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    Title: History of the English People, Index

    Author: John Richard Green

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    Language: English

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Transcriber's Notes:

This is the index for the 8 volume set of History of the English People. It was included at the end of Volume VIII in the original. For ease in accessibility, it has been removed and produced as a separate volume. Click on the page number to see an image of the page.

More notes follow the text.

HISTORY
OF
THE ENGLISH PEOPLE
BY
JOHN RICHARD GREEN, M.A.
HONORARY FELLOW OF JESUS COLLEGE, OXFORD
INDEX
London
MACMILLAN AND CO., Ltd.
NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN CO.
1896

- First Edition, 1879; Reprinted 1882, 1886, 1891.
- Eversley Edition, 1896.

8-213]

- INDEX

- Abbot, George, Archbishop of Canterbury, iv. 341;
- his Puritanism, v. 90;
- protests against Lady Essex's divorce, 191;
- pleads for help for the Elector Palatine, 218;
- suspended, 255
- Abelard, i. 283, 285
- Abercromby, General, vii. 266
- Abercromby, Sir Ralph, viii. 140, 165
- Aberdeen sacked by Montrose, vi. 23
- Aberffraw, princes of, ii. 46, 108
- Abergavenny besieged by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 11
- Abergavenny, Edward Neville, first Lord, iii. 114
- Abergavenny, George Neville, tenth Lord, vii. 23
- Abermenai, English fleet repulsed from, ii. 54
- "Abhorrers," vi. 314
- Abingdon, Abbey of, its relations with Oxford, i. 306-308
- Abingdon, James Bertie, first Earl of, vii. 23
- Aboukir, battle of, viii. 141
- Acadia, strife of French and English in, vii. 242, 243
- Accursi, Francesco, ii. 102
- Aclea, battle of, i. 103
- Acre, siege of, viii. 141
- Acts of Parliament. See Statutes
- Adam of Usk, ii. 178
- Adamnan's Life of St. Columba, i. 8
- Adams, John, vii. 281
- Addington, Henry, viii. 156, 170.
- See Sidmouth
- Addison, Joseph, vii. 158, 159, 292
- Adela, daughter of William the Conqueror, i. 214
- Adelard of Bath, i. 282, 293
- Admonition to the Parliament, iv. 296
- Adrian IV., Pope, i. 250
- Adrian VI., Pope, iii. 249
- Ælfheah, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 142;
- translation of, 145
- Ælfred, king of Wessex, i. 105;
- his struggle with the northmen, 106, 107;
- treaty with them, 107;
- character, 107-110;
- rule, 111, 112;
- literary and educational work, 113-115;
- organization of fleet and fyrd, 116;
- second struggle with northmen, ib., 117;
- death, 117;
- Asser's Life of, 5;
- Sayings of, 278, 280
- Ælfred, son of Æthelred II., i. 147, 148
- Ælfric, ealdorman of Central Wessex, i. 140
- Ælla, king of Deira, i. 52, 53
- Ælle, king of the South Saxons, i. 34
- Æsc, king of Kent, i. 49
- Æthelbald, king of Mercia, i. 90, 96
- Æthelbald, king of Wessex, i. 103
- Æthelberht, king of Kent, i. 56, 57, 59, 62, 65
- Æthelberht, king of Wessex, i. 103
- Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians, i. 117, 118
- Æthelgifu, mother-in-law of King Eadwig, i. 136, 137
- Æthelfrith, king of Northumbria, i. 60, 62
- 8-214]Ætheling, the, i. 11
- Æthelred, king of Mercia, i, 89
- Æthelred I., king of Wessex, i. 103-105
- Æthelred II., King, i. 139-141
- Æthelred, ealdorman of Mercia, i. 117
- Æthelric, king of Bernicia, i. 52, 53, 60
- Æthelstan, King, i. 119, 120
- Æthelweard's Chronicle, i. 5
- Æthelwine, ealdorman of East Anglia, i. 139, 140
- Æthelwulf, king of Wessex, i. 103
- Agénois, dispute about, ii. 197, 198, 209, 219
- Agincourt, battle of, iii. 30-32
- Agitators, Council of, vi. 52, 53, 57
- Agriculture, changes in, under Elizabeth, iv. 278
- Aidan, St., i. 69-71
- Aids, feudal, ii. 104;
- "free," 152, 153
- Aiguillon
- taken by the Earl of Derby, ii. 234;
- besieged by John of France, ib., 235
- Aislabie, Chancellor of the Exchequer, vii. 192
- Aix-la-Chapelle, peace of, vi. 250; vii. 231
- Albany, Robert, first Duke of, iii. 9, 16
- Albany, Alexander, third Duke of, iii. 232;
- Protector of Scotland, 235;
- struggle with Margaret, 247, 248
- Albemarle, Edward, Duke of, ii. 380; iii. 7.
- See Rutland
- Albemarle, George Monk, Duke of (see Monk), vi. 193
- Albemarle, Stephen, Count of, i. 192
- Alberoni, Cardinal, vii. 186-188
- Albigenses, ii. 7, 35
- Albinus, friend of Bæda, i. 94
- Alcwine, letters of, i. 4
- Alderman of a gild, i. 299
- Aldfrith, king of Northumbria, i. 91
- Aldgate, Priory of Holy Trinity at, i. 223
- Alençon,
- William the Conqueror's vengeance on, i. 179;
- reduced by Henry V., iii. 33
- Alençon, Francis, Duke of. See Anjou
- Alexander III., Pope, i. 235
- Alexander I., Czar of Russia, viii. 164, 180, 198, 202
- Alexander III., king of Scots, ii. 135
- Alfred of Beverley, i. 246
- Alfune founds St. Giles', Cripplegate, i. 223
- Algiers bombarded by Blake, vi. 116
- Allen, Dr. William, iv. 307, 310, 353, 354;
- his Defense of the English Catholics, 354
- Alleyn, Joseph, vi. 223
- Alliance, Grand, vii. 49;
- its success, 79, 80, 88;
- breaks up, 89;
- the second, 107;
- Triple, vi. 249; vii. 185
- Almanza, battle of, vii. 134
- Alva, Ferdinand Alvarez, Duke of, iv. 225, 257, 258, 298, 300, 335
- Amboise,
- conspiracy of, iv. 175;
- edict of, 217
- America,
- early settlements in, iv. 329, 330, 345;
- Puritan emigration to, v. 308-314, 319, 320;
- English colonies in, vii. 236;
- their progress, 237;
- slavery in, ib.;
- education in, 238;
- their political condition, 239, 240;
- relations with England, 241, 243, 244;
- strife with the French, 249;
- Pitt's policy in, 266;
- relations with England after the Seven Years' War, 280-283;
- Bute's policy towards, 310, 311;
- Grenville's, 320, 321, 326;
- English and American theories of their relation to England, 320-325;
- renewed attempt at taxation of, viii. 3, 4, 14;
- war with England, 22-26, 32;
- French settlements in, vii. 232, 242, 243;
- ceded to England, 307;
- Spanish conquests in, iv. 329, 330;
- English trade with, vii. 216;
- United States of, declare their independence, viii. 24;
- alliance with France, 28;
- peace with England, 41;
- importance of their independence, 42-44;
- increase of their carrying trade through the Continental System, 177;
- embargo on trade with Europe, 182;
- pass an Act of Non-Intercourse with England and France, 183;
- repeal it, 184;
- cease intercourse with Great Britain, 192;
- war with England, 198, 203-205
- Amherst, General, vii. 266, 267, 269
- 8-215]Amiens,
- Mise of, ii. 68;
- Peace of, viii. 167
- Ancrum Moor, battle of, iv. 29
- Anderida (Pevensey) destroyed by Saxons, i. 34
- André, Bernard, his Life of Henry VII., iii. 83
- Andredsweald, the, i. 33;
- attacked by northmen, 116
- Andrewes, Lancelot, Bishop of Winchester, v. 267
- Aneurin, ii. 49, 53
- Angeln, i. 9
- Anglesea
- conquered by Eadwine, i. 63;
- reduced by an English fleet, ii. 109;
- English routed in, 120
- Angoulême
- taken by Henry of Derby, ii. 234;
- regained by John of Normandy, ib.
- Angoumois
- restored to Edward III., ii. 266;
- won by Du Guesclin, 287
- Angus, Archibald Douglas, sixth (or ninth) Earl of, iii. 231; iv. 22, 29, 52
- Anhalt, Christian, Duke of, v. 177
- Anjou,
- documents for early history of, i. 7;
- counts of, 208-213;
- conquered by Philip Augustus, 269;
- cession of, ii. 63
- Anjou, Francis, Duke of, iv. 313, 316, 336-338, 348
- Anjou, Henry, Duke of, iv. 297, 298.
