claret-colored livery. (c) Hence, also, the peculiar dress or garb appropriated by any association or body of persons to their own use; as, the livery of the London tradesmen, of a priest, of a charity school, etc.; also, the whole body or company of persons wearing such a garb, and entitled to the privileges of the association; as, the whole livery of London.

> A Haberdasher and a Carpenter,
> A Webbe, a Dyer, and a Tapicer,
> And they were clothed all in one livery
> Of a solempne and a gret fraternite.

Chaucer.

> From the periodical deliveries of these characteristic articles of servile costume (blue coats) came our word livery.

De Quincey.

(d) Hence, any characteristic dress or outward appearance. " April's livery." Sir P. Sidney.

> Now came still evening on, and twilight gray
> Had in her sober livery all things clad.

Milton.

(e) An allowance of food statedly given out; a ration, as to a family, to servants, to horses, etc.

> The emperor's officers every night went through the town from house to house whereat any English gentleman did repast or lodge, and served their liveries for all night: first, the officers brought into the house a cast of fine manchet [white bread], and of silver two great pots, and white wine, and sugar.

Cavendish.

(f) The feeding, stabling, and care of horses for compensation; boarding; as, to keep one's horses at livery.

> What livery is, we by common use in England know well enough, namely, that is, allowance of horse meat, as to keep horses at livery, the which word, I guess, is derived of livering or delivering forth their nightly food.

Spenser.

> It need hardly be observed that the explanation of livery which Spenser offers is perfectly correct, but . . . it is no longer applied to the ration or stated portion of food delivered at stated periods.

Trench.

(g) The keeping of horses in readiness to be hired temporarily for riding or driving; the state of being so kept.

> Pegasus does not stand at livery even at the largest establishment in Moorfields.

Lowell.

4. A low grade of wool.

Livery gown, the gown worn by a liveryman in London.

Liv"er*y, v. t. To clothe in, or as in, livery. Shak.

Liv"er*y*man (?), n.; pl. Liverymen (&?;). 1. One who wears a livery, as a servant.

2. A freeman of the city, in London, who, having paid certain fees, is entitled to wear the distinguishing dress or livery of the company to which he belongs, and also to enjoy certain other privileges, as the right of voting in an election for the lord mayor, sheriffs, chamberlain, etc.

3. One who keeps a livery stable.

Liv"er*y sta`ble (?). A stable where horses are kept for hire, and where stabling is provided. See Livery, n., 3 (e) (f) & (g).

Lives (lvz), n.; pl. of Life.

Lives (lvz), a. & adv. [Orig. a genitive sing. of life.] Alive; living; with life. [Obs.] " Any lives creature." Chaucer.

Liv"id (lv"d), a. [L. lividus, from livere to be of a blush color, to be black and blue: cf. F. livide.] Black and blue; grayish blue; of a lead color; discolored, as flesh by contusion. Cowper.

> There followed no carbuncles, no purple or livid spots, the mass of the blood not being tainted.

Bacon.

Li*vid"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. lividité.] The state or quality of being livid.

Liv"id*ness (lv"d*ns), n. Lividity. Walpole.

Liv"ing (lv"ng), a. [From Live, v. i.] 1. Being alive; having life; as, a living creature.

2. Active; lively; vigorous; -- said esp. of states of the mind, and sometimes of abstract things; as, a living faith; a living principle. " Living hope. " Wyclif.

3. Issuing continually from the earth; running; flowing; as, a living spring; -- opposed to stagnant.

4. Producing life, action, animation, or vigor; quickening. "Living light." Shak.

5. Ignited; glowing with heat; burning; live.

> Then on the living coals wine they pour.

Dryden.

Living force. See Vis viva, under Vis. -- Living gale (Naut.), a heavy gale. -- Living rock or stone, rock in its native or original state or location; rock not quarried. " I now found myself on a rude and narrow stairway, the steps of which were cut out of the living rock." Moore. -- The living, those who are alive, or one who is alive.

Liv"ing, n. 1. The state of one who, or that which, lives; lives; life; existence. "Health and living." Shak.

2. Manner of life; as, riotous living; penurious living; earnest living. " A vicious living." Chaucer.

3. Means of subsistence; sustenance; estate.

> She can spin for her living.

Shak.

> He divided unto them his living.

Luke xv. 12.

4. Power of continuing life; the act of living, or living comfortably.

> There is no living without trusting somebody or other in some cases.

L' Estrange.

5. The benefice of a clergyman; an ecclesiastical charge which a minister receives. [Eng.]

> He could not get a deanery, a prebend, or even a living

Macaulay.

Livng room, the room most used by the family.

Liv"ing*ly, adv. In a living state. Sir T. Browne.

Liv"ing*ness, n. The state or quality of being alive; possession of energy or vigor; animation; quickening.

Li*vo"ni*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Livonia, a district of Russia near the Baltic Sea.

Li*vo"ni*an, n. A native or an inhabitant of Livonia; the langua`e (alli`d to th` Finniso) of the Livonians.

||Li"vor (?), n. [L.] Malignity. [R.] Burton.

||Li`vrai`son" (?), n. [F., fr. L. liberatio a setting free, in LL., a delivering up. See Liberation.] A part of a book or literary composition printed and delivered by itself; a number; a part.

Li"vre (?), n. [F., fr. L. libra a pound of twelve ounces. Cf. Lira.] A French money of account, afterward a silver coin equal to 20 sous. It is not now in use, having been superseded by the franc.

Lix*iv"i*al (?), a. [L. lixivius, fr. lix ashes, lye ashes, lye: cf. F. lixiviel.] 1. Impregnated with, or consisting of, alkaline salts extracted from wood ashes; impregnated with a salt or salts like a lixivium. Boyle.

2. Of the color of lye; resembling lye.

3. Having the qualities of alkaline salts extracted from wood ashes.

Lixivial salts (Old Chem.), salts which are obtained by passing water through ashes, or by pouring it on them.

{ Lix*iv"i*ate (?), Lix*iv"i*`ted (?), } a. [From Lixivium.] 1. Of or pertaining to lye or lixivium; of the quality of alkaline salts.

2. Impregnated with salts from wood ashes. Boyle.

Lix*iv"i*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lixiviated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lixiviating (?).] To subject to a washing process for the purpose of separating soluble material from that which is insoluble; to leach, as ashes, for the purpose of extracting the alkaline substances.

Lix*iv`i*a"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. lixiviation.] Lixiviating; the process of separating a soluble substance from one that is insoluble, by washing with some solvent, as water; leaching.

Lix*iv"i*ous (?), a. See Lixivial.

Lix*iv"i*um (?), n. [L. lixivium, lixivia. See Lixivial.] A solution of alkaline salts extracted from wood ashes; hence, any solution obtained by lixiviation.

Lixt (lkst), obs. 2d pers. sing. pres. of Lige, to lie, to tell lies, -- contracted for ligest. Chaucer.

||Li"za (?), n. (Zoöl.) The American white mullet (Mugil curema).

Liz"ard (?), n. [OE. lesarde, OF. lesarde, F. lézard, L. lacerta, lacertus. Cf. Alligator, Lacerta.]

1. (Zoöl.) Any one of the numerous species of reptiles belonging to the order Lacertilia; sometimes, also applied to reptiles of other orders, as the Hatteria.

Most lizards have an elongated body, with four legs, and a long tail; but there are some without legs, and some with a short, thick tail. Most have scales, but some are naked; most have eyelids, but some do not. The tongue is varied in form and structure. In some it is forked, in others, as the chameleons, club-shaped, and very extensible. See Amphisbæna, Chameleon, Gecko, Gila monster, Horned toad, Iguana, and Dragon, 6.

2. (Naut.) A piece of rope with thimble or block spliced into one or both of the ends. R. H. Dana, Ir.

3. A piece of timber with a forked end, used in dragging a heavy stone, a log, or the like, from a field.

Lizard fish (Zoöl.), a marine scopeloid fish of the genus Synodus, or Saurus, esp. S. fœtens of the Southern United States and West Indies; -- called also sand pike. -- Lizard snake (Zoöl.), the garter snake (Eutænia sirtalis). -- Lizard stone (Min.), a kind of serpentine from near Lizard Point, Cornwall, England, -- used for ornamental purposes.

Liz"ard's tail` (?). (Bot.) A perennial plant of the genus Saururus (S. cernuus), growing in marshes, and having white flowers crowded in a slender terminal spike, somewhat resembling in form a lizard's tail; whence the name. Gray.

Lla"ma, n. [Peruv.] (Zoöl.) A South American ruminant (Auchenia llama), allied to the camels, but much smaller and without a hump. It is supposed to be a domesticated variety of the guanaco. It was formerly much used as a beast of burden in the Andes.

Llan*dei"lo group`. (Geol.) A series of strata in the lower Silurian formations of Great Britain; -- so named from Llandeilo in Southern Wales. See Chart of Geology.

||Lla*ne"ro (?), n. [Sp. Amer.] One of the inhabitants of the llanos of South America.

Lla"no (?), n.; pl. Llanos (#). [Sp., plain even, level. See Plain.] An extensive plain with or without vegetation. [Spanish America]

Lloyd's (?), n. 1. An association of underwriters and others in London, for the collection and diffusion of marine intelligence, the insurance, classification, registration, and certifying of vessels, and the transaction of business of various kinds connected with shipping.

2. A part of the Royal Exchange, in London, appropriated to the use of underwriters and insurance brokers; -- called also Lloyd's Rooms.

The name is derived from Lloyd's Coffee House, in Lombard Street, where there were formerly rooms for the same purpose. The name Lloyd or Lloyd's has been taken by several associations, in different parts of Europe, established for purposes similar to those of the original association.

Lloyd's agents, persons employed in various parts of the world, by the association called Lloyd's, to serve its interests. -- Lloyd's list, a publication of the latest news respecting shipping matters, with lists of vessels, etc., made under the direction of Lloyd's. Brande & C. -- Lloyd's register, a register of vessels rated according to their quality, published yearly.

Lo (?), interj. [OE. lo, low; perh. akin to E. look, v.] Look; see; behold; observe. "Lo, here is Christ." Matt. xxiv. 23. "Lo, we turn to the Gentiles." Acts xiii. 46.

Loach (lch), n. [OE. loche, F. loche.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several small, fresh-water, cyprinoid fishes of the genera Cobitis, Nemachilus, and allied genera, having six or more barbules around the mouth. They are found in Europe and Asia. The common European species (N. barbatulus) is used as a food fish.

Load (?), n. [OE. lode load, way; properly the same word as lode, but confused with lade, load, v. See Lade, Lead, v., Lode.] 1. A burden; that which is laid on or put in anything for conveyance; that which is borne or sustained; a weight; as, a heavy load.

> He might such a load
> To town with his ass carry.

Gower.

2. The quantity which can be carried or drawn in some specified way; the contents of a cart, barrow, or vessel; that which will constitute a cargo; lading.

3. That which burdens, oppresses, or grieves the mind or spirits; as, a load of care. " A . . . load of guilt." Ray. " Our life's a load." Dryden.

4. A particular measure for certain articles, being as much as may be carried at one time by the conveyance commonly used for the article measured; as, a load of wood; a load of hay; specifically, five quarters.

5. The charge of a firearm; as, a load of powder.

6. Weight or violence of blows. [Obs.] Milton.

7. (Mach.) The work done by a steam engine or other prime mover when working.

Load line, or Load water line (Naut.), the line on the outside of a vessel indicating the depth to which it sinks in the water when loaded.

Syn. -- Burden; lading; weight; cargo. See Burden.

Load, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Loaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Loading. Loaden is obsolete, and laden belongs to lade.] 1. To lay a load or burden on or in, as on a horse or in a cart; to charge with a load, as a gun; to furnish with a lading or cargo, as a ship; hence, to add weight to, so as to oppress or embarrass; to heap upon.

> I strive all in vain to load the cart.

Gascoigne.

> I have loaden me with many spoils.

Shak.

> Those honors deep and broad, wherewith
> Your majesty loads our house.

Shak.

<! p. 863 !>

2. To adulterate or drug; as, to load wine. [Cant]

3. To magnetize.[Obs.] Prior.

Loaded dice, dice with one side made heavier than the others, so that the number on the opposite side will come up oftenest.

Load"er (?), n. One who, or that which, loads; a mechanical contrivance for loading, as a gun.

Load"ing, n. 1. The act of putting a load on or into.

2. A load; cargo; burden. Shak.

{ Load"man*age, Lode"man*age (?) }, n. Pilotage; skill of a pilot or loadsman. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ Loads"man, Lodes"man (?) }, n. [Load, lode + man. See Lode.] A pilot. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ Load"star`, Lode"star` (?) }, n. [Load, lode + star. See Lode.] A star that leads; a guiding star; esp., the polestar; the cynosure. Chaucer. " Your eyes are lodestars." Shak.

> The pilot can no loadstar see.

Spenser.

{ Load"stone`, Lode"stone (?) }, n. [Load, lode + stone.] (Min.) A piece of magnetic iron ore possessing polarity like a magnetic needle. See Magnetite.

Loaf (?), n.; pl. Loaves (#). [OE. lof, laf, AS. hlf; akin to G. laib, OHG. hleip, Icel. hleifr, Goth. hlaifs, Russ. khlieb', Lith. klëpas. Cf. Lady, Lammas, Lord.] Any thick lump, mass, or cake; especially, a large regularly shaped or molded mass, as of bread, sugar, or cake. Bacon.

Loaf sugar, refined sugar that has been formed into a conical loaf in a mold.

Loaf, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Loafed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Loafing.] [G. laufen to run, Prov. G. loofen. See Leap.] To spend time in idleness; to lounge or loiter about. " Loafing vagabonds." W. Black.

Loaf, v. t. To spend in idleness; -- with away; as, to loaf time away.

Loaf"er (?), n. [G. läufer a runner, Prov. G. laufer, lofer, fr. laufen to run. See Leap.] One who loafs; a lazy lounger. Lowell.

Loam (?), n. [AS. lm; akin to D. leem, G. lehm, and E. lime. See 4th Lime.] 1. A kind of soil; an earthy mixture of clay and sand, with organic matter to which its fertility is chiefly due.

> We wash a wall of loam; we labor in vain.

Hooker.

2. (Founding) A mixture of sand, clay, and other materials, used in making molds for large castings, often without a pattern.

Loam mold (Founding), a mold made with loam. See Loam, n., 2. -- Loam molding, the process or business of making loam molds. Loam plate, an iron plate upon which a section of a loam mold rests, or from which it is suspended. -- Loam work, loam molding or loam molds.

Loam, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Loamed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Loaming.] To cover, smear, or fill with loam.

Loam"y (?), a. Consisting of loam; partaking of the nature of loam; resembling loam. Bacon.

Loan (ln), n. [See Lawn.] A loanin. [Scot.]
[1913 Webster]

Loan, n. [OE. lone, lane, AS. ln, læn, fr. león to lend; akin to D. leen loan, fief, G. lehen fief, Icel. ln, G. leihen to lend, OHG. lhan, Icel. lj, Goth. leihwan, L. linquere to leave, Gr. lei`pein, Skr. ric. √119. Cf. Delinquent, Eclipse, Eleven, Ellipse, Lend, License, Relic.] 1. The act of lending; a lending; permission to use; as, the loan of a book, money, services.

2. That which one lends or borrows, esp. a sum of money lent at interest; as, he repaid the loan.

Loan office. (a) An office at which loans are negotiated, or at which the accounts of loans are kept, and the interest paid to the lender. (b) A pawnbroker's shop.

Loan, n. t. [imp. & p. p. Loaned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Loaning.] To lend; -- sometimes with out. Kent.

> By way of location or loaning them out.

J. Langley (1644).

Loan"a*ble (?), a. Such as can be lent; available for lending; as, loanable funds; -- used mostly in financial business and writings.

{ Loan"in (?), Loan"ing, } n. [From Scotch loan, E. lawn.] An open space between cultivated fields through which cattle are driven, and where the cows are sometimes milked; also, a lane. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Loan"mon`ger (?), n. A dealer in, or negotiator of, loans.

> The millions of the loanmonger.

Beaconsfield.

Loath (lth), a. [OE. looth, loth, AS. lð hostile, odious; akin to OS. lð, G. leid, Icel. leiðr, Sw. led, G. leiden to suffer, OHG. ldan to suffer, go, cf. AS. lðan to go, Goth. leipan, and E. lead to guide.] 1. Hateful; odious; disliked. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. Filled with disgust or aversion; averse; unwilling; reluctant; as, loath to part.

> Full loth were him to curse for his tithes.

Chaucer.

> Why, then, though loath, yet must I be content.

Shak.

Loathe (l), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Loathed (ld); p. pr. & vb. n. Loathing.] [AS. lðian to hate. See Loath.] 1. To feel extreme disgust at, or aversion for.

> Loathing the honeyed cakes, I Ionged for bread.

Cowley.

2. To dislike greatly; to abhor; to hate.

> The secret which I loathe.

Waller.

> She loathes the vital sir.

Dryden.

Syn. -- To hate; abhor; detest; abominate. See Hate.

Loathe, v. i. To feel disgust or nausea. [Obs.]

Loath"er (?), n. One who loathes.

Loath"ful (?), a. 1. Full of loathing; hating; abhorring. "Loathful eyes." Spenser.

2. Causing a feeling of loathing; disgusting.

> Above the reach of loathful, sinful lust.

Spenser.

Loath"ing, n. Extreme disgust; a feeling of aversion, nausea, abhorrence, or detestation.

> The mutual fear and loathing of the hostile races.

Macaulay.

Loath"ing*ly, adv. With loathing.

Loath"li*ness (?), n. Loathsomeness. [Obs.]

Loath"ly (l"l), a. [AS. lðlic.] Loathsome. [Obs.] " Loathly mouth." Spenser.

Loath"ly (lth"l), adv. 1. Unwillingly; reluctantly.

> This shows that you from nature loathly stray.

Donne.

2. (l"l) So as to cause loathing. [Obs.]

> With dust and blood his locks were loathly dight.

Fairfax.

Loath"ness (?), n. Unwillingness; reluctance.

> A general silence and loathness to speak.

Bacon.

Loath"some (?), a. Fitted to cause loathing; exciting disgust; disgusting.

> The most loathsome and deadly forms of infection.

Macaulay.

-- Loath"some*ly. adv. -- Loath"some*ness, n.

Loath"y (?), a. Loathsome. [Obs.] Spenser.

Loaves (?), n.; pl. of Loaf.

Lob (?), n. [W. llob an unwieldy lump, a dull fellow, a blockhead. Cf. Looby, Lubber.] 1. A dull, heavy person. " Country lobs." Gauden.

2. Something thick and heavy.

Lob, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lobbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lobbing.] To let fall heavily or lazily.

> And their poor jades
> Lob down their heads.

Shak.

To lob a ball (Lawn Tennis), to strike a ball so as to send it up into the air.

Lob, v. t. (Mining) See Cob, v. t.

Lob, n. [Dan. lubbe.] (Zoöl.) The European pollock.

Lo"bar (?), a. Of or pertaining to a lobe; characterized by, or like, a lobe or lobes.

{ Lo"bate (?), Lo"ba*ted (?), } a. [See Lobe.] 1. (Bot.) Consisting of, or having, lobes; lobed; as, a lobate leaf.

2. (Zoöl.) (a) Having lobes; -- said of the tails of certain fishes having the integument continued to the bases of the fin rays. (b) Furnished with membranous flaps, as the toes of a coot. See Illust. (m) under Aves.

Lo"bate*ly (?), adv. As a lobe; so as to make a lobe; in a lobate manner.

Lob"bish (?), a. Like a lob; consisting of lobs. Sir. P. Sidney.

Lob"by (?), n.; pl. Lobbies (#). [LL. lobium, lobia, laubia, a covered portico fit for walking, fr. OHG. louba, G. laube, arbor. See Lodge.] 1. (Arch.) A passage or hall of communication, especially when large enough to serve also as a waiting room. It differs from an antechamber in that a lobby communicates between several rooms, an antechamber to one only; but this distinction is not carefully preserved.

2. That part of a hall of legislation not appropriated to the official use of the assembly; hence, the persons, collectively, who frequent such a place to transact business with the legislators; any persons, not members of a legislative body, who strive to influence its proceedings by personal agency. [U.S.]

3. (Naut.) An apartment or passageway in the fore part of an old-fashioned cabin under the quarter- deck.

4. (Agric.) A confined place for cattle, formed by hedges. trees, or other fencing, near the farmyard.

Lobby member, a lobbyist. [Humorous cant, U. S.]

Lob"by, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lobbied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lobbying.] To address or solicit members of a legislative body in the lobby or elsewhere, with the purpose to influence their votes.[U.S.] Bartlett.

Lob"by, v. t. To urge the adoption or passage of by soliciting members of a legislative body; as, to lobby a bill. [U.S.]

Lob"by*ist, n. A member of the lobby; a person who solicits members of a legislature for the purpose of influencing legislation. [U.S.]

Lob"cock` (?), n. A dull, sluggish person; a lubber; a lob. [Low]

Lobe (lb), n. [F. lobe, Gr. lobo`s.] Any projection or division, especially one of a somewhat rounded form; as: (a) (Bot.) A rounded projection or division of a leaf. Gray. (b)(Zoöl.) A membranous flap on the sides of the toes of certain birds, as the coot. (c) (Anat.) A round projecting part of an organ, as of the liver, lungs, brain, etc. See Illust. of Brain. (b) (Mach.) The projecting part of a cam wheel or of a non-circular gear wheel.

Lobe of the ear, the soft, fleshy prominence in which the human ear terminates below. See. Illust. of Ear.

Lobed (?), a. Having lobes; lobate.

Lobe"foot` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A bird having lobate toes; esp., a phalarope.

Lobe"-foot`ed, a. (Zoöl.) Lobiped.

Lobe"let (?), n. (Bot.) A small lobe; a lobule.

Lo*be"li*a (?; 106), n. [NL. So called from Lobel, botanist to King James I.] (Bot.) A genus of plants, including a great number of species. Lobelia inflata, or Indian tobacco, is an annual plant of North America, whose leaves contain a poisonous white viscid juice, of an acrid taste. It has often been used in medicine as an emetic, expectorant, etc. L. cardinalis is the cardinal flower, remarkable for the deep and vivid red color of its flowers.

Lo*be`li*a"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a natural order of plants of which the genus Lobelia is the type.

Lo*be"lin (?), n. (Med.) A yellowish green resin from Lobelia, used as an emetic and diaphoretic.

Lo*be"line (?), n. (Chem.) A poisonous narcotic alkaloid extracted from the leaves of Indian tobacco (Lobelia inflata) as a yellow oil, having a tobaccolike taste and odor.

Lo"bi*ped, a. [Lobe + L. pes, pedis, foot.] (Zoöl.) Having lobate toes, as a coot.

Lob"lol`ly (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] Gruel; porridge; -- so called among seamen.

Loblolly bay (Bot.), an elegant white-flowered evergreen shrub or small tree, of the genus Gordonia (G. Lasianthus), growing in the maritime parts of the Southern United States. Its bark is sometimes used in tanning. Also, a similar West Indian tree (Laplacea hæmatoxylon). -- Loblolly boy, a surgeon's attendant on shipboard. Smollett. -- Loblolly pine (Bot.), a kind of pitch pine found from Delaware southward along the coast; old field pine (Pinus Tæda). Also, P. Bahamensis, of the West Indies. -- Loblolly tree (Bot.), a name of several West Indian trees, having more or less leathery foliage, but alike in no other respect; as Pisonia subcordata, Cordia alba, and Cupania glabra.

||Lo*bo"sa (?), n. pl. [NL. See Lobe.] (Zoöl.) An order of Rhizopoda, in which the pseudopodia are thick and irregular in form, as in the Amœba.

Lob"scouse` (?), n. [Written also lobscourse from which lobscouse is corrupted.] [Lob + course.] (Naut.) A combination of meat with vegetables, bread, etc., usually stewed, sometimes baked; an olio.

Lob"sid`ed (?), a. See Lopsided.

Lobs"pound` (?), n. [Lob + pound a prison.] A prison. [Obs.] Hudibras.

Lob"ster (?), n. [AS. loppestre, lopystre prob., corrupted fr. L. locusta a marine shellfish, a kind of lobster, a locust. Cf. Locust.] (Zoöl.) Any large macrurous crustacean used as food, esp. those of the genus Homarus; as the American lobster (H. Americanus), and the European lobster (H. vulgaris). The Norwegian lobster (Nephrops Norvegicus) is similar in form. All these have a pair of large unequal claws. The spiny lobsters of more southern waters, belonging to Palinurus, Panulirus, and allied genera, have no large claws. The fresh-water crayfishes are sometimes called lobsters.

Lobster caterpillar (Zoöl.), the caterpillar of a European bombycid moth (Stauropus fagi); -- so called from its form. Lobster louse (Zoöl.), a copepod crustacean (Nicothoë astaci) parasitic on the gills of the European lobster.

Lob"u*lar, a. [Cf. F. lobulaire.] Like a lobule; pertaining to a lobule or lobules.

{ Lob"u*late (?), Lob"u*la`ted (?), } a. Made up of, or divided into, lobules; as, a lobulated gland.

Lob"ule, n. [Cf. F. lobule, dim. of lobe. See Lobe.] A small lobe; a subdivision of a lobe.

Lobule of the ear. (Anat.) Same as Lobe of the ear.

Lob`u*lette" (?), n. [Dim. of lobule.] (Anat.) A little lobule, or subdivision of a lobule.

Lob"worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The lugworm.

Lo"cal (?), a. [L. localis, fr. locus place: cf. F. local. See Lieu, Locus.] Of or pertaining to a particular place, or to a definite region or portion of space; restricted to one place or region; as, a local custom.

> Gives to airy nothing
> A local habitation and a name.

Shak.

Local actions (Law), actions such as must be brought in a particular county, where the cause arises; -- distinguished from transitory actions. -- Local affection (Med.), a disease or ailment confined to a particular part or organ, and not directly affecting the system. -- Local attraction (Magnetism), an attraction near a compass, causing its needle to deviate from its proper direction, especially on shipboard. -- Local battery (Teleg.), the battery which actuates the recording instruments of a telegraphic station, as distinguished from the battery furnishing a current for the line. -- Local circuit (Teleg.), the circuit of the local battery. -- Local color. (a) (Paint.) The color which belongs to an object, and is not caused by accidental influences, as of reflection, shadow, etc. (b) (Literature) Peculiarities of the place and its inhabitants where the scene of an action or story is laid. -- Local option, the right or obligation of determining by popular vote within certain districts, as in each county, city, or town, whether the sale of alcoholic beverages within the district shall be allowed.

Lo"cal, n. 1. (Railroad) A train which receives and deposits passengers or freight along the line of the road; a train for the accommodation of a certain district. [U.S.]

2. On newspaper cant, an item of news relating to the place where the paper is published. [U.S.]

||Lo`cale" (?), n. [F. local.] 1. A place, spot, or location.

2. A principle, practice, form of speech, or other thing of local use, or limited to a locality.

Lo"cal*ism (?), n. 1. The state or quality of being local; affection for a particular place.

2. A method of speaking or acting peculiar to a certain district; a local idiom or phrase.

Lo*cal"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Localitiees (&?;). [L. localitas: cf. F. localité.] 1. The state, or condition, of belonging to a definite place, or of being contained within definite limits.

> It is thought that the soul and angels are devoid of quantity
> and dimension, and that they have nothing to do with grosser locality.

Glanvill.

<! p. 864 !>

2. Position; situation; a place; a spot; esp., a geographical place or situation, as of a mineral or plant.

3. Limitation to a county, district, or place; as, locality of trial. Blackstone.

4. (Phren.) The perceptive faculty concerned with the ability to remember the relative positions of places.

Lo`cal*i*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. localisation.] Act of localizing, or state of being localized.

Cerebral localization (Physiol.), the localization of the control of special functions, as of sight or of the various movements of the body, in special regions of the brain.

Lo"cal*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Localized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Localizing (?).] [Cf. F. localiser. See Local.] To make local; to fix in, or assign to, a definite place. H. Spencer. Wordsworth.

Lo"cal*ly, adv. With respect to place; in place; as, to be locally separated or distant.

Lo"cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Located (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Locating.] [L. locatus, p. p. of locare to place, fr. locus place. See Local.] 1. To place; to set in a particular spot or position.

> The captives and emigrants whom he brought with him were located in the trans-Tiberine quarter.

B. F. Westcott.

2. To designate the site or place of; to define the limits of; as, to locate a public building; to locate a mining claim; to locate (the land granted by) a land warrant.

> That part of the body in which the sense of touch is located.

H. Spencer.

Lo"cate, v. i. To place one's self; to take up one's residence; to settle. [Colloq.]

Lo*ca"tion (?), n. [L. locatio, fr. locare.]

1. The act or process of locating.

2. Situation; place; locality. Locke.

3. That which is located; a tract of land designated in place. [U.S.]

4. (Law) (a) (Civil Law) A leasing on rent. (b) (Scots Law) A contract for the use of a thing, or service of a person, for hire. Wharton. (c) (Amer. Law) The marking out of the boundaries, or identifying the place or site of, a piece of land, according to the description given in an entry, plan, map, etc. Burrill. Bouvier.

Loc"a*tive (?), a. (Gram.) Indicating place, or the place where, or wherein; as, a locative adjective; locative case of a noun. -- n. The locative case.

Lo"ca*tor (?), n. One who locates, or is entitled to locate, land or a mining claim. [U.S.]

Lo*cel"late (?), a. [L. locellus a compartment, dim. of locus a place.] (Bot.) Divided into secondary compartments or cells, as where one cavity is separated into several smaller ones.

Loch (lk), n. [Gael. & Olr. loch. See Lake of water.] A lake; a bay or arm of the sea. [Scot.]

Loch (lk), n. [F. looch, Ar. la'g, an electuary, or any medicine which may be licked or sucked, fr. la'q to lick.] (Med.) A kind of medicine to be taken by licking with the tongue; a lambative; a lincture.

{ Loch*a"ber ax", Loch*a"ber axe" } (?). [So called from Lochaber, in Scotland.] A weapon of war, consisting of a pole armed with an axhead at its end, formerly used by the Scotch Highlanders.

Loch"age (?), n. [Gr.&?;.] (Gr. Antiq.) An officer who commanded a company; a captain. Mitford.

Loch"an (?), n. [Gael. See 1st Loch.] A small lake; a pond. [Scot.]

> A pond or lochan rather than a lake.

H. Miller.

Loche (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Loach.

||Lo*chi"a (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?;, pl., fr. &?; belonging to childbirth, &?; a lying in, childbirth.] (Med.) The discharge from the womb and vagina which follows childbirth.

Lo"chi*al (?), a. [Cf. F. lochial.] Of or pertaining to the lochia.

Lock (?), n. [AS. locc; akin to D. lok, G. locke, OHG. loc, Icel. lokkr, and perh. to Gr. &?; to bend, twist.] A tuft of hair; a flock or small quantity of wool, hay, or other like substance; a tress or ringlet of hair.

> These gray locks, the pursuivants of death.

Shak.