- See Henry III., king of France
- Anjou, René, Duke of, iii. 61
- Anlaf, the sea-king, i. 120
- Annales Angliæ et Scotiæ, i. 274
- Annales Cambriæ, i. 7
- Anne, daughter of James, Duke of York, vi. 309; vii. 28;
- forsakes her father, 42;
- relations with the Churchills, 109-111;
- Queen, 112;
- her "Bounty," 123;
- resistance to the Whigs, 133;
- temper and policy, 135, 136;
- breaks with the Duchess of Marlborough, 138;
- threat to the Electress Sophia, 144;
- dismisses Oxford, 145;
- dies, 146
- Anne of Bohemia, wife of Richard II., ii. 348, 367
- Anne of Cleves, wife of Henry VIII., iii. 351; iv. 17
- Anselm, St., i. 193-196;
- Archbishop of Canterbury, 196;
- struggle with William Rufus, ib., 197;
- recalled, 199;
- crowns Matilda, 200;
- supports Henry I., 201
- Antonio, Don, claimant of Portugal, iv. 367
- Antwerp,
- its trade with England, iv. 257;
- refugees from, 305, 324;
- sacked, 310;
- surrenders to Parma, 349
- Appeal, Court of, i. 256
- Appeals to the Pope, ii. 222;
- protest of Edward III. against, 274;
- forbidden, iii. 302;
- from Scotland, Edward I.'s claim to, ii. 140
- Appellant, the Lords, ii. 353, 354, 371
- Aquitaine,
- Henry Fitz-Empress's relations with, i. 226, 233;
- revolts against Richard I., 263;
- secured by Eleanor for John, 268;
- submits to Philip Augustus, 270;
- Edward III. does homage for, ii. 209;
- granted him in full sovereignty, 266;
- change in its attitude towards the English king, 280;
- relations with Spain, 282;
- rejects the hearth-tax, 285;
- its barons appeal to France, ib.;
- regained by France, 287, 288;
- granted by Richard II. to John of Gaunt, 369.
- See Guienne
- Archangel, discovery of, iv. 283
- Archers, the English, ii. 241, 242; iii. 31
- Architecture
- under Edward I., ii. 105, 106;
- domestic, its developement under Elizabeth, iv. 285-287
- Arcola, battle of, viii. 123
- Arcot seized by Clive, vii. 235
- Argyle, Archibald Campbell, fourth Earl of, iv. 114
- Argyle, Archibald Campbell, fifth Earl of, iv. 223, 230, 245, 260
- Argyle, Archibald Campbell, eighth Earl and first Marquis of (see Lorne), v. 341;
- his relations with Charles I., 363, 364;
- defeated at Inverlochy, vi. 38;
- restored to power, 63;
- proclaims Charles II. king, 71;
- death, 181; vii. 8
- Argyle, Archibald Campbell, ninth Earl of, vii. 8, 9
- Argyle, John Campbell, second Duke of, vii. 146, 183
- Aristotle, Edmund Rich lectures on, i. 288, 293
- Arkwright, Richard, viii. 60
- Arles, kingdom of, i. 262
- 8-216]Arlington, Henry Bennet, Earl of (see Bennet),
- Secretary of State, vi. 245;
- policy in Triple Alliance, 248, 250;
- Charles's confidant in the Treaty of Dover, 258;
- dismissed, 281
- Arlotta, mother of William the Conqueror, i. 157
- Armada, the Spanish,
- its gathering, iv. 344;
- sails, 356;
- off the Lizard, 357;
- its force, 360;
- reaches Calais, 361;
- its flight, 362;
- ruin, 363;
- its results, 364, 365;
- the second, v. 60
- Armagnac, Bernard, Count of, iii. 16, 17
- Arminians, the, v. 114, 266
- Arms, Assize of, i. 257
- Army, the English,
- its double character, ii. 240;
- the feudal, its composition, ii. 239;
- raised by the Parliament against Charles I., vi. 1;
- of the Associated Counties, 8, 13, 18;
- the New Model, 35-37;
- its character and policy, 50-52;
- seizes the king, 53;
- its "Humble Representation," ib., 54;
- marches on London, ib.;
- negotiates with the Parliament, 54;
- with the king, 55;
- enters London, 56;
- resolves to bring Charles to account, 61;
- invades Scotland, 62;
- demands justice on the king, 64;
- struggle with the Parliament, 65, 66;
- mutiny in, 75;
- petitions for a new Parliament, 87;
- struggle with the Rump, 89;
- recalls the Rump, 149;
- drives it out again, 150;
- relations with Monk, 150, 151;
- its dissolution, 153;
- Charles II.'s, 182, 183; vii. 4;
- increased by James II., 11;
- Catholic officers in, 14, 15;
- Parliament's control over it established, vii. 61;
- reduced under William III., 97;
- increased again, 105, 107
- Army Plot, v. 359, 360
- Arnold, General, viii. 23
- Arran, James Hamilton, second Earl of, iv. 26, 199
- Arras, treaties of, iii. 56, 120, 170
- Arteveldt, Jacques van, ii. 227, 233
- Arteveldt, Philip van, ii. 349
- Arthur, leader of the Britons, i. 34;
- legends of, 246, 247; ii. 57
- Arthur of Britanny, i. 247, 260, 268
- Arthur, son of Henry VII., iii. 186, 187
- Articles of Religion, 1536, iii. 333, 337, 338;
- Five, iv. 156;
- Forty-two, 59, 160;
- Six, iii. 346;
- repealed, iv. 48;
- Thirty-nine, 59, 216;
- magistrates and public officers compelled to subscribe to, 273;
- subscription of ministers to, v. 156;
- Three (Whitgift's), iv. 341, 342; v. 115, 116
- Articles, Lords of the, iv. 228
- Artillery,
- first instance known of its use in field warfare, ii. 237;
- results of its introduction, iii. 95, 96
- Arundel, Thomas, Bishop of Ely, ii. 352;
- Archbishop of Canterbury, 367, 370, 371, 373;
- persecuting tendencies, iii. 4;
- urges Richard II.'s death, 7;
- prevents confiscation of Church property, 15, 21;
- removed from the chancellorship, 25;
- convicts Lord Cobham of heresy, 27
- Arundel, Richard Fitz-Alan, fourth Earl of, ii. 353, 367, 370, 371
- Arundel, Henry Fitz-Alan, twelfth Earl of, iv. 173, 267, 268
- Arundel, Thomas Howard, fourteenth Earl of, v. 248
- Arundell of Wardour, Henry, third Lord, vi. 256, 296; vii. 20
- Ascham, Roger, iv. 134, 135
- Ashdown, battle of, i. 105
- Ashley, Anthony Ashley Cooper, Lord (see Cooper), vi. 194;
- opposes the Act of Uniformity, 208;
- character, 216, 217;
- policy, 218, 219;
- Chancellor of the Exchequer, 245;
- change in his attitude on the question of toleration, 252;
- advises a dissolution, 253;
- schemes of toleration, 259;
- attitude towards war with Holland, 260.
- See Shaftesbury
- Assandun, battle of, i. 143
- Assembly, the French National, viii. 86
- Asser, i. 5, 113
- Assize
- of Arms, i. 257;
- of Clarendon, 238;
- of the Forest, 267;
- of Northampton, 255
- Astley, Sir Jacob, vi. 42
- Aston, Sir Arthur, vi. 76
- Athelney,
- Ælfred at, i. 106;
- abbey at, 114
- 8-217]Athenree, battle of, ii. 376
- Athlone captured by the English, iii. 329
- Atterbury, Francis, Bishop of Rochester, vii. 167
- Audley, James Touchet, Lord, iii. 74
- Aughrim, battle of, vii. 73
- Augsburg,
- conference at, iv. 21;
- treaty of, vii. 27
- Augustine, St., Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 57-59
- Austerlitz, battle of, viii. 173
- Australia, vii. 278
- Austria, Charles, Archduke of, iv. 193, 195
- Austria, Don John of, iv. 310-312
- Auxerre, battle near, iii. 39
- Avaux, Count of, vii. 59
- Avesbury, Robert of, ii. 177
- Avignon, the Popes at, ii. 216, 217, 221, 224
- Avowal, the, v. 268
- Avranches taken by Henry V., iii. 33
- Axholme, the Disinherited at, ii. 84, 85
- Aylesford, battle of, i. 33
- Aylmer, John, iv. 119
- Ayrshire, rising in, vi. 62
- Babington, Anthony, iv. 351, 352
- Bacon, Francis, v. 46-55;
- his political career, 222-224;
- last years, 225;
- Life of Henry VII., iii. 83
- Bacon, Sir Nicholas, iv. 152
- Bacon, Roger, i. 293; ii. 14-19;
- his Opus Majus, 19-21
- Badajoz stormed, viii. 199
- Badbury, battle of, i. 34
- Badby, Thomas, iii. 22
- Badlesmere, Lady, ii. 195
- Bæda, i. 91-95;
- his History, 4, 94
- Baillie's Letters, v. 73
- Bale, Bishop of Ossory, iv. 63, 109, 119, 128, 129
- Ball, John, ii. 268, 269, 318, 319, 336
- Balliol, Edward,
- acknowledged as king of Scots at the English court, ii. 204;
- seizes the crown, 210;
- driven out, 211;
- restored, 212;
- withdraws to England, 213, 214;
- resigns, 253
- Balliol, John,
- claimant of the Scottish crown, ii. 136;
- king, 138;
- resists Edward's claim to receive appeals, 140;
- alliance with France, 160;
- defies Edward, 161;
- surrenders, ib.;
- released and goes to France, 170
- Balmerino, Arthur Elphinston, sixth Lord, vii. 230
- Bamborough
- founded by Ida, i. 52;
- attacked by Penda, 71
- Bancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury, iv. 341; v. 156, 165
- Bank of England founded, vii. 86;
- suspends specie payments, viii. 126
- Bankers, foreign, in England, under Edward I., ii. 106, 107;
- expelled, 189
- Bannockburn, battle of, ii. 192, 193
- Bantry Bay, battle in, vii. 68
- Baptists, rise of the, vi. 28
- Barbour, John, ii. 177
- Barbury Hill, battle of, i. 37
- Bardolf, Thomas, Lord, iii. 18, 19
- Bards, the Welsh, ii. 53, 56; iii. 11
- Barebones, Praise-God, vi. 95
- "Bargemen" of Oxford, i. 308
- Barham Down, muster at, i. 333; ii. 74
- Barillon, French ambassador in England, vi. 298
- Barlow, Bishop of St. David's, iii. 336
- Barnes, Robert, iii. 262
- Barnet, battle of, iii. 142
- Barnwell, Annals of, i. 174, 273
- Barons,
- their struggle with William I., i. 188-190;
- with William Rufus, 191, 192;
- with Henry I., 201, 202;
- misdoings under Stephen, 220, 221;
- Henry II.'s dealings with, 233;
- change in their attitude towards crown and people, 325;
- relations with John, 332, 338, 339, 343;
- alliance with the Welsh against him, ii. 55;
- meeting at St. Edmund's, i. 344;
- at Brackley, 346;
- rise in arms, ib., 347;
- confer with John at Runnymede, 347;
- excommunicated by Innocent III., 354;
- call Lewis of France to their aid, 355;
- feudal party among, ii. 4, 5;
- refuse an aid to the Pope, 27;
- refuse subsidies to Henry III., 34, 35;
- their plan of reform, 37, 38;
- league against Henry III., 59, 60;
- expel the foreigners, 62;
- their rule, ib., 63;
- divisions among, 64;
- rise in arms, 67;
- submit 8-218]to arbitration, 68;
- victory at Lewes, 70, 71;
- position after the war, 114;
- relations with Edward I., 115-117;
- decrease in numbers, 146, 147;
- struggle with Edward I., 164-166;
- relations with Edward II., 184, 190;
- under Edward III., relations with the crown, 293;
- with the Church, 294;
- their decline, iii. 94-96;
- effect of the French war on, 103, 104;
- new race of, under Henry VIII., iv. 13, 41;
- the northern, plot against Elizabeth, iv. 266, 267;
- rise, 268;
- defeated, 269;
- "greater" and "lesser," ii. 145;
- of the Exchequer, i. 206;
- of London, 319
- Barrier, the Dutch, vii. 102, 182
- Barrow, Isaac, vi. 167
- Bartholomew's Day, St.,
- the English, vi. 209;
- the French, iv. 299
- Basing House, siege of, vi. 42
- Basle, treaty of, viii. 111
- Bassano, battle of, viii. 123
- Basset, Philip, ii. 66
- Basset, Thomas, i. 345
- Bastille, capture of the, viii. 83
- Bastwick, John, v. 329
- Bates's case, v. 161
- Bath, the thegns of Wessex submit to Swein at, i. 143
- Bath, Henry de, ii. 33
- Battle Abbey, i. 164
- Baugé, battle of, iii. 36
- Bautzen, battle of, viii. 201
- Bavaria, Maximilian, Duke of, v. 177, 219
- Bavaria, Maximilian Emmanuel, Elector of, vii. 101, 102
- Bavaria, Joseph, Electoral Prince of, vii. 92, 94
- Baxter, Richard,
- his address to Richard Cromwell, vi. 147;
- his eminence as controversialist and pastor, 210;
- his account of the expelled clergy, 222;
- supports a scheme of comprehension, 252;
- refuses the Indulgence, vii. 22;
- his Autobiography, vi. 157
- Bayeux
- surrendered to Henry V., iii. 33;
- northmen of, i. 155, 156
- Baylen, surrender of French troops at, viii. 186
- Bayonne submits to Charles VII., iii. 69
- Beachy Head, battle of, vii. 75
- Beaton, Cardinal, iv. 24, 33, 34
- Beauchamp, Edward Seymour Lord, v. 66, 121
- Beaufort, Edmund, Earl of Dorset, iii. 59;
- Regent of France, 60.
- See Somerset
- Beaufort, Henry, Bishop of Winchester,
- chancellor, iii. 25, 43;
- struggle with Humphrey of Gloucester, 44;
- Cardinal and Legate, ib.;
- supports Bedford, 55;
- retires, 59
- Beaufort, John. See Somerset
- Beaufort, Margaret, iii. 165, 166, 172
- Beaujeu, Anne of, iii. 170, 171
- Beaumont, Henry I.'s palace of, at Oxford, i. 284, 307
- Bec, school of, i. 159
- Beckford, Alderman, vii. 256
- Bedford
- reduced by Eadward the Elder, i. 119;
- castle of, besieged by Hubert de Burgh, ii. 5
- Bedford, John, Duke of, iii. 38;
- regent of France, 39;
- alliance with Burgundy, ib.;
- victories in France, ib., 40;
- difficulties, 44, 45;
- rule in Normandy, 55;
- death, 56
- Bedford, John Russell, first Earl of, iv. 47.
- See Russell
- Bedford, Francis Russell, fourth Earl of, v. 358
- Bedford, William Russell, fifth Earl of, vi. 1
- Bedford, John Russell, fourth Duke of, vii. 242, 315, 317; viii. 4, 16
- Bedloe, William, vi. 297
- Beket, Gilbert, i. 225, 303
- Beket, Thomas, i. 225;
- agent of Archbishop Theobald, 226;
- chancellor, 232;
- Archbishop of Canterbury, 235;
- rejects Constitutions of Clarendon, 236;
- at council of Northampton, 237;
- flight, ib.;
- struggle with Henry II., 239;
- returns to England, 240;
- murdered, 241;
- canonized, ib.;
- Henry's penance at his shrine, 255;
- his shrine desecrated, iii. 344
- Belesme, Robert of, i. 201, 202; ii. 47
- Bellahoe, battle of, iii. 329
- Bellasys, John, first Lord, vi. 256, 296; vii. 20
- Bellingham, Sir Edward, iv. 110
- 8-219]Bellingham, John, viii. 196
- Benedict XII., Pope, ii. 218, 219
- Benedict Biscop, i. 79, 91, 92
- "Benedict of Peterborough," i. 174, 244
- "Benevolences"
- under Edward IV., iii. 152;
- declared illegal, 168;
- levied again, 171, 177;
- extension under Wolsey, 244, 251;
- resisted, 251, 252;
- again demanded, iv. 34;
- demanded by James I., v. 197, 198, 229;
- by Charles I., 253
- Bengal, Clive's successes in, vii. 261
- Bennet, Henry, vi. 221.