Lock, n. [AS. loc inclosure, an inclosed place, the fastening of a door, fr. lcan to lock, fasten; akin to OS. lkan (in comp.), D. luiken, OHG. lhhan, Icel. l&?;ka, Goth. lkan (in comp.); cf. Skr. ruj to break. Cf. Locket.] 1. Anything that fastens; specifically, a fastening, as for a door, a lid, a trunk, a drawer, and the like, in which a bolt is moved by a key so as to hold or to release the thing fastened.

2. A fastening together or interlacing; a closing of one thing upon another; a state of being fixed or immovable.

> Albemarle Street closed by a lock of carriages.

De Quincey.

3. A place from which egress is prevented, as by a lock. Dryden.

4. The barrier or works which confine the water of a stream or canal.

5. An inclosure in a canal with gates at each end, used in raising or lowering boats as they pass from one level to another; -- called also lift lock.

6. That part or apparatus of a firearm by which the charge is exploded; as, a matchlock, flintlock, percussion lock, etc.

7. A device for keeping a wheel from turning.

8. A grapple in wrestling. Milton.

Detector lock, a lock containing a contrivance for showing whether it as has been tampered with. -- Lock bay (Canals), the body of water in a lock chamber. -- Lock chamber, the inclosed space between the gates of a canal lock. -- Lock nut. See Check nut, under Check. -- Lock plate, a plate to which the mechanism of a gunlock is attached. -- Lock rail (Arch.), in ordinary paneled doors, the rail nearest the lock. Lock rand (Masonry), a range of bond stone. Knight. -- Mortise lock, a door lock inserted in a mortise. -- Rim lock, a lock fastened to the face of a door, thus differing from a mortise lock.

Lock, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Locked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Locking.] 1. To fasten with a lock, or as with a lock; to make fast; to prevent free movement of; as, to lock a door, a carriage wheel, a river, etc.

2. To prevent ingress or access to, or exit from, by fastening the lock or locks of; -- often with up; as, to lock or lock up, a house, jail, room, trunk. etc.

3. To fasten in or out, or to make secure by means of, or as with, locks; to confine, or to shut in or out -- often with up; as, to lock one's self in a room; to lock up the prisoners; to lock up one's silver; to lock intruders out of the house; to lock money into a vault; to lock a child in one's arms; to lock a secret in one's breast.

4. To link together; to clasp closely; as, to lock arms. " Lock hand in hand." Shak.

5. (Canals) To furnish with locks; also, to raise or lower (a boat) in a lock.

6. (Fencing) To seize, as the sword arm of an antagonist, by turning the left arm around it, to disarm him.

Lock (?), v. i. To become fast, as by means of a lock or by interlacing; as, the door locks close.

> When it locked none might through it pass.

Spenser.

To lock into, to fit or slide into; as, they lock into each other. Boyle.

Lock"age (?), n. 1. Materials for locks in a canal, or the works forming a lock or locks.

2. Toll paid for passing the locks of a canal.

3. Amount of elevation and descent made by the locks of a canal.

> The entire lock will be about fifty feet.

De Witt Clinton.

Lock"-down` (?), n. A contrivance to fasten logs together in rafting; -- used by lumbermen. [U.S.]

Locked"-jaw` (?), n. See Lockjaw.

Lock"en (?), obs. p. p. of Lock. Chaucer.

Lock"en, n. (Bot.) The globeflower (Trollius).

Lock"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, locks.

2. A drawer, cupboard, compartment, or chest, esp. one in a ship, that may be closed with a lock.

Chain locker (Naut.), a compartment in the hold of a vessel, for holding the chain cables. -- Davy Jones's locker, or Davy's locker. See Davy Jones. -- Shot locker, a compartment where shot are deposited. Totten.

Lock"et (?), n. [F. loquet latch, dim. of OF. loc latch, lock; of German origin. See Lock a fastening.]

1. A small lock; a catch or spring to fasten a necklace or other ornament.

2. A little case for holding a miniature or lock of hair, usually suspended from a necklace or watch chain.

Lock" hos"pi*tal (?). A hospital for the treatment of venereal diseases. [Eng.]

Lock"jaw` (?), n. (Med.) A contraction of the muscles of the jaw by which its motion is suspended; a variety of tetanus.

Lock"less, a. Destitute of a lock.

Lock"man (?), n. A public executioner. [Scot.]

Lock"out` (?), n. The closing of a factory or workshop by an employer, usually in order to bring the workmen to satisfactory terms by a suspension of wages.

Lock"ram (?), n. [F. locrenan, locronan; from Locronan, in Brittany, where it is said to have been made.] A kind of linen cloth anciently used in England, originally imported from Brittany. Shak.

Lock"smith` (?), n. An artificer whose occupation is to make or mend locks.

Lock" step` (?). A mode of marching by a body of men going one after another as closely as possible, in which the leg of each moves at the same time with the corresponding leg of the person before him.

Lock" stitch` (?). A peculiar sort of stitch formed by the locking of two threads together, as in the work done by some sewing machines. See Stitch.

Lock"up` (?), n. A place where persons under arrest are temporarily locked up; a watchhouse.

Lock"-weir` (?), n. A waste weir for a canal, discharging into a lock chamber.

Lock"y (?), a. Having locks or tufts. [R.] Sherwood.

||Lo"co (?), adv. [It.] (Mus.) A direction in written or printed music to return to the proper pitch after having played an octave higher.

Lo"co, n. [Sp. loco insane.] (Bot.) A plant (Astragalus Hornii) growing in the Southwestern United States, which is said to poison horses and cattle, first making them insane. The name is also given vaguely to several other species of the same genus. Called also loco weed.

Lo`co*fo"co (?), n. [Of uncertain etymol.; perh. for L. loco foci instead of fire; or, according to Bartlett, it was called so from a self-lighting cigar, with a match composition at the end, invented in 1834 by John Marck of New York, and called by him locofoco cigar, in imitation of the word locomotive, which by the uneducated was supposed to mean, self-moving.] 1. A friction match. [U.S.]

2. A nickname formerly given to a member of the Democratic party. [U.S.]

The name was first applied, in 1834, to a portion of the Democratic party, because, at a meeting in Tammany Hall, New York, in which there was great diversity of sentiment, the chairman left his seat, and the lights were extinguished, for the purpose of dissolving the meeting; when those who were opposed to an adjournment produced locofoco matches, rekindled the lights, continued the meeting, and accomplished their object.

Lo`co*mo"tion (?), n. [L. locus place + motio motion: cf. F. locomotion. See Local, and Motion.] 1. The act of moving from place to place. " Animal locomotion." Milton.

2. The power of moving from place to place, characteristic of the higher animals and some of the lower forms of plant life.

Lo"co*mo`tive (?), a. [Cf. F. locomotif. See Locomotion.] 1. Moving from place to place; changing place, or able to change place; as, a locomotive animal.

2. Used in producing motion; as, the locomotive organs of an animal.

Lo"co*mo`tive (?), n. A locomotive engine; a self-propelling wheel carriage, especially one which bears a steam boiler and one or more steam engines which communicate motion to the wheels and thus propel the carriage, -- used to convey goods or passengers, or to draw wagons, railroad cars, etc. See Illustration in Appendix.

Consolidation locomotive, a locomotive having four pairs of connected drivers. -- Locomotive car, a locomotive and a car combined in one vehicle; a dummy engine. [U.S.] -- Locomotive engine. Same as Locomotive, above. -- Mogul locomotive. See Mogul.

{ Lo"co*mo`tive*ness (?), Lo`co*mo*tiv"i*ty (?), } n. [Cf. F. locomotivité.] The power of changing place.

Lo`co*mo"tor (?), a. [See Locomotion.] Of or pertaining to movement or locomotion.

Locomotor ataxia, or Progressive locomotor ataxy (Med.), a disease of the spinal cord characterized by peculiar disturbances of gait, and difficulty in coördinating voluntary movements.

Loc"u*la*ment (?), n. [L. loculamentum case, box, fr. loculus a compartment, dim. of locus place.] (Bot.) The cell of a pericarp in which the seed is lodged.

Loc"u*lar (?), a. [L. locularis.] (Bot.) Of or relating to the cell or compartment of an ovary, etc.; in composition, having cells; as trilocular. Gray.

Loc"u*late (?), a. [L. loculatus.] (Bot.) Divided into compartments.

Loc"ule (?), n. [Cf. F. locule. See Loculus.] (Zoöl.) A little hollow; a loculus.

Loc"u*li*ci`dal (?), a. [L. loculus cell + caedere to cut: cf. F. loculicide.] (Bot.) Dehiscent through the middle of the back of each cell; -- said of capsules.

{ Loc"u*lose` (?), Loc"u*lous (?), } a. [L. loculosus. See Loculament.] (Bot.) Divided by internal partitions into cells, as the pith of the pokeweed.

Loc"u*lus (?), n.; pl. Loculi (#). [L., little place, a compartment.] 1. (Zoöl.) One of the spaces between the septa in the Anthozoa.

2. (Bot.) One of the compartments of a several-celled ovary; loculament.

||Lo"cum te"nens (?). [L., holding the place; locus place + tenens, p. pr. of tenere to hold. Cf. Lieutenant.] A substitute or deputy; one filling an office for a time.

Lo"cus (?), n.; pl. Loci (#), & Loca (#). [L., place. Cf. Allow, Couch, Lieu, Local.] 1. A place; a locality.

2. (Math.) The line traced by a point which varies its position according to some determinate law; the surface described by a point or line that moves according to a given law.

Plane locus, a locus that is a straight line, or a circle. -- Solid locus, a locus that is one of the conic sections.

Lo"cust (?), n. [L. locusta locust, grasshopper. Cf. Lobster.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of long-winged, migratory, orthopterous insects, of the family Acrididæ, allied to the grasshoppers; esp., (Edipoda, or Pachytylus, migratoria, and Acridium perigrinum, of Southern Europe, Asia, and Africa. In the United States the related species with similar habits are usually called grasshoppers. See Grasshopper.

These insects are at times so numerous in Africa and the south of Asia as to devour every green thing; and when they migrate, they fly in an immense cloud. In the United States the harvest flies are improperly called locusts. See Cicada.

Locust beetle (Zoöl.), a longicorn beetle (Cyllene robiniæ), which, in the larval state, bores holes in the wood of the locust tree. Its color is brownish black, barred with yellow. Called also locust borer. -- Locust bird (Zoöl.) the rose-colored starling or pastor of India. See Pastor. -- Locust hunter (Zoöl.), an African bird; the beefeater.

2. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) The locust tree. See Locust Tree (definition, note, and phrases).

Locust bean (Bot.), a commercial name for the sweet pod of the carob tree.

Lo*cus"ta (?), n. [NL.: cf. locuste.] (Bot.) The spikelet or flower cluster of grasses. Gray.

Lo`cus*tel"la (?), n. [NL., fr. L. locusta a locust.] (Zoöl.) The European cricket warbler.

Lo*cus"tic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, the locust; -- formerly used to designate a supposed acid.

Lo"cust*ing (?), p. a. Swarming and devastating like locusts. [R.] Tennyson.

Lo"cust tree` (?). [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) A large North American tree of the genus Robinia (R. Pseudacacia), producing large slender racemes of white, fragrant, papilionaceous flowers, and often cultivated as an ornamental tree. In England it is called acacia.

The name is also applied to other trees of different genera, especially to those of the genus Hymenæa, of which H. Courbaril is a lofty, spreading tree of South America; also to the carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua), a tree growing in the Mediterranean region.

Honey locust tree (Bot.), a tree of the genus Gleditschia ) G. triacanthus), having pinnate leaves and strong branching thorns; -- so called from a sweet pulp found between the seeds in the pods. Called also simply honey locust. -- Water locust tree (Bot.), a small swamp tree (Gleditschia monosperma), of the Southern United States.

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Lo*cu"tion (l*k"shn), n. [L. locutio, fr. loqui to speak: cf. F. locution. ] Speech or discourse; a phrase; a form or mode of expression. " Stumbling locutions." G. Eliot.

> I hate these figures in locution,
> These about phrases forced by ceremony.

Marston.

Loc"u*to*ry (lk"*t*r), n. A room for conversation; especially, a room in monasteries, where the monks were allowed to converse.

Lod"de (ld'd), n. (Zoöl.) The capelin.

Lode (?), n. [AS. ld way, journey, fr. lðan to go. See Lead to guide, and cf. Load a burden.] 1. A water course or way; a reach of water.

> Down that long, dark lode . . . he and his brother skated home in triumph.

C. Kingsley.

2. (Mining) A metallic vein; any regular vein or course, whether metallic or not.

Lode"man*age (?), n. [OE. lodemenage. Chaucer.] Pilotage. [Obs.]

Lode"-ship` (?), n. An old name for a pilot boat.

Lodes"man (?), n. Same as Loadsman. [Obs.]

Lode"star` (?), n. Same as Loadstar.

Lode"stone` (?), n. (Min.) Same as Loadstone.

Lodge (?), n. [OE. loge, logge, F. loge, LL. laubia porch, gallery, fr. OHG. louba, G. laube, arbor, bower, fr. lab foliage. See Leaf, and cf. Lobby, Loggia.] 1. A shelter in which one may rest; as: (a) A shed; a rude cabin; a hut; as, an Indian's lodge. Chaucer.

> Their lodges and their tentis up they gan bigge [to build].

Robert of Brunne.

> O for a lodge in some vast wilderness!

Cowper.

(b) A small dwelling house, as for a gamekeeper or gatekeeper of an estate. Shak. (c) A den or cave. (d) The meeting room of an association; hence, the regularly constituted body of members which meets there; as, a masonic lodge. (c) The chamber of an abbot, prior, or head of a college.

2. (Mining) The space at the mouth of a level next the shaft, widened to permit wagons to pass, or ore to be deposited for hoisting; -- called also platt. Raymond.

3. A collection of objects lodged together.

> The Maldives, a famous lodge of islands.

De Foe.

4. A family of North American Indians, or the persons who usually occupy an Indian lodge, -- as a unit of enumeration, reckoned from four to six persons; as, the tribe consists of about two hundred lodges, that is, of about a thousand individuals.

Lodge gate, a park gate, or entrance gate, near the lodge. See Lodge, n., 1 (b).

Lodge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lodged (ljd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lodging (lj"ng).] 1. To rest or remain a lodge house, or other shelter; to rest; to stay; to abide; esp., to sleep at night; as, to lodge in York Street. Chaucer.

> Stay and lodge by me this night.

Shak.

> Something holy lodges in that breast.

Milton.

2. To fall or lie down, as grass or grain, when overgrown or beaten down by the wind. Mortimer.

3. To come to a rest; to stop and remain; as, the bullet lodged in the bark of a tree.

Lodge, v. t. [OE. loggen, OF. logier, F. loger. See Lodge, n. ] 1. To give shelter or rest to; especially, to furnish a sleeping place for; to harbor; to shelter; hence, to receive; to hold.

> Every house was proud to lodge a knight.

Dryden.

> The memory can lodge a greater store of images than all the senses can present at one time.

Cheyne.

2. To drive to shelter; to track to covert.

> The deer is lodged; I have tracked her to her covert.

Addison.

3. To deposit for keeping or preservation; as, the men lodged their arms in the arsenal.

4. To cause to stop or rest in; to implant.

> He lodged an arrow in a tender breast.

Addison.

5. To lay down; to prostrate.

> Though bladed corn be lodged, and trees blown down.

Shak.

To lodge an information, to enter a formal complaint.

Lodge"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. logeable.] 1. That may be or can be lodged; as, so many persons are not lodgeable in this village.

2. Capable of affording lodging; fit for lodging in. [R.] " The lodgeable area of the earth." Jeffrey.

Lodged (?), a. (Her.) Lying down; -- used of beasts of the chase, as couchant is of beasts of prey.

Lodge"ment (?), n. See Lodgment.

Lodg"er (?), n. One who, or that which, lodges; one who occupies a hired room in another's house.

Lodg"ing, n. 1. The act of one who, or that which, lodges.

2. A place of rest, or of temporary habitation; esp., a sleeping apartment; -- often in the plural with a singular meaning. Gower.

> Wits take lodgings in the sound of Bow.

Pope.

3. Abiding place; harbor; cover.

> Fair bosom . . . the lodging of delight.

Spenser.

Lodging house, a house where lodgings are provided and let. -- Lodging room, a room in which a person lodges, esp. a hired room.

Lodg"ment (?), n. [Written also lodgement.] [Cf. F. logement. See Lodge, v.] 1. The act of lodging, or the state of being lodged.

> Any particle which is of size enough to make a lodgment afterwards in the small arteries.

Paley.

2. A lodging place; a room. [Obs.]

3. An accumulation or collection of something deposited in a place or remaining at rest.

4. (Mil.) The occupation and holding of a position, as by a besieging party; an instrument thrown up in a captured position; as, to effect a lodgment.

Lod"i*cule (?), n. [L. lodicula. dim, of lodix, lodicis, a coverlet: cf. F. lodicule.] (Bot.) One of the two or three delicate membranous scales which are next to the stamens in grasses.

Loel"ling*ite (?), n. [So called from Lölling, in Austria.] (Min.) A tin-white arsenide of iron, isomorphous with arsenopyrite.

Loess (?), n. [G. löss.] (Geol.) A quaternary deposit, usually consisting of a fine yellowish earth, on the banks of the Rhine and other large rivers.

Loev"en's lar"va (?). [Named after the Swedish zoölogist, S. F. Löven, who discovered it.] (Zoöl.) The peculiar larva of Polygordius. See Polygordius.

Loffe (?), v. i. To laugh. [Obs.] Shak.

Loft (?), n. [Icel. lopt air, heaven, loft, upper room; akin to AS. lyft air, G. luft, Dan. loft loft, Goth. luftus air. Cf. Lift, v. & n. ] That which is lifted up; an elevation. Hence, especially: (a) The room or space under a roof and above the ceiling of the uppermost story. (b) A gallery or raised apartment in a church, hall, etc.; as, an organ loft. (c) A floor or room placed above another; a story.

> Eutychus . . . fell down from the third loft.

Acts xx. 9.

On loft, aloft; on high. Cf. Onloft. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Loft, a. Lofty; proud. [R. & Obs.] Surrey.

Loft"i*ly (?), adv. [From Lofty.] In a lofty manner or position; haughtily.

Loft"i*ness, n. The state or quality of being lofty.

Loft"y (?), a. [Compar. Loftier (?); superl. Loftiest.] [From Loft.] 1. Lifted high up; having great height; towering; high.

> See lofty Lebanon his head advance.

Pope.

2. Fig.: Elevated in character, rank, dignity, spirit, bearing, language, etc.; exalted; noble; stately; characterized by pride; haughty.

> The high and lofty One, that inhabiteth eternity.

Is. lvii. 15.

> Lofty and sour to them that loved him not

. Shak.

> Himself to sing, and build the lofty rhyme.

Milton.

Syn. -- Tall; high; exalted; dignified; stately; majestic; sublime; proud; haughty. See Tall.

Log (?), n. [Heb. lg.] A Hebrew measure of liquids, containing 2.37 gills. W. H. Ward.

Log (?), n. [Icel. lg a felled tree, log; akin to E. lie. See Lie to lie prostrate.] 1. A bulky piece of wood which has not been shaped by hewing or sawing.

2. [Prob. the same word as in sense 1; cf. LG. log, lock, Dan. log, Sw. logg.] (Naut.) An apparatus for measuring the rate of a ship's motion through the water.

The common log consists of the log-chip, or logship, often exclusively called the log, and the log line, the former being commonly a thin wooden quadrant of five or six inches radius, loaded with lead on the arc to make it float with the point up. It is attached to the log line by cords from each corner. This line is divided into equal spaces, called knots, each bearing the same proportion to a mile that half a minute does to an hour. The line is wound on a reel which is so held as to let it run off freely. When the log is thrown, the log-chip is kept by the water from being drawn forward, and the speed of the ship is shown by the number of knots run out in half a minute. There are improved logs, consisting of a piece of mechanism which, being towed astern, shows the distance actually gone through by the ship, by means of the revolutions of a fly, which are registered on a dial plate.

3. Hence: The record of the rate of ship's speed or of her daily progress; also, the full nautical record of a ship's cruise or voyage; a log slate; a log book.

4. A record and tabulated statement of the work done by an engine, as of a steamship, of the coal consumed, and of other items relating to the performance of machinery during a given time.

5. (Mining) A weight or block near the free end of a hoisting rope to prevent it from being drawn through the sheave.

Log board (Naut.), a board consisting of two parts shutting together like a book, with columns in which are entered the direction of the wind, course of the ship, etc., during each hour of the day and night. These entries are transferred to the log book. A folding slate is now used instead. -- Log book, or Logbook (Naut.), a book in which is entered the daily progress of a ship at sea, as indicated by the log, with notes on the weather and incidents of the voyage; the contents of the log board. Log cabin, Log house, a cabin or house made of logs. -- Log canoe, a canoe made by shaping and hollowing out a single log. -- Log glass (Naut.), a small sandglass used to time the running out of the log line. -- Log line (Naut.), a line or cord about a hundred and fifty fathoms long, fastened to the log-chip. See Note under 2d Log, n., 2. -- Log perch (Zoöl.), an ethiostomoid fish, or darter (Percina caprodes); -- called also hogfish and rockfish. -- Log reel (Naut.), the reel on which the log line is wound. -- Log slate. (Naut.) See Log board (above). -- Rough log (Naut.), a first draught of a record of the cruise or voyage. -- Smooth log (Naut.), a clean copy of the rough log. In the case of naval vessels this copy is forwarded to the proper officer of the government. -- To heave the log (Naut.), to cast the log-chip into the water; also, the whole process of ascertaining a vessel's speed by the log.

Log, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Logged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Logging (?).] (Naut.), To enter in a ship's log book; as, to log the miles run. J. F. Cooper.

Log, v. i. 1. To engage in the business of cutting or transporting logs for timber; to get out logs. [U.S.]

2. To move to and fro; to rock. [Obs.]

Log"an (?), n. A rocking or balanced stone. Gwill.

Log`a*œd"ic (lg`*d"k), a. [Gr. logaoidiko`s; lo`gos discourse, prose + 'aoidh` song.] (Gr. Pros.) Composed of dactyls and trochees so arranged as to produce a movement like that of ordinary speech.

Log"a*rithm (lg"*r'm), n. [Gr. lo`gos word, account, proportion + 'ariqmo`s number: cf. F. logarithme.] (Math.) One of a class of auxiliary numbers, devised by John Napier, of Merchiston, Scotland (1550-1617), to abridge arithmetical calculations, by the use of addition and subtraction in place of multiplication and division. The relation of logarithms to common numbers is that of numbers in an arithmetical series to corresponding numbers in a geometrical series, so that sums and differences of the former indicate respectively products and quotients of the latter; thus,

Hence, the logarithm of any given number is the exponent of a power to which another given invariable number, called the base, must be raised in order to produce that given number. Thus, let 10 be the base, then 2 is the logarithm of 100, because 102 = 100, and 3 is the logarithm of 1,000, because 103 = 1,000.

Arithmetical complement of a logarithm, the difference between a logarithm and the number ten. -- Binary logarithms. See under Binary. -- Common logarithms, or Brigg's logarithms, logarithms of which the base is 10; -- so called from Henry Briggs, who invented them. -- Gauss's logarithms, tables of logarithms constructed for facilitating the operation of finding the logarithm of the sum of difference of two quantities from the logarithms of the quantities, one entry of those tables and two additions or subtractions answering the purpose of three entries of the common tables and one addition or subtraction. They were suggested by the celebrated German mathematician Karl Friedrich Gauss (died in 1855), and are of great service in many astronomical computations. -- Hyperbolic, or Napierian, logarithms, those logarithms (devised by John Speidell, 1619) of which the base is 2.7182818; -- so called from Napier, the inventor of logarithms. -- Logistic or Proportionallogarithms., See under Logistic.

{ Log`a*rith*met"ic (?), Log"a*rith*met"ic*al (?), } a. See Logarithmic.

Log`a*rith*met"ic*al*ly, adv. Logarithmically.

{ Log`a*rith"mic (?), Log`a*rith"mic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. logarithmique.] Of or pertaining to logarithms; consisting of logarithms.

Logarithmic curve (Math.), a curve which, referred to a system of rectangular coördinate axes, is such that the ordinate of any point will be the logarithm of its abscissa. -- Logarithmic spiral, a spiral curve such that radii drawn from its pole or eye at equal angles with each other are in continual proportion. See Spiral.

Log`a*rith"mic*al*ly, adv. By the use of logarithms.

Log"-chip` (?), n. (Naut.) A thin, flat piece of board in the form of a quadrant of a circle attached to the log line; -- called also log-ship. See 2d Log, n., 2.

Log"cock` (?), n. The pileated woodpecker.

Loge (?), n. [F. See Lodge.] A lodge; a habitation. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Log"gan (?), n. See Logan.

Log"gat (?), n. [Also written logget.] 1. A small log or piece of wood. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

2. pl. An old game in England, played by throwing pieces of wood at a stake set in the ground. [Obs.] Shak.

Logge (?), n. & v. See Lodge. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Logged (?), a. Made slow and heavy in movement; water-logged. Beaconsfield.

Log"ger (?), n. One engaged in logging. See Log, v. i. [U.S.] Lowell.

Log"ger*head` (?), n. [Log + head.] 1. A blockhead; a dunce; a numskull. Shak. Milton.

2. A spherical mass of iron, with a long handle, used to heat tar.

3. (Naut.) An upright piece of round timber, in a whaleboat, over which a turn of the line is taken when it is running out too fast. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

4. (Zoöl.) A very large marine turtle (Thalassochelys caretta, or caouana), common in the warmer parts of the Atlantic Ocean, from Brazil to Cape Cod; -- called also logger-headed turtle.

5. (Zoöl.) An American shrike (Lanius Ludovicianus), similar to the butcher bird, but smaller. See Shrike.

To be at loggerheads, To fall to loggerheads, or To go to loggerheads, to quarrel; to be at strife. L' Estrange.

Log"ger*head`ed, a. Dull; stupid. Shak.

> A rabble of loggerheaded physicians.

Urquhart.

Log"ger*heads` (?), n. (Bot.) The knapweed.

||Log"gia (?), n. [It. See Lodge.] (Arch.) A roofed open gallery. It differs from a veranda in being more architectural, and in forming more decidedly a part of the main edifice to which it is attached; from a porch, in being intended not for entrance but for an out-of-door sitting-room.

Log"ging (?), n. The business of felling trees, cutting them into logs, and transporting the logs to sawmills or to market.

Log"ic (?), n. [OE. logike, F. logique, L. logica, logice, Gr. logikh` (sc. te`chnh), fr. logiko`s belonging to speaking or reason, fr. lo`gos speech, reason, le`gein to say, speak. See Legend.] 1. The science or art of exact reasoning, or of pure and formal thought, or of the laws according to which the processes of pure thinking should be conducted; the science of the formation and application of general notions; the science of generalization, judgment, classification, reasoning, and systematic arrangement; correct reasoning.

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> Logic is the science of the laws of thought, as thought; that is, of the necessary conditions to which thought, considered in itself, is subject.

Sir W. Hamilton.

Logic is distinguished as pure and applied. "Pure logic is a science of the form, or of the formal laws, of thinking, and not of the matter. Applied logic teaches the application of the forms of thinking to those objects about which men do think." Abp. Thomson.

2. A treatise on logic; as, Mill's Logic.

Log"ic*al (lj"*kal), a. [Cf. F. logique, L. logicus, Gr. logiko`s.] 1. Of or pertaining to logic; used in logic; as, logical subtilties. Bacon.

2. According to the rules of logic; as, a logical argument or inference; the reasoning is logical. Prior.

3. Skilled in logic; versed in the art of thinking and reasoning; as, he is a logical thinker. Addison.

Log`i*cal"i*ty (?), n. Logicalness.

Log"ic*al*ly (?), adv. In a logical manner; as, to argue logically.

Log"ic*al*ness, n. The quality of being logical.

Lo*gi"cian (?), n. [Cf. F. logicien.] A person skilled in logic. Bacon.

> Each fierce logician still expelling Locke.

Pope.

Log"ics (?), n. See Logic.

{ Lo*gis"tic (?), Lo*gis"tic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?; skilled in calculating, &?; to calculate, fr. lo`gos word, number, reckoning: cf. F. logistique.] 1. Logical. [Obs.] Berkeley.

2. (Math.) Sexagesimal, or made on the scale of 60; as, logistic, or sexagesimal, arithmetic.

Logistic, or Proportional, logarithms, certain logarithmic numbers used to shorten the calculation of the fourth term of a proportion of which one of the terms is a given constant quantity, commonly one hour, while the other terms are expressed in minutes and seconds; -- not now used.

Lo*gis"tics (?), n. 1. (Mil.) That branch of the military art which embraces the details of moving and supplying armies. The meaning of the word is by some writers extended to include strategy. H. L. Scott.

2. (Math.) A system of arithmetic, in which numbers are expressed in a scale of 60; logistic arithmetic.

Log"man (?), n.; pl. Logmen (&?;). A man who carries logs. Shak.

Log`o*dæd"a*ly (?), n. [Gr. &?;. See Logos, and Dædal.] Verbal legerdemain; a playing with words. [R.] Coleridge.

Log"o*gram (?), n. [Gr. lo`gos word + -gram.] A word letter; a phonogram, that, for the sake of brevity, represents a word; as, |, i. e., t, for it. Cf. Grammalogue.

Lo*gog"ra*pher (?), n. 1. A chronicler; one who writes history in a condensed manner with short simple sentences.

2. One skilled in logography.

{ Log`o*graph"ic (?), Log`o*graph"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?; of writing speeches: cf. F. logographique.] Of or pertaining to logography.

Lo*gog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; a writing of speeches; lo`gos word, speech + &?; to write: cf. F. logographie.] 1. A method of printing in which whole words or syllables, cast as single types, are used.

2. A mode of reporting speeches without using shorthand, -- a number of reporters, each in succession, taking down three or four words. Brande & C.

Log"o*griph (?), n. [Gr. lo`gos word + gri^fos a fishing net, a dark saying, a riddle: F. logogriphe.] A sort of riddle in which it is required to discover a chosen word from various combinations of its letters, or of some of its letters, which form other words; -- thus, to discover the chosen word chatter form cat, hat, rat, hate, rate, etc. B. Jonson.

Lo*gom"a*chist (?), n. [See Logomachy.] One who contends about words.

Lo*gom"a*chy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; lo`gos word + &?; fight, battle, contest: cf. F. logomachie.] 1. Contention in words merely, or a contention about words; a war of words.

> The discussion concerning the meaning of the word " justification" . . . has largely been a mere logomachy.

L. Abbott.

2. A game of word making.

Log`o*met"ric (?), a. [Gr. lo`gos word, ratio + &?; measure.] (Chem.) Serving to measure or ascertain chemical equivalents; stoichiometric. [R.]

||Log"os (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; the word or form which expresses a thought, also, the thought, fr. &?; to speak.] 1. A word; reason; speech. H. Bushell.

2. The divine Word; Christ.

Log"o*thete (?), [LL. logotheta, fr. Gr. &?;; lo`gos word, account + &?; to put.] An accountant; under Constantine, an officer of the empire; a receiver of revenue; an administrator of a department.