- See Arlington
- Bensington, battle of, i. 98
- Bentham, Jeremy, viii. 195
- Beorn, nephew of Earl Godwine, i. 150, 151
- Beornwulf, king of Mercia, i. 102
- Beowulf, Song of, i. 24-26
- Bergerac taken by Henry of Derby, ii. 234
- Berkeley Castle, Edward II. murdered in, ii. 200
- Berkley, Sir Robert, v. 331, 351
- Berlin Decree, Napoleon's, viii. 176
- Bernicia
- conquered by the English, i. 52;
- by Eadwine, 62;
- recalls the line of Æthelfrith, 66;
- struggle against Penda, 71, 72
- Bernicians conquer Deira, i. 52, 53
- Bertha of Paris, wife of Æthelberht of Kent, i. 57
- Berwick
- stormed by Edward I., ii. 160, 161;
- Parliament at, 162;
- captured by Bruce, 194;
- by Edward III., ii. 211, 212;
- its peculiar political position, 212;
- recaptured by the Scots, 259, 263;
- Pacification at, v. 337
- Berwick, James FitzJames, Duke of, vii. 119, 134
- Beverley, peasant revolt at, ii. 324
- Bible,
- Wyclif's translation of, ii. 178, 343;
- Tyndale's, iii. 259-261;
- its circulation forbidden, 290;
- Coverdale's, 334, 335;
- misuse of, 344;
- its popularity, v. 82;
- literary influence, 83, 84;
- social influence, 84, 85;
- religious influence, 85;
- the Geneva, iv. 128;
- forbidden, v. 296
- "Bible-men," iii. 96
- Bidassoa, battle on the, viii. 202
- Bigod, Hugh, first Earl of Norfolk, i. 254
- Bigod, Roger, second Earl of Norfolk, i. 343
- Bigod, Roger, fourth Earl of Norfolk, ii. 45
- Bigod, Roger, fifth Earl of Norfolk, ii. 164-166
- Bigod, Hugh, Justiciar, ii. 60, 64, 66
- Bigorre restored to Edward III., ii. 266
- Billericay, villagers of, resist Richard II., ii. 332
- Bilney, Thomas, iii. 262
- Birinus, St., bishop in Wessex, i. 71
- Birmingham, its rise, vii. 196
- Bishoprics, new, erected under Henry VIII., iv. 13
- Bishops
- excluded from State offices, ii. 302;
- denounce Oldcastle and the Lollards, iii. 27;
- mode of appointment, 307, 308;
- position under Henry VIII., 308;
- under Edward VI., ib., iv. 60;
- proposal to exclude them from the House of Lords, v. 354, 355, 371;
- excluded, 377;
- restored, vi. 204;
- position under the Georges, vii. 171, 172;
- the Seven, 30, 31;
- in Scotland, their position under Knox, v. 137;
- abolished, 140;
- restored, 143, 166, 167
- "Bishops' War," the, v. 341-343
- Black Book, the, of 1536, iii. 310
- Black Death, the, ii. 252-254, 266, 288;
- its social results, 254, 255
- Blackfriars,
- Council at, ii. 339;
- trial of Henry VIII.'s divorce at, iii. 276;
- first public theatre at, v. 22
- Blacklow Hill, Gaveston beheaded on, ii. 190
- Blake, Robert,
- his defence of Taunton, vi. 78;
- commands the fleet against Rupert, ib.;
- fights with Tromp and Ruyter, 86, 88;
- bombards Algiers, 116;
- victory at Santa Cruz, 124;
- outrage on his corpse, 201
- Blanchard, Alan, iii. 33, 34
- Blanche of Bourbon, wife of Pedro of Castille, ii. 282
- Blanche-Taque, ford of, ii. 236
- Blenheim, battle of, vii. 120-122
- Blois, Charles of, claimant of Britanny, ii. 233, 248
- Blondel, De Reductione Normanniæ, ii. 179
- 8-220]"Bloody Circuit," the, vii. 10, 11
- Bloreheath, battle of, iii. 74
- Blount, Sir Thomas, ii. 200
- Blücher, Marshal, viii. 207, 210
- Boat, an Old English, found in Sleswick, i. 27, 28
- "Boatmen" of London, i. 308
- Bohemia, Protestant rising in, v. 216-219
- Bohun, Henry de, first Earl of Hereford, i. 343
- Bohun, Humfrey de, third Earl of Hereford, ii. 164, 166
- Bohun, Henry de, ii. 192
- Boleyn, Anne, iii. 267, 270, 273, 288;
- marries Henry VIII., 303;
- crowned, ib.;
- beheaded, 323
- Boleyn, George, iii. 267
- Boleyn, Sir Thomas, iii. 267, 268.
- See Wiltshire
- Bolinbroke, Roger, iii. 58
- Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Viscount (see St. John), vii. 140;
- his scheme of a treaty of commerce, 142;
- rivalry with Harley, 143;
- his Schism Bill, ib.;
- appoints Jacobites to office, 145;
- flies to the Pretender, 168;
- becomes his Secretary of State, 183;
- returns to England, 204;
- withdraws again, ib.
- Bologna, University of, i. 282
- Bombay ceded to England, vi. 192; vii. 232
- Boniface, St., letters of, i. 4
- Boniface VIII., Pope, ii. 163, 170, 217, 224
- Boniface of Savoy, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 32, 72
- Bonner, Bishop of London, iv. 74, 89, 95, 97;
- sets up Bibles in St. Paul's, v. 82
- Bordeaux,
- Parliament of Gascony at, ii. 285;
- Richard II. born at, 306;
- surrenders to Charles VII., iii. 68, 71
- Born, Bertrand de, i. 263
- Borodino, battle of, viii. 200
- Boroughbridge, battle of, ii. 195
- Boroughs,
- their developement after Norman Conquest, i. 177;
- "farm" of, ii. 152;
- representation in Parliament, 73, 121, 152-154;
- reluctance to attend, 155;
- restriction of franchise in, iii. 99-101;
- new, created under the Tudors, iv. 234, 235;
- change in character of their representatives, 234, 235;
- qualification of members for, 235;
- the Five, i. 117, 120.
- See Towns
- Borough-moot, the, i. 296
- Boscawen, Admiral, vii. 266
- Boston, outrage of barons on merchants at, ii. 116
- Boston (Massachusetts),
- its foundation, v. 310, 311;
- occupied by British troops, viii. 14;
- tea-riots at, 17, 18;
- siege of, 22, 23
- Bosworth Field, battle of, iii. 172
- Bothwell, James Hepburn, Earl of, iv. 226, 229;
- plots against Darnley, 242, 243;
- contrives his death, 244;
- charged with murder, ib.;
- marries Mary, 245;
- flies, 246
- Boulogne
- captured by Henry VIII., iv. 30;
- restored to France, 33, 57;
- Napoleon's camp at, viii. 170, 171
- Bourbon, Cardinal of, iv. 348, 369, 372
- Bourbon, Charles, Duke of, iii. 246, 247, 269
- Bouvines,
- battle of, i. 342;
- besieged by Flemings, ii. 234
- Bow, the English, ii. 241, 242
- Boxley, miraculous rood at, iii. 343
- Boyle, Robert, vi. 166
- Boyne, battle of the, vii. 71
- "Boys," the, vii. 204, 226, 249
- Brabant, John III., Duke of, ii. 227, 244
- Brabant, John IV., Duke of, iii. 42, 43, 45
- Brackley, barons meet at, i. 346
- Braddock, General, vii. 245
- Bradford on Avon, battle of, i. 87
- Bradford, John, iv. 132
- Bradshaw, John, vi. 66, 91, 101;
- outrage on his corpse, 201
- Bradwardine, Thomas, ii. 276
- Bramber, Sir Nicholas, ii. 353
- Bramham Moor, battle of, iii. 19
- Brandywine, battle of, viii. 25
- Braose, William de, i. 332
- Breauté, Faukes de, ii. 4, 5
- Brecknock
- stormed by Æthelflæd, i. 118;
- Mortimer routed at, ii. 88
- Breda,
- Declaration of, vi. 152;
- Treaty of, 241, 243, 247
- Breitenfeld, battle of, v. 275
- Bremen, quarrel about, vii. 188, 189
- Brentford captured by Prince Rupert, vi. 3
- 8-221]Breslau, treaty of, vii. 223
- Brest
- held by England, ii. 316;
- restored to Britanny, 368
- Brétigny, peace of, ii. 266
- Brewer or Briwere, William, i. 345; ii. 6
- Brézé, Pierre de, iii. 121
- Bribery, parliamentary, its beginnings, vi. 285, 300
- Brice's day, St., massacre of, i. 141
- Bridgeman, Sir Orlando, vi. 184
- Bridgewater, John Egerton, first Earl of, v. 305
- Bridgewater, Francis Egerton, third Duke of, viii. 55
- Brigham, treaty of, ii. 135
- Brihtnoth, ealdorman of East-Anglia, i. 139
- Brindley, James, viii. 55, 56
- Bristol,
- its slave-trade, i. 250;
- surrender to Henry of Lancaster, iii. 18;
- Protestant martyrs at, iv. 96;
- trade with Ireland, 282;
- surrender to Rupert, vi. 12;
- to the Parliament, 41;
- prosperity under Walpole, vii. 196
- Bristol, George Digby, second Earl of, vi. 221
- Britain,
- its condition under the Romans, i. 29, 30;
- legions withdrawn from, 31;
- attacked by Picts, Scots and Saxons, ib.;
- becomes England, 39, 138;
- English conquest of, its peculiar character, 39-44;
- authorities for, 3