Log"o*type (?), n. [Gr. lo`gos word + -type.] (Print.) A single type, containing two or more letters; as, æ, Æ, , , , etc.; -- called also ligature.

Log"roll` (?), v. i. & t. To engage in logrolling; to accomplish by logrolling. [Political cant, U. S.]

Log"roll`er (?), n. One who engages in logrolling. [Political cant, U. S.]

> The jobbers and logrollers will all be against it.

The. Nation.

Log"roll`ing, n. 1. (Logging) The act or process of rolling logs from the place where they were felled to the stream which floats them to the sawmill or to market. In this labor neighboring camps of loggers combine to assist each other in turn. Longfellow. [U.S.]

2. Hence: A combining to assist another in consideration of receiving assistance in return; -- sometimes used of a disreputable mode of accomplishing political schemes or ends. [Cant, U.S.]

Log"-ship (?), n. (Naut.) A part of the log. See Log-chip, and 2d Log, n., 2.

Log"wood` (?) n. [So called from being imported in logs.] The heartwood of a tree (Hæmatoxylon Campechianum), a native of South America, It is a red, heavy wood, containing a crystalline substance called hæmatoxylin, and is used largely in dyeing. An extract from this wood is used in medicine as an astringent. Also called Campeachy wood, and bloodwood.

-lo*gy (?). [Gr. &?;, fr. lo`gos word, discourse, fr. &?; to speak. See Logic.] A combining form denoting a discourse, treatise, doctrine, theory, science; as, theology, geology, biology, mineralogy.

Lo"gy, a. [From D. log.] Heavy or dull in respect to motion or thought; as, a logy horse. [U.S.]

> Porcupines are . . . logy, sluggish creatures.

C. H. Merriam.

Lo"hock (?), n. (Med.) See Loch, a medicine.

Loi"mic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; plague.] Of or pertaining to the plague or contagious disorders.

Loin (?), n. [OE. loine, OF. logne, F. longe, from (assumed) LL. lumbea, L. lumbus join. Cf. Lends, Lumbar, Nombles.] That part of a human being or quadruped, which extends on either side of the spinal column between the hip bone and the false ribs. In human beings the loins are also called the reins. See Illust. of Beef.

||Loir (?), n. [F., fr. L. glis, gliris.] (Zoöl.) A large European dormouse (Myoxus glis).

Loi"ter (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Loitered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Loitering.] [D. leuteren to delay, loiter; cf; Prov. G. lottern to be louse, lotter louse, slack, unsettled, vagrant, OHG. lotar.] 1. To be slow in moving; to delay; to linger; to be dilatory; to spend time idly; to saunter; to lag behind.

> Sir John, you loiter here too long.

Shak.

> If we have loitered, let us quicken our pace.

Rogers.

2. To wander as an idle vagrant. [Obs.] Spenser.

Syn. -- To linger; delay; lag; saunter; tarry.

Loi"ter*er (?), n. 1. One who loiters; an idler.

2. An idle vagrant; a tramp. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson.

Loi"ter*ing*ly, adv. In a loitering manner.

{ Lok (lk), Lo"ki (l"k), } n. [Icel. Loki, perh. akin to lokka, locka to allure, entice.] (Scandinavian Myth.) The evil deity, the author of all calamities and mischief, answering to the Ahriman of the Persians.

||Lo*ka"o (?), n. A green vegetable dye imported from China.

Loke (lk), n. [See Lock a fastening.] A private path or road; also, the wicket or hatch of a door. [Prov. Eng.]

Lok"o*rys (?), n. Liquorice. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Lo*li"go (?), n. [L., cuttle fish.] (Zoöl.) A genus of cephalopods, including numerous species of squids, common on the coasts of America and Europe. They are much used for fish bait.

Loll (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lolled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lolling.] [Cf. Icel. lolla to act lazily, loll, lolla, laziness, OD. lollen to sit over the fire, and E. lull. Cf. Lill, Lull.] 1. To act lazily or indolently; to recline; to lean; to throw one's self down; to lie at ease.

> Void of care, he lolls supine in state.

Dryden.

2. To hand extended from the mouth, as the tongue of an ox or a log when heated with labor or exertion.

> The triple porter of the Stygian seat,
> With lolling tongue, lay fawning at thy feet.

Dryden.

3. To let the tongue hang from the mouth, as an ox, dog, or other animal, when heated by labor; as, the ox stood lolling in the furrow.

Loll, v. t. To let hang from the mouth, as the tongue.

> Fierce tigers couched around and lolled their fawning tongues.

Dryden.

Lol"lard (?), n. [LL. Lollardi, Lullardi, from Walter Lolhardus, a German; cf. LG. & D. lollen to mumble, to hum, sing in a murmuring strain; hence, OD. lollaerd a mumbler, i. e., of prayers or psalms, which was prob. the origin of the name. See Loll, Lull.] (Eccl. Hist.) (a) One of a sect of early reformers in Germany. (b) One of the followers of Wyclif in England. [Called also Loller.]

> By Lollards all know the Wyclifities are meant, so called from Walter Lollardus, one of their teachers in Germany.

Fuller.

{ Lol"lard*ism (?), Lol"lard*y (?), } n. The doctrines or principles of the Lollards.

Loll"er (?), n. [See Loll.] 1. One who lolls.

2. An idle vagabond. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

3. A Lollard.

Loll"ing*ly, adv. In a lolling manner. Buckle.

Lol"li*pop (?), n. [Perhaps fr. Prov. E. loll to soothe + pope a mixed liquor.] A kind of sugar confection which dissolves easily in the mouth. Thackeray.

Lol"lop (?), v. i. [From Loll.] To move heavily; to lounge or idle; to loll. [Low.] Charles Reade.

||Lo"ma (?), n.; pl. Lomata (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, a fringe.] (Zoöl.) A lobe; a membranous fringe or flap.

Lo*mat"i*nous (?), a. [See Loma.] (Zoöl.) Furnished with lobes or flaps.

Lom"bard (?), a. Of or pertaining to Lombardy, or the inhabitants of Lombardy.

Lom"bard, n. [F. lombard, fr. the Longobardi or Langobardi, i. e., Longbeards, a people of Northern Germany, west of the Elbe, and afterward in Northern Italy. See Long, and Beard, and cf. Lumber.] 1. A native or inhabitant of Lombardy.

2. A money lender or banker; -- so called because the business of banking was first carried on in London by Lombards.

3. Same as Lombard-house.

> A Lombard unto this day signifying a bank for usury or pawns.

Fuller.

4. (Mil.) A form of cannon formerly in use. Prescott.

Lombard Street, the principal street in London for banks and the offices of note brokers; hence, the money market and interest of London.

Lom`bard*eer" (?; 277), n. A pawnbroker. [Obs.] Howell.

{ Lom"bard-house (?), Lom"bar-house` (?), } [F. or D. lombard. See Lombard, n.] 1. A bank or a pawnbroker's shop.

2. A public institution for lending money to the poor at a moderate interest, upon articles deposited and pledged; -- called also mont de piété.

Lom*bar"dic (?), a. Of or pertaining to Lombardy of the Lombards.

Lombardic alphabet, the ancient alphabet derived from the Roman, and employed in the manuscript of Italy. -- Lombardic architecture, the debased Roman style of architecture as found in parts of Northern Italy. F. G. Lee. Lombardy poplar. (Bot.) See Poplar.

Lo"ment (?), n. [L. lomentum a mixture of bean meal and rice, used as a cosmetic wash, bean meal, fr. lavare, lotum, to wash.] (Bot.) An elongated pod, consisting, like the legume, of two valves, but divided transversely into small cells, each containing a single seed.

Lo`men*ta"ceous (?), a. [From Loment.] (Bot.) Of the nature of a loment; having fruits like loments.

Lom"o*nite (?), n. Same as Laumontite.

Lomp"ish (?), a. Lumpish. [Obs.] Spenser.

Lond (?), n. Land. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lon"don (?), n. The capital city of England.

London paste (Med.), a paste made of caustic soda and unslacked lime; -- used as a caustic to destroy tumors and other morbid enlargements. -- London pride. (Bot.) (a) A garden name for Saxifraga umbrosa, a hardy perennial herbaceous plant, a native of high lands in Great Britain. (b) A name anciently given to the Sweet William. Dr. Prior. -- London rocket (Bot.), a cruciferous plant (Sisymbrium Irio) which sprung up in London abundantly on the ruins of the great fire of 1667.

Lon"don*er (-r), n. A native or inhabitant of London. Shak.

Lon"don*ism (?), n. A characteristic of Londoners; a mode of speaking peculiar to London.

Lon"don*ize (?), v. i. To impart to (one) a manner or character like that which distinguishes Londoners.

Lon"don*ize, v. i. To imitate the manner of the people of London.

Lone (?), n. A lane. See Loanin. [Prov. Eng.]

Lone, a. [Abbrev. fr. alone.] 1. Being without a companion; being by one's self; also, sad from lack of companionship; lonely; as, a lone traveler or watcher.

> When I have on those pathless wilds a appeared,
> And the lone wanderer with my presence cheered.

Shenstone.

2. Single; unmarried, or in widowhood. [Archaic]

> Queen Elizabeth being a lone woman.

Collection of Records (1642).

> A hundred mark is a long one for a poor lone woman to bear.

Shak.

3. Being apart from other things of the kind; being by itself; also, apart from human dwellings and resort; as, a lone house. " A lone isle." Pope.

> By a lone well a lonelier column rears.

Byron.

4. Unfrequented by human beings; solitary.

> Thus vanish scepters, coronets, and balls,
> And leave you on lone woods, or empty walls.

Pope.

Lone"li*ness (?), n. 1. The condition of being lonely; solitude; seclusion.

2. The state of being unfrequented by human beings; as, the loneliness of a road.

3. Love of retirement; disposition to solitude.

> I see
> The mystery of your loneliness.

Shak.

4. A feeling of depression resulting from being alone.

Syn. -- Solitude; seclusion. See Solitude.

Lone"ly, a. [Compar. Lonelier (?); superl. Loneliest.] [Shortened fr. alonely.] 1. Sequestered from company or neighbors; solitary; retired; as, a lonely situation; a lonely cell.

2. Alone, or in want of company; forsaken.

> To the misled and lonely traveler.

Milton.

3. Not frequented by human beings; as, a lonely wood.

4. Having a feeling of depression or sadness resulting from the consciousness of being alone; lonesome.

> I am very often alone. I don't mean I am lonely.

H. James.

Syn. -- Solitary; lone; lonesome; retired; unfrequented; sequestered; secluded.

Lone"ness, n. Solitude; seclusion. [Obs.] Donne.

Lone"some (?), a. [Compar. Lonesomer (?); superl. Lonesomest.] 1. Secluded from society; not frequented by human beings; solitary.

> Like one that on a lonesome road
> Doth walk in fear and dread.

Coleridge.

2. Conscious of, and somewhat depressed by, solitude; as, to feel lonesome.

-- Lone"some*ly, adv. -- Lone"some*ness, n.

Long (?), a. [Compar. Longer (?); superl. Longest (?).] [AS. long, lang; akin to OS, OFries., D., & G. lang, Icel. langr, Sw. lång, Dan. lang, Goth. laggs, L. longus. √125. Cf. Length, Ling a fish, Linger, Lunge, Purloin.] 1. Drawn out in a line, or in the direction of length; protracted; extended; as, a long line; -- opposed to short, and distinguished from broad or wide.

<! p. 867 !>

2. Drawn out or extended in time; continued through a considerable tine, or to a great length; as, a long series of events; a long debate; a long drama; a long history; a long book.

3. Slow in passing; causing weariness by length or duration; lingering; as, long hours of watching.

4. Occurring or coming after an extended interval; distant in time; far away.

> The we may us reserve both fresh and strong
> Against the tournament, which is not long.

Spenser.

5. Extended to any specified measure; of a specified length; as, a span long; a yard long; a mile long, that is, extended to the measure of a mile, etc.

6. Far-reaching; extensive. " Long views." Burke.

7. (Phonetics) Prolonged, or relatively more prolonged, in utterance; -- said of vowels and syllables. See Short, a., 13, and Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 22, 30.

Long is used as a prefix in a large number of compound adjectives which are mostly of obvious meaning; as, long- armed, long-beaked, long-haired, long- horned, long-necked, long-sleeved, long- tailed, long- worded, etc.

In the long run, in the whole course of things taken together; in the ultimate result; eventually. -- Long clam (Zoöl.), the common clam (Mya arenaria) of the Northern United States and Canada; -- called also soft-shell clam and long-neck clam. See Mya. -- Long cloth, a kind of cotton cloth of superior quality. -- Long clothes, clothes worn by a young infant, extending below the feet. -- Long division. (Math.) See Division. -- Long dozen, one more than a dozen; thirteen. -- Long home, the grave. -- Long measure, Long meter. See under Measure, Meter. -- Long Parliament (Eng. Hist.), the Parliament which assembled Nov. 3, 1640, and was dissolved by Cromwell, April 20, 1653. -- Long price, the full retail price. -- Long purple (Bot.), a plant with purple flowers, supposed to be the Orchis mascula. Dr. Prior. -- Long suit (Whist), a suit of which one holds originally more than three cards. R. A. Proctor. -- Long tom. (a) A pivot gun of great length and range, on the dock of a vessel. (b) A long trough for washing auriferous earth. [Western U.S.] (c) (Zoöl.) The long-tailed titmouse. -- Long wall (Coal Mining), a working in which the whole seam is removed and the roof allowed to fall in, as the work progresses, except where passages are needed. -- Of long, a long time. [Obs.] Fairfax. -- To be, or go, long of the market, To be on the long side of the market, etc. (Stock Exchange), to hold stock for a rise in price, or to have a contract under which one can demand stock on or before a certain day at a stipulated price; -- opposed to short in such phrases as, to be short of stock, to sell short, etc. [Cant] See Short. -- To have a long head, to have a farseeing or sagacious mind.

Long (?), n. 1. (Mus.) A note formerly used in music, one half the length of a large, twice that of a breve.

2. (Phonetics) A long sound, syllable, or vowel.

3. The longest dimension; the greatest extent; -- in the phrase, the long and the short of it, that is, the sum and substance of it. Addison.

Long, adv. [AS. lance.] 1. To a great extent in space; as, a long drawn out line.

2. To a great extent in time; during a long time.

> They that tarry long at the wine.

Prov. xxiii. 30.

> When the trumpet soundeth long.

Ex. xix. 13.

3. At a point of duration far distant, either prior or posterior; as, not long before; not long after; long before the foundation of Rome; long after the Conquest.

4. Through the whole extent or duration.

> The bird of dawning singeth all night long.

Shak.

5. Through an extent of time, more or less; - - only in question; as, how long will you be gone?

Long, prep. [Abbreviated fr. along. See 3d Along.] By means of; by the fault of; because of. [Obs.] See Along of, under 3d Along.

Long, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Longed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Longing.] [AS. langian to increase, to lengthen, to stretch out the mind after, to long, to crave, to belong to, fr. lang long. See Long, a.] 1. To feel a strong or morbid desire or craving; to wish for something with eagerness; -- followed by an infinitive, or by after or for.

> I long to see you.

Rom. i. 11.

> I have longed after thy precepts.

Ps. cxix. 40.

> I have longed for thy salvation.

Ps. cxix. 174.

> Nicomedes, longing for herrings, was supplied with fresh ones . . . at a great distance from the sea.

Arbuthnot.

2. To belong; -- used with to, unto, or for. [Obs.]

> The labor which that longeth unto me.

Chaucer.

Lon"gan (?), n. (Bot.) A pulpy fruit related to the litchi, and produced by an evergreen East Indian tree (Nephelium Longan).

Lon`ga*nim"i*ty (?), n. [L. longanimitas; longus long + animus mind: cf. F. longanimité.] Disposition to bear injuries patiently; forbearance; patience. Jer. Taylor.

Long"-armed` (?), a. Having long arms; as, the long-armed ape or gibbon.

Long"beak` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The American redbellied snipe (Macrorhamphus scolopaceus); -- called also long-billed dowitcher.

Long"boat` (?), n. (Naut.) Formerly, the largest boat carried by a merchant vessel, corresponding to the launch of a naval vessel.

Long"bow` (?), n. The ordinary bow, not mounted on a stock; -- so called in distinction from the crossbow when both were used as weapons of war. Also, sometimes, such a bow of about the height of a man, as distinguished from a much shorter one.

To draw the longbow, to tell large stories.

Long"-breathed` (?), a. Having the power of retaining the breath for a long time; long-winded.

Long"-drawn` (?), a. Extended to a great length.

> The cicadæ hushed their long-drawn, ear- splitting strains.

G. W. Cable.

Longe (?), n. [Abbrev. fr. allonge. See Lunge.]

1. A thrust. See Lunge. Smollett.

2. The training ground for a horse. Farrow.

Longe, n. (Zoöl.) Same as 4th Lunge.

Long"er (?), n. One who longs for anything.

Lon*ge"val (?), a. Long-loved; longevous.[R.] Pope.

Lon*gev"i*ty (?), n. [L. longaevitas. See Longevous.] Long duration of life; length of life.

> The instances of longevity are chiefly amongst the abstemious.

Arbuthnot.

Lon*ge"vous (?), a. [L. longaevus; longus long + aevum lifetime, age. See Long, and Age.] Living a long time; of great age. Sir T. Browne.

Long"hand` (?), n. The written characters used in the common method of writing; -- opposed to shorthand.

Long"head"ed (?), a. Having unusual foresight or sagacity. -- Long"-head`ed*ness, n.

Long"horn` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A long-horned animal, as a cow, goat, or beetle. See Long- horned.

Long"-horned` (?), a. (Zoöl.) [Obs.] Having a long horn or horns; as, a long-horned goat, or cow; having long antennæ, as certain beetles (Longicornia).

Lon"gi*corn (?), a. [L. longus long + cornu horn: cf. F. longicorne.] (Zoöl.) Long-horned; pertaining to the Longicornia. -- n. One of the Longicornia.

||Lon`gi*cor"ni*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. longus long + cornu horn.] (Zoöl.) A division of beetles, including a large number of species, in which the antennæ are very long. Most of them, while in the larval state, bore into the wood or beneath the bark of trees, and some species are very destructive to fruit and shade trees. See Apple borer, under Apple, and Locust beetle, under Locust.

Lon`gi*lat"er*al (?), a. [L. longus long + lateralis lateral, fr. latus side.] Having long sides; especially, having the form of a long parallelogram.

> Nineveh . . . was of a longilateral figure, ninety-five furlongs broad, and a hundred and fifty long.

Sir T. Browne.

Lon*gil"o*quence (?), n. [L. langus long + loquentia a talking.] Long- windedness.

> American longiloquence in oratory.

Fitzed. Hall.

Lon*gim"a*nous (?), a. [L. longus long + manus hand.] Having long hands. Sir T. Browne.

Lon*gim"e*try (?), n. [L. longus long + -metry: cf. F. longimétrie.] The art or practice of measuring distances or lengths. Cheyne.

Long"ing (?), n. An eager desire; a craving; a morbid appetite; an earnest wish; an aspiration.

> Put on my crown; I have
> immortal longings in me.

Shak.

Long"ing*ly, adv. With longing. Dryden.

Lon*gin"qui*ty (?), n. [L. longinquitas, fr. longinquus extensive, remote, fr. longus long.] Greatness of distance; remoteness. [R.] Barrow.

Lon"gi*palp (?), n. [F. longipalpe, fr. L. longus long + F. palpe a feeler, a palp.] (Zoöl.) One of a tribe of beetles, having long maxillary palpi.

Lon"gi*pen"nate (?), a. [L. longus long + E. pennate.] (Zoöl.) Having long wings, or quills.

||Lon`gi*pen"nes (?), n. pl. [NL., from L. longus long + penna wing.] (Zoöl.) A group of longwinged sea birds, including the gulls, petrels, etc.

Lon`gi*pen"nine (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Longipennes; longipennate.

Lon`gi*ros"ter (?), n.; pl. L. Longirostres (#), E. Longirosters (#). [L. longus long + rostrum beak: cf. F. longirostre.] (Zoöl.) One of the Longirostres.

Lon`gi*ros"tral (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having a long bill; of or pertaining to the Longirostres.

||Lon`gi*ros"tres (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. longus long + rostrum beak.] (Zoöl.) A group of birds characterized by having long slender bills, as the sandpipers, curlews, and ibises. It is now regarded as an artificial division.

Long"ish (?), a. Somewhat long; moderately long.

Lon"gi*tude (?), n. [F., fr. L. longitudo, fr. longus long.] 1. Length; measure or distance along the longest line; -- distinguished from breadth or thickness; as, the longitude of a room; rare now, except in a humorous sense. Sir H. Wotton.

> The longitude of their cloaks.

Sir. W. Scott.

> Mine [shadow] spindling into longitude immense.

Cowper.

2. (Geog.) The arc or portion of the equator intersected between the meridian of a given place and the meridian of some other place from which longitude is reckoned, as from Greenwich, England, or sometimes from the capital of a country, as from Washington or Paris. The longitude of a place is expressed either in degrees or in time; as, that of New York is 74° or 4 h. 56 min. west of Greenwich.

3. (Astron.) The distance in degrees, reckoned from the vernal equinox, on the ecliptic, to a circle at right angles to the ecliptic passing through the heavenly body whose longitude is designated; as, the longitude of Capella is 79°.

Geocentric longitude (Astron.), the longitude of a heavenly body as seen from the earth. -- Heliocentric longitude, the longitude of a heavenly body, as seen from the sun's center. -- Longitude stars, certain stars whose position is known, and the data in regard to which are used in observations for finding the longitude, as by lunar distances.

Lon`gi*tu"di*nal (?), a. [Cf. F. longitudinal.] 1. Of or pertaining to longitude or length; as, longitudinal distance.

2. Extending in length; in the direction of the length; running lengthwise, as distinguished from transverse; as, the longitudinal diameter of a body. Cheyne.

Lon`gi*tu"di*nal, n. A railway sleeper lying parallel with the rail.

Lon`gi*tu"di*nal*ly, adv. In the direction of length.

Long"legs` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A daddy longlegs.

Long"-lived` (?), a. Having a long life; having constitutional peculiarities which make long life probable; lasting long; as, a long-lived tree; they are a longlived family; long-lived prejudices.

Long"ly, adv. 1. With longing desire. [Obs.] Shak.

2. For a long time; hence, wearisomely.

Long"mynd rocks" (?). (Geol.) The sparingly fossiliferous conglomerates, grits, schists, and slates of Great Britain, which lie at the base of the Cambrian system; -- so called, because typically developed in the Longmynd Hills, Shropshire.

Long"ness, n. Length.

Long"nose` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The European garfish.

Long" prim"er (?). (Print.) A kind of type, in size between small pica and bourgeois.

This line is printed in long primer.

Long"shanks` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The stilt.

Long"shore` (?), a. [Abbrev. from alongshore.] Belonging to the seashore or a seaport; along and on the shore. "Longshore thieves." R. Browning.

Long"shore`man (?), n.; pl. Longshoremen (#). [Abbrev. fr. alongshoreman.] One of a class of laborers employed about the wharves of a seaport, especially in loading and unloading vessels.

Long"-sight (?), n. Long- sightedness. Good.

Long"-sight`ed (?), a. 1. Able to see objects at a great distance; hence, having great foresight; sagacious; farseeing.

2. Able to see objects distinctly at a distance, but not close at hand; hypermetropic.

Long"-sight`ed*ness, n. 1. The state or condition of being long-sighted; hence, sagacity; shrewdness.

2. (Med.) See Hypermetropia.

Long"some (?) a. [AS. langsum.] Extended in length; tiresome. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. Prior. -- Long"some*ness, n. [Obs.] Fuller.

Long"spun` (?), a. Spun out, or extended, to great length; hence, long-winded; tedious.

> The longspun allegories fulsome grow,
> While the dull moral lies too plain below.

Addison.

Long"spur` (?), n. [So called from the length of the hind claw.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of fringilline birds of the genus Calcarius (or Plectrophanes), and allied genera. The Lapland longspur (C. Lapponicus), the chestnut-colored longspur (C. ornatus), and other species, inhabit the United States.

Long"-stop` (?), n. (Cricket) One who is set to stop balls which pass the wicket keeper.

Long"-suf`fer*ance (?), n. Forbearance to punish or resent.

Long"-suf`fer*ing, n. Bearing injuries or provocation for a long time; patient; not easily provoked.

> The Lord God, merciful and gracious, long- suffering, and abundant in goodness and truth.

Ex. xxxiv. 6.

Long"-suf`fer*ing, n. Long patience of offense.

> Despisest thou the riches of his goodness and forbearance and long-suffering?

Rom. ii. 4.

Long"tail` (?), n. An animal, particularly a log, having an uncut tail. Cf. Curtail. Dog.

A longtail was a gentleman's dog, or the dog of one qualified to bunt, other dogs being required to have their tails cut.

Cut and longtail, all, gentlefolks and others, as they might come. Shak.

Long"-tongue` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The wryneck.

Long"-tongued` (?), a. 1. Having a long tongue.

2. Talkative; babbling; loquacious. Shak.

Lon"gu*lite (?), n. [L. longus long + -lie.] (Min.) A kind of crystallite having a (slender) acicular form.

Long"-waist`ed (?), a. 1. Having a long waist; long from the armpits to the bottom of the waist; -- said of persons.

2. Long from the part about the neck or shoulder, or from the armpits, to the bottom of the weist, or to the skirt; -- said of garments; as, a long-waisted coat.

Long"ways` (?), adv. Lengthwise. Addison.

Long"-wind"ed (?), a. Long- breathed; hence, tediously long in speaking; consuming much time; as, a long-winded talker. -- Long"-wind"ed*ness, n.

> A tedious, long-winded harangue.

South.

Long"wise` (?), adv. Lengthwise.

Loo (?), n. [For older lanterloo, F. lanturelu, lanturlu, name of the game; orig., the refrain of a vaudeville.] (a) An old game played with five, or three, cards dealt to each player from a full pack. When five cards are used the highest card is the knave of clubs or (if so agreed upon) the knave of trumps; -- formerly called lanterloo. (b) A modification of the game of "all fours" in which the players replenish their hands after each round by drawing each a card from the pack.

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Loo table, a round table adapted for a circle of persons playing loo.

Loo (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Looed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Looing.] To beat in the game of loo by winning every trick. [Written also lu.] Goldsmith.

Loob (?), n. [Corn., slime, sludge.] (Mining) The clay or slimes washed from tin ore in dressing.

Loo"bi*ly (?), a. [From Looby.] Loobylike; awkward. Fuller.

Loo"bi*ly, adv. Awkwardly. L'Estrange.

Loo"by (?), n.; pl. Loobies (#). [Cf. Lob.] An awkward, clumsy fellow; a lubber. Swift.

Looch (?), n. See 2d Loch.

Loof (?), n. (Bot.) The spongelike fibers of the fruit of a cucurbitaceous plant (Luffa Ægyptiaca); called also vegetable sponge.

Loof (?), n. [See Luff.] [Also written luff.] (Naut.) (a) Formerly, some appurtenance of a vessel which was used in changing her course; -- probably a large paddle put over the lee bow to help bring her head nearer to the wind. (b) The part of a ship's side where the planking begins to curve toward bow and stern.

Loof, v. i. (Naut.) See Luff.

Look (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Looked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Looking.] [OE. loken, AS. lcian; akin to G. lugen, OHG. luogn.] 1. To direct the eyes for the purpose of seeing something; to direct the eyes toward an object; to observe with the eyes while keeping them directed; -- with various prepositions, often in a special or figurative sense. See Phrases below.

2. To direct the attention (to something); to consider; to examine; as, to look at an action.

3. To seem; to appear; to have a particular appearance; as, the patient looks better; the clouds look rainy.

> It would look more like vanity than gratitude.

Addison.

> Observe how such a practice looks in another person.

I. Watts.

4. To have a particular direction or situation; to face; to front.

> The inner gate that looketh to north.

Ezek. viii. 3.

> The east gate . . . which looketh eastward.

Ezek. xi. 1.

5. In the imperative: see; behold; take notice; take care; observe; -- used to call attention.

> Look, how much we thus expel of sin, so much we expel of virtue.

Milton.

Look, in the imperative, may be followed by a dependent sentence, but see is oftener so used.

> Look that ye bind them fast.

Shak.

> Look if it be my daughter.

Talfourd.

6. To show one's self in looking, as by leaning out of a window; as, look out of the window while I speak to you. Sometimes used figuratively.

> My toes look through the overleather.

Shak.

7. To await the appearance of anything; to expect; to anticipate.

> Looking each hour into death's mouth to fall.

Spenser.

To look about, to look on all sides, or in different directions. -- To look about one, to be on the watch; to be vigilant; to be circumspect or guarded. -- To look after. (a) To attend to; to take care of; as, to look after children. (b) To expect; to be in a state of expectation.

> Men's hearts failing them for fear, and for looking after those things which are coming on the earth.

Luke xxi. 26.

(c) To seek; to search.

> My subject does not oblige me to look after the water, or point forth the place where to it is now retreated.

Woodward.

-- To look at, to direct the eyes toward so that one sees, or as if to see; as, to look at a star; hence, to observe, examine, consider; as, to look at a matter without prejudice. -- To look black, to frown; to scowl; to have a threatening appearance.

> The bishops thereat repined, and looked black.

Holinshed.

-- To look down on or upon, to treat with indifference or contempt; to regard as an inferior; to despise. -- To look for. (a) To expect; as, to look for news by the arrival of a ship. "Look now for no enchanting voice." Milton. (b) To seek for; to search for; as, to look for lost money, or lost cattle. -- To look forth. (a) To look out of something, as from a window. (b) To threaten to come out. Jer. vi. 1. (Rev. Ver.). -- To look into, to inspect closely; to observe narrowly; to examine; as, to look into the works of nature; to look into one's conduct or affairs. -- To look on. (a) To regard; to esteem.

> Her friends would look on her the worse.

Prior.

(b) To consider; to view; to conceive of; to think of.

> I looked on Virgil as a succinct, majestic writer.

Dryden.

(c) To be a mere spectator.

> I'll be a candleholder, and look on.

Shak.

-- To look out, to be on the watch; to be careful; as, the seaman looks out for breakers. -- To look through. (a) To see through. (b) To search; to examine with the eyes. -- To look to or unto. (a) To watch; to take care of. "Look well to thy herds." Prov. xxvii. 23. (b) To resort to with expectation of receiving something; to expect to receive from; as, the creditor may look to surety for payment. "Look unto me, and be ye saved." Is. xlv. 22. -- To look up, to search for or find out by looking; as, to look up the items of an account. -- To look up to, to respect; to regard with deference.

Look, v. t. 1. To look at; to turn the eyes toward.

2. To seek; to search for. [Obs.]

> Looking my love, I go from place to place.

Spenser.

3. To expect. [Obs.] Shak.

4. To influence, overawe, or subdue by looks or presence as, to look down opposition.

> A spirit fit to start into an empire,
> And look the world to law.

Dryden.

5. To express or manifest by a look.

> Soft eyes looked love to eyes which spake again.

Byron.