- Britain, Great, United Kingdom of, vii. 128
- Britanny
- submits to William the Conqueror, i. 158;
- war of succession in, ii. 233, 248;
- coast harried by an English fleet, iii. 16;
- relations with France and England, 166, 171, 179, 180
- Britanny, Anne of, iii. 179, 180
- Britanny, John, Duke of, ii. 315
- Britons
- defeated by Jutes in Kent, i. 33;
- their stubborn resistance, 40-42;
- alliance with Penda, 66;
- of Cumbria, defeated by Æthelfrith, 60, 61;
- by Ecgfrith, 87;
- of Strathclyde, their struggle with Æthelfrith, 60;
- submit to Eadward the Elder, 119
- Broc, Ranulf de, i. 241
- Broglie, General, vii. 264
- Brooke, Robert Greville, second Lord, v. 320, 354; vi. 7
- Brooklyn, battle of, viii. 24
- Brothers of the Pen, iii. 154
- Brown, Robert, v. 117
- Brown, William, martyr under Mary, iv. 95
- Browne, Archbishop of Dublin, iii. 341, 342; iv. 62, 63
- Browne, William, his Pastorals, v. 304
- Brownists, v. 117, 308
- Bruce, David, ii. 206;
- king of Scotland, 210;
- driven out, 211, 212;
- goes to France, 213;
- returns, 214, 229;
- prisoner, 243;
- released, 263;
- dies, 286
- Bruce, Edward, ii. 376
- Bruce, Robert, claimant of Scotland, ii. 136
- Bruce, Robert (Earl of Carrick), ii. 161, 170
- Bruce, Robert, grandson of the claimant, ii. 172;
- kills Comyn of Badenoch, 173;
- crowned, ib.;
- put to flight, 174;
- character and adventures, 183, 184;
- his successes, 191-194;
- disabled by leprosy, 204;
- acknowledged as king by England, 206;
- dies, 210
- Bruges,
- negotiations at, ii. 303;
- gild of St. John at, iii. 154;
- Caxton at, 155
- Brunanburh, battle of, i. 120
- Brune, General, viii. 140
- Brunswick, Charles William, Duke of, viii. 101
- Brunswick, Ferdinand, Prince of, vii. 263, 264, 302
- Brut, Chronicle of the, Caxton's edition of, iii. 157
- Brut y Tywysogion, i. 7
- Brynglas, battle of, iii. 11, 13
- Buchan, Isabel, Countess of, ii. 173
- Buchan, constable of, iii. 39
- Buchanan, George, v. 124
- Buckingham, Henry Stafford, Duke of, iii. 163, 164, 166-168
- Buckingham, Edward Stafford, Duke of, iii. 242
- Buckingham, George Villiers, first Duke of (see Villiers), v. 208;
- relations with Bacon, 222, 225;
- goes with Charles to Madrid, 232;
- returns, 233;
- his mastery over James, 235;
- policy, 236-238;
- relations with Charles I., 244;
- failure of his plans, 247;
- impeached, 250;
- 8-222]urges the forced loan, 255;
- expedition to La Rochelle, 259;
- slain, 265
- Buckingham, George Villiers, second Duke of, vi. 163, 165;
- in Cabal ministry, 245, 253;
- negotiations with Lewis, 258;
- dismissed, 281;
- committed to the Tower, 288
- Bulmer, Lady, iii. 325
- Bungay, Friar, iii. 97
- Bunker's Hill, battle of, viii. 22
- Bunyan, John, v. 103, 104; vi. 262-265;
- his Pilgrim's Progress, 265-267;
- refuses the Indulgence, vii. 22
- Buonaparte, Jerome, viii. 185
- Buonaparte, Joseph, viii. 185, 186, 200
- Buonaparte, Louis, viii. 185
- Buonaparte, Napoleon, viii. 109, 113;
- campaign in Italy, 122, 123, 125;
- marches on Vienna, 125;
- designs on India, 131;
- conquers Malta and Egypt, 132;
- campaign in Syria, 141;
- victory at Aboukir, ib.;
- First Consul, 142;
- victory at Marengo, ib.;
- his policy and aims, 146, 147, 158, 168-170.
- See Napoleon
- Burdett, Sir Francis, viii. 195
- Burford, battle of, i. 96
- Burgh, Hubert de, ii. 2-5, 29, 30
- Burgh-upon-Sands, Edward I. dies at, ii. 174
- "Burghers," i. 315
- Burgos, siege of, viii. 200
- Burgoyne, General, viii. 25, 26
- Burgundy, Philip I., Duke of, ii. 265
- Burgundy, Philip II., Duke of, ii. 286; iii. 5, 6, 12, 14
- Burgundy, Philip III., Duke of,
- alliance with Henry V., iii. 35;
- relations with Brabant, 42, 43, 45;
- withdraws his troops from siege of Orleans, 46;
- sells Jeanne d'Arc to the English, 53;
- joins Charles VII., 56, 122;
- cedes Picardy to Lewis XI., 122;
- mediates between Lewis and Edward, ib.;
- dies, 130
- Burgundy, John, Duke of, iii. 16, 17;
- relations with England and France, 23, 24, 32;
- assassinated, 35
- Burgundy, Charles the Bold, Duke of. See Charles
- Burgundy, Mary of, iii. 146, 147, 150, 151, 170
- "Burh," the old English, i. 294
- Burke, Edmund, vii. 332-337;
- supports the Declaratory Act, 338;
- attacks the Chatham ministry, 341;
- his scheme for reform of the constituencies, viii. 10;
- his proposals for conciliating America rejected, 20;
- his bill of Economical Reform, 64, 76;
- refuses office under Shelburne, 65;
- attitude towards the French Revolution, 87, 89;
- share in the impeachment of Hastings, 90;
- Reflections, ib.;
- quarrel with Fox, 92, 93;
- Appeal from the new to the old Whigs, 93;
- supports the government against France, 104;
- Letters on a Regicide Peace, 116;
- death, 126
- Burleigh, William Cecil, Lord (see Cecil), iv. 352;
- protests against expulsion of Puritan clergy, 342;
- his tract on The Execution of Justice, 5;
- his ill-will to Spenser, v. 12;
- death, 63
- Burley, Sir Simon, ii. 353
- Burnet, Gilbert, vi. 169;
- bishop of Salisbury, vii. 65;
- his History of his own Time, vi. 157
- Burns, Robert, viii. 46
- Burton, Annals of, i. 273
- Burton, John, v. 329
- Burton, Thomas, his Diary, v. 37
- Busaco, battle of, viii. 190
- Bute, John Stuart, third Earl of, vii. 302, 303;
- Prime Minister, 306;
- policy towards America, 310, 311;
- fall, 314
- Butler, Joseph, vi. 169
- Butler, Samuel, vi. 162
- Butler, the king's, origin of his office, i. 132
- Buttington, battle of, i. 117
- Byng, Admiral, vii. 248
- Byron, Commodore, vii. 277
- "Cabal," the, vi. 246, 303
- Cabinet, the, its origin, vi. 303
- Cabot, Sebastian, iii. 189; iv. 283, 330
- Cade, John, iii. 64-67
- Cadiz,
- Drake's expedition to, iv. 355;
- English descents on, v. 60, 247;
- blockaded by an English fleet, vii. 223
- Cadwallon, king of the Britons, i. 66, 67
- Cædmon, i. 77, 78
- Caen
- sacked by Edward III., ii. 8-223]235;
- stormed by Henry V., iii. 33;
- university at, 55
- Caermarthen besieged by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 14
- Caernarvon, castle built at, ii. 121
- Cahors, bankers of, ii. 107, 130
- Calabria, John, Duke of, iii. 126
- Calais
- besieged by Edward III., ii. 243;
- surrenders, 244;
- the six burgesses, 245-247;
- ceded to Edward, 266;
- threatened by the French, iii. 69, 70;
- Warwick repulsed from, 135;
- won by Guise, iv. 108;
- restored to France, 158
- Calamy, Edmund, v. 354; vi. 157
- Calcutta,
- its origin, vii. 232;
- the Black Hole of, 261
- Calvin, John, iv. 119, 123, 126
- Calvinism,
- system of, iv. 123-126;
- its political tendency, 171;
- in Scotland, accepted by Parliament, 187;
- its establishment sanctioned by Mary Stuart, 245;
- its growth in England, v. 86-89.
- See Presbyterianism
- Calvinists,
- German, their position after Peace of Passau, v. 176, 177;
- Scotch, suppress Catholicism by force, iv. 218
- Cambray
- occupied by Philip VI. of France, ii. 219;
- besieged by Edward III., 220, 228;
- negotiations at, iv. 145;
- League of, iii. 206;
- treaty of, 234
- Cambridge, University of,
- its charters burnt by townsfolk, ii. 324;
- the New Learning at, iii. 201;
- Erasmus at, ib., 212, 213;
- resistance to benevolences at, 251;
- Lutherans at, 262;
- forced to approve Henry VIII.'s divorce, 292;
- foreign Protestants at, iv. 51;
- James II.'s dealings with, vii. 24
- Cambridge, Edmund, first Earl of, ii. 287.
- See York
- Cambridge, Richard, second Earl of, iii. 30, 56, 57
- Cambridge, Richard, third Earl of. See York
- Camden, Charles Pratt, first Lord, vii. 340; viii. 15
- Camden, John Jeffreys Pratt, second Earl, viii. 120.
- Camden, William, v. 4;
- his Life of Elizabeth, iv. 3.
- Campeggio, Cardinal, iii. 272, 274, 277
- Camperdown, battle of, viii. 127
- Campian, Edmund, iv. 318, 320
- Campo Formio, treaty of, viii. 125
- Camulodunum (Colchester) reduced by East Saxons, i. 35
- Canada,
- French settlement in, vii. 242;
- Montcalm in, 244;
- conquered by the English, 269;
- ceded to England, 307;
- attacked by America, viii. 23, 203, 204;
- self-government granted to, 92
- Canals, introduction of, viii. 55, 56
- Canning, George, viii. 71;
- Foreign Secretary, 180;
- his dealings with Denmark, ib.;
- Orders in Council, 181;
- supports rising in Spain, 186, 187;
- quarrel with Castlereagh, 188, 189;
- resigns, 189;
- presses for Catholic emancipation, 195
- Canons
- of 1604, v. 156;
- Scotch, of 1636, 327
- Canterbury, i. 57;
- archbishopric founded at, 59;
- becomes ecclesiastical centre of England, 83;
- sacked by northmen, 142;
- Theodore's school at, 92;
- historians of, 243;
- gild of Thanes at, 299;
- Walloon refugees at, iv. 51;
- Protestant martyrs in, 96;
- Church of Huguenots at, 306
- Cape of Good Hope ceded to England, viii. 112
- Capel, Arthur, first Lord, vi. 72
- Capel, Sir Henry, vi. 301
- Capuchins, Order of, founded, iv. 101
- Caradoc of Lancarvan, i. 7
- Caraffa, Cardinal, iv. 31, 100, 101.
- See Paul IV.
- Carcassonne sacked by the Black Prince, ii. 260
- Cardigan,
- Norman conquest of, ii. 48;
- royal garrisons driven from, 55
- Carew, Sir Peter, iv. 82
- Carham, battle at, i. 146
- Carisbrook Castle, Charles I. prisoner at, vi. 59
- Carlisle
- becomes English, i. 87;
- granted to see of Lindisfarne, 88;
- ceded to David of Scotland, 217;
- invested by the Scots, ii. 160;
- Mary Stuart at, iv. 261
- Carlisle, Merks, deposed Bishop of, iii. 8
- Carlisle, Charles Howard, first Earl of, vi. 280
- Carlos, Don, son of Philip II. of Spain, iv. 213, 221
- 8-224]Carlowitz, treaty of, vii. 97
- Carnot, Lazare, viii. 122
- Carolina, Colony of, vi. 259; vii. 236
- Caroline of Anspach, wife of George II., vii. 200, 203
- Carpenter, General, vii. 183
- Carr, Robert. See Rochester, Somerset
- Carteret, John, second Lord, vii. 222, 223.
- See Granville
- Carthagena, Vernon's defeat at, vii. 221
- Cartwright, Thomas, iv. 294-296, 342; v. 58, 117
- Carucage, i. 350
- Casale seized by Lewis XIV., vi. 335
- Cashel, synod at, i. 253
- Cassel, battles of, ii. 216; vi. 289
- Cassano, battle of, viii. 139
- Castille, Constance of, second wife of John of Gaunt, ii. 287, 302
- Castillon, Talbot defeated at, iii. 71
- Castlebar, battle of, viii. 130
- Castlemaine, Barbara Palmer, Countess of, vi. 221, 272; vii. 108.
- See Cleveland.
- Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount,
- arranges the union with Ireland, viii. 153;
- quarrel with Canning, 188, 189;
- Foreign Secretary, 197
- Cateau-Cambrésis, treaty of, iv. 155, 158, 159, 171
- Catesby, Robert, v. 157, 158.
- Catharine of Aragon
- marries Arthur Tudor, iii. 186, 187;
- betrothed to Henry, 187, 188;
- marries him, 207;
- opposes the divorce, 269, 270, 276;
- banished from the palace, 298;
- her marriage annulled by Convocation, 303;
- confirmed by Pope and Cardinals, 304
- Catharine of Braganza, wife of Charles II., vi. 192
- Catharine of France, wife of Henry V., iii. 24, 35, 165
- Catharine of Medicis,
- queen-regent of France, iv. 188;
- her policy towards the Huguenots, 206-208;
- treaty with them, 216, 217;
- with England, 219;
- meeting with Alva, 225;
- negotiates with Elizabeth, 297;
- unites with the Guises against the Huguenots, 299;
- resumes her policy of toleration, 301
- Catharine II., Empress of Russia viii. 84, 85, 95
- Catholics, English,
- their position under Elizabeth, iv. 149, 195, 196;
- forbidden to join in Common Prayer, 214;
- fined for recusancy, ib.;
- attitude towards Mary Stuart, 220;
- their scheme for the succession, ib., 221;
- plot against Elizabeth, 266, 267;
- rise, 268;
- defeated, 269;
- attitude towards the Bull of Deposition, 270;
- persecution of, 308, 309, 319-322;
- new plots, 350;
- Philip's and Allen's hopes of, 354;
- their loyalty, 358, 359;
- materials for their history, 5;
- James I. gives them relief, v. 150;
- begins to persecute them, 156, 157;
- their plots, 157-159;
- position under Charles II., vi. 185, 186, 220, 291, 293;
- excluded from Parliament, 297;
- admitted to office, etc., by James II., vii. 14, 15;
- included in his Declaration of Indulgence, 22;
- position under Walpole, 198;
- projects for their emancipation, viii. 179, 195, 196;
- Confederate, v. 366; vi. 15, 16;
- Irish, Charles I.'s and Wentworth's dealings with, v. 364;
- their condition in eighteenth century, viii. 33, 34, 117;
- plans for their emancipation, 119, 120, 152-155
- Catinat, Marshal, vii. 75
- Cavaliers, v. 372
- Cavendish, William, Lord,
- head of the Country party, vi. 272;
- takes office, 300;
- opposes the Exclusion Bill, 308;
- resigns, 315.
- See Devonshire.
- Cavendish's Life of Wolsey, iii. 83
- Caxton, William, iii. 155-162
- Ceadda or Chad, St., i. 73
- Ceawlin, king of Wessex, i. 56
- Cecil, Richard, viii. 47
- Cecil, Robert,
- his rivalry with Essex, v. 63;
- treasurer, 172, 173;
- proposes the "great contract," 179;
- arranges the marriage of Princess Elizabeth, 210;
- dies, 185, 211
- Cecil, William, iv. 139-141;
- his political standpoint, 141-143, 150;
- advises Elizabeth to announce her accession to the Pope, 155;
- his share in her Scottish policy, 173, 176, 259;
- policy in Ireland, 240;
- demands 8-225]a Protestant alliance and the surrender of Mary, 263;
- dealings with Norfolk, 266, 274.
- See Burleigh
- Cedd, brother of Ceadda, i. 74
- Centwine, king of Wessex, i. 89
- Cenwealh, king of Wessex, i. 87
- Cenwulf, king of Mercia, i. 98, 101
- Ceolfrid, founder of Jarrow, i. 91
- Ceolred, king of Mercia, i. 90
- Ceolwulf, king of Northumbria, i. 91
- Ceorl, the English, i. 11
- Cerdic, king of the West Saxons, i. 34, 49
- Ceylon acquired by England, viii. 112
- Chad, St. See Ceadda
- Chalgrove Field, fight at, vi. 10
- Châlus, Richard I. slain at, i. 267
- Champeaux, William of, i. 285
- Chancellor, Richard, iv. 282
- Chancellor, the, i. 206;
- his equitable jurisdiction, 256; ii. 112, 113;
- right of appointing, claimed for Great Council, ii. 38;
- made responsible to Permanent Council, 61;
- his woolsack, 226;
- of an university, i. 291, 292
- Chancery, Court of, ii. 113
- Chandos, Sir John, ii. 249
- Chapel, the Royal, clerks of, i. 206
- Chapman, George, v. 3, 42
- Charford, battle of, i. 34
- Charles (I.), son of James I.,
- schemes for his marriage, v. 211-214, 227, 230;
- goes to Madrid, 231, 232;
- returns, 233;
- his character, 234;
- marriage, 238, 241;
- king, 242;
- his policy, 243-245;
- quarrel with Parliament of 1625, 246, 247;
- with Parliament of 1626, 249, 250, 253;
- demands a benevolence, 253;
- levies a forced loan, 254;
- dismisses Crewe, ib.;
- relations with France, 256-258;
- with the Parliament of 1628, 260-263;
- defends Buckingham, 264;
- rejects the Avowal, 269;
- dissolves Parliament again, 270, 272;
- his plans of personal government, 273;
- peace policy, 274, 275;
- relations with Gustavus Adolphus, 275, 276;
- financial measures, 276-280;
- grants a charter to Massachusetts, 311;
- position in 1635, 315, 316;
- consults the judges about ship-money, 323;
- dealings with Scotland, 325-328, 330-334;
- gathers an army, 337;
- pacification with the Scots, ib.;
- summons Wentworth home, 338;
- relations with Richelieu, ib., 339;
- negotiates with the Scots, 342;
- summons Parliament again, 343;
- relations with Montrose, 359;
- assents to Strafford's attainder, 361;
- to perpetuation of the Parliament, 362;
- goes to Scotland, 363;
- his promises to the Irish, 364;
- returns to London, 367;
- attempt to seize the five members, 373-375;
- withdraws from London, 376;
- levies forces by commissions of array, 377;
- shut out from Hull, 378;
- goes to York, ib.;
- raises his standard at Nottingham, vi. 2;
- goes to Shrewsbury, ib.;
- defeated at Edgehill, 3;
- goes to Oxford, ib.;
- besieges Gloucester, 13;
- negotiations in Ireland, 15, 16;
- successes in 1644, 22;
- marches on London, 23;
- defeated at Newbury, 24;
- returns to Oxford, ib.;
- negotiates with the Parliament, 38;
- storms Leicester and relieves Chester, ib.;
- routed at Naseby, 40, 41;
- treaty with the Irish, 42;
- goes to the Scotch camp, 46;
- refuses the Parliament's terms, 48;
- given up to it by the Scots, 49;
- seized by the army, 53;
- negotiates with the army, 55-57;
- escapes, 58;
- recaptured, 59;
- negotiates with parliament and the Scots, ib., 63;
- again seized by the army, 65;
- trial, 67;
- death, 68;
- authorities for his reign, v. 72
- Charles II.