To look daggers. See under Dagger. -- To look in the face, to face or meet with boldness or confidence; hence, sometimes, to meet for combat. -- To look out, to seek for; as, prudent persons look out associates of good reputation.

Look (?), n. 1. The act of looking; a glance; a sight; a view; -- often in certain phrases; as, to have, get, take, throw, or cast, a look.

> Threw many a northward look to see his father
> Bring up his powers; but he did long in vain.

Shak.

2. Expression of the eyes and face; manner; as, a proud or defiant look. "Gentle looks." Shak.

> Up ! up! my friends, and clear your looks.

Wordsworth.

3. Hence; Appearance; aspect; as, the house has a gloomy look; the affair has a bad look.

> Pain, disgrace, and poverty have frighted looks.

Locke.

> There was something that reminded me of Dante's Hell in the look of this.

Carlyle.

Look"down` (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Moonfish (b).

Look"er (?), n. One who looks.

Looker-on, a spectator; one that looks on, but has no agency or part in an affair.

> Did not this fatal war affront thy coast,
> Yet sattest thou an idle looker-on ?

Fairfax.

Look"ing, a. Having a certain look or appearance; -- often compounded with adjectives; as, good- looking, grand-looking, etc.

Look"ing, n. 1. The act of one who looks; a glance.

2. The manner in which one looks; appearance; countenance; face. [Obs.]

> All dreary was his cheer and his looking.

Chaucer.

Looking for, anticipation; expectation. "A certain fearful looking for of judgment." Heb. x. 27.

Look"ing-glass` (?), n. A mirror made of glass on which has been placed a backing of some reflecting substance, as quicksilver.

> There is none so homely but loves a looking- glass.

South.

Look"out` (?), n. 1. A careful looking or watching for any object or event.

2. The place from which such observation is made.

3. A person engaged in watching.

4. Object or duty of forethought and care; responsibility. [Colloq.]

Lool (?), n. (Metal.) A vessel used to receive the washings of ores of metals.

Loom (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Loon, the bird.

Loom, n. [OE. lome, AS. gelma utensil, implement.]

1. A frame or machine of wood or other material, in which a weaver forms cloth out of thread; a machine for interweaving yarn or threads into a fabric, as in knitting or lace making.

> Hector, when he sees Andromache overwhelmed with terror, sends her for consolation to the loom and the distaff.

Rambler.

2. (Naut.) That part of an oar which is near the grip or handle and inboard from the rowlock. Totten.

Loom, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Loomed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Looming.] [OE. lumen to shine, Icel. ljoma; akin to AS. leóma light, and E. light; or cf. OF. lumer to shine, L. luminare to illumine, lumen light; akin to E. light. √122. See Light not dark.] 1. To appear above the surface either of sea or land, or to appear enlarged, or distorted and indistinct, as a distant object, a ship at sea, or a mountain, esp. from atmospheric influences; as, the ship looms large; the land looms high.

> Awful she looms, the terror of the main.

H. J. Pye.

2. To rise and to be eminent; to be elevated or ennobled, in a moral sense.

> On no occasion does he [Paul] loom so high, and shine so gloriously, as in the context.

J. M. Mason.

Loom, n. The state of looming; esp., an unnatural and indistinct appearance of elevation or enlargement of anything, as of land or of a ship, seen by one at sea.

Loom"-gale` (?), n. A gentle gale of wind.

Loom"ing, n. The indistinct and magnified appearance of objects seen in particular states of the atmosphere. See Mirage.

Loon (?), n. [Scot. loun, lown, loon; akin to OD. loen a stupid man; prob. for an older lown, and akin to E. lame.] A sorry fellow; a worthless person; a rogue.

Loon, n. [For older loom, Icel. l&?;mr; akin to Dan. & Sw. lom.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several aquatic, wed-footed, northern birds of the genus Urinator (formerly Colymbus), noted for their expertness in diving and swimming under water. The common loon, or great northern diver (Urinator imber, or Colymbus torquatus), and the red-throated loon or diver (U. septentrionalis), are the best known species. See Diver.

Loon"y (?), a. See Luny.

Loop (lp), n. [G. luppe an iron lump. Cf. Looping.] (Iron Works) A mass of iron in a pasty condition gathered into a ball for the tilt hammer or rolls. [Written also loup.]

Loop, n. [Cf. Ir. & Gael. lub loop, noose, fold, thong, bend, lub to bend, incline.] 1. A fold or doubling of a thread, cord, rope, etc., through which another thread, cord, etc., can be passed, or which a hook can be hooked into; an eye, as of metal; a staple; a noose; a bight.

> That the probation bear no hinge, nor loop
> To hang a doubt on.

Shak.

2. A small, narrow opening; a loophole.

> And stop all sight-holes, every loop from whence
> The eye of Reason may pry in upon us.

Shak.

3. A curve of any kind in the form of a loop.

4. (Telegraphy) A wire forming part of a main circuit and returning to the point from which it starts.

5. (Acoustics) The portion of a vibrating string, air column, etc., between two nodes; -- called also ventral segment.

Loop knot, a single knot tied in a doubled cord, etc. so as to leave a loop beyond the knot. See Illust. of Knot.

Loop (lp), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Looped (lpt); p. pr. & vb. n. Looping.] To make a loop of or in; to fasten with a loop or loops; -- often with up; as, to loop a string; to loop up a curtain.

Looped (lpt), a. 1. Bent, folded, or tied, so as to make a loop; as, a looped wire or string.

2. Full of holes. [Obs.] Shak.

Loop"er (lp"r), n. 1. An instrument, as a bodkin, for forming a loop in yarn, a cord, etc.

2. (Zoöl.) The larva of any species of geometrid moths. See Geometrid.

Loop"hole` (?), n. 1. (Mil.) A small opening, as in the walls of fortification, or in the bulkhead of a ship, through which small arms or other weapons may be discharged at an enemy.

2. A hole or aperture that gives a passage, or the means of escape or evasion.

Loop"holed` (?), a. Provided with loopholes.

Loop"ie (?), a. Deceitful; cunning; sly. [Scot.]

Loop"ing, n. [Cf. D. loopen to run. Cf. Loop a mass of iron, Leap.] (Metal.) The running together of the matter of an ore into a mass, when the ore is only heated for calcination.

Loop"ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of Loop.

Looping snail (Zoöl.), any species of land snail of the genus Truncatella; -- so called because it creeps like the measuring worms.

Loop"light` (?), n. A small narrow opening or window in a tower or fortified wall; a loophole.

Loord (?), n. [F. lourd heavy, dull.] A dull, stupid fellow; a drone. [Obs.] Spenser.

Loos (?), n. [OE. los, fr. OF. los, laus.] Praise; fame; reputation. [Obs.] Spenser.

> Good conscience and good loos.

Chaucer.

Loose (ls), a. [Compar. Looser (?); superl. Loosest.] [OE. loos, lous, laus, Icel. lauss; akin to OD. loos, D. los, AS. leás false, deceitful, G. los, loose, Dan. & Sw. lös, Goth. laus, and E. lose. √127. See Lose, and cf. Leasing falsehood.] 1. Unbound; untied; unsewed; not attached, fastened, fixed, or confined; as, the loose sheets of a book.

> Her hair, nor loose, nor tied in formal plat.

Shak.

2. Free from constraint or obligation; not bound by duty, habit, etc.; -- with from or of.

> Now I stand
> Loose of my vow; but who knows Cato's thoughts ?

Addison.

3. Not tight or close; as, a loose garment.

4. Not dense, close, compact, or crowded; as, a cloth of loose texture.

> With horse and chariots ranked in loose array.

Milton.

5. Not precise or exact; vague; indeterminate; as, a loose style, or way of reasoning.

> The comparison employed . . . must be considered rather as a loose analogy than as an exact scientific explanation.

Whewel.

6. Not strict in matters of morality; not rigid according to some standard of right.

> The loose morality which he had learned.

Sir W. Scott.

7. Unconnected; rambling.

> Vario spends whole mornings in running over loose and unconnected pages.

I. Watts.

8. Lax; not costive; having lax bowels. Locke.

9. Dissolute; unchaste; as, a loose man or woman.

> Loose ladies in delight.

Spenser.

10. Containing or consisting of obscene or unchaste language; as, a loose epistle. Dryden.

At loose ends, not in order; in confusion; carelessly managed. -- Fast and loose. See under Fast. -- To break loose. See under Break. -- Loose pulley. (Mach.) See Fast and loose pulleys, under Fast. -- To let loose, to free from restraint or confinement; to set at liberty.

Loose, n. 1. Freedom from restraint. [Obs.] Prior.

2. A letting go; discharge. B. Jonson.

To give a loose, to give freedom.

> Vent all its griefs, and give a loose to sorrow.

Addison.

Loose (ls), v. n. [imp. & p. p. Loosed (lst); p. pr. & vb. n. Loosing.] [From Loose, a.] 1. To untie or unbind; to free from any fastening; to remove the shackles or fastenings of; to set free; to relieve.

> Canst thou . . . loose the bands of Orion ?

Job. xxxviii. 31.

> Ye shall find an ass tied, and a colt with her; loose them, and bring them unto me.

Matt. xxi. 2.

2. To release from anything obligatory or burdensome; to disengage; hence, to absolve; to remit.

> Art thou loosed from a wife ? seek not a wife.

1 Cor. vii. 27.

> Whatsoever thou shalt loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.

Matt. xvi. 19.

3. To relax; to loosen; to make less strict.

> The joints of his loins were loosed.

Dan. v. 6.

4. To solve; to interpret. [Obs.] Spenser.

Loose, v. i. To set sail. [Obs.] Acts xiii. 13.

Loose"ly, adv. In a loose manner.

Loos"en (ls"'n), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Loosened (ls"'nd); p. pr. & vb. n. Loosening.] [See Loose, v. t.] 1. To make loose; to free from tightness, tension, firmness, or fixedness; to make less dense or compact; as, to loosen a string, or a knot; to loosen a rock in the earth.

> After a year's rooting, then shaking doth the tree good by loosening of the earth.

Bacon.

2. To free from restraint; to set at liberty..

> It loosens his hands, and assists his understanding.

Dryden.

3. To remove costiveness from; to facilitate or increase the alvine discharges of. Bacon.

Loos"en, v. i. To become loose; to become less tight, firm, or compact. S. Sharp.

Loos"en*er (?), n. One who, or that which, loosens.

Loose"ness, n. The state, condition, or quality, of being loose; as, the looseness of a cord; looseness of style; looseness of morals or of principles.

Loose"strife` (-strf`), n. (Bot.) (a) The name of several species of plants of the genus Lysimachia, having small star-shaped flowers, usually of a yellow color. (b) Any species of the genus Lythrum, having purple, or, in some species, crimson flowers. Gray.

<! p. 869 !>

False loosestrife, a plant of the genus Ludwigia, which includes several species, most of which are found in the United States. -- Tufted loosestrife, the plant Lysimachia thyrsiflora, found in the northern parts of the United States and in Europe. Gray.

Loos"ish (ls"sh), a. Somewhat loose.
[1913 Webster]

Loot (lt), n. [Hind. l, Skr. ltra, lptra, booty, lup to break, spoil; prob. akin to E. rob.] 1. The act of plundering.

2. Plunder; booty; especially, the booty taken in a conquered or sacked city.

Loot, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Looted; p. pr. & vb. n. Looting.] To plunder; to carry off as plunder or a prize lawfully obtained by war.

> Looting parties . . . ransacking the houses.

L. Oliphant.

Loot"er (lt"r), n. A plunderer.

Loo"ver (l"vr), n. See Louver.

Lop (?), n. [AS. loppe.] A flea.[Obs.] Cleveland.

Lop (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lopped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lopping (?).] [Prov. G. luppen, lubben,to cut, geld, or OD. luppen, D. lubben.] 1. To cut off as the top or extreme part of anything; to shoorten by cutting off the extremities; to cut off, or remove, as superfluous parts; as, to lop a tree or its branches. "With branches lopped, in wood or mountain felled." Milton.

> Expunge the whole, or lop the excrescent parts.

Pope.

2. To cut partly off and bend down; as, to lop bushes in a hedge.

Lop, n. That which is lopped from anything, as branches from a tree. Shak. Mortimer.

Lop, v. i. To hang downward; to be pendent; to lean to one side.

Lop, v. t. To let hang down; as, to lop the head.

Lop, a. Hanging down; as, lop ears; -- used also in compound adjectives; as, lopeared; lopsided.

Lope (?), imp. of Leap. [Obs.]

> And, laughing, lope into a tree. Spenser.

Lope, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Loped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Loping.] [See Leap.] 1. To leap; to dance. [Prov. Eng.] "He that lopes on the ropes." Middleton.

2. To move with a lope, as a horse. [U.S.]

Lope, n. 1. A leap; a long step. [Prov. Eng.]

2. An easy gait, consisting of long running strides or leaps. [U.S.]

> The mustang goes rollicking ahead, with the eternal lope, . . . a mixture of two or three gaits, as easy as the motions of a cradle.

T. B. Thorpe.

Lop"eared` (?), a. Having ears which lop or hang down.

Lope"man (?), n. Leaper; ropedancer. [Obs.]

Lop"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, lopes; esp., a horse that lopes. [U.S.]

2. (Rope Making) A swivel at one end of a ropewalk, used in laying the strands.

Loph"ine (?), n. [Gr. &?; a tuft or crest of feathers.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous organic base obtained by the oxidation of amarine, and regarded as a derivative of benzoic aldehyde. It is obtained in long white crystalline tufts, -- whence its name.

||Lo*phi"o*mys (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. lofia` a mane, bristly ridge + my^s a mouse.] (Zoöl.) A very singular rodent (Lophiomys Imhausi) of Northeastern Africa. It is the only known representative of a special family (Lophiomyidæ), remarkable for the structure of the skull. It has handlike feet, and the hair is peculiar in structure and arrangement.

Loph"o*branch (?), a. [Gr. lofia` crest or tuft + bra`gchion gill.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Lophobranchii. -- n. One of the Lophobranchii.

Loph`o*bran"chi*ate (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Lophobranchii.

||Loph`o*bran"chi*i (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. lo`fos a crest or tuft + bra`gchion gill.] (Zoöl.) An order of teleostean fishes, having the gills arranged in tufts on the branchial arches, as the Hippocampus and pipefishes.

Loph"o*phore (?), n. [Gr. lo`fos a crest or tuft + fe`rein to bear.] (Zoöl.) A disk which surrounds the mouth and bears the tentacles of the Bryozoa. See Phylactolemata.

||Lo*phop"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; a crest or tuft + -poda.] (Zoöl.) Same as Phylactolemata.

||Lo*phos"te*on (?), n.; pl. L. Lophostea (#), E. Lophosteons (#). [NL., from Gr. &?; a crest + &?; a bone.] (Anat.) The central keel-bearing part of the sternum in birds.

Lop"pard (?), n. [Lop + - ard.] A tree, the top of which has been lopped off. [Eng.]

Lop"per (?), n. One who lops or cuts off.

Lop"per, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Loppered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Loppering.] [Cf. Prov. G. lübbern, levern, OHG. giliber&?;n, G. luppe, lab, rennet.] To turn sour and coagulate from too long standing, as milk.

Lop"ping (?), n. A cutting off, as of branches; that which is cut off; leavings.

> The loppings made from that stock whilst it stood.

Burke.

Lop"py (?), a. Somewhat lop; inclined to lop.

Lop"seed` (?), n. (Bot.) A perennial herb (Phryma Leptostachya), having slender seedlike fruits.

Lop"sid`ed (?), a. [Lop + side. Cf. Lobsided.] 1. Leaning to one side because of some defect of structure; as, a lopsided ship. Marryat.

2. Unbalanced; poorly proportioned; full of idiosyncrasies. J. S. Mill.

Lo*qua"cious (?), a. [L. loquax, -acis, talkative, fr. loqui to speak; cf. Gr. &?; to rattle, shriek, shout.] 1. Given to continual talking; talkative; garrulous.

> Loquacious, brawling, ever in the wrong.

Dryden.

2. Speaking; expressive. [R.] J. Philips.

3. Apt to blab and disclose secrets.

Syn. -- Garrulous; talkative. See Garrulous.

Lo*qua"cious*ly, adv. In a loquacious manner.

Lo*qua"cious*ness, n. Loquacity.

Lo*quac"i*ty (?), n. [L. loquacitas: cf. F. loquacité.] The habit or practice of talking continually or excessively; inclination to talk too much; talkativeness; garrulity.

> Too great loquacity and too great taciturnity by fits.

Arbuthnot.

Lo"quat (?), n. [Chinese name.] (Bot.) The fruit of the Japanese medlar (Photinia Japonica). It is as large as a small plum, but grows in clusters, and contains four or five large seeds. Also, the tree itself.

Lo"ral (?), n. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the lores.

Lo"rate (?), a. [L. loratus, fr. lorum thong.] (Bot.) Having the form of a thong or strap; ligulate.

Lor"cha (?), n. [Pg.] (Naut.) A kind of light vessel used on the coast of China, having the hull built on a European model, and the rigging like that of a Chinese junk. Admiral Foote.

Lord (?), n. [Cf. Gr. &?; bent so as to be convex in front.] A hump-backed person; -- so called sportively. [Eng.] Richardson (Dict.).

Lord, n. [OE. lord, laverd, loverd, AS. hlford, for hlfweard, i. e., bread keeper; hlf bread, loaf + weardian to look after, to take care of, to ward. See Loaf, and Ward to guard, and cf. Laird, Lady.] 1. One who has power and authority; a master; a ruler; a governor; a prince; a proprietor, as of a manor.

> But now I was the lord
> Of this fair mansion.

Shak.

> Man over men
> He made not lord.

Milton.

2. A titled nobleman., whether a peer of the realm or not; a bishop, as a member of the House of Lords; by courtesy; the son of a duke or marquis, or the eldest son of an earl; in a restricted sense, a baron, as opposed to noblemen of higher rank. [Eng.]

3. A title bestowed on the persons above named; and also, for honor, on certain official persons; as, lord advocate, lord chamberlain, lord chancellor, lord chief justice, etc. [Eng.]

4. A husband. "My lord being old also." Gen. xviii. 12.

> Thou worthy lord
> Of that unworthy wife that greeteth thee.

Shak.

5. (Feudal Law) One of whom a fee or estate is held; the male owner of feudal land; as, the lord of the soil; the lord of the manor.

6. The Supreme Being; Jehovah.

When Lord, in the Old Testament, is printed in small capitals, it is usually equivalent to Jehovah, and might, with more propriety, be so rendered.

7. The Savior; Jesus Christ.

House of Lords, one of the constituent parts of the British Parliament, consisting of the lords spiritual and temporal. -- Lord high chancellor, Lord high constable, etc. See Chancellor, Constable, etc. -- Lord justice clerk, the second in rank of the two highest judges of the Supreme Court of Scotland. -- Lord justice general, or Lord president, the highest in rank of the judges of the Supreme Court of Scotland. -- Lord keeper, an ancient officer of the English crown, who had the custody of the king's great seal, with authority to affix it to public documents. The office is now merged in that of the chancellor. -- Lord lieutenant, a representative of British royalty: the lord lieutenant of Ireland being the representative of royalty there, and exercising supreme administrative authority; the lord lieutenant of a county being a deputy to manage its military concerns, and also to nominate to the chancellor the justices of the peace for that county. -- Lord of misrule, the master of the revels at Christmas in a nobleman's or other great house. Eng. Cyc. -- Lords spiritual, the archbishops and bishops who have seats in the House of Lords. -- Lords temporal, the peers of England; also, sixteen representative peers of Scotland, and twenty-eight representatives of the Irish peerage. -- Our lord, Jesus Christ; the Savior. -- The Lord's Day, Sunday; the Christian Sabbath, on which the Lord Jesus rose from the dead. -- The Lord's Prayer, the prayer which Jesus taught his disciples. Matt. vi. 9-13. -- The Lord's Supper. (a) The paschal supper partaken of by Jesus the night before his crucifixion. (b) The sacrament of the eucharist; the holy communion. -- The Lord's Table. (a) The altar or table from which the sacrament is dispensed. (b) The sacrament itself.

Lord, v. t. 1. To invest with the dignity, power, and privileges of a lord. [R.] Shak.

2. To rule or preside over as a lord. [R.]

Lord, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lorded; p. pr. & vb. n. Lording.] To play the lord; to domineer; to rule with arbitrary or despotic sway; -- sometimes with over; and sometimes with it in the manner of a transitive verb.

> The whiles she lordeth in licentious bliss.

Spenser.

> I see them lording it in London streets.

Shak.

> And lorded over them whom now they serve.

Milton.

Lord"ing, n. [Lord + - ing, 3.] 1. The son of a lord; a person of noble lineage. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. A little lord; a lordling; a lord, in contempt or ridicule. [Obs.] Swift.

In the plural, a common ancient mode of address equivalent to "Sirs" or "My masters."

> Therefore, lordings all, I you beseech.

Chaucer.

Lord"kin (?), n. A little lord. Thackeray.

Lord"like`, a. [2d lord + like. Cf. Lordly.]

1. Befitting or like a lord; lordly.

2. Haughty; proud; insolent; arrogant.

Lord"li*ness (?), n. [From Lordly.] The state or quality of being lordly. Shak.

Lord"ling (?), n. [Lord + - ling.] A little or insignificant lord. Goldsmith.

Lord"ly, a. [Compar. Lordlier (?); superl. Lordliest.] [Lord + -ly. Cf. Lordlike.] 1. Suitable for a lord; of or pertaining to a lord; resembling a lord; hence, grand; noble; dignified; honorable.

> She brought forth butter in a lordly dish.

Judges v. 25.

> Lordly sins require lordly estates to support them.

South.

> The maidens gathered strength and grace
> And presence, lordlier than before.

Tennyson.

2. Proud; haughty; imperious; insolent.

> Lords are lordliest in their wine.

Milton.

Syn. -- Imperious; haughty; overbearing; tyrannical; despotic; domineering; arrogant. See Imperious.

Lord"ly, adv. In a lordly manner.

Lord*ol"a*try (?), n. [Lord + -olatry, as in idolatry.] Worship of, or reverence for, a lord as such. [Jocose]

> But how should it be otherwise in a country where lordolatry is part of our creed ?

Thackeray.

||Lor*do"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; , fr. &?; bent so as to be convex in front.] (Med.) (a) A curvature of the spine forwards, usually in the lumbar region. (b) Any abnormal curvature of the bones.

Lords" and La"dies (?). (Bot.) The European wake-robin (Arum maculatum), -- those with purplish spadix the lords, and those with pale spadix the ladies. Dr. Prior.

Lord"ship (?), n. 1. The state or condition of being a lord; hence (with his or your), a title applied to a lord (except an archbishop or duke, who is called Grace) or a judge (in Great Britain), etc.

2. Seigniory; domain; the territory over which a lord holds jurisdiction; a manor.

> What lands and lordships for their owner know
> My quondam barber.

Dryden.

3. Dominion; power; authority.

> They which are accounted to rule over the Gentiles exercise lordship over them.

Mark x. 42.

Lore (lr), n. [F. lore, L. lorum thong.] (Zoöl.) (a) The space between the eye and bill, in birds, and the corresponding region in reptiles and fishes. (b) The anterior portion of the cheeks of insects.

Lore, obs. imp. & p. p. of Lose.. [See Lose.] Lost.

> Neither of them she found where she them lore.

Spenser.

Lore, n. [OE. lore, lare, AS. lr, fr. lran to teach; akin to D. leer teaching, doctrine, G. lehre, Dan. lære, Sw. lära. See Learn, and cf. Lere, v. t.] 1. That which is or may be learned or known; the knowledge gained from tradition, books, or experience; often, the whole body of knowledge possessed by a people or class of people, or pertaining to a particular subject; as, the lore of the Egyptians; priestly lore; legal lore; folklore. "The lore of war." Fairfax.

> His fair offspring, nursed in princely lore.

Milton.

2. That which is taught; hence, instruction; wisdom; advice; counsel. Chaucer.

> If please ye, listen to my lore.

Spenser.

3. Workmanship. [Obs.] Spenser.

{ Lor"e*al (?), Lor"al (?), } a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the lore; -- said of certain feathers of birds, scales of reptiles, etc.

Lor"el (?), n. [&?;. Cf. Losel.] A good for nothing fellow; a vagabond. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lor"en (?), obs. strong p. p. of Lose. Chaucer.

Lores"man (?), n. [Lore learning + man.] An instructor. [Obs.] Gower.

||Lo`rette" (?), n. [F.] In France, a name for a woman who is supported by her lovers, and devotes herself to idleness, show, and pleasure; -- so called from the church of Notre Dame de Lorette, in Paris, near which many of them resided.

Lo`ret*tine" (?), n. (R. C. Ch.) One of a order of nuns founded in 1812 at Loretto, in Kentucky. The members of the order (called also Sisters of Loretto, or Friends of Mary at the Foot of the Cross) devote themselves to the cause of education and the care of destitute orphans, their labors being chiefly confined to the Western United States.

Lor`gnette" (?) n. [F.] An opera glass; pl. elaborate double eyeglasses.

Lo"ri (?), n. (Zoöl.) Same as Lory.

Lo*ri"ca (?), n.; pl. Loricæ (#). [L., lit., a corselet of thongs, fr. lorum thong.] 1. (Anc. Armor) A cuirass, originally of leather, afterward of plates of metal or horn sewed on linen or the like.

2. (Chem.) Lute for protecting vessels from the fire.

3. (Zoöl.) The protective case or shell of an infusorian or rotifer.

||Lor`i*ca"ta (lr`*k"t), n. pl. [NL. See Loricate.] (Zoöl.) (a) A suborder of edentates, covered with bony plates, including the armadillos. (b) The crocodilia.

<! p. 870 !>

Lor"i*cate (lr"*kt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Loricated (lr"*k`td); p. pr. & vb. n. Loricating (lr"*k`tng).] [L. loricatus, p. p. of loricare to clothe in mail, to cover with plastering, fr. lorica a leather cuirass, a plastering, fr. lorum thong.] To cover with some protecting substance, as with lute, a crust, coating, or plates.

Lor"i*cate (?), a. [See Loricate, v.] Covered with a shell or exterior made of plates somewhat like a coat of mail, as in the armadillo.

Lor"i*cate, n. (Zoöl.) An animal covered with bony scales, as crocodiles among reptiles, and the pangolins among mammals.

Lor`i*ca"tion (?), n. [L. loricatio.] The act of loricating; the protecting substance put on; a covering of scales or plates.

Lor"i*keet (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one numerous species of small brush-tongued parrots or lories, found mostly in Australia, New Guinea and the adjacent islands, with some forms in the East Indies. They are arboreal in their habits and feed largely upon the honey of flowers. They belong to Trichoglossus, Loriculus, and several allied genera.

{ Lor"i*mer (?), Lor"i*ner (?), } n. [OF. lormier, loremier, fr. LL. loranum bridle, L. lorum thong, the rein of a bridle.] A maker of bits, spurs, and metal mounting for bridles and saddles; hence, a saddler. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Lor"ing (?), n. [See 3d Lore.] Instructive discourse. [Obs.] Spenser.

Lo"ri*ot (?), n. [F., fr. OF. loriou, for l'oriol, oriol, l' being the article. The same word as oriole. See Oriole.] (Zoöl.) The golden oriole of Europe. See Oriole.

Lo"ris (?), n. [Loris, or lori, the indigenous East Indian name.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small lemurs of the genus Stenops. They have long, slender limbs and large eyes, and are arboreal in their habits. The slender loris (S. gracilis), of Ceylon, in one of the best known species. [Written also lori.]

Lorn (?), a. [Strong p. p. of Lose. See Lose, Forlorn.] 1. Lost; undone; ruined. [Archaic]

> If thou readest, thou art lorn.

Sir W. Scott.

2. Forsaken; abandoned; solitary; bereft; as, a lone, lorn woman.

{ Lor"rie, Lor"ry } (?), n.; pl. Lorries (#). [Prob. from lurry to pull or lug.] A small cart or wagon, as those used on the tramways in mines to carry coal or rubbish; also, a barrow or truck for shifting baggage, as at railway stations.

Lo"ry (?), n.; pl. Lories (#). [Hind. & Malay. lr, nr.] (Zoöl.) Any one of many species of small parrots of the family Trichoglossidæ, generally having the tongue papillose at the tip, and the mandibles straighter and less toothed than in common parrots. They are found in the East Indies, Australia, New Guinea, and the adjacent islands. They feed mostly on soft fruits and on the honey of flowers.

The lory, or louri, of South Africa is the white-crested plantain eater or turacou. See Turacou.

Los (?), n. Praise. See Loos. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Los"a*ble (?), a. Such as can be lost.

Los"ange (?), n. See Lozenge.

Lose (lz), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lost (lst; 115) p. pr. & vb. n. Losing (lz"ng).] [OE. losien to loose, be lost, lose, AS. losian to become loose; akin to OE. leosen to lose, p. p. loren, lorn, AS. leósan, p. p. loren (in comp.), D. verliezen, G. verlieren, Dan. forlise, Sw. förlisa, förlora, Goth. fraliusan, also to E. loose, a & v., L. luere to loose, Gr. ly`ein, Skr. l to cut. √127. Cf. Analysis, Palsy, Solve, Forlorn, Leasing, Loose, Loss.]

1. To part with unintentionally or unwillingly, as by accident, misfortune, negligence, penalty, forfeit, etc.; to be deprived of; as, to lose money from one's purse or pocket, or in business or gaming; to lose an arm or a leg by amputation; to lose men in battle.

> Fair Venus wept the sad disaster
> Of having lost her favorite dove.

Prior.

2. To cease to have; to possess no longer; to suffer diminution of; as, to lose one's relish for anything; to lose one's health.

> If the salt hath lost his savor, wherewith shall it be salted ?

Matt. v. 13.

3. Not to employ; to employ ineffectually; to throw away; to waste; to squander; as, to lose a day; to lose the benefits of instruction.

> The unhappy have but hours, and these they lose.

Dryden.

4. To wander from; to miss, so as not to be able to and; to go astray from; as, to lose one's way.

> He hath lost his fellows.

Shak

5. To ruin; to destroy; as destroy; as, the ship was lost on the ledge.

> The woman that deliberates is lost.

Addison.

6. To be deprived of the view of; to cease to see or know the whereabouts of; as, he lost his companion in the crowd.

> Like following life thro' creatures you dissect,
> You lose it in the moment you detect.

Pope.

7. To fail to obtain or enjoy; to fail to gain or win; hence, to fail to catch with the mind or senses; to miss; as, I lost a part of what he said.

> He shall in no wise lose his reward.

Matt. x. 42.

> I fought the battle bravely which I lost,
> And lost it but to Macedonians.

Dryden.

8. To cause to part with; to deprive of. [R.]

> How should you go about to lose him a wife he loves with so much passion ?

Sir W. Temple.

9. To prevent from gaining or obtaining.

> O false heart ! thou hadst almost betrayed me to eternal flames, and lost me this glory.

Baxter.

To lose ground, to fall behind; to suffer gradual loss or disadvantage. -- To lose heart, to lose courage; to become timid. "The mutineers lost heart." Macaulay. -- To lose one's head, to be thrown off one's balance; to lose the use of one's good sense or judgment.

> In the excitement of such a discovery, many scholars lost their heads.

Whitney.

-- To lose one's self. (a) To forget or mistake the bearing of surrounding objects; as, to lose one's self in a great city. (b) To have the perceptive and rational power temporarily suspended; as, we lose ourselves in sleep. -- To lose sight of. (a) To cease to see; as, to lose sight of the land. (b) To overlook; to forget; to fail to perceive; as, he lost sight of the issue.

Lose (?), v. i. To suffer loss, disadvantage, or defeat; to be worse off, esp. as the result of any kind of contest.

> We 'll . . . hear poor rogues
> Talk of court news; and we'll talk with them too,
> Who loses and who wins; who's in, who's out.

Shak.

Los"el (?), n. [From the root of lose, loss. √127. Cf. Lorel.] One who loses by sloth or neglect; a worthless person; a lorel. [Archaic] Spenser.

> One sad losel soils a name for aye.

Byron.

Los"el, a. Wasteful; slothful.

Los"en*ger (?), n. [OF. losengier, losengeor, fr. losengier to deceive, flatter, losenge, flattery, Pr. lauzenga, fr. L. laus praise. Cf. Lozenge.] A flatterer; a deceiver; a cozener. [Obs.] Chaucer.

> To a fair pair of gallows, there to end their lives with shame, as a number of such other losengers had done.

Holinshed.

Los"en*ger*ie (?), n. [OF.] Flattery; deceit; trickery. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Los"er (?), n. One who loses. South.

Lo"sing (?), a. [See Losenger.] Given to flattery or deceit; flattering; cozening. [Obs.]

> Amongst the many simoniacal that swarmed in the land, Herbert, Bishop of Thetford, must not be forgotten; nick-named Losing, that is, the Flatterer.

Fuller.

Los"ing (?), a. [See Lose, v. t.] Causing or incurring loss; as, a losing game or business.

> Who strive to sit out losing hands are lost.

Herbert.

Los"ing*ly (?), adv. In a manner to incur loss.

Loss (ls; 115), n. [AS. los loss, losing, fr. leósan to lose. √127. See Lose, v. t.] 1. The act of losing; failure; destruction; privation; as, the loss of property; loss of money by gaming; loss of health or reputation.

> Assured loss before the match be played.

Shak.

2. The state of losing or having lost; the privation, defect, misfortune, harm, etc., which ensues from losing.

> Though thou repent, yet I have still the loss.

Shak.

3. That which is lost or from which one has parted; waste; -- opposed to gain or increase; as, the loss of liquor by leakage was considerable.

4. The state of being lost or destroyed; especially, the wreck or foundering of a ship or other vessel.

5. Failure to gain or win; as, loss of a race or battle.

6. Failure to use advantageously; as, loss of time.

7. (Mil.) Killed, wounded, and captured persons, or captured property.

8. (Insurance) Destruction or diminution of value, if brought about in a manner provided for in the insurance contract (as destruction by fire or wreck, damage by water or smoke), or the death or injury of an insured person; also, the sum paid or payable therefor; as, the losses of the company this year amount to a million of dollars.

To bear a loss, to make a loss good; also, to sustain a loss without sinking under it. -- To be at a loss, to be in a state of uncertainty.

Syn. -- Privation; detriment; injury; damage.

Loss"ful (?), a. Detrimental. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Loss"less, a. Free from loss. [Obs.] Milton.

Lost (?), a. [Prop. p. p. of OE. losien. See Lose, v. t.] 1. Parted with unwillingly or unintentionally; not to be found; missing; as, a lost book or sheep.

2. Parted with; no longer held or possessed; as, a lost limb; lost honor.

3. Not employed or enjoyed; thrown away; employed ineffectually; wasted; squandered; as, a lost day; a lost opportunity or benefit.

5. Having wandered from, or unable to find, the way; bewildered; perplexed; as, a child lost in the woods; a stranger lost in London.

6. Ruined or destroyed, either physically or morally; past help or hope; as, a ship lost at sea; a woman lost to virtue; a lost soul.

7. Hardened beyond sensibility or recovery; alienated; insensible; as, lost to shame; lost to all sense of honor.

8. Not perceptible to the senses; no longer visible; as, an island lost in a fog; a person lost in a crowd.

9. Occupied with, or under the influence of, something, so as to be insensible of external things; as, to be lost in thought.

Lost motion (Mach.), the difference between the motion of a driver and that of a follower, due to the yielding of parts or looseness of joints.

Lot (lt), n. [AS. hlot; akin to hleótan to cast lots, OS. hlt lot, D. lot, G. loos, OHG. lz, Icel. hlutr, Sw. lott, Dan. lod, Goth. hlauts. Cf. Allot, Lotto, Lottery.]

1. That which happens without human design or forethought; chance; accident; hazard; fortune; fate.

> But save my life, which lot before your foot doth lay.

Spenser.

2. Anything (as a die, pebble, ball, or slip of paper) used in determining a question by chance, or without man's choice or will; as, to cast or draw lots.

> The lot is cast into the lap, but the whole disposing thereof is of the Lord.

Prov. xvi. 33.

> If we draw lots, he speeds.

Shak.

3. The part, or fate, which falls to one, as it were, by chance, or without his planning.

> O visions ill foreseen! Each day's lot's
> Enough to bear.

Milton.

> He was but born to try
> The lot of man -- to suffer and to die.

Pope.

4. A separate portion; a number of things taken collectively; as, a lot of stationery; -- colloquially, sometimes of people; as, a sorry lot; a bad lot.

> I, this winter, met with a very large lot of English heads, chiefly of the reign of James I.

Walpole.

5. A distinct portion or plot of land, usually smaller than a field; as, a building lot in a city.

> The defendants leased a house and lot in the city of New York.

Kent.

6. A large quantity or number; a great deal; as, to spend a lot of money; lots of people think so. [Colloq.]

> He wrote to her . . . he might be detained in London by a lot of business.

W. Black.

7. A prize in a lottery. [Obs.] Evelyn.

To cast in one's lot with, to share the fortunes of. -- To cast lots, to use or throw a die, or some other instrument, by the unforeseen turn or position of which, an event is by previous agreement determined. -- To draw lots, to determine an event, or make a decision, by drawing one thing from a number whose marks are concealed from the drawer. -- To pay scot and lot, to pay taxes according to one's ability. See Scot.

Lot (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lotted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lotting (?).] To allot; to sort; to portion. [R.]

To lot on or upon, to count or reckon upon; to expect with pleasure. [Colloq. U. S.]

Lote (?), n. [L. lotus, Gr. &?;. Cf. Lotus.] (Bot.) A large tree (Celtis australis), found in the south of Europe. It has a hard wood, and bears a cherrylike fruit. Called also nettle tree. Eng. Cyc.

Lote, n. [F. lotte.] (Zoöl.) The European burbot.

Lote (?), v. i. [AS. lutian.] To lurk; to lie hid. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Loth (?), a., Loth"ly, a. & adv., Loth"some (&?;), a., See Loath, Loathly, etc.

Lo*tha"ri*o (?), n. [Name of a character in Rowe's drama, "The Fair Penitent."] A gay seducer of women; a libertine.

Lo"tion (?), n. [L. lotio, fr. lavare, lotum, to wash: cf. F. lotion. See Lave to wash.] 1. A washing, especially of the skin for the purpose of rendering it fair.

2. A liquid preparation for bathing the skin, or an injured or diseased part, either for a medicinal purpose, or for improving its appearance.

Lo"to (?), n. See Lotto.

||Lo*tong" (?), n. [Malay ltong.] (Zoöl.) An East Indian monkey (Semnopithecus femoralis).

||Lo*toph"a*gi (?), n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. &?;; &?; the lotus + &?; to eat.] (Class. Myth.) A people visited by Ulysses in his wanderings. They subsisted on the lotus. See Lotus (b), and Lotus- eater.

Lo"tos (?), n. [NL.] (Bot.) See Lotus.

Lot"ter*y (?), n.; pl. Lotteries (#). [Lot + -ery, as in brewery, bindery.] 1. A scheme for the distribution of prizes by lot or chance; esp., a gaming scheme in which one or more tickets bearing particular numbers draw prizes, and the rest of the tickets are blanks. Fig.: An affair of chance.

The laws of the United States and of most of the States make lotteries illegal.

2. Allotment; thing allotted. [Obs.] Shak.

Lot"to (?), n. [F. loto or It. lotto, prop., a lot; of German origin. See Lot.] A game of chance, played with cards, on which are inscribed numbers, and any contrivance (as a wheel containing numbered balls) for determining a set of numbers by chance. The player holding a card having on it the set of numbers drawn from the wheel takes the stakes after a certain percentage of them has been deducted for the dealer. A variety of lotto is called keno. [Often written loto.]

Lo"ture (?), n. [L. lotura. See Lotion.] See Lotion. [Obs.] Holland.

Lo"tus (l"ts), n. [L. lotus, Gr. lwto`s. Cf. Lote.] 1. (Bot.) (a) A name of several kinds of water lilies; as Nelumbium speciosum, used in religious ceremonies, anciently in Egypt, and to this day in Asia; Nelumbium luteum, the American lotus; and Nymphæa Lotus and N. cærulea, the respectively white- flowered and blue-flowered lotus of modern Egypt, which, with Nelumbium speciosum, are figured on its ancient monuments. (b) The lotus of the lotuseaters, probably a tree found in Northern Africa, Sicily, Portugal, and Spain (Zizyphus Lotus), the fruit of which is mildly sweet. It was fabled by the ancients to make strangers who ate of it forget their native country, or lose all desire to return to it. (c) The lote, or nettle tree. See Lote. (d) A genus (Lotus) of leguminous plants much resembling clover. [Written also lotos.]

European lotus, a small tree (Diospyros Lotus) of Southern Europe and Asia; also, its rather large bluish black berry, which is called also the date plum.

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2. (Arch.) An ornament much used in Egyptian architecture, generally asserted to have been suggested by the Egyptian water lily.

{ Lo"tus-eat`er (l"ts-t`r), Lo"tos-eat`er (l"ts-t`r), } n. (Class. Myth.) One who ate the fruit or leaf of the lotus, and, as a consequence, gave himself up to indolence and daydreams; one of the Lotophagi.

> The mild-eyed melancholy Lotos- eaters.

Tennyson.

||Lou*chettes" (?), n. pl. [F.] Goggles intended to rectify strabismus by permitting vision only directly in front. Knight.

Loud (loud), a. [Compar. Louder (loud"r); superl. Loudest.] [OE. loud, lud, AS. hld; akin to OS. hld, D. luid, OHG. lt, G. laut, L. - clutus, in inclutus, inclitus, celebrated, renowned, cluere to be called, Gr. klyto`s heard, loud, famous, kly`ein to hear, Skr. çru. √41. Cf. Client, Listen, Slave a serf.] 1. Having, making, or being a strong or great sound; noisy; striking the ear with great force; as, a loud cry; loud thunder.

> They were instant with loud voices, requiring that he might be crucified.

Luke xxiii. 23.

2. Clamorous; boisterous.

> She is loud and stubborn.

Prov. vii. 11.

3. Emphatic; impressive; urgent; as, a loud call for united effort. [Colloq.]

4. Ostentatious; likely to attract attention; gaudy; as, a loud style of dress; loud colors. [Slang]

Syn. -- Noisy; boisterous; vociferous; clamorous; obstreperous; turbulent; blustering; vehement.

Loud, adv. [AS. hlde.] With loudness; loudly.

> To speak loud in public assemblies.

Addison.

Loud"ful (?), a. Noisy. [Obs.] Marsion.

Loud"ly, adv. In a loud manner. Denham.

Loud"-mouthed` (?), a. Having a loud voice; talking or sounding noisily; noisily impudent.

Loud"ness, n. The quality or state of being loud.

Loud"-voiced` (?), a. Having a loud voice; noisy; clamorous. Byron.

Lough (?), n. [See 1st Loch.] A loch or lake; -- so spelt in Ireland.

Lough (?), obs. strong imp. of Laugh. Chaucer.

Lou"is d'or` (?). [F., gold louis.] Formerly, a gold coin of France nominally worth twenty shillings sterling, but of varying value; -- first struck in 1640.

Lou"is qua*torze" (l" k*tôrz"). [F., Louis fourteenth.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling, the art or style of the times of Louis XIV. of France; as, Louis quatorze architecture.

Louk (louk), n. An accomplice; a "pal." [Obs.]

> There is no thief without a louk.

Chaucer.

Lounge (lounj), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lounged (lounjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Lounging (loun"jng).] [OE. lungis a tall, slow, awkward fellow, OF. longis, longin, said to be fr. Longinus, the name of the centurion who pierced the body of Christ, but with reference also to L. longus long. Cf. Long, a.] To spend time lazily, whether lolling or idly sauntering; to pass time indolently; to stand, sit, or recline, in an indolent manner.

> We lounge over the sciences, dawdle through literature, yawn over politics.

J. Hannay.

Lounge, n. 1. An idle gait or stroll; the state of reclining indolently; a place of lounging.

> She went with Lady Stock to a bookseller's whose shop served as a fashionable lounge.

Miss Edgeworth.

2. A piece of furniture resembling a sofa, upon which one may lie or recline.

Loun"ger (?), n. One who lounges; an idler.

Loup (lp), n. (Iron Works) See 1st Loop.

||Loup"-cer`vier" (?), n. [F. Cf. Lusern.] (Zoöl.) The Canada lynx. See Lynx.

||Loup`-loup" (l`l"), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The Pomeranian or Spitz dog.

Loups (?), n. pl.; sing. Loup. [F., prop., a wolf.] (Ethnol.) The Pawnees, a tribe of North American Indians whose principal totem was the wolf.

||Lour (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoöl.) An Asiatic sardine (Clupea Neohowii), valued for its oil.

Lou"ri (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Lory.

Louse (lous), n.; pl. Lice (ls). [OE. lous, AS. ls, pl. ls; akin to D. luis, G. laus, OHG. ls, Icel. ls, Sw. lus, Dan. luus; perh. so named because it is destructive, and akin to E. lose, loose.] (Zoöl.) 1. Any one of numerous species of small, wingless, suctorial, parasitic insects belonging to a tribe (Pediculina), now usually regarded as degraded Hemiptera. To this group belong of the lice of man and other mammals; as, the head louse of man (Pediculus capitis), the body louse (P. vestimenti), and the crab louse (Phthirius pubis), and many others. See Crab louse, Dog louse, Cattle louse, etc., under Crab, Dog, etc.

2. Any one of numerous small mandibulate insects, mostly parasitic on birds, and feeding on the feathers. They are known as Mallophaga, or bird lice, though some occur on the hair of mammals. They are usually regarded as degraded Pseudoneuroptera. See Mallophaga.

3. Any one of the numerous species of aphids, or plant lice. See Aphid.

4. Any small crustacean parasitic on fishes. See Branchiura, and Ichthvophthira.

The term is also applied to various other parasites; as, the whale louse, beelouse, horse louse.

Louse fly (Zoöl.), a parasitic dipterous insect of the group Pupipara. Some of them are wingless, as the bee louse. -- Louse mite (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of mites which infest mammals and birds, clinging to the hair and feathers like lice. They belong to Myobia, Dermaleichus, Mycoptes, and several other genera.

Louse (louz), v. t. To clean from lice. "You sat and loused him." Swift.

Louse"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) Any species of Pedicularis, a genus of perennial herbs. It was said to make sheep that fed on it lousy.

Yellow lousewort , a plant of the genus Rhinanthus.

Lous"i*ly (?), adv. [From Lousy.] In a lousy manner; in a mean, paltry manner; scurvily. [Vulgar]

Lous"i*ness, n. The state or quality of being lousy.

Lous"y (?), a. 1. Infested with lice.

2. Mean; contemptible; as, lousy knave. [Vulgar]

> Such lousy learning as this is.

Bale.

Lout (lout), v. i. [OE. louten, luten, AS. ltan; akin to Icel. lta, Dan. lude, OHG. lzn to lie hid.] To bend; to box; to stoop. [Archaic] Chaucer. Longfellow.

> He fair the knight saluted, louting low.

Spenser.

Lout, n. [Formerly also written lowt.] A clownish, awkward fellow; a bumpkin. Sir P. Sidney.

Lout, v. t. To treat as a lout or fool; to neglect; to disappoint. [Obs.] Shak.

Lout"ish, a. Clownish; rude; awkward. "Loutish clown." Sir P. Sidney. -- Lout"ish*ly, adv. -- Lout"ish*ness, n.

||Lou*tou" (?), n. [Native names.] (Zoöl.) A crested black monkey (Semnopithecus maurus) of Java.

{ Lou"ver, Lou"vre } (?), n. [OE. lover, OF. lover, lovier; or l'ouvert the opening, fr. overt, ouvert, p. p. of ovrir, ouvrir, to open, F. ouvrir. Cf. Overt.] (Arch.) A small lantern. See Lantern, 2 (a). [Written also lover, loover, lovery, and luffer.]

Louver boards or boarding, the sloping boards set to shed rainwater outward in openings which are to be left otherwise unfilled; as belfry windows, the openings of a louver, etc. -- Louver work, slatted work.

Lov"a*ble (?), a. Having qualities that excite, or are fitted to excite, love; worthy of love.

> Elaine the fair, Elaine the lovable,
> Elaine, the lily maid of Astolat.

Tennyson.

Lov"age (?), n. [F. livèche, fr. L. levisticum, ligusticum, a plant indigenous to Liguria, lovage, from Ligusticus Ligustine, Ligurian, Liguria a country of Cisalpine Gaul.] (Bot.) An umbelliferous plant (Levisticum officinale), sometimes used in medicine as an aromatic stimulant.

Love (?), n. [OE. love, luve, AS. lufe, lufu; akin to E. lief, believe, L. lubet, libet,it pleases, Skr. lubh to be lustful. See Lief.] 1. A feeling of strong attachment induced by that which delights or commands admiration; preëminent kindness or devotion to another; affection; tenderness; as, the love of brothers and sisters.

> Of all the dearest bonds we prove
> Thou countest sons' and mothers' love
> Most sacred, most Thine own.

Keble.

2. Especially, devoted attachment to, or tender or passionate affection for, one of the opposite sex.

> He on his side
> Leaning half-raised, with looks of cordial love
> Hung over her enamored.

Milton.

3. Courtship; -- chiefly in the phrase to make love, i. e., to court, to woo, to solicit union in marriage.

> Demetrius . . .
> Made love to Nedar's daughter, Helena,
> And won her soul.

Shak.

4. Affection; kind feeling; friendship; strong liking or desire; fondness; good will; -- opposed to hate; often with of and an object.

> Love, and health to all.

Shak.

> Smit with the love of sacred song.

Milton.

> The love of science faintly warmed his breast.

Fenton.

5. Due gratitude and reverence to God.

> Keep yourselves in the love of God.

Jude 21.

6. The object of affection; -- often employed in endearing address. "Trust me, love." Dryden.

> Open the temple gates unto my love.

Spenser.

7. Cupid, the god of love; sometimes, Venus.

> Such was his form as painters, when they show
> Their utmost art, on naked Lores bestow.

Dryden.

> Therefore do nimble-pinioned doves draw Love.

Shak.

8. A thin silk stuff. [Obs.] Boyle.

9. (Bot.) A climbing species of Clematis (C. Vitalba).

10. Nothing; no points scored on one side; -- used in counting score at tennis, etc.

> He won the match by three sets to love.

The Field.

Love is often used in the formation of compounds, in most of which the meaning is very obvious; as, love-cracked, love-darting, love-killing, love-linked, love-taught, etc.

A labor of love, a labor undertaken on account of regard for some person, or through pleasure in the work itself, without expectation of reward. -- Free love, the doctrine or practice of consorting with one of the opposite sex, at pleasure, without marriage. See Free love. -- Free lover, one who avows or practices free love. -- In love, in the act of loving; -- said esp. of the love of the sexes; as, to be in love; to fall in love. -- Love apple (Bot.), the tomato. -- Love bird (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small, short-tailed parrots, or parrakeets, of the genus Agapornis, and allied genera. They are mostly from Africa. Some species are often kept as cage birds, and are celebrated for the affection which they show for their mates. -- Love broker, a person who for pay acts as agent between lovers, or as a go-between in a sexual intrigue. Shak. -- Love charm, a charm for exciting love. Ld. Lytton. -- Love child. an illegitimate child. Jane Austen. -- Love day, a day formerly appointed for an amicable adjustment of differences. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Chaucer. -- Love drink, a love potion; a philter. Chaucer. -- Love favor, something given to be worn in token of love. -- Love feast, a religious festival, held quarterly by some religious denominations, as the Moravians and Methodists, in imitation of the agapæ of the early Christians. -- Love feat, the gallant act of a lover. Shak. -- Love game, a game, as in tennis, in which the vanquished person or party does not score a point. -- Love grass. [G. liebesgras.] (Bot.) Any grass of the genus Eragrostis. -- Love-in-a-mist. (Bot.) (a) An herb of the Buttercup family (Nigella Damascena) having the flowers hidden in a maze of finely cut bracts. (b) The West Indian Passiflora fœtida, which has similar bracts. -- Love-in- idleness (Bot.), a kind of violet; the small pansy.

> A little western flower,
> Before milk-white, now purple with love's wound;
> And maidens call it love-in-idleness.

Shak.

-- Love juice, juice of a plant supposed to produce love. Shak. -- Love knot, a knot or bow, as of ribbon; -- so called from being used as a token of love, or as a pledge of mutual affection. Milman. -- Love lass, a sweetheart. -- Love letter, a letter of courtship. Shak. -- Love-lies-bleeding (Bot.), a species of amaranth (Amarantus melancholicus). -- Love match, a marriage brought about by love alone. -- Love potion, a compounded draught intended to excite love, or venereal desire. -- Love rites, sexual intercourse. Pope -- Love scene, an exhibition of love, as between lovers on the stage. -- Love suit, courtship. Shak. -- Of all loves, for the sake of all love; by all means. [Obs.] "Mrs. Arden desired him of all loves to come back again." Holinshed. -- The god of love, or Love god, Cupid. -- To make love to, to express affection for; to woo. "If you will marry, make your loves to me." Shak. -- To play for love, to play a game, as at cards, without stakes. "A game at piquet for love." Lamb.

Syn. -- Affection; friendship; kindness; tenderness; fondness; delight.

Love (lv), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Loved (lvd); p. pr. & vb. n. Loving.] [AS. lufian. √124. See Love, n.] 1. To have a feeling of love for; to regard with affection or good will; as, to love one's children and friends; to love one's country; to love one's God.

> Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind.

Matt. xxii. 37.

> Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thy self.

Matt. xxii. 39.

2. To regard with passionate and devoted affection, as that of one sex for the other.

3. To take delight or pleasure in; to have a strong liking or desire for, or interest in; to be pleased with; to like; as, to love books; to love adventures.

> Wit, eloquence, and poetry.
> Arts which I loved.

Cowley.

Love, v. i. To have the feeling of love; to be in love.

Love"a*ble (?), a. See Lovable.

Love"-dru`ry, n. [Love + OF. druerie. Cf. Druery.] Affection. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lov*ee" (?), n. One who is loved. [Humorous] "The lover and lovee." Richardson.

Love"ful (?), a. Full of love. [Obs.] Sylvester.

Love"less, a. 1. Void of love; void of tenderness or kindness. Milton. Shelton.

2. Not attracting love; unattractive.

> These are ill-favored to see to; and yet, as loveless as they be, they are not without some medicinable virtues.

Holland.

Love"li*ly (?), adv. [From Lovely.] In manner to excite love; amiably. [R.] Otway.

Love"li*ness, n. [From Lovely.] The state or quality of being lovely.

> If there is such a native loveliness in the sex as to make them victorious when in the wrong, how resistless their power when they are on the side of truth!

Spectator.

Love"lock` (?), n. A long lock of hair hanging prominently by itself; an earlock; -- worn by men of fashion in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I. Burton.

> A long lovelock and long hair he wore.

Sir W. Scott.

Love"lorn` (?), a. Forsaken by one's love.

> The lovelorn nightingale.

Milton.

Love"ly (?), a. [Compar. Lovelier (?); superl. Loveliest.] [AS. luflic.] 1. Having such an appearance as excites, or is fitted to excite, love; beautiful; charming; very pleasing in form, looks, tone, or manner. "Lovely to look on." Piers Plowman.

> Not one so fair of face, of speech so lovely.

Robert of Brunne.

> If I had such a tire, this face of mine
> Were full as lovely as is this of hers.

Shak.

2. Lovable; amiable; having qualities of any kind which excite, or are fitted to excite, love or friendship.

> A most lovely gentlemanlike man.

Shak.

3. Loving; tender. [Obs.] "A lovely kiss." Shak.

> Many a lovely look on them he cast.

Chaucer.

4. Very pleasing; -- applied loosely to almost anything which is not grand or merely pretty; as, a lovely view; a lovely valley; a lovely melody.

> Indeed these fields
> Are lovely, lovelier not the Elysian lawns.

Tennyson.

Syn. -- Beautiful; charming; delightful; delectable; enchanting; lovable; amiable.

Love"ly, adv. In a manner to please, or to excite love. [Obs. or R.] Tyndale.

Love"-mak`ing (?), n. Courtship. Bacon.

Love"mon`ger (?), n. One who deals in affairs of love.[Obs.] Shak.

Lov"er (lv"r), n. 1. One who loves; one who is in love; -- usually limited, in the singular, to a person of the male sex. Gower.

> Love is blind, and lovers can not see
> The pretty follies that themselves commit.

Shak.

2. A friend; one strongly attached to another; one who greatly desires the welfare of any person or thing; as, a lover of his country.

> I slew my best lover for the good of Rome.

Shak.

3. One who has a strong liking for anything, as books, science, or music. "A lover of knowledge." T. Burnet.

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{ Lo"ver (l"vr), Lo"ver*y (?), } n. See Louver. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Lo"ver*wise` (lv"r*wz`), adv. As lovers do.

> As they sat down here loverwise.

W. D. Howells.

Love"-sick` (?), a. 1. Languishing with love or amorous desire; as, a love-sick maid.

> To the dear mistress of my love-sick mind.

Dryden.

2. Originating in, or expressive of, languishing love.

> Where nightingales their love-sick ditty sing.

Dryden.

Love"-sick`ness, n. The state of being love-sick.

Love"some (?), a. [AS. lufsum.] Lovely. [Obs.]

Lov"ing (?), a. 1. Affectionate.

> The fairest and most loving wife in Greece.

Tennyson.

2. Expressing love or kindness; as, loving words.

Lov"ing-kind"ness (?), n. Tender regard; mercy; favor. Ps. lxxxix. 33.

Lov"ing*ly, adv. With love; affectionately.

Lov"ing*ness, n. Affection; kind regard.

> The only two bands of good will, loveliness and lovingness.

Sir. P. Sidney.

Lov"yer (?), n. A lover. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Low (?), obs. strong imp. of Laugh. Chaucer.

Low (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lowing.] [OE. lowen, AS. hl&?;wan; akin to D. loeijen, OHG. hl&?;jan, hluojan.] To make the calling sound of cows and other bovine animals; to moo.

> The lowing herd wind slowly o'er the lea.

Gray.

Low, n. The calling sound ordinarily made by cows and other bovine animals.

> Talking voices and the law of herds.

Wordsworth.

Low, n. [AS. hlw; akin to Goth. hlaiw a grave, hlains a hill, and to E. lean to incline.] A hill; a mound; a grave. [Obs. except in place names.] Skeat.

Low (?), n. [Icel. log, logi; akin to E. light, n.] Fire; a flame; a light. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Low, v. i. To burn; to blaze. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Burns.

Low (?), a. [Compar. Lower (?); superl. Lowest.] [OE. low, louh, lah, Icel. lgr; akin to Sw. låg, Dan. lav, D. laag, and E. lie. See Lie to be prostrate.]

1. Occupying an inferior position or place; not high or elevated; depressed in comparison with something else; as, low ground; a low flight.

2. Not rising to the usual height; as, a man of low stature; a low fence.

3. Near the horizon; as, the sun is low at four o'clock in winter, and six in summer.

4. Sunk to the farthest ebb of the tide; as, low tide.

5. Beneath the usual or remunerative rate or amount, or the ordinary value; moderate; cheap; as, the low price of corn; low wages.

6. Not loud; as, a low voice; a low sound.

7. (Mus.) Depressed in the scale of sounds; grave; as, a low pitch; a low note.

8. (Phon.) Made, as a vowel, with a low position of part of the tongue in relation to the palate; as, (m), (ll). See Guide to Pronunciation, §§ 5, 10, 11.

9. Near, or not very distant from, the equator; as, in the low northern latitudes.

10. Numerically small; as, a low number.

11. Wanting strength or animation; depressed; dejected; as, low spirits; low in spirits.

12. Depressed in condition; humble in rank; as, men of low condition; the lower classes.

> Why but to keep ye low and ignorant ?

Milton.

13. Mean; vulgar; base; dishonorable; as, a person of low mind; a low trick or stratagem.

14. Not elevated or sublime; not exalted in thought or diction; as, a low comparison.

> In comparison of these divine writers, the noblest wits of the heathen world are low and dull.

Felton.

15. Submissive; humble. "Low reverence." Milton.

16. Deficient in vital energy; feeble; weak; as, a low pulse; made low by sickness.

17. Moderate; not intense; not inflammatory; as, low heat; a low temperature; a low fever.

18. Smaller than is reasonable or probable; as, a low estimate.

19. Not rich, high seasoned, or nourishing; plain; simple; as, a low diet.

Low is often used in the formation of compounds which require no special explanation; as, low-arched, low- browed, low-crowned, low-heeled, low-lying, low-priced, low-roofed, low-toned, low- voiced, and the like.

Low Church. See High Church, under High. -- Low Countries, the Netherlands. -- Low German, Low Latin, etc. See under German, Latin, etc. -- Low life, humble life. -- Low milling, a process of making flour from grain by a single grinding and by siftings. -- Low relief. See Bas-relief. -- Low side window (Arch.), a peculiar form of window common in mediæval churches, and of uncertain use. Windows of this sort are narrow, near the ground, and out of the line of the windows, and in many different situations in the building. -- Low spirits, despondency. -- Low steam, steam having a low pressure. -- Low steel, steel which contains only a small proportion of carbon, and can not be hardened greatly by sudden cooling. -- Low Sunday, the Sunday next after Easter; -- popularly so called. -- Low tide, the farthest ebb of the tide; the tide at its lowest point; low water. -- Low water. (a) The lowest point of the ebb tide; a low stage of the in a river, lake, etc. (b) (Steam Boiler) The condition of an insufficient quantity of water in the boiler. -- Low water alarm or indicator (Steam Boiler), a contrivance of various forms attached to a boiler for giving warning when the water is low. -- Low water mark, that part of the shore to which the waters recede when the tide is the lowest. Bouvier. - - Low wine, a liquor containing about 20 percent of alcohol, produced by the first distillation of wash; the first run of the still; -- often in the plural.

Low, n. (Card Playing) The lowest trump, usually the deuce; the lowest trump dealt or drawn.