- recognized by Holland as king of England, vi. 70;
- proclaimed in Scotland, 71;
- invited to Ireland, ib.;
- his experiences in Scotland, 82;
- crowned at Scone, ib.;
- invades England, 83;
- defeated at Worcester, 84;
- flies to France, ib.;
- issues a declaration from Breda, 152;
- returns to England, ib.;
- his scientific tastes, 165;
- character, 173-177;
- policy, 177-180;
- forms an army, 182, 183;
- his position in England, 184;
- ecclesiastical aims, 185, 186;
- foreign relations, 187, 192;
- marriage, 192;
- first ministry, 193;
- dealings with the regicides, 195;
- 8-226]relations with Clarendon, 213-215, 221;
- issues a Declaration of Indulgence, 219;
- policy in Holland, 228, 229;
- refuses to dissolve Parliament, 241, 254;
- banishes Clarendon, 243;
- his new ministry, 245;
- attitude towards toleration, 252, 259;
- project for establishing Catholicism, 256;
- treaties with Lewis, 257, 258;
- issues second Declaration of Indulgence, 262;
- withdraws it, 273;
- relations with Shaftesbury, 275;
- makes peace with the Dutch, 281;
- makes another treaty with Lewis, 287;
- negotiations with Lewis, 291;
- position after peace of Nimeguen, ib., 293;
- attitude during the Popish plot. 297;
- plan for the succession of James, 307;
- struggle with Shaftesbury, 311-313, 321;
- recalls James, 315;
- resists the Exclusion, 321;
- dissolves the Parliament, 322;
- turns again to France, ib., 323;
- action in 1681, 323, 324;
- persecutes Nonconformists, recalls James, and arrests Monmouth, 335;
- his triumph, vii. 1;
- policy in his last years, 2;
- dealings with the towns, 3;
- increases his Guards, 4;
- sickness, ib.;
- death, 5;
- authorities for his reign, vi. 157, 158
- Charles IV., emperor, ii. 236, 348
- Charles (V.), son of Philip of Austria, iii. 208;
- relations with England and France, 232, 233;
- king of Spain, 234;
- treaties with Francis I., ib.;
- emperor, 240;
- visits England, 241;
- betrothed to Mary, 242;
- war with Francis, ib.;
- league with Henry VIII. and the Pope, 243;
- successes in Italy, 244, 248, 250;
- treachery to Henry and Wolsey, 248, 249;
- new alliance with Henry, 250;
- expels Luther, 254;
- marriage, 266;
- relations with Lutherans, 275;
- proposes alliance with France against Henry, 336;
- his religious policy, iv. 18, 19;
- proposes a general council, 20;
- defeated in Hungary and Algiers, 24;
- attacked by Francis, ib.;
- alliance with Henry, 27;
- failure of his plans of reunion, 30-32;
- treaty with France, 32;
- attacks the League of Schmalkald, 36;
- victory at Muhlberg, 50;
- policy towards Protestants, 51;
- persecutes them, 58;
- ruin of his plans, 65;
- treaty with Lutherans, ib.;
- relations with Mary Tudor, 79, 80;
- abdicates, 98
- Charles III., king of Spain, vii. 126, 131;
- emperor (Charles VI.) 142, 199, 200, 220
- Charles VII., emperor, vii. 223, 225
- Charles IV., king of France, ii. 197, 198, 208
- Charles (V.) of France, duke of Normandy, ii. 264, 265;
- king, 281, 282, 285, 288
- Charles VI., king of France, iii. 5, 26, 35, 39
- Charles (VII.), Dauphin, iii. 26, 39, 46, 48;
- crowned, 52;
- received in Paris, 56;
- Le Mans surrendered to, 62;
- regains Normandy, ib.;
- conquers Guienne, 68, 69
- Charles VIII., king of France, iii. 170;
- annexes Britanny, 179, 180;
- treaty with Henry VIII., 180;
- invades Italy, 186, 206
- Charles IX., king of France, iv. 188, 298, 299, 301
- Charles the Bad, king of Navarre, ii. 258, 259
- Charles II., king of Spain, vii. 90, 98
- Charles IV., king of Spain, viii. 185
- Charles XII., king of Sweden, vii. 183, 188, 189
- Charles the Bald, king of the West Franks, i. 209.
- Charles the Simple, king of the West Franks, i. 155
- Charles of Blois. See Blois
- Charles the Bold, Count of Charolais, iii. 122, 125, 127, 128;
- duke of Burgundy, 130;
- league with Edward, ib.;
- marries Margaret of York, 131;
- negotiates with the Lancastrians, 140;
- helps Edward, 141;
- attacks Lewis again, 145;
- his German possessions, 146;
- alliance with the emperor, ib., 147;
- with England, 148;
- besieges Neuss, ib., 149;
- slain, 150
- Charlestown, capture of, viii. 32
- Charmouth, battle of, i. 103
- Charter of Henry I., i. 198, 340, 341;
- of Stephen, 216;
- the Great, 8-227]348-352;
- provisions for its execution, 353;
- annulled by the Pope, 354;
- reissued under Henry III., ii. 1, 3;
- Langton's care for, 6;
- confirmed by Henry, ib., 34;
- Archbishop Peckham's appeal to, 118;
- confirmed by Edward I., 165, 166, 170;
- of the Forest, 165, 166, 170
- Charter-house, the, in London, ii. 253;
- its martyrs, iii. 320; v. 77
- Château-Gaillard, i. 265, 266
- Châtillon, Coligni, Cardinal of, iv. 207
- Chatham, William Pitt, first earl of (see Pitt), vii. 340, 341;
- withdraws from public life, viii. 3;
- from the ministry, 6;
- proposes reform of the House of Commons, 9;
- strives to avert war with America, 20, 26;
- recalled to office, 29;
- death, 30
- Chaucer, Geoffrey,
- his early life, ii. 358, 359;
- early poems, 359-361;
- offices, person, temper, 362, 363;
- home at Westminster, 366;
- Canterbury Tales, 361, 363-366;
- Caxton's edition of, iii. 157
- Chauntries, suppression of, iv. 34, 54
- Cheke, Sir John, iv. 134
- Cherbourg,
- Henry of Lancaster at, ii. 259, 260;
- held by England, 316;
- surrendered to Navarre, 368;
- to Charles VII., iii. 62
- Cheshire, royalist rising in, vi. 150
- Chester,
- march of the West Saxons on, i. 38, 56;
- conquered by Æthelfrith, 60, 61;
- by William, 169;
- raid of Llewelyn ap Gruffydd on, ii. 85;
- blockade of, vi. 38
- Chester, Ranulf, earl of, i. 345, 347; ii. 5
- Chesterfield, defeat of the Disinherited at, ii. 87
- Chesterfield, Philip Dormer Stanhope, fourth earl of, vii. 170, 203, 226, 249
- "Chevy Chase," iii. 182
- Chichester, Stephen Berksted, Bishop of, ii. 71
- Chichester, Adam Moleyns, Bishop of, murdered, iii. 63
- Chichester, Sir Arthur, v. 287, 288
- Child, Sir Josiah, vi. 169
- Chili conquered by Spain, iv. 329
- Chillingworth, William, vi. 134-137
- Chinon,
- Henry II. dies at, i. 258;
- Charles VII. and Jeanne d'Arc at, iii. 48
- Chippenham, northmen at, i. 106
- Chippewa, battle of, viii. 204
- Chivalry, influence of, ii. 94
- Chotusitz, battle of, vii. 223
- "Christian Brethren," iii. 262
- Christianity
- brought to England, i. 57;
- progress in Kent, Essex, and East Anglia, 59;
- reaction against, 65;
- its struggle with heathenism, ib., 66, 70-73
- Christina, sister of Eadgar the Ætheling, i. 199
- Chronica Angliæ, ii. 177
- Chronicle, the English, i. 3-6, 115, 173, 203, 221, 278
- Chronicle of Queen Jane, iv. 3
- Chronicon Scotorum, i. 8
- Church, English,
- its foundation, i. 57-59;
- organized by Theodore, 81-84;
- its parish system, 84;
- share in resistance to the Danes, 145;
- William the Conqueror's dealings with, 187, 188;
- the Red King's, 193;