Low, adv. 1. In a low position or manner; not aloft; not on high; near the ground.

2. Under the usual price; at a moderate price; cheaply; as, he sold his wheat low.

3. In a low or mean condition; humbly; meanly.

4. In time approaching our own.

> In that part of the world which was first inhabited, even as low down as Abraham's time, they wandered with their flocks and herds.

Locke.

5. With a low voice or sound; not loudly; gently; as, to speak low. Addison.

> The . . . odorous wind
> Breathes low between the sunset and the moon.

Tennyson.

6. With a low musical pitch or tone.

> Can sing both high and low.

Shak.

7. In subjection, poverty, or disgrace; as, to be brought low by oppression, by want, or by vice. Spenser.

8. (Astron.) In a path near the equator, so that the declination is small, or near the horizon, so that the altitude is small; -- said of the heavenly bodies with reference to the diurnal revolution; as, the moon runs low, that is, is comparatively near the horizon when on or near the meridian.

Low (?), v. t. To depress; to lower. [Obs.] Swift.

Low"bell` (?), n. [Low a flame + bell.] 1. A bell used in fowling at night, to frighten birds, and, with a sudden light, to make them fly into a net.

> The fowler's lowbell robs the lark of sleep.

King.

2. A bell to be hung on the neck of a sheep.

> A lowbell hung about a sheep's . . . neck.

Howell.

Low"bell`, v. t. To frighten, as with a lowbell.

Low"born` (?), a. Born in a low condition or rank; -- opposed to highborn.

Low"bred` (?), a. Bred, or like one bred, in a low condition of life; characteristic or indicative of such breeding; rude; impolite; vulgar; as, a lowbred fellow; a lowbred remark.

Low"-church` (?), a. Not placing a high estimate on ecclesiastical organizations or forms; -- applied especially to Episcopalians, and opposed to high-church. See High Church, under High.

Low"-church`ism (?), n. The principles of the low-church party.

Low"-church`man (?), n.; pl. -men (&?;). One who holds low-church principles.

Low"-church`man*ship, n. The state of being a low-churchman.

Low"er (?), a. Compar. of Low, a.

Low"er, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lowered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lowering.] [From Low, a.] 1. To let descend by its own weight, as something suspended; to let down; as, to lower a bucket into a well; to lower a sail or a boat; sometimes, to pull down; as, to lower a flag.

> Lowered softly with a threefold cord of love
> Down to a silent grave.

Tennyson.

2. To reduce the height of; as, to lower a fence or wall; to lower a chimney or turret.

3. To depress as to direction; as, to lower the aim of a gun; to make less elevated as to object; as, to lower one's ambition, aspirations, or hopes.

4. To reduce the degree, intensity, strength, etc., of; as, to lower the temperature of anything; to lower one's vitality; to lower distilled liquors.

5. To bring down; to humble; as, to lower one's pride.

6. To reduce in value, amount, etc.; as, to lower the price of goods, the rate of interest, etc.

Low"er, v. i. To fall; to sink; to grow less; to diminish; to decrease; as, the river lowered as rapidly as it rose.

Low"er (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lowered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lowering.] [OE. lowren, luren; cf. D. loeren, LG. luren. G. lauern to lurk, to be on the watch, and E. leer, lurk.] 1. To be dark, gloomy, and threatening, as clouds; to be covered with dark and threatening clouds, as the sky; to show threatening signs of approach, as a tempest.

> All the clouds that lowered upon our house.

Shak.

2. To frown; to look sullen.

> But sullen discontent sat lowering on her face.

Dryden.

Low"er, n. [Obs.] 1. Cloudiness; gloominess.

2. A frowning; sullenness.

Low"er-case` (?), a. (Print.) Pertaining to, or kept in, the lower case; -- used to denote the small letters, in distinction from capitals and small capitals. See the Note under 1st Case, n., 3.

Low"er*ing (?), a. Dark and threatening; gloomy; sullen; as, lowering clouds or sky.

Low"er*ing*ly, adv. In a lowering manner; with cloudiness or threatening gloom.

Low"er*most` (?), a. [Irreg. superl. of Low. Cf. Uppermost, Foremost, etc.] Lowest.

Low"er*y (?), a. Cloudy; gloomy; lowering; as, a lowery sky; lowery weather.

{ Lowgh (?), Lowh }, obs. strong imp. of Laugh. [Cf. 1st Low and 2d Lough.] Chaucer.

Low"ing (?), n. The calling sound made by cows and other bovine animals.

Low"ish, a. Somewhat low. [Colloq.] Richardson.

Lowk (?), n. See Louk. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Low"land (?), n. Land which is low with respect to the neighboring country; a low or level country; -- opposed to highland.

The Lowlands, Belgium and Holland; the Netherlands; also, the southern part of Scotland.

Low"land*er (?), n. A native or inhabitant of the Lowlands, especially of the Lowlands of Scotland, as distinguished from Highlander.

{ Low"li*hood (?), Low"li*head (?), } n. A lowly state. [R.] Tennyson.

Low"li*ly, adv. In a lowly place or manner; humbly. [Obs. or R.]

> Thinking lowlily of himself and highly of those better than himself.

J. C. Shairp.

Low"li*ness, n. [From Lowly.] 1. The state or quality of being lowly; humility; humbleness of mind.

> Walk . . . with all lowliness and meekness.

Eph. iv. 1, 2.

2. Low condition, especially as to manner of life.

> The lowliness of my fortune has not brought me to flatter vice.

Dryden.

Low"-lived` (?), a. Characteristic of, or like, one bred in a low and vulgar condition of life; mean; dishonorable; contemptible; as, low-lived dishonesty.

Low"ly (?), a. [Compar. Lowlier (?); superl. Lowliest.] [Low, a. + -ly.] 1. Not high; not elevated in place; low. "Lowly lands." Dryden.

2. Low in rank or social importance.

> One common right the great and lowly claims.

Pope.

3. Not lofty or sublime; humble.

> These rural poems, and their lowly strain.

Dryden.

4. Having a low esteem of one's own worth; humble; meek; free from pride.

> Take my yoke upon you, and learn of me, for I am meek and lowly in heart.

Matt. xi. 29.

Low"ly, adv. 1. In a low manner; humbly; meekly; modestly. "Be lowly wise." Milton.

2. In a low condition; meanly.

> I will show myself highly fed, and lowly taught.

Shak.

Low"-mind`ed (?), a. Inclined in mind to low or unworthy things; showing a base mind.

> Low-minded and immoral.

Macaulay.

> All old religious jealousies were condemned as low- minded infirmities.

Bancroft.

Low"-mind`ed*ness, n. The quality of being low-minded; meanness; baseness.

Lown (?), n. [See Loon.] A low fellow. [Obs.]

Low"-necked` (?), a. Cut low in the neck; decollete; -- said of a woman's dress.

Low"ness, n. The state or quality of being low.

Low"-pres`sure (?), a. Having, employing, or exerting, a low degree of pressure.

Low-pressure steam engine, a steam engine in which low steam is used; often applied to a condensing engine even when steam at high pressure is used. See Steam engine.

Low"ry (?), n. An open box car used on railroads. Compare Lorry.

Low"-spir`it*ed (?), a. Deficient in animation and courage; dejected; depressed; not sprightly.

-- Low"-spir`it*ed*ness, n.

Low"-stud`ded (?), a. Furnished or built with short studs; as, a low-studded house or room.

Low"-thought`ed (?), a. Having one's thoughts directed toward mean or insignificant subjects.

Lox`o*drom"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; slanting, oblique + &?; a running, course; cf. F. loxodromique.] Pertaining to sailing on rhumb lines; as, loxodromic tables.

Loxodromic curve or line (Geom.), a line on the surface of a sphere, which always makes an equal angle with every meridian; the rhumb line. It is the line on which a ship sails when her course is always in the direction of one and the same point of the compass.

Lox`o*drom"ics (?), n. The art or method of sailing on the loxodromic or rhumb line.

Lox*od"ro*mism (?), n. The act or process of tracing a loxodromic curve; the act of moving as if in a loxodromic curve.

Lox*od"ro*my (?), n. [Cf. F. loxodromic.] The science of loxodromics. [R.]

Loy (?), n. A long, narrow spade for stony lands.

Loy"al (?), a. [F. loyal, OF. loial, leial, L. legalis, fr. lex, legis, law. See Legal, and cf. Leal.]

1. Faithful to law; upholding the lawful authority; faithful and true to the lawful government; faithful to the prince or sovereign to whom one is subject; unswerving in allegiance.

> Welcome, sir John ! But why come you in arms ? -
> To help King Edward in his time of storm,
> As every loyal subject ought to do.

Shak.

2. True to any person or persons to whom one owes fidelity, especially as a wife to her husband, lovers to each other, and friend to friend; constant; faithful to a cause or a principle.

> Your true and loyal wife.

Shak.

> Unhappy both, but loyaltheir loves.

Dryden.

Loy"al*ist, n. A person who adheres to his sovereign or to the lawful authority; especially, one who maintains his allegiance to his prince or government, and defends his cause in times of revolt or revolution.

Loy"al*ly, adv. In a loyal manner; faithfully.

Loy"al*ness, n. Loyalty. [R.] Stow.

Loy"al*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. loyauté. See Loyal, and cf. Legality.] The state or quality of being loyal; fidelity to a superior, or to duty, love, etc.

> He had such loyalty to the king as the law required.

Clarendon.

> Not withstanding all the subtle bait
> With which those Amazons his love still craved,
> To his one love his loyalty he saved.

Spenser.

"Loyalty . . . expresses, properly, that fidelity which one owes according to law, and does not necessarily include that attachment to the royal person, which, happily, we in England have been able further to throw into the word." Trench.

Syn. -- Allegiance; fealty. See Allegiance.

Loz"enge (lz"nj), n. [F. lozange, losange; perh. the same as OF. losengef flattery, praise, the heraldic sense being the oldest (cf. E. hatchment, blazon). Cf. Losenger, Laudable.] 1. (Her.) (a) A diamond-shaped figure usually with the upper and lower angles slightly acute, borne upon a shield or escutcheon. Cf. Fusil. (b) A form of the escutcheon used by women instead of the shield which is used by men.

2. A figure with four equal sides, having two acute and two obtuse angles; a rhomb.

3. Anything in the form of lozenge.

4. A small cake of sugar and starch, flavored, and often medicated. -- originally in the form of a lozenge.

Lozenge coach, the coach of a dowager, having her coat of arms painted on a lozenge. [Obs.] Walpole. -- Lozenge-molding (Arch.), a kind of molding, used in Norman architecture, characterized by lozenge-shaped ornaments.

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{ Loz"enged (lz"njd), Loz"enge- shaped` (-shpt) }, a. Having the form of a lozenge or rhomb.

> The lozenged panes of a very small latticed window.

C. Bronté.

Loz"en*gy (-n*j), a. [F. losangé. See Lozenge.] (Her.) Divided into lozenge-shaped compartments, as the field or a bearing, by lines drawn in the direction of the bend sinister.

Lu (l), n. & v. t. See Loo.

Lub"bard (?), n. [See Lubber.] A lubber. [Obs.] Swift.

Lub"bard, a. Lubberly.

Lub"ber (?), n. [Cf. dial. Sw. lubber. See Looby, Lob.] A heavy, clumsy, or awkward fellow; a sturdy drone; a clown.

> Lingering lubbers lose many a penny.

Tusser.

Land lubber, a name given in contempt by sailors to a person who lives on land. -- Lubber grasshopper (Zoöl.), a large, stout, clumsy grasshopper; esp., Brachystola magna, from the Rocky Mountain plains, and Romalea microptera, which is injurious to orange trees in Florida. -- Lubber's hole (Naut.), a hole in the floor of the "top," next the mast, through which sailors may go aloft without going over the rim by the futtock shrouds. It is considered by seamen as only fit to be used by lubbers. Totten. -- Lubber's line, point, or mark, a line or point in the compass case indicating the head of the ship, and consequently the course which the ship is steering.

Lub"ber*ly, a. Like a lubber; clumsy.

> A great lubberly boy.

Shak.

Lub"ber*ly, adv. Clumsily; awkwardly. Dryden.

{ Lu"bric (?), Lu"bric*al (?), } a. [L. lubricus: cf. F. lubrique.] 1. Having a smooth surface; slippery. [R.]

2. Lascivious; wanton; lewd. [R.]

> This lubric and adulterate age.

Dryden.

Lu"bri*cant (?), a. [L. lubricans, p. pr. of lubricare, See Lubricate.] Lubricating.

Lu"bri*cant, n. That which lubricates; specifically, a substance, as oil, grease, plumbago, etc., used for reducing the friction of the working parts of machinery.

Lu"bri*cate (?), v. t. [L. lubricatus, p. p. of lubricare to lubricate. See Lubric.] 1. To make smooth or slippery; as, mucilaginous and saponaceous remedies lubricate the parts to which they are applied. S. Sharp.

> Supples, lubricates, and keeps in play,
> The various movements of this nice machine.

Young.

2. To apply a lubricant to, as oil or tallow.

Lu`bri*ca"tion (?), n. The act of lubricating; the act of making slippery.

Lu"bri*ca`tor (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, lubricates. " Lubricator of the fibers." Burke.

2. A contrivance, as an oil cup, for supplying a lubricant to machinery.

Lu*bric"i*tate (?), v. i. See Lubricate.

Lu*bric"i*ty (?), n. [L. lubricitas: cf. F. lubricité.]

1. Smoothness; freedom from friction; also, property which diminishes friction; as, the lubricity of oil. Ray.

2. Slipperiness; instability; as, the lubricity of fortune. L'Estrange.

3. Lasciviousness; propensity to lewdness; lewdness; lechery; incontinency. Sir T. Herbert.

> As if wantonness and lubricity were essential to that poem.

Dryden.

Lu"bri*cous (?), a. [L. lubricus.] Lubric.

{ Lu`bri*fi*ca"tion (?), Lu`bri*fac"tion (?), } n. [L. lubricus lubric + facere to make.] The act of lubricating, or making smooth. Ray. Bacon.

||Lu`carne" (?), n. [F., fr. L. lucerna a lamp. See Luthern.] (Arch.) A dormer window.

Luc*chese" (?), n. sing. & pl. [It. Lucchese.] A native or inhabitant of Lucca, in Tuscany; in the plural, the people of Lucca.

Luce (?), n. [OF. lus, L. lucius a kind of fish.] (Zoöl.) A pike when full grown. Halliwell.

Lu"cen*cy (?), n. The quality of being lucent.

Lu"cent (?), a. [L. lucens, p. pr. of lucere to shine, fr. lux, lucis, light.] Shining; bright; resplendent. " The sun's lucent orb." Milton.

Lu"cern (?), n. [Etymology uncertain.] [Obs.]

1. A sort of hunting dog; -- perhaps from Lucerne, in Switzerland.

> My lucerns, too, or dogs inured to hunt
> Beasts of most rapine.

Chapman.

2. An animal whose fur was formerly much in request (by some supposed to be the lynx). [Written also lusern and luzern.]

> The polecat, mastern, and the richskinned lucern
> I know to chase.

Beau. & Fl.

Lu"cern, n. [F. luzerne.] (Bot.) A leguminous plant (Medicago sativa), having bluish purple cloverlike flowers, cultivated for fodder; -- called also alfalfa. [Written also lucerne.]

Lu"cern, n. [L. lucerna.] A lamp. [Obs.] Lydgate.

Lu*cer"nal (?), a. [L. lucerna a lamp.] Of or pertaining to a lamp.

Lucernal microscope, a form of the microscope in which the object is illuminated by means of a lamp, and its image is thrown upon a plate of ground glass connected with the instrument, or on a screen independent of it.

||Lu`cer*na"ri*a (?), n. [NL., fr. L. lucerna a lamp.] (Zoöl.) A genus of acalephs, having a bell-shaped body with eight groups of short tentacles around the margin. It attaches itself by a sucker at the base of the pedicel.

Lu`cer*na"ri*an (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Lucernarida. - - n. One of the Lucernarida.

||Lu`cer*nar"i*da (?), n. pl. [NL. See Lucernaria.] (Zoöl.) (a) A division of acalephs, including Lucernaria and allied genera; -- called also Calycozoa. (b) A more extensive group of acalephs, including both the true Lucernarida and the Discophora.

Lu"cerne (?), n. (Bot.) See Lucern, the plant.

Lu"cid (?), a. [L. lucidus, fr. lux, lucis, light. See Light, n.] 1. Shining; bright; resplendent; as, the lucid orbs of heaven.

> Lucid, like a glowworm.

Sir I. Newton.

> A court compact of lucid marbles.

Tennyson.

2. Clear; transparent. " Lucid streams." Milton.

3. Presenting a clear view; easily understood; clear.

> A lucid and interesting abstract of the debate.

Macaulay.

4. Bright with the radiance of intellect; not darkened or confused by delirium or madness; marked by the regular operations of reason; as, a lucid interval.

Syn. -- Luminous; bright; clear; transparent; sane; reasonable. See Luminous.

Lu*cid"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. lucidité. See Lucid.] The quality or state of being lucid.

Lu"cid*ly (?), adv. In a lucid manner.

Lu"cid*ness, n. The quality of being lucid; lucidity.

Lu"ci*fer (?), n. [L., bringing light, n., the morning star, fr. lux, lucis, light + ferre to bring.]

1. The planet Venus, when appearing as the morning star; -- applied in Isaiah by a metaphor to a king of Babylon.

> How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning ! how art thou cut down to the ground which didst weaken the nations !

Is. xiv. 12.

> Tertullian and Gregory the Great understood this passage of Isaiah in reference to the fall of Satan; in consequence of which the name Lucifer has since been applied to Satan.

Kitto.

2. Hence, Satan.

> How wretched
> Is that poor man that hangs on princes' favors! . . .
> When he falls, he falls like Lucifer,
> Never to hope again.

Shak.

3. A match made of a sliver of wood tipped with a combustible substance, and ignited by friction; -- called also lucifer match, and locofoco. See Locofoco.

4. (Zoöl.) A genus of free- swimming macruran Crustacea, having a slender body and long appendages.

Lu`ci*fe"ri*an (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to Lucifer; having the pride of Lucifer; satanic; devilish.

2. Of or pertaining to the Luciferians or their leader.

Lu`ci*fe"ri*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of the followers of Lucifer, bishop of Cagliari, in the fourth century, who separated from the orthodox churches because they would not go as far as he did in opposing the Arians.

Lu*cif"er*ous (?), a. [See Lucifer.] Giving light; affording light or means of discovery. Boyle.

Lu*cif"er*ous*ly, adv. In a luciferous manner.

Lu*cif"ic (?), a. [L. lucificus; lux, lucis, light + facere to make.] Producing light. Grew.

Lu"ci*form (?), a. [L. lux, lucis, light = -form.] Having, in some respects, the nature of light; resembling light. Berkeley.

Lu*cif"ri*an (?), a. Luciferian; satanic. [Obs.] Marston.

Lu*cim"e*ter (?), n. [L. lux, lucis, light + -meter.] an instrument for measuring the intensity of light; a photometer.

Luck (?), n. [Akin to D. luk, geluk, G. glück, Icel. lukka, Sw. lycka, Dan. lykke, and perh. to G. locken to entice. Cf. 3d Gleck.] That which happens to a person; an event, good or ill, affecting one's interests or happiness, and which is deemed casual; a course or series of such events regarded as occurring by chance; chance; hap; fate; fortune; often, one's habitual or characteristic fortune; as, good, bad, ill, or hard luck. Luck is often used for good luck; as, luck is better than skill.

> If thou dost play with him at any game,
> Thou art sure to lose; and of that natural luck,
> He beats thee 'gainst the odds.

Shak.

Luck penny, a small sum given back for luck to one who pays money. [Prov. Eng.] -- To be in luck, to receive some good, or to meet with some success, in an unexpected manner, or as the result of circumstances beyond one's control; to be fortunate.

Luck"i*ly (?), adv. [From Lucky.] In a lucky manner; by good fortune; fortunately; -- used in a good sense; as, they luckily escaped injury.

Luck"i*ness, n. 1. The state or quality of being lucky; as, the luckiness of a man or of an event.

2. Good fortune; favorable issue or event. Locke.

Luck"less, a. Being without luck; unpropitious; unfortunate; unlucky; meeting with ill success or bad fortune; as, a luckless gamester; a luckless maid.

> Prayers made and granted in a luckless hour.

Dryden.

-- Luck"less*ly, adv. -- Lock"less*ness, n.

Luck"y (?), a. [Compar. Luckier (?); superl. Luckiest.] 1. Favored by luck; fortunate; meeting with good success or good fortune; -- said of persons; as, a lucky adventurer. " Lucky wight." Spenser.

2. Producing, or resulting in, good by chance, or unexpectedly; favorable; auspicious; fortunate; as, a lucky mistake; a lucky cast; a lucky hour.

> We doubt not of a fair and lucky war.

Shak.

Syn. -- Successful; fortunate; prosperous; auspicious.

Luck`y proach" (?). (Zoöl.) See Fatherlasher.

Lu"cra*tive (?), a. [L. lucrativus, fr. lucrari to gain, fr. lucrum gain: cf. F. lucratif. See Lucre.]

1. Yielding lucre; gainful; profitable; making increase of money or goods; as, a lucrative business or office.

> The trade of merchandise being the most lucrative, may bear usury at a good rate.

Bacon.

2. Greedy of gain. [Obs.]

> Such diligence as the most part of our lucrative lawyers do use, in deferring and prolonging of matters and actions from term to term.

Latimer.

Lu"cra*tive*ly, adv. In a lucrative manner.

Lu"cre (?), n. [F. lucre, L. lucrum.] Gain in money or goods; profit; riches; -- often in an ill sense.

> The lust of lucre and the dread of death.

Pope.

Lu*crif"er*ous (?), a. [L. lucrum gain +-ferous.] Gainful; profitable. [Obs.] Boyle.

Lu*crif"ic (?), a. [L. lucrificus; lucrum gain + facere to make.] Producing profit; gainful. [Obs.]

Luc*ta"tion (?), n. [L. luctatio, fr. luctari to wrestle, strive.] Effort to overcome in contest; struggle; endeavor. [R.] Farindon.

Luc"tu*al (?), a. [L. luctus mourning, sorrow, fr. lugere, fr. luctum, to mourn.] Producing grief; saddening. [Obs.] Sir G. Buck.

Lu"cu*brate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lucubrated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lucubrated (?).] [L. lucubratus, p. p. of lucubrare to work by lamplight, fr. lux light. See Light, n.] To study by candlelight or a lamp; to study by night.

Lu"cu*brate, v. t. To elaborate, perfect, or compose, by night study or by laborious endeavor.

Lu`cu*bra"tion (?), n. [l. lucubratio;cf. F. lucubration.] 1. The act of lucubrating, or studying by candlelight; nocturnal study; meditation.

> After long lucubration I have hit upon such an expedient.

Goldsmith.

2. That which is composed by night; that which is produced by meditation in retirement; hence (loosely) any literary composition.

> Thy lucubrations have been perused by several of our friends.

Tatler.

Lu"cu*bra`tor (?), n. One who studies by night; also, one who produces lucubrations.

Lu"cu*bra*to*ry (?), a. [L. lucubratorius.] Composed by candlelight, or by night; of or pertaining to night studies; laborious or painstaking. Pope.

Lu"cule (?), n. [Dim. fr. L. lux, lucis, light.] (Astron.) A spot or fleck on the sun brighter than the surrounding surface.

Lu"cu*lent (?), a. [L. luculentus, from lux, lucis, light.] 1. Lucid; clear; transparent. Thomson.

2. Clear; evident; luminous. " Most luculent testimonies." Hooker.

3. Bright; shining in beauty. [Obs.]

> Most debonair and luculent lady.

B. Jonson.

Lu"cu*lent*ly, adv. In a luculent manner; clearly.

Lu*cul"lite (?), n. [From Lucullus, a Roman consul, famous for his great wealth and luxury: cf. F. lucullite.] (Min.) A variety of black limestone, often polished for ornamental purposes.

||Lu*cu"ma (?), n. (Bot.) An American genus of sapotaceous trees bearing sweet and edible fruits.

Lucuma mammosum is called natural marmalade in the West Indies; L. Caimito, of Peru, furnishes a delicious fruit called lucuma and caimito.

Lud"dite (?), n. One of a number of riotous persons in England, who for six years (1811-17) tried to prevent the use of labor-saving machinery by breaking it, burning factories, etc.; -- so called from Ned Lud, a half-witted man who some years previously had broken stocking frames. J. & H. Smith. H. Martineau.

Lu*dib"ri*ous (?), a. [L. ludibrium mockery, derision, from ludere to play, sport.] Sportive; ridiculous; wanton. [Obs.] Tooker.

Lu"di*bund (?), a. [L. ludibundus.] Sportive. [Obs.] -- Lu"di*bund*ness, n. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Lu"di*crous (?), a. [L. ludicrus, or ludicer, from ludus play, sport, fr. ludere to play.] Adapted to excite laughter, without scorn or contempt; sportive. Broome.

> A chapter upon German rhetoric would be in the same ludicrous predicament as Van Troil's chapter on the snakes of Iceland, which delivers its business in one summary sentence, announcing, that snakes in Iceland -- there are none.

De Quincey.

Syn. -- Laughable; sportive; burlesque; comic; droll; ridiculous. -- Ludicrous, Laughable, Ridiculous. We speak of a thing as ludicrous when it tends to produce laughter; as laughable when the impression is somewhat stronger; as ridiculous when more or less contempt is mingled with the merriment created.

-- Lu"di*crous*ly, adv. -- Lu"di*crous*ness, n.

Lu`di*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [L. ludificatio, fr. ludificare to make sport of; ludus sport + -ficare (in comp.) to make. See - fy.] The act of deriding.

Lu*dif"i*ca*to*ry (?), a. [L. ludificatorius.] Making sport; tending to excite derision. [Obs.]

Lud"lam*ite (?), n. [Named after Mr. Ludlam, of London.] (Min.) A mineral occurring in small, green, transparent, monoclinic crystals. It is a hydrous phosphate of iron.

Lud"low group` (?). (Geol.) A subdivision of the British Upper Silurian lying below the Old Red Sandstone; -- so named from the Ludlow, in Western England. See the Chart of Geology.

Lud"wig*ite (?), n. [Named after the chemist Ludwig.] (Min.) A borate of iron and magnesia, occurring in fibrous masses of a blackish green color.

||Lu"es (?), n. [L.] (Med.) Disease, especially of a contagious kind.

Lues venerea, syphilis; -- called also simply lues.

Luff (?), n. [OE. lof, prob. a sort of timber by which the course of a ship was directed, perh. a sort of paddle; cf. D. loef luff, loeven to luff. The word is perh. akin to E. glove. Cf. Aloof.] (Naut.) (a) The side of a ship toward the wind. (b) The act of sailing a ship close to the wind. (c) The roundest part of a ship's bow. (d) The forward or weather leech of a sail, especially of the jib, spanker, and other fore-and- aft sails.

Luff tackle, a purchase composed of a double and single block and fall, used for various purposes. Totten. -- Luff upon luff, a luff tackle attached to the fall of another luff tackle. R. H. Dana, Jr.

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Luff (lf), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Luffed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Luffing.] (Naut.) To turn the head of a vessel toward the wind; to sail nearer the wind; to turn the tiller so as to make the vessel sail nearer the wind.

To luff round, or To luff alee, to make the extreme of this movement, for the purpose of throwing the ship's head into the wind.

Luf"fer (lf"fr), n. (Arch.) See Louver.

Lug (lg), n. [Sw. lugg the forelock.] 1. The ear, or its lobe. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

2. That which projects like an ear, esp. that by which anything is supported, carried, or grasped, or to which a support is fastened; an ear; as, the lugs of a kettle; the lugs of a founder's flask; the lug (handle) of a jug.

3. (Mach.) A projecting piece to which anything, as a rod, is attached, or against which anything, as a wedge or key, bears, or through which a bolt passes, etc.

4. (Harness) The leather loop or ear by which a shaft is held up.

5. (Zoöl.) The lugworm.

Lug bolt (Mach.), a bolt terminating in a long, flat extension which takes the place of a head; a strap bolt.

Lug, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lugged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lugging (?).] [OE. luggen, Sw. lugga to pull by the hair, fr. lugg the forelock.] To pull with force; to haul; to drag along; to carry with difficulty, as something heavy or cumbersome. Dryden.

> They must divide the image among them, and so lug off every one his share.

Collier.

Lug, v. i. To move slowly and heavily.

Lug, n. 1. The act of lugging; as, a hard lug; that which is lugged; as, the pack is a heavy lug.[Colloq.]

2. Anything which moves slowly. [Obs.] Ascham.

Lug, n. [Etymol. uncertain.] 1. A rod or pole. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

2. A measure of length, being 16½ feet; a rod, pole, or perch. [Obs.] " Eight lugs of ground." Spenser.

Chimney lug, or Lug pole, a pole on which a kettle is hung over the fire, either in a chimney or in the open air. [Local, U.S.] Whittier.

Lug"gage (?), n. [From 4th Lug.] That which is lugged; anything cumbrous and heavy to be carried; especially, a traveler's trunks, baggage, etc., or their contents.

> I am gathering up my luggage, and preparing for my journey.

Swift.

> What do you mean,
> To dote thus on such luggage!

Shak.

Syn. -- Plunder; baggage.

Luggage van, a vehicle for carrying luggage; a railway car, or compartment of a car, for carrying luggage. [Eng.]

Lug"ger (?), n. (Naut.) A small vessel having two or three masts, and a running bowsprit, and carrying lugsails. See Illustration in Appendix. Totten.

Lug"ger, n. (Zoöl.) An Indian falcon (Falco jugger), similar to the European lanner and the American prairie falcon.

Lug"mark` (?), n. [From Lug an ear.] A mark cut into the ear of an animal to identify it; an earmark.

Lug"sail` (?), n. (Naut.) A square sail bent upon a yard that hangs obliquely to the mast and is raised or lowered with the sail. Totten.

Lu*gu"bri*ous (?), a. [L. lugubris, fr. lugere to mourn; cf. Gr. lygro`s sad, Skr. ruj to break.] Mournful; indicating sorrow, often ridiculously or feignedly; doleful; woful; pitiable; as, a whining tone and a lugubrious look.

> Crossbones, scythes, hourglasses, and other lugubrious emblems of mortality.

Hawthorne.

-- Lu*gu"bri*ous*ly, adv. -- Lu*gu"bri*ous*ness, n.

Lug"worm` (?), n. [1st lug + worm.] (Zoöl.) A large marine annelid (Arenicola marina) having a row of tufted gills along each side of the back. It is found burrowing in sandy beaches, both in America and Europe, and is used for bait by European fishermen. Called also lobworm, and baitworm.

Luke (?), a. [Prob. fr. lew, perh. influenced by AS. wlæc warm, lukewarm, remiss. Cf. Lew.] Moderately warm; not hot; tepid. -- Luke"ness, n. [Obs.]

> Nine penn'orth o'brandy and water luke.

Dickens.

Luke"warm` (?), a. [See Luke.] Moderately warm; neither cold nor hot; tepid; not ardent; not zealous; cool; indifferent. " Lukewarm blood." Spenser. " Lukewarm patriots." Addison.

> An obedience so lukewarm and languishing that it merits not the name of passion.

Dryden.

-- Luke"warm`ly, adv. -- Luke"warm`ness, n.

Lull (ll), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lulled (lld); p. pr. & vb. n. Lulling.] [Akin to OD. lullen to sing to sleep, G. lullen, Dan. lulle, Sw. lulla; all of imitative origin. Cf. Loll, Lollard.] To cause to rest by soothing influences; to compose; to calm; to soothe; to quiet. " To lull him soft asleep." Spenser.

> Such sweet compulsion doth in music lie,
> To lull the daughters of necessity.

Milton.

Lull, v. i. To become gradually calm; to subside; to cease or abate for a time; as, the storm lulls.

Lull, n. 1. The power or quality of soothing; that which soothes; a lullaby. [R.] Young.

2. A temporary cessation of storm or confusion.

Lull"a*by (?), n. [From Lull, v. t. ] 1. A song to quiet babes or lull them to sleep; that which quiets. Shak.

2. Hence: Good night; good-by. [Obs.] Shak.

Lull"er (?), n. One who, or that which, lulls.

Lull"ing*ly, adv. In a lulling manner; soothingly.

Lum (?), n. [W. llumon chimney, llum that shoots up or ends in a point.] 1. A chimney. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Burns.

2. A ventilating chimney over the shaft of a mine.

3. A woody valley; also, a deep pool. [Prov. Eng.]

{ Lu"ma*chel (?), ||Lu`ma*chel"la (?), } n. [F. lumachelle, It. lumachella, fr. lamachella a little snail, dim. of lumaca a snail, fr. L. limax, -acis.] (Min.) A grayish brown limestone, containing fossil shells, which reflect a beautiful play of colors. It is also called fire marble, from its fiery reflections.

Lum*bag"i*nous (?), a. Of or pertaining to lumbago.

Lum*ba"go (?), n. [L., fr. lumbus loin. See Lumbar.] (Med.) A rheumatic pain in the loins and the small of the back.

{ Lum"bar (?), Lum"bal (?), } a. [L. lumbus loin. See Loin.] (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or near, the loins; as, the lumbar arteries.

Lumbar region (Anat.), the region of the loin; specifically, a region between the hypochondriac and iliac regions, and outside of the umbilical region.

Lum"ber (?), n. [Prob. fr. Lombard, the Lombards being the money lenders and pawnbrokers of the Middle Ages. A lumber room was, according to Trench, originally a Lombard room, or room where the Lombard pawnbroker stored his pledges. See Lombard.] 1. A pawnbroker's shop, or room for storing articles put in pawn; hence, a pledge, or pawn. [Obs.]

> They put all the little plate they had in the lumber, which is pawning it, till the ships came.

Lady Murray.

2. Old or refuse household stuff; things cumbrous, or bulky and useless, or of small value.

3. Timber sawed or split into the form of beams, joists, boards, planks, staves, hoops, etc.; esp., that which is smaller than heavy timber. [U.S.]

Lumber kiln, a room in which timber or lumber is dried by artificial heat. [U.S.] -- Lumber room, a room in which unused furniture or other lumber is kept. [U.S.] -- Lumber wagon, a heavy rough wagon, without springs, used for general farmwork, etc.

Lum"ber, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lumbered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lumbering.] 1. To heap together in disorder. " Stuff lumbered together." Rymer.

2. To fill or encumber with lumber; as, to lumber up a room.

Lum"ber, v. i. 1. To move heavily, as if burdened.

2. [Cf. dial. Sw. lomra to resound.] To make a sound as if moving heavily or clumsily; to rumble. Cowper.

3. To cut logs in the forest, or prepare timber for market. [U.S.]

Lum"ber*er (?), n. One employed in lumbering, cutting, and getting logs from the forest for lumber; a lumberman. [U.S.]

> Lumberers have a notion that he (the woodpecker) is harmful to timber.

Lowell.

Lum"ber*ing, n. The business of cutting or getting timber or logs from the forest for lumber. [U.S.]

Lum"ber*man (?), n.; pl. Lumbermen (&?;). One who is engaged in lumbering as a business or employment. [U.S.]

Lum`bo*sa"cral (?), n. [L. lumbus loin + E. sacral.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the loins and sacrum; as, the lumbosacral nerve, a branch of one of the lumber nerves which passes over the sacrum.

Lum"bric (?), n. [L. lumbricus.] (Zoöl.) An earthworm, or a worm resembling an earthworm.

Lum"bric*al (?), a. [Cf. F. lombrical. See Lumbric.] (Anat.) Resembling a worm; as, the lumbrical muscles of the hands of the hands and feet. -- n. A lumbrical muscle.

Lum*bric"i*form (?), a. [L. lumbricus worm + -form.] (Zoöl.) Resembling an earthworm; vermiform.

Lum"bri*coid (?), a. [Lumbricus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like an earthworm; belonging to the genus Lumbricus, or family Lumbricidæ.

||Lum"bri*cus (?), n. [L. See Lumbric.] (Zoöl.) A genus of annelids, belonging to the Oligochæta, and including the common earthworms. See Earthworm.

Lu"mi*nant (?), a. Luminous. [R.]

Lu"mi*na*ry (?), n.; pl. Luminaries (#), [F. luminaire, L. luminare a light or lamp, which was lighted in the churches, a luminary, fr. lumen, luminis, light, fr. lucere to be light, to shine, lux, lucis, light. See Light.]

1. Any body that gives light, especially one of the heavenly bodies. " Radiant luminary." Skelton.

> Where the great luminary . . .
> Dispenses light from far.

Milton.

2. One who illustrates any subject, or enlightens mankind; as, Newton was a distinguished luminary.

Lu"mi*nate (?), v. t. [L. luminatus, p. p. of luminare to illumine, fr. lumen light. See Limn.] To illuminate. [Obs.]

Lu`mi*na"tion (?), n. Illumination. [Obs.]

Lu"mine (?), v. i. To illumine. [Obs.] Spenser.

Lu`mi*nif"er*ous (?), a. [L. lumen light + -ferous.] Producing light; yielding light; transmitting light; as, the luminiferous ether.

Lu`mi*nos"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being luminous; luminousness.

Lu"mi*nous (?), a. [L. luminosus, fr. lumen light: cf. F. lumineux. See Luminary, Illuminate.]

1. Shining; emitting or reflecting light; brilliant; bright; as, the is a luminous body; a luminous color.

> Fire burneth wood, making it . . . luminous.

Bacon.

> The mountains lift . . . their lofty and luminous heads.

Longfellow.

2. Illuminated; full of light; bright; as, many candles made the room luminous.

> Up the staircase moved a luminous space in the darkness.

Longfellow.

3. Enlightened; intelligent; also, clear; intelligible; as, a luminous mind. " Luminous eloquence." Macaulay. " A luminous statement." Brougham.

Luminous paint, a paint made up with some phosphorescent substance, as sulphide of calcium, which after exposure to a strong light is luminous in the dark for a time.

Syn. -- Lucid; clear; shining; perspicuous.

-- Lu"mi*nous*ly, adv. -- Lu"mi*nous*ness, n.

Lum"mox (?), n. A fat, ungainly, stupid person; an awkward bungler. [Low.]

Lump (?), n. [Cf. OD. lompe piece, mass. Cf. Lunch.] 1. A small mass of matter of irregular shape; an irregular or shapeless mass; as, a lump of coal; a lump of iron ore. " A lump of cheese." Piers Plowman. " This lump of clay." Shak.

2. A mass or aggregation of things.

3. (Firearms) A projection beneath the breech end of a gun barrel.

In the lump, In a lump, the whole together; in gross.

> They may buy them in the lump.

Addison.

-- Lump coal, coal in large lumps; -- the largest size brought from the mine. -- Lump sum, a gross sum without a specification of items; as, to award a lump sum in satisfaction of all claims and damages.

Lump, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lumped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lumping.] 1. To throw into a mass; to unite in a body or sum without distinction of particulars.

> The expenses ought to be lumped together.

Ayliffe.

2. To take in the gross; to speak of collectively.

> Not forgetting all others, . . . whom for brevity, but out of no resentment to you, I lump all together.

Sterne.

3. To get along with as one can, although displeased; as, if he does n't like it, he can lump it. [Low]

Lump"er (?), n. [Cf. Lamper eel.] (Zoöl.) The European eelpout; -- called also lumpen.

Lump"er, n. 1. One who lumps.

2. A laborer who is employed to load or unload vessels when in harbor.

Lump"fish` (?), n. [From Lump, on account of its bulkiness: cf. G. & D. lump, F. lompe.] (Zoöl.) A large, thick, clumsy, marine fish (Cyclopterus lumpus) of Europe and America. The color is usually translucent sea green, sometimes purplish. It has a dorsal row of spiny tubercles, and three rows on each side, but has no scales. The ventral fins unite and form a ventral sucker for adhesion to stones and seaweeds. Called also lumpsucker, cock-paddle, sea owl.

Lump"ing, a. Bulky; heavy. Arbuthnot.

Lump"ish, a. Like a lump; inert; gross; heavy; dull; spiritless. " Lumpish, heavy, melancholy." Shak.

-- Lump"ish*ly, adv. -- Lump"ish*ness, n.

Lump"suck`er (?), n. (Zoöl.) The lumpfish.

Lump"y (?), a. [Compar. Lumpier (?); superl. Lumpiest.] Full of lumps, or small compact masses.

||Lu"na (?), n. [L.; akin to lucere to shine. See Light, n., and cf. Lune.] 1. The moon.

2. (Alchemy) Silver.

Luna cornea (Old Chem.), horn silver, or fused silver chloride, a tough, brown, translucent mass; -- so called from its resemblance to horn. -- Luna moth (Zoöl.), a very large and beautiful American moth (Actias luna). Its wings are delicate light green, with a stripe of purple along the front edge of the anterior wings, the other margins being edged with pale yellow. Each wing has a lunate spot surrounded by rings of light yellow, blue, and black. The caterpillar commonly feeds on the hickory, sassafras, and maple.

Lu"na*cy (?), n.; pl. Lunacies (#). [See Lunatic.] 1. Insanity or madness; properly, the kind of insanity which is broken by intervals of reason, -- formerly supposed to be influenced by the changes of the moon; any form of unsoundness of mind, except idiocy; mental derangement or alienation. Brande. Burrill.

> Your kindred shuns your house
> As beaten hence by your strange lunacy.

Shak.

2. A morbid suspension of good sense or judgment, as through fanaticism. Dr. H. More.

Syn. -- Derangement; craziness; mania. See Insanity.

<! p. 875 !>

Lu"nar (l"nr), a. [L. lunaris, fr. luna the moon. See Luna, and cf. Lunary.] 1. Of or pertaining to the moon; as, lunar observations.

2. Resembling the moon; orbed. Dryden.

3. Measured by the revolutions of the moon; as, a lunar month.

4. Influenced by the moon, as in growth, character, or properties; as, lunar herbs. Bacon.

Lunar caustic (Med. Chem.), silver nitrate prepared to be used as a cautery; -- so named because silver was called luna by the ancient alchemists. -- Lunar cycle. Same as Metonic cycle. See under Cycle. -- Lunar distance, the angular distance of the moon from the sun, a star, or a planet, employed for determining longitude by the lunar method. - - Lunar method, the method of finding a ship's longitude by comparing the local time of taking (by means of a sextant or circle) a given lunar distance, with the Greenwich time corresponding to the same distance as ascertained from a nautical almanac, the difference of these times being the longitude. -- Lunar month. See Month. -- Lunar observation, an observation of a lunar distance by means of a sextant or circle, with the altitudes of the bodies, and the time, for the purpose of computing the longitude. -- Lunar tables. (a) (Astron.) Tables of the moon's motions, arranged for computing the moon's true place at any time past or future. (b) (Navigation) Tables for correcting an observed lunar distance on account of refraction and parallax. -- Lunar year, the period of twelve lunar months, or 354 days, 8 hours, 48 minutes, and 34.38 seconds.

Lu"nar, n. 1. (Astron.) A lunar distance.

2. (Anat.) The middle bone of the proximal series of the carpus; -- called also semilunar, and intermedium.

Lu*na"ri*an (?), n. [See Lunar, Luna.] An inhabitant of the moon.

Lu"na*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. lunaire. See Lunar.] Lunar. [Obs.] Fuller.

Lu"na*ry, n. [Cf. F. lunaire.] (Bot.) (a) The herb moonwort or "honesty". (b) A low fleshy fern (Botrychium Lunaria) with lunate segments of the leaf or frond.

{ Lu"nate (?), Lu"na*ted (?), } a. [L. lunatus crescent-shaped, p. p. of lunare to bend like a crescent, fr. luna the moon.] Crescent-shaped; as, a lunate leaf; a lunate beak; a lunated cross. Gray.

Lu"na*tic (?), a. [F. lunatique, L. lunaticus, fr. luna the moon. See Lunar.] 1. Affected by lunacy; insane; mad.

> Lord, have mercy on my son; for he is lunatic.

Wyclif (Matt. xvii. 15).

2. Of or pertaining to, or suitable for, an insane person; evincing lunacy; as, lunatic gibberish; a lunatic asylum.

Lu"na*tic, n. A person affected by lunacy; an insane person, esp. one who has lucid intervals; a madman; a person of unsound mind.

> The lunatic, the lover, and the poet,
> Are of imagination all compact.

Shak.

Lu*na"tion (?), n. [Cf. Lunated.] The period of a synodic revolution of the moon, or the time from one new moon to the next; varying in length, at different times, from about 29¼ to 29 days, the average length being 29 d., 12h., 44m., 2.9s.

Lunch (?), n. [Of uncertain etymol. Cf. Prov. Eng. nunc a lump.] A luncheon; specifically, a light repast between breakfast and dinner.

Lunch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lunched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lunching.] To take luncheon. Smart.

Lunch"eon (?), n. [Prov. E. luncheon, lunchion, lunshin, a large lump of food, fr. lunch. See Lunch.]

1. A lump of food. [Prov. Eng.]

2. A portion of food taken at any time except at a regular meal; an informal or light repast, as between breakfast and dinner.

Lunch"eon, v. i. To take luncheon. Beaconsfield.

Lune (?), n. [L. luna moon: cf. F. lune. See Luna.] 1. Anything in the shape of a half moon. [R.]

2. (Geom.) A figure in the form of a crescent, bounded by two intersecting arcs of circles.

3. A fit of lunacy or madness; a period of frenzy; a crazy or unreasonable freak. [Obs.]

> These dangerous, unsafe lunes i' the king.

Shak.

Lu"net (?), n. [See Lunette.] A little moon or satellite. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Lu*nette" (?), n. [F., dim. of lune moon, L. luna. See Lune a crescent.] 1. (Fort.) A fieldwork consisting of two faces, forming a salient angle, and two parallel flanks. See Bastion.

2. (Far.) A half horseshoe, which wants the sponge.

3. A kind of watch crystal which is more than ordinarily flattened in the center; also, a species of convexoconcave lens for spectacles.

4. A piece of felt to cover the eye of a vicious horse.

5. (Arch.) Any surface of semicircular or segmental form; especially, the piece of wall between the curves of a vault and its springing line.

6. An iron shoe at the end of the stock of a gun carriage.

Lunette window (Arch.), a window which fills or partly fills a lunette.

Lung (lng), n. [OE. lunge, AS. lunge, pl. lungen; akin to D. long, G. lunge, Icel. & Sw. lunga, Dan. lunge, all prob. from the root of E. light. √125. See Light not heavy.] (Anat.) An organ for aërial respiration; -- commonly in the plural.

> My lungs began to crow
> like chanticleer.

Shak.

In all air-breathing vertebrates the lungs are developed from the ventral wall of the esophagus as a pouch which divides into two sacs. In amphibians and many reptiles the lungs retain very nearly this primitive saclike character, but in the higher forms the connection with the esophagus becomes elongated into the windpipe and the inner walls of the sacs become more and more divided, until, in the mammals, the air spaces become minutely divided into tubes ending in small air cells, in the walls of which the blood circulates in a fine network of capillaries. In mammals the lungs are more or less divided into lobes, and each lung occupies a separate cavity in the thorax. See Respiration.

Lung fever (Med.), pneumonia. -- Lung flower (Bot.), a species of gentian (G. Pneumonanthe). -- Lung lichen (Bot.), tree lungwort. See under Lungwort. -- Lung sac (Zoöl.), one of the breathing organs of spiders and snails.

Lunge (?), n. [Also spelt longe, fr. allonge. See Allonge, Long.] A sudden thrust or pass, as with a sword.

Lunge, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lunged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lunging (?).] To make a lunge.

Lunge, v. t. To cause to go round in a ring, as a horse, while holding his halter. Thackeray.

Lunge, n. (Zoöl.) Same as Namaycush.

Lunged (?), a. Having lungs, or breathing organs similar to lungs.

Lung"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any fish belonging to the Dipnoi; -- so called because they have both lungs and gills.

Lung"-grown` (?), a. (Med.) Having lungs that adhere to the pleura.

Lun"gie (?), n. (Zoöl.) A guillemot. [Written also longie.] [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Lun"gis (?), n. [OF. longis. See Lounge.] A lingerer; a dull, drowsy fellow. [Obs.]

Lung"less (?), a. Being without lungs.

||Lun"goor (?), n. [Hind. langr.] (Zoöl.) A long-tailed monkey (Semnopithecus schislaceus), from the mountainous districts of India.

Lung"worm` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of parasitic nematoid worms which infest the lungs and air passages of cattle, sheep, and other animals, often proving fatal. The lungworm of cattle (Strongylus micrurus) and that of sheep (S. filaria) are the best known.

Lung"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) An herb of the genus Pulmonaria (P. officinalis), of Europe; -- so called because the spotted appearance of the leaves resembles that of a diseased lung. (b) Any plant of the genus Mertensia (esp. M. Virginica and M. Sibirica) plants nearly related to Pulmonaria. The American lungwort is Mertensia Virginica, Virginia cowslip. Gray.

Cow's lungwort mullein. -- Sea lungwort, Mertensia maritima, found on the seacoast of Northern Europe and America. -- Tree lungwort, a lichen (Sticta pulmonacea) growing on trees and rocks. The thallus is lacunose, and in appearance somewhat resembles the lungs, for diseases of which it was once thought a remedy.

Lu"ni*cur"rent (?), a. [L. luna moon + E. current.] Having relation to changes in currents that depend on the moon's phases. Bache.

Lu"ni*form (?), a. [L. luna moon + -form: cf. F. luniforme.] Resembling the moon in shape.

Lu"ni*so"lar (?), a. [L. luna moon + E. solar: cf. F. lunisolaire.] Resulting from the united action, or pertaining to the mutual relations, of the sun and moon.

Lunisolar precession (Astron.), that portion of the annual precession of the equinoxes which depends on the joint action of the sun and moon. -- Lunisolar year, a period of time, at the end of which, in the Julian calendar, the new and full moons and the eclipses recur on the same days of the week and month and year as in the previous period. It consists of 532 common years, being the least common multiple of the numbers of years in the cycle of the sun and the cycle of the moon.

Lu"ni*stice (?), n. [L. luna moon + sistere to cause to stand. Cf. Solstice.] (Astron.) The farthest point of the moon's northing and southing, in its monthly revolution. [Obs.]

Lu"ni*tid`al (?), a. Pertaining to tidal movements dependent on the moon. Bache.

Lunitidal interval. See Retard, n.

Lunt (?), n. [D. lont; akin to Dan. & G. lunte, Sw. lunta. Cf. Link a torch.] 1. The match cord formerly used in firing cannon.

2. A puff of smoke. [Scotch.] Burns.

||Lu"nu*la (?), n.; pl. Lunulæ (#). [L., prop., a little moon. See Lunule.] (Anat. & Zoöl.) Same as Lunule.

Lu"nu*lar (?), a. [Cf. F. lunulaire. See Lunula.] (Bot.) Having a form like that of the new moon; shaped like a crescent.

{ Lu"nu*late (?), Lu"nu*la`ted (?), } a. [See Lunula.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Resembling a small crescent. Gray.

Lu"nule (?), n. [F., fr. L. lunula, dim. of luna moon.] 1. (Anat.) Anything crescent-shaped; a crescent-shaped part or mark; a lunula; a lune.

2. (Chem.) A lune. See Lune.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) A small or narrow crescent. (b) A special area in front of the beak of many bivalve shells. It sometimes has the shape of a double crescent, but is oftener heart-shaped. See Illust. of Bivalve.

Lu"nu*let (?), n. [Dim. of lunule.] (Zoöl.) A small spot, shaped like a half-moon or crescent; as, the lunulet on the wings of many insects.

Lu"nu*lite (?), n. [Lunule + -life: cf. F. lunulithe. See Lunula.] (Paleon.) Any bryozoan of the genus Lunulites, having a more or less circular form.

Lu"ny (?), a. [Shortened fr. lunatic.] Crazy; mentally unsound. [Written also loony.] [Low, U.S.]

Lu*per"cal (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Lupercalia.

Lu*per"cal, n. A grotto on the Palatine Hill sacred to Lupercus, the Lycean Pan.

||Lu`per*ca"li*a (?), n. pl. [L. luperealis, fr. Lupercus the Lycean Pan, so called fr. lupus a wolf, because he kept off the wolves.] (Rom. Antiq.) A feast of the Romans in honor of Lupercus, or Pan.

Lu"pine (?), n. [L. lupinus, lupinum, apparently fr. lupinus belonging to a wolf, fr. lupus a wolf; perh. so called because it was supposed to exhaust the soil: cf. F. lupin. Cf. Wolf.] (Bot.) A leguminous plant of the genus Lupinus, especially L. albus, the seeds of which have been used for food from ancient times. The common species of the Eastern United States is L. perennis. There are many species in California.

Lu"pine (?), a. [See Lupine, n.] Wolfish; ravenous. Gauden.

Lu"pin*in (?), n. (Chem.) A glucoside found in the seeds of several species of lupine, and extracted as a yellowish white crystalline substance.

Lu"pin*ine (?), n. (Chem.) An alkaloid found in several species of lupine (Lupinus luteus, L. albus, etc.), and extracted as a bitter crystalline substance.

Lu"pu*lin (?), n. [Cf. F. lupulin. See Lupuline.] 1. (Chem.) A bitter principle extracted from hops.

2. The fine yellow resinous powder found upon the strobiles or fruit of hops, and containing this bitter principle. [Written also lupuline.]

Lu"pu*line (?), n. [NL. lupulus the hop, fr. L. lupus the hop: cf. F. lupuline.] (Chem.) An alkaloid extracted from hops as a colorless volatile liquid.

Lu`pu*lin"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or obtained from, hops; specifically, designating an acid obtained by the decomposition of lupulin.

||Lu"pus (?), n. [L., a wolf. See Wolf.] 1. (Med.) A cutaneous disease occurring under two distinct forms.

Lupus erythematosus is characterized by an eruption of red patches, which become incrusted, leaving superficial scars. L. vulgaris is marked by the development of nodules which often ulcerate deeply and produce great deformity. Formerly the latter was often confounded with cancer, and some varieties of cancer were included under Lupus.

2. (Astron.) The Wolf, a constellation situated south of Scorpio.

Lur*ca"tion (?), n. [See its Lurch.] Gluttony; gormandizing. [Obs.]

Lurch (?), v. i. [L. lurcare, lurcari.] To swallow or eat greedily; to devour; hence, to swallow up. [Obs.]

> Too far off from great cities, which may hinder business; too near them, which lurcheth all provisions, and maketh everything dear.

Bacon.

Lurch, n. [OF. lourche name of a game; as adj., deceived, embarrassed.] 1. An old game played with dice and counters; a variety of the game of tables.

2. A double score in cribbage for the winner when his adversary has been left in the lurch.

> Lady --- has cried her eyes out on losing a lurch.

Walpole.

To leave one in the lurch. (a) In the game of cribbage, to leave one's adversary so far behind that the game is won before he has scored thirty-one. (b) To leave one behind; hence, to abandon, or fail to stand by, a person in a difficulty. Denham.

> But though thou'rt of a different church,
> I will not leave thee in the lurch.

Hudibras.

Lurch, v. t. 1. To leave in the lurch; to cheat. [Obs.]

> Never deceive or lurch the sincere communicant.

South.

2. To steal; to rob. [Obs.]

> And in the brunt of seventeen battles since
> He lurched all swords of the garland.

Shak.

Lurch, n. [Cf. W. llerch, llerc, a frisk, a frisking backward or forward, a loitering, a lurking, a lurking, llercian, llerciaw, to be idle, to frisk; or perh. fr. E. lurch to lurk.] A sudden roll of a ship to one side, as in heavy weather; hence, a swaying or staggering movement to one side, as that by a drunken man. Fig.: A sudden and capricious inclination of the mind.

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Lurch (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lurched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lurching.] To roll or sway suddenly to one side, as a ship or a drunken man.

Lurch, v. i. [A variant of lurk.] 1. To withdraw to one side, or to a private place; to lurk. L'Estrange.

2. To dodge; to shift; to play tricks.

> I . . . am fain to shuffle, to hedge, and to lurch.

Shak.

Lurch"er (?), n. [See Lurch to lurk.] 1. One that lurches or lies in wait; one who watches to pilfer, or to betray or entrap; a poacher.

2. (Zoöl.) One of a mongrel breed of dogs said to have been a cross between the sheep dog, greyhound, and spaniel. It hunts game silently, by scent, and is often used by poachers.

Lurch"er, n. [L. lurco, lurcho, a glutton. See 1st Lurch.] A glutton; a gormandizer. [Obs.]

Lurch"line` (?), n. The line by which a fowling net was pulled over so as to inclose the birds.

Lur"dan (?), a. Stupid; blockish. [Obs.]

Lur"dan, n. [OF. lourdin, fr. lourd heavy, dull, thick-headed. See Lord.] A blockhead. [Obs.]

Lure (?), n. [OF. loire, loirre, loerre, F. leurre lure, decoy; of German origin; cf. MHG. luoder, G. luder lure, carrion.] 1. A contrivance somewhat resembling a bird, and often baited with raw meat; -- used by falconers in recalling hawks. Shak.

2. Any enticement; that which invites by the prospect of advantage or pleasure; a decoy. Milton.

3. (Hat Making) A velvet smoothing brush. Knight.

Lure, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Luring.] [OF. loirer, loirier, F. leurrer. See Lure, n.] To draw to the lure; hence, to allure or invite by means of anything that promises pleasure or advantage; to entice; to attract.

> I am not lured with love.

Piers Plowman.

> And various science lures the learned eye.

Gay.

Lure, v. i. To recall a hawk or other animal.

Lurg (?), n. (Zoöl.) A large marine annelid (Nephthys cæca), inhabiting the sandy shores of Europe and America. It is whitish, with a pearly luster, and grows to the length of eight or ten inches.

Lu"rid (?), a. [L. luridus.] 1. Pale yellow; ghastly pale; wan; gloomy; dismal.

> Fierce o'er their beauty blazed the lurid flame.

Thomson.

> Wrapped in drifts of lurid smoke
> On the misty river tide.

Tennyson.

2. (Bot.) Having a brown color tinged with red, as of flame seen through smoke.

3. (Zoöl.) Of a color tinged with purple, yellow, and gray.

Lurk (lûrk), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lurked (lûrkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Lurking.] [OE. lurken, lorken, prob. a dim. from the source of E. lower to frown. See Lower, and cf. Lurch, a sudden roll, Lurch to lurk.] 1. To lie hid; to lie in wait.

> Like wild beasts, lurking in loathsome den.

Spenser.

> Let us . . . lurk privily for the innocent.

Prov. i. 11.

2. To keep out of sight.

> The defendant lurks and wanders about in Berks.

Blackstone.

Lurk"er (?), n. 1. One who lurks.

2. A small fishing boat. [Prov. Eng.]

Lur"ry (?), n. [W. llwry precipitant, a provision.] A confused heap; a throng, as of persons; a jumble, as of sounds. [Obs.]

> To turn prayer into a kind of lurry.

Milton.

Lus"cious (?), a. [Prob. for lustious, fr. lusty, or perh. a corruption of luxurious. Cf. Lush, Lusty.]

1. Sweet; delicious; very grateful to the taste; toothsome; excessively sweet or rich.

> And raisins keep their luscious, native taste.

Dryden.

2. Cloying; fulsome.

> He had a tedious, luscious way of talking.

Jeffrey.

3. Gratifying a depraved sense; obscene. [R.] Steele.

-- Lus"cious*ly, adv. -- Lus"cious*ness, n.

Lu"sern (?), n. [F. loup- cervier, L. lupus cervarius.] (Zoöl.) A lynx. See 1st Lucern and Loup-cervier.

Lush (?), a. [Prob. an abbrev. of lushious, fr. luscious.] Full of juice or succulence. Tennyson.

> How lush and lusty the grass looks! how green!

Shak.

Lush"burg (?), n. See Lussheburgh. [Obs.]

Lu`si*ta"ni*an (?), a. Pertaining to Lusitania, the ancient name of the region almost coinciding with Portugal. -- n. One of the people of Lusitania.

Lusk (?), a. Lazy; slothful. [Obs.]

Lusk, n. A lazy fellow; a lubber. [Obs.] T. Kendall.

Lusk, v. i. To be idle or unemployed. [Obs.]

Lusk"ish, a. Inclined to be lazy. Marston. -- Lusk"ish*ly, adv. -Lusk"ish*ness, n. [Obs.] Spenser.

{ Lu*so"ri*ous (?), Lu"so*ry (?), } a. [L. lusorius. See Illusory.] Used in play; sportive; playful. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson.

Lus"she*burgh (?), n. A spurious coin of light weight imported into England from Luxemburg, or Lussheburgh, as it was formerly called. [Obs.]

> God wot, no Lussheburghes payen ye.

Chaucer.

Lust (?), n. [AS. lust, lust, pleasure, longing; akin to OS., D., G., & Sw. lust, Dan. & Icel. lyst, Goth lustus, and perh. tom Skr. lush to desire, or to E. loose. Cf. List to please, Listless.] 1. Pleasure. [Obs.] " Lust and jollity." Chaucer.

2. Inclination; desire. [Obs.]

> For little lust had she to talk of aught.

Spenser.

> My lust to devotion is little.

Bp. Hall.

3. Longing desire; eagerness to possess or enjoy; -- in a had sense; as, the lust of gain.

> The lust of reigning.

Milton.

4. Licentious craving; sexual appetite. Milton.

5. Hence: Virility; vigor; active power. [Obs.] Bacon.

Lust (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Lusted; p. pr. & vb. n. Lusting.] [AS. lystan. See Lust, n., and cf. List to choose.] 1. To list; to like. [Obs.] Chaucer. " Do so if thou lust. " Latimer.

In earlier usage lust was impersonal.

> In the water vessel he it cast
> When that him luste.

Chaucer.

2. To have an eager, passionate, and especially an inordinate or sinful desire, as for the gratification of the sexual appetite or of covetousness; -- often with after.

> Whatsoever thy soul lusteth after.

Deut. xii. 15.

> Whosoever looketh on a woman to lust after her, hath committed adultery with her already in his heart.

Matt. v. 28.

> The spirit that dwelleth in us lusteth to envy.

James iv. 5.

Lust"er (?), n. One who lusts.

Lus"ter Lus"tre (?), n. [L. lustrum: cf. F. lustre.] A period of five years; a lustrum.

> Both of us have closed the tenth luster.

Bolingbroke.

{ Lus"ter, Lus"tre, } n. [F. lustre; cf. It. lustro; both fr. L. lustrare to purify, go about (like the priests at the lustral sacrifice), traverse, survey, illuminate, fr. lustrum a purificatory sacrifice; perh. akin to E. loose. But lustrare to illuminate is perh. a different word, and akin to L. lucere to be light or clear, to shine. See Lucid, and cf. Illustrious, Lustrum.]

1. Brilliancy; splendor; brightness; glitter.

> The right mark and very true luster of the diamond.

Sir T. More.

> The scorching sun was mounted high,
> In all its luster, to the noonday sky.

Addison.

There is a tendency to limit the use of luster, in this sense, to the brightness of things which do not shine with their own light, or at least do not blaze or glow with heat. One speaks of the luster of a diamond, or of silk, or even of the stars, but not often now of the luster of the sun, a coal of fire, or the like.

2. Renown; splendor; distinction; glory.

> His ancestors continued about four hundred years, rather without obscurity than with any great luster.

Sir H. Wotton.

3. A candlestick, chandelier, girandole, or the like, generally of an ornamental character. Pope.

4. (Min.) The appearance of the surface of a mineral as affected by, or dependent upon, peculiarities of its reflecting qualities.

The principal kinds of luster recognized are: metallic, adamantine, vitreous, resinous, greasy, pearly, and silky. With respect to intensity, luster is characterized as splendent, shining, glistening, glimmering, and dull.

5. A substance which imparts luster to a surface, as plumbago and some of the glazes.

6. A fabric of wool and cotton with a lustrous surface, -- used for women's dresses.

Luster ware, earthenware decorated by applying to the glazing metallic oxides, which acquire brilliancy in the process of baking.

{ Lus"ter, Lus"tre, } v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lustred (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lustering, or Lustring.] To make lustrous. [R. & Poetic]

> Flooded and lustered with her loosened gold.

Lowell.

Lus"ter*ing, n. 1. The act or process of imparting a luster, as to pottery.

2. The brightening of a metal in the crucible when it becomes pure, as in certain refining processes.

{ Lus"ter*less, Lus"tre*less, } a. Destitute of luster; dim; dull.

Lust"ful (?), a. 1. Full of lust; excited by lust. Spenser. Tillotson.

2. Exciting lust; characterized by lust or sensuality. " Lustful orgies." Milton.

3. Strong; lusty. [Obs.] " Lustful health." Sackville.

Syn. -- sensual; fleshly; carnal; inordinate; licentious; lewd; unchaste; impure; libidinous; lecherous.

-- Lust"ful*ly, adv. -- Lust"ful*ness, n.

Lus"tic (?), a. Lusty; vigorous. [Obs.]

Lus"ti*head (?), n. [Lusty + -head.] See Lustihood. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lus"ti*hood (?), n. [Lusty + -hood.] State of being lusty; vigor of body. " Full of lustihood." Tennyson.

Lus"ti*ly, adv. In a lusty or vigorous manner.

Lus"ti*ness, n. State of being lusty; vigor; strength.

Lust"less (?), a. [CF. Listless.] 1. Lacking vigor; weak; spiritless. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. Free from sexual lust.

Lus"tral (?), a. [L. lustralis, fr. lustrum: cf. F. lustral. See Lustrum.] 1. Of or pertaining to, or used for, purification; as, lustral days; lustral water.

2. Of or pertaining to a lustrum.

Lus"trate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lustrated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lustrating (?).] [L. lustratus, p. p. of lustrare to lustrate, fr. lustrum. See Lustrum.] To make clear or pure by means of a propitiatory offering; to purify.

> We must purge, and cleanse, and lustrate the whole city.

Hammond.

Lus*tra"tion (?), n. [L. lustratio: cf. F. lustration.] 1. The act of lustrating or purifying.

> And holy water for lustration bring.

Dryden.

2. (Antiq.) A sacrifice, or ceremony, by which cities, fields, armies, or people, defiled by crimes, pestilence, or other cause of uncleanness, were purified.

Lus"tre (?), n. Same as Luster.

Lus"tri*cal (?), a. [L. lustricus, fr. lustrum. See Lustrum.] Pertaining to, or used for, purification.

Lus"tring (?), n. [F. lustrine, It. lustrino, fr. lustrare to polish, L. lustrare. See 3d Luster, and cf. Lutestring.] A kind of glossy silk fabric. See Lutestring.

Lus"trous (?), a. [Cf. F. lustreux. See 3d Luster.] Bright; shining; luminous. " Good sparks and lustrous." Shak. -- Lus"trous*ly, adv.

Lus"trum (?), n.; pl. E. Lustrums (#), L. Lustra (#). [L. Cf. 2d & 3d Luster.] A lustration or purification, especially the purification of the whole Roman people, which was made by the censors once in five years. Hence: A period of five years.

Lust"wort` n. (Bot.) See Sundew.

Lust"y (?), a. [Compar. Lustier (?); superl. Lustiest.] [From Lust. See Lust, and cf. Luscious.]

1. Exhibiting lust or vigor; stout; strong; vigorous; robust; healthful; able of body.

> Neither would their old men, so many as were yet vigorous and lusty, be left at home.

Milton.

2. Beautiful; handsome; pleasant. [Obs.] Spenser.

3. Of large size; big. [Obs.] " Three lusty vessels." Evelyn. Hence, sometimes, pregnant. [Obs. or Prov.]

4. Lustful; lascivious. [Obs.] Milton.

||Lu"sus na*tu"ræ (?). [L., fr. lusus sport + naturae, gen. of natura nature.] Sport or freak of nature; a deformed or unnatural production.

Lut"a*nist (?), n. [LL. lutanista, fr. lutana lute. See Lute the instrument.] A person that plays on the lute. Johnson.

Lu*ta"ri*ous (?), a. [L. lutarius fr. lutum mud.] Of, pertaining to, or like, mud; living in mud. [Obs.] Grew.

Lu*ta"tion (?), n. [L. lutare, lutatum, to bedaub with mud, fr. lutum mud: cf. F. lutation.] The act or method of luting vessels.

Lute (?), n. [L. lutum mud, clay: cf. OF. lut.] 1. (Chem.) A cement of clay or other tenacious infusible substance for sealing joints in apparatus, or the mouths of vessels or tubes, or for coating the bodies of retorts, etc., when exposed to heat; -- called also luting.

2. A packing ring, as of rubber, for fruit jars, etc.

3. (Brick Making) A straight-edged piece of wood for striking off superfluous clay from mold.

Lute, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Luted; p. pr. & vb. n. Luting.] To close or seal with lute; as, to lute on the cover of a crucible; to lute a joint.

Lute, n. [OF. leut, F. luth; skin to Pr. laút, It. liúto, leúto, Sp. laúd, Pg. alaude; all fr. Ar. al'&?;d; al the + '&?;d wood, timber, trunk or branch of a tree, staff, stick, wood of aloes, lute or harp.] (Mus.) A stringed instrument formerly much in use. It consists of four parts, namely, the table or front, the body, having nine or ten ribs or "sides," arranged like the divisions of a melon, the neck, which has nine or ten frets or divisions, and the head, or cross, in which the screws for tuning are inserted. The strings are struck with the right hand, and with the left the stops are pressed.

Lute, v. i. To sound, as a lute. Piers Plowman. Keats.

Lute, v. t. To play on a lute, or as on a lute.

> Knaves are men
> That lute and flute fantastic tenderness.

Tennyson.

Lute"-backed` (?), a. Having a curved spine.

Lu*te"ic (?), a. (Chem.) (a) Pertaining to, or derived from, weld (Reseda luteola). (b) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid resembling luteolin, but obtained from the flowers of Euphorbia cyparissias.

Lu"te*in (?), n. [From corpus luteum.] (Physiol. Chem.) A substance of a strongly marked yellow color, extracted from the yelk of eggs, and from the tissue of the corpus luteum.

Lut"e*nist (?), n. Same as Lutanist.

Lu"te*o- (?). [L. luteus.] (Chem.) A combining form signifying orange yellow or brownish yellow.

Lu"te*o*co*balt"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, certain compounds of cobalt having a yellow color. Cf. Cobaltic.

Luteocobaltic chloride (Chem.), a brilliant reddish yellow crystalline compound, Co2Cl6(NH3)12, obtained by the action of ammonium chloride on an ammoniacal solution of cobaltic chloride.

Lu"te*o*lin (?), n. [From NL. Reseda luteola, fr. L. luteolus yellowish, fr. luteus: cf. F. lutéoline. See Luteous.] (Chem.) A yellow dyestuff obtained from the foliage of the dyer's broom (Reseda luteola).

Lu"te*ous (?), a. [L. luteus, fr. lutum dyer's broom, weld, which is used as a yellow dye.] Yellowish; more or less like buff.

Lut"er (?), n. [From 3d Lute.] One who plays on a lute.

Lut"er, n. [From Ist Lute.] One who applies lute.

Lu*tes"cent (?), a. [L. luteus yellow.] Of a yellowish color.

Lute"string` (?), n. [Corrupted fr. lustring.] A plain, stout, lustrous silk, used for ladies' dresses and for ribbon. Goldsmith.

Luth (?), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The leatherback.

Lu"ther*an (?), a. (Eccl. Hist.) Of or pertaining to Luther; adhering to the doctrines of Luther or the Lutheran Church.

Lu"ther*an, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One who accepts or adheres to the doctrines of Luther or the Lutheran Church.

{ Lu"ther*an*ism, Lu"ther*ism } (?), n. The doctrines taught by Luther or held by the Lutheran Church.

Lu"thern (?), n. [F. lucarne a dormer, dormer window, garret window, L. lucerna lamp, fr. lucere to be light or clear, fr. lux light. See Light, n., and cf. Lucarne.] (Arch.) A dormer window. See Dormer.

Lu"ti*dine (?), n. [From toluidine, by transposition.] (Chem.) Any one of several metameric alkaloids, C5H3N.(CH3)2, of the pyridine series, obtained from bone oil as liquids, and having peculiar pungent odors. These alkaloids are also called respectively dimethyl pyridine, ethyl pyridine, etc.

<! p. 877 !>

Lut"ing (?), n. (Chem.) See Lute, a cement.

Lut"ist, n. One who plays on a lute.

Lu*tose" (?), a. [L. lutosus, fr. lutum mud.] Covered with clay; miry.

Lu"tu*lence (?), n. The state or quality of being lutulent.

Lu"tu*lent (?), a. [L. lutulentus, fr. lutum mud.] Muddy; turbid; thick. [Obs.]

Lu*wack" (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Paradoxure.

Lux (?), v. t. [Cf. F. luxer. See Luxate.] To put out of joint; to luxate. [Obs.]

Lux"ate (?), a. [L. luxatus, p. p. of luxare to dislocate.] Luxated. [Obs.]

Lux"ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Luxated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Luxating (?).] To displace, or remove from its proper place, as a joint; to put out of joint; to dislocate.

Lux*a"tion (?), n. [L. luxatio: cf. F. luxation.] The act of luxating, or the state of being luxated; a dislocation.

Luxe (?), n. [L. luxus: cf. F. luxe.] Luxury. [Obs.] Shenstone.

||Édition de luxe (&?;). [F.] (Printing) A sumptuous edition as regards paper, illustrations, binding, etc.

Lux"ive (?), a. Given to luxury; voluptuous. [Obs.]

Lux*ul"li*an*ite (?), n. [So called from Luxullian, in Cornwall.] (Min.) A kind of granite from Luxullian, Cornwall, characterized by the presence of radiating groups of minute tourmaline crystals.

Lux*u"ri*ance (?), n. [Cf. F. luxuriance.] The state or quality of being luxuriant; rank, vigorous growth; excessive abundance produced by rank growth. "Tropical luxuriance." B. Taylor.

Lux*u"ri*an*cy (?), n. The state or quality of being luxuriant; luxuriance.

> Flowers grow up in the garden in the greatest luxuriancy and profusion.

Spectator.

Lux*u"ri*ant (?), a. [L. luxurians, p. pr. of luxuriare: cf. F. luxuriant. See Luxuriate.] Exuberant in growth; rank; excessive; very abundant; as, a luxuriant growth of grass; luxuriant foliage.

> Prune the luxuriant, the uncouth refine.

Pope.

Luxuriant flower (Bot.), one in which the floral envelopes are overdeveloped at the expense of the essential organs.

Lux*u"ri*ant*ly, adv. In a luxuriant manner.

Lux*u"ri*ate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Luxuriated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Luxuriating.] [L. luxuriatus, p. p. of luxuriari, -are, to luxuriate. See Luxury.]

1. To grow exuberantly; to grow to superfluous abundance. " Corn luxuriates in a better mold." Burton.

2. To feed or live luxuriously; as, the herds luxuriate in the pastures.

3. To indulge with unrestrained delight and freedom; as, to luxuriate in description.

Lux*u`ri*a"tion (?), n. The act or process of luxuriating.

Lux`u*ri"e*ty (?), n. Luxuriance. [Obs.]

Lux*u"ri*ous (?), a. [L. luxuriosus: cf. F. luxurieux. See Luxury.] Of or pertaining to luxury; ministering to luxury; supplied with the conditions of luxury; as, a luxurious life; a luxurious table; luxurious ease. " Luxurious cities. " Milton.

-- Lux*u"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- Lux*u"ri*ous*ness, n.

Lux"u*rist (?), n. One given to luxury. [Obs.] Sir W. Temple.

Lux"u*ry (?), n.; pl. Luxuries (#). [L. luxuria, fr. luxus: cf. F. luxure.] 1. A free indulgence in costly food, dress, furniture, or anything expensive which gratifies the appetites or tastes.

> Riches expose a man to pride and luxury.

Spectator.

2. Anything which pleases the senses, and is also costly, or difficult to obtain; an expensive rarity; as, silks, jewels, and rare fruits are luxuries; in some countries ice is a great luxury.

> He cut the side of a rock for a garden, and, by laying on it earth, furnished out a kind of luxury for a hermit.

Addison.

3. Lechery; lust. [Obs.] Shak.

> Luxury is in wine and drunkenness.

Chaucer.

4. Luxuriance; exuberance. [Obs.] Bacon.

Syn. -- Voluptuousness; epicurism; effeminacy; sensuality; lasciviousness; dainty; delicacy; gratification.

Luz (?), n. A bone of the human body which was supposed by certain Rabbinical writers to be indestructible. Its location was a matter of dispute. Brande & C.

-ly (?). [OE. -lich, AS. -lic, orig. the same word as E. like, a. See Like, a.] A suffix forming adjectives and adverbs, and denoting likeness or resemblance.

Ly"am (?), n. [See Leam.] A leash. [Obs.]

Ly"can*thrope (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; a wolf + &?; a man.] 1. A human being fabled to have been changed into a wolf; a werewolf.

2. One affected with lycanthropy.

||Ly`can*thro"pi*a (?), n. [NL.] See Lycanthropy, 2.

Ly`can*throp"ic (?), a. Pertaining to lycanthropy.

Ly*can"thro*pist (?), n. One affected by the disease lycanthropy.

Ly*can"thro*pous (?), a. Lycanthropic.

Ly*can"thro*py (?), n. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. lycanthropie.] 1. The supposed act of turning one's self or another person into a wolf. Lowell.

2. (Med.) A kind of erratic melancholy, in which the patient imagines himself a wolf, and imitates the actions of that animal.

Ly*ce"um (?), n.; pl. E. Lyceums (#), L. Lycea (#). [L. lyceum, Gr. &?;, so named after the neighboring temple of &?; &?; Apollo the wolf slayer, prob. fr. &?; belonging to a wolf, fr &?; wolf. See Wolf.] 1. A place of exercise with covered walks, in the suburbs of Athens, where Aristotle taught philosophy.

2. A house or apartment appropriated to instruction by lectures or disquisitions.

3. A higher school, in Europe, which prepares youths for the university.

4. An association for debate and literary improvement.

Lyche (?), a. Like. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Ly"chee` (?), n. (Bot.) See Litchi.

Lych" gate` (?). See under Lich.

||Lych"nis (?), n. [L., a kind of red flower, Gr. lychni`s; cf. ly`chnos a lamp.] (Bot.) A genus of Old World plants belonging to the Pink family (Caryophyllaceæ). Most of the species have brilliantly colored flowers and cottony leaves, which may have anciently answered as wicks for lamps. The botanical name is in common use for the garden species. The corn cockle (Lychnis Githago) is a common weed in wheat fields.

Lych"no*bite (?), n. [Gr. ly`chnos a lamp + bi`os life.] One who labors at night and sleeps in the day.

Lych"no*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?; + - scope.] (Arch.) Same as Low side window, under Low, a.

Lyc"ine (?), n. (Chem.) A weak base identical with betaine; -- so called because found in the boxthorn (Lycium barbarum). See Betaine.

||Ly`co*per"don (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; wolf + &?; to break wind.] (Bot.) A genus of fungi, remarkable for the great quantity of spores, forming a fine dust, which is thrown out like smoke when the plant is compressed or burst; puffball.

Ly"co*pod (?), n. [Cf. F. lycopode.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Lycopodium.

Ly"co*pode (?), n. [F.] Same as Lycopodium powder. See under Lycopodium.

Ly`co*po`di*a"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Belonging, or relating, to the Lycopodiaceæ, an order of cryptogamous plants (called also club mosses) with branching stems, and small, crowded, one-nerved, and usually pointed leaves.

Ly*cop"o*dite (?), n. (Paleon.) An old name for a fossil club moss.

Ly`co*po"di*um (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; wolf + &?;, &?;, a foot.] (Bot.) A genus of mosslike plants, the type of the order Lycopodiaceæ; club moss.

Lycopodium powder, a fine powder or dust composed of the spores of Lycopodium, and other plants of the order Lycopodiaceæ. It is highly inflammable, and is sometimes used in the manufacture of fireworks, and the artificial representation of lightning.

Ly*cot"ro*pous (?), a. [Gr. &?; hook + &?; to turn.] (Bot.) Campylotropous.

Lyd"en (?), n. See Leden. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lyd"i*an (?), a. [L. Lydius, fr. Lydia, Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to Lydia, a country of Asia Minor, or to its inhabitants; hence, soft; effeminate; -- said especially of one of the ancient Greek modes or keys, the music in which was of a soft, pathetic, or voluptuous character.

> Softly sweet in Lydian measures,
> Soon he soothed his soul to pleasures.

Dryden.

Lydian stone, a flint slate used by the ancients to try gold and silver; a touchstone. See Basanite.

Lyd"ine (?), n. (Dyeing) A violet dye derived from aniline.

Lye (?), n. [Written also lie and ley.] [AS. leáh; akin to D. loog, OHG. louga, G. lauge; cf. Icel. laug a bath, a hot spring.] A strong caustic alkaline solution of potassium salts, obtained by leaching wood ashes. It is much used in making soap, etc.

Lye, n. (Railroad) A short side line, connected with the main line; a turn-out; a siding. [Eng.]

Lye, n. A falsehood. [Obs.] See Lie.

||Ly`en*ceph"a*la (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; to loose + &?; the brain.] (Zoöl.) A group of Mammalia, including the marsupials and monotremes; -- so called because the corpus callosum is rudimentary.

Ly`en*ceph"a*lous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Pertaining to, or characteristic of, the Lyencephala.

Ly"er*man (?), n. (Zoöl.) The cicada.

Ly*go"di*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; flexible; &?; a willow twig + &?; form.] (Bot.) A genus of ferns with twining or climbing fronds, bearing stalked and variously-lobed divisions in pairs.

Lygodium palmatum, much prized for indoor ornament, inhabits shaded and moist grassy places, from Massachusetts to Virginia and Kentucky, and sparingly southwards.

Ly"ing (?), p. pr. & vb. n. of Lie, to tell a falsehood.

Ly"ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of Lie, to be supported horizontally.

Lying panel (Arch.), a panel in which the grain of the wood is horizontal. [R.] -- Lying to (Naut.), having the sails so disposed as to counteract each other.

Ly"ing-in" (?), n. 1. The state attending, and consequent to, childbirth; confinement.

2. The act of bearing a child.

Ly"ing*ly, adv. In a lying manner; falsely.

Ly"ken (?), v. t. [See Like, v. t. ] To please; -- chiefly used impersonally. [Obs.] " Sith it lyketh you." Chaucer.

{ Lym (?), or Lym"hound` (?) }, n. A dog held in a leam; a bloodhound; a limehound. [Obs.] Shak.

Ly*mail" (?), n. See Limaille. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Lyme" grass` (?). (Bot.) A coarse perennial grass of several species of Elymus, esp. E. Canadensis, and the European E. arenarius.

Lymph (?), n. [L. lympha: cf. F. lymphe.] 1. A spring of water; hence, water, or a pure, transparent liquid like water.

> A fountain bubbled up, whose lymph serene
> Nothing of earthly mixture might distain.

Trench.

2. (Anat.) An alkaline colorless fluid, contained in the lymphatic vessels, coagulable like blood, but free from red blood corpuscles. It is absorbed from the various tissues and organs of the body, and is finally discharged by the thoracic and right lymphatic ducts into the great veins near the heart.

3. (Med.) A fibrinous material exuded from the blood vessels in inflammation. In the process of healing it is either absorbed, or is converted into connective tissue binding the inflamed surfaces together.

Lymph corpuscles (Anat.), finely granular nucleated cells, identical with the colorless blood corpuscles, present in the lymph and chyle. -- Lymph duct (Anat.), a lymphatic. -- Lymph heart. See Note under Heart, n., 1.

||Lym`pha*de*ni"tis (?), n. [NL. See Lymph, and Adenitis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the lymphatic glands; -- called also lymphitis.

||Lym`pha*de*no"ma (?), n. [NL. See Lymph, Aden-, and -oma.] (Med.) See Lymphoma.

||Lym*phan`ge*i"tis (?), n. [NL., from L. lympha lymph + Gr. &?; vessel + -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels. [Written also lymphangitis.]

Lym*phan"gi*al (?), a. [See Lymphangeitis.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the lymphatics, or lymphoid tissue; lymphatic.

{ Lymph"ate (?), Lymph"a*ted (?), } a. [L. lymphatus, p. p. of lymphare to water, dilute with water, to drive out of one's senses, to make mad.] Frightened into madness; raving. [Obs.]

Lym*phat"ic (?), a. [L. lymphaticus distracted, frantic: cf. F. lymphatique] pertaining to, containing, or conveying lymph.

2. Madly enthusiastic; frantic. [Obs.] " Lymphatic rapture. " Sir T. Herbert. [See Lymphate.]

Lymphatic gland (Anat.), one of the solid glandlike bodies connected with the lymphatics or the lacteals; -- called also lymphatic ganglion, and conglobate gland. -- Lymphatic temperament (Old Physiol.), a temperament in which the lymphatic system seems to predominate, that is, a system in which the complexion lacks color and the tissues seem to be of loose texture; hence, a temperament lacking energy, inactive, indisposed to exertion or excitement. See Temperament.

Lym*phat"ic, n. 1. (Anat.) One of the lymphatic or absorbent vessels, which carry lymph and discharge it into the veins; lymph duct; lymphatic duct.

2. A mad enthusiast; a lunatic. [Obs.]

||Lym*phi"tis (?), n. [NL.] (Med.) See Lymphadenitis.

Lym`pho*gen"ic (?), a. [Lymph + root of L. gignere to produce.] (Physiol.) Connected with, or formed in, the lymphatic glands.

Lym*phog"ra*phy (?), n. [Lymph + -graphy.] A description of the lymphatic vessels, their origin and uses.

Lymph"oid (?), a. [Lymph + - oid.] (Anat.) Resembling lymph; also, resembling a lymphatic gland; adenoid; as, lymphoid tissue.

||Lym*pho"ma (?), n. [NL. See Lymph, and -oma.] (Med.) A tumor having a structure resembling that of a lymphatic gland; -- called also lymphadenoma.

Malignant lymphoma, a fatal disease characterized by the formation in various parts of the body of new growths resembling lymphatic glands in structure.

Lymph"y (?), a. Containing, or like, lymph.

Lyn (?), n. A waterfall. See Lin. [Scot.]

Lyn*ce"an (?), a. [See Lynx.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the lynx.

Lynch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Lynched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Lynching.] [See Note under Lynch law.] To inflict punishment upon, especially death, without the forms of law, as when a mob captures and hangs a suspected person. See Lynch law.

Lynch"er (?), n. One who assists in lynching.

Lynch" law` (?). The act or practice by private persons of inflicting punishment for crimes or offenses, without due process of law.

The term Lynch law is said to be derived from a Virginian named Lynch, who took the law into his own hands. But the origin of the term is very doubtful.

{ Lynde (?), Lyn"den (?) }, n. See Linden.

Lyne (?), n. Linen. [Obs.] Spenser.

Lynx (lks), n. [L. lynx, lyncis, Gr. ly`gx; akin to AS. lox, G. luchs, prob. named from its sharp sight, and akin to E. light. See Light, n., and cf. Ounce an animal.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of feline animals of the genus Felis, and subgenus Lynx. They have a short tail, and usually a pencil of hair on the tip of the ears.

<! p. 878 !>

Among the well-known species are the European lynx (Felis borealis); the Canada lynx or loup-cervier (F. Canadensis); the bay lynx of America (F. rufa), and its western spotted variety (var. maculata); and the pardine lynx (F. pardina) of Southern Europe.

2. (Astron.) One of the northern constellations.

Lynx"-eyed` (?), a. Having acute sight.

Ly`on`naise" (?), a. [F. lyonnaise, fem. of lyonnais of Lyons.] (Cookery) Applied to boiled potatoes cut into small pieces and heated in oil or butter. They are usually flavored with onion and parsley.

||Ly`o*po"ma*ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; to loose + &?;, &?;, a lid.] (Zoöl.) An order of brachiopods, in which the valves of shell are not articulated by a hinge. It includes the Lingula, Discina, and allied forms. [Written also Lyopoma.]

||Ly"ra (?), n. [L. lyra, Gr. &?;. See Lyre.] 1. (Astron.) A northern constellation, the Harp, containing a white star of the first magnitude, called Alpha Lyræ, or Vega.

2. (Anat.) The middle portion of the ventral surface of the fornix of the brain; -- so called from the arrangement of the lines with which it is marked in the human brain.

Ly"ra*id (?), n. (Astron.) Same as Lyrid.

{ Ly"rate (?), Ly"ra*ted (?), } a. [NL. lyratus. See Lyre.] 1. (Bot.) Lyre-shaped, or spatulate and oblong, with small lobes toward the base; as, a lyrate leaf.

2. (Zoöl.) Shaped like a lyre, as the tail of the blackcock, or that of the lyre bird.

Lyre (?), n. [OE. lire, OF. lyre, L. lyra, Gr. &?;. Cf. Lyra.] 1. (Mus.) A stringed instrument of music; a kind of harp much used by the ancients, as an accompaniment to poetry.

The lyre was the peculiar instrument of Apollo, the tutelary god of music and poetry. It gave name to the species of verse called lyric, to which it originally furnished an accompaniment.

2. (Astron.) One of the constellations; Lyra. See Lyra.

Lyre bat (Zoöl.), a small bat (Megaderma lyra), inhabiting India and Ceylon. It is remarkable for the enormous size and curious shape of the nose membrane and ears. -- Lyre turtle (Zoöl.), the leatherback.

Lyre" bird` (?). (Zoöl.) Any one of two or three species of Australian birds of the genus Menura. The male is remarkable for having the sixteen tail feathers very long and, when spread, arranged in the form of a lyre. The common lyre bird (Menura superba), inhabiting New South Wales, is about the size of a grouse. Its general color is brown, with rufous color on the throat, wings, tail coverts and tail. Called also lyre pheasant and lyre-tail.

{ Lyr"ic (?), Lyr"ic*al (?), } a. [L. lyricus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. lyrique. See Lyre.] 1. Of or pertaining to a lyre or harp.

2. Fitted to be sung to the lyre; hence, also, appropriate for song; -- said especially of poetry which expresses the individual emotions of the poet. "Sweet lyric song." Milton.

Lyr"ic, n. 1. A lyric poem; a lyrical composition.

2. A composer of lyric poems. [R.] Addison.

3. A verse of the kind usually employed in lyric poetry; -- used chiefly in the plural.

Lyr"ic*al*ly (?), adv. In a lyrical manner.

Lyr"i*cism (?), n. A lyric composition. Gray.

Ly"rid (l"rd), n. (Astron.) One of the group of shooting stars which come into the air in certain years on or about the 19th of April; -- so called because the apparent path among the stars if produced backwards crosses the constellation Lyra.

Ly"rie (l"r), n. [Icel. hlri a sort of fish.] (Zoöl.) A European fish (Peristethus cataphractum), having the body covered with bony plates, and having three spines projecting in front of the nose; -- called also noble, pluck, pogge, sea poacher, and armed bullhead.

Ly*rif"er*ous (l*rf"r*s), a. [Lyre + -ferous.] (Zoöl.) Having a lyre-shaped shoulder girdle, as certain fishes.

Lyr"ism (lr"z'm), n. [Cf. Gr. lyrismo`s.] The act of playing on a lyre or harp. G. Eliot.

Lyr"ist, n. [L. lyristes, Gr. lyristh`s: cf. F. lyriste.] A musician who plays on the harp or lyre; a composer of lyrical poetry. Shelley.

Ly*sim"e*ter (l*sm"*tr), n. [Gr. ly`sis a loosing + - meter.] An instrument for measuring the water that percolates through a certain depth of soil. Knight.

||Ly"sis (l"ss), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ly`sis.] (Med.) The resolution or favorable termination of a disease, coming on gradually and not marked by abrupt change.

It is usually contrasted with crisis, in which the improvement is sudden and marked; as, pneumonia ends by crisis, typhoid fever by lysis.

||Lys"sa (ls"s), n. [NL. See Lytta.] (Med.) Hydrophobia.

The plural (Lyssæ) has been used to signify the pustules supposed to be developed under the tongue in hydrophobia.

Ly*te"ri*an (l*t"r*an), a. [Gr. lyth`rios healing, fr. lyth`r a deliverer, fr. ly`ein to loosen.] (Med.) Terminating a disease; indicating the end of a disease.

Lythe (lth), n. (Zoöl.) The European pollack; -- called also laith, and leet. [Scot.]

Lythe (l), a. [See Lithe, a.] Soft; flexible. [Obs.] Spenser.

{ Lyth`on*thrip"tic (lth`n*thrp"tk), Lyth`on*trip"tic (-trp"tk) }, a. (Med.) See Lithontriptic.

||Lyt"ta (lt"t), n.; pl. Lyttæ (-t). [L., a worm said to grow under the tongue of dogs, and to cause canine madness, fr. Gr. ly`tta, ly`ssa, lit., madness.] (Anat.) A fibrous and muscular band lying within the longitudinal axis of the tongue in many mammals, as the dog.

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