- decline of its political influence, 222;
- revival during the anarchy, 224;
- Henry II.'s dealings with, 235-237, 253;
- relation of universities to, 292;
- condition in early thirteenth century, ii. 7, 8;
- its political teaching, 23;
- beginnings of resistance to the Papacy, 27;
- Edward I.'s policy towards, 118, 119;
- papal demands on its revenues, etc., 222, 223;
- under Edward III., relations with the Papacy, 273-275;
- its wealth, 294;
- despoiled by Pope and King, 296;
- threatened in Parliament, 301;
- proposals to confiscate its property, iii. 15, 21;
- condition during Wars of the Roses, 96, 97;
- reform of, demanded by Parliament, 290;
- Henry VIII.'s dealings with, 296, 297, 301, 302;
- Thomas Cromwell's dealings with, 295, 310-312;
- spoliation of, under Henry VIII., iv. 13;
- condition at Cromwell's fall, 14, 15;
- spoliation under Edward VI., 66;
- demands for restoration of its property, 102, 103;
- Hooker's influence on, v. 113;
- Puritan demands for its reform, 118;
- the Long Parliament's 8-228]dealings with, 352-355;
- Oliver Cromwell's dealings with, vi. 111;
- settlement after the Restoration, 199, 208-210;
- James II.'s dealings with, vii. 18, 19, 24;
- effects of the Revolution on, 63-66;
- condition under the Georges, 169-172;
- revival in, 205-211; viii. 46;
- Irish, its missionary zeal, i. 68, 69;
- later character, i. 80;
- relations with the English Church, 250;
- English and Irish divisions, iii. 338, 339;
- accepts the King's Supremacy, 339, 340;
- rejects religious change, 341;
- condition under Elizabeth, iv. 314, 315;
- Roman, its revival under Paul IV., iv. 99;
- position at the accession of Pius V., 249;
- of Scotland, Presbyterian. See Kirk
- Churchill, Arabella, vii. 107, 108
- Churchill, John, vii. 107-109;
- his victory at Sedgemoor, 11, 109;
- deserts James II., 42.
- See Marlborough.
- Cinque Ports
- support party of Montfort, ii. 70, 85, 86;
- their commerce, iv. 279;
- Flemish exiles in, 305, 323;
- mariners of, their victory off Dover, ii. 3;
- their fights with the French, 141, 142; iii. 7
- Cissa, king of the South Saxons, i. 34
- Cistercians
- settle in England, i. 222;
- their wool, 350; ii. 107
- Ciudad Rodrigo stormed, viii. 199
- Clair-on-Epte, treaty of, i. 155
- Clare submits to the English, iii. 329
- Clare, Richard, first Earl of, ii. 48
- Clare, Richard, sixth Earl of, i. 343
- Clare, Richard of (Strongbow), i. 252
- Clarence, George, Duke of,
- intrigues with Warwick, iii. 133;
- marries his daughter, 134;
- revolts, ib., 135;
- relations with Edward and Warwick, 137, 138, 141, 142;
- impeachment and death, 163
- Clarence, Lionel, Duke of, ii. 264, 293, 302
- Clarence, Thomas, Duke of, iii. 24, 26, 36
- Clarendon, Assize of, i. 238;
- Constitutions of, 235;
- Council of, ib.
- Clarendon, Edward Hyde, first Earl of (see Hyde), vi. 193;
- Lord Chancellor, ib., 205;
- his political theory, 205-207;
- his foreign policy, 213-215;
- relations with Charles II., 221;
- advises a dissolution, 241;
- banished, 243;
- his History of the Rebellion, v. 72;
- Life, vi. 157
- Clarendon, Edward Hyde, second Earl of, vii. 20, 76
- Clark, John, iii. 262
- Clarkson, Thomas, viii. 48
- Clement IV., Pope, ii. 18
- Clement V., Pope, ii. 172
- Clement VI., Pope, ii. 229, 236
- Clement VII., Pope, iii. 249;
- prisoner, 269;
- escapes, 272;
- dealings with Henry VIII.'s divorce, 271, 272, 274, 275, 277, 278;
- threatens Henry with excommunication, 302;
- annuls Cranmer's proceedings, 304;
- refuses to hold a Council, iv. 20
- Clement VIII., Pope, iv. 372
- Clément, Jacques, iv. 368
- Clergy, their privileges, i. 234;
- attacked by Henry II., 235-237;
- papal demands on, ii. 27, 28, 42, 222;
- relations with Edward I., 118, 120, 163;
- summoned to Parliament, 157;
- cease to attend, 158;
- strife of regular and secular, 295;
- bondage to Pope and king, ib., 296;
- decay of their moral influence, 296, 297;
- excluded from state offices, 302;
- attacked by John of Gaunt and Wyclif, 308;
- decline of their influence, iii. 96, 97;
- Wolsey's struggle with, 246;
- Thomas Cromwell's policy towards, 295;
- charged with breach of Præmunire, 296;
- submission, 297;
- their enslavement, 301, 302, 311, 312;
- allowed to marry, iv. 49;
- their five articles of 1559, 156, 157;
- Elizabeth's dealings with, 161, 162;
- their position and character in her reign, 302-304;
- growth of Puritanism among, 340; v. 89, 90;
- required to subscribe all the Articles, 156;
- struggle with James II., vii. 18, 19, 24, 30;
- condition under the Georges, 171, 172;
- character in the eighteenth century, viii. 47;
- Puritan, expelled, iv. 342; v. 156;
- Laud's 8-229]dealings with, 295-297;
- their final expulsion, vi. 209;
- its results, 210-213;
- their sufferings, 222, 223
- Cleveland, Barbara Palmer, duchess of (see Castlemaine), vi. 175
- Cleves, quarrel about, v. 178
- Clericis Laicos, bull, ii. 163
- Clifford, Thomas, eighth Lord, iii. 74
- Clifford, John, ninth Lord, iii. 78
- Clifford, Sir Thomas (first Lord Clifford of Chudleigh),
- commissioner of the Treasury, vi. 245, 261;
- Lord Treasurer, 271;
- resigns, 274
- Clinton, Sir Henry, viii. 32
- Clive, Robert, vii. 233;
- seizes Arcot, 235;
- victory at Plassey, 261, 262
- Clonmell stormed by Cromwell, vi. 79
- Closter-Seven, Convention of, vii. 249, 262
- Clydesdale, persecution of Catholics in, iv. 218
- Cnihtenagild at Aldgate, i. 223, 299
- Cnut, king of Denmark, i. 143;
- of England, 143-147
- Cnut II., king of Denmark, i. 189
- Coal, discovery of, viii. 56, 57
- Coalition ministry, the, viii. 65-69
- Cobham, Eleanor, iii. 43, 58, 97
- Cobham, Edward Brooke, Lord, iii. 69
- Cobham, John Oldcastle, Lord (see Oldcastle), iii. 20, 23, 26, 28
- Coinage,
- new, under Edward I., ii. 119;
- debasement of, under Henry VIII., iv. 35;
- under Edward VI., 57, 66;
- reform of, under William III., vii. 89
- Coggeshall, Ralph of, i. 174
- Coke, Sir Edward, v. 202, 248, 263
- Colchester (Camulodunum)
- reduced by East Saxons, i. 35;
- Protestant martyrs of, iv. 144;
- siege of, vi. 61;
- surrender, 64
- Colchester, Thomas Beche, abbot of, hanged, iii. 350
- Coleman, Edward, vi. 293, 295, 298
- Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, viii. 135
- Colet, John,
- his theology, iii. 191, 192;
- lectures at Oxford, 192;
- Dean of St. Paul's, 197;
- founds school, 200;
- address to Convocation, 202, 203;
- charged with heresy, 203;
- protected by Warham and Henry, 204;
- protests against war, 210
- Colepepper, Sir John, v. 375, 378
- Colgan's Lives of Irish Saints, i. 8
- Coligni, Admiral, iv. 209, 216, 299
- Colman, bishop of Lindisfarne, i. 79, 80
- Columba, St., i. 69;
- Adamnan's Life of, 8
- Columban, St., i. 68
- Commendation, system of, i. 133, 321
- Commerce. See Trade
- Commines, Philippe de, his comments on England, iii. 85, 107
- Commission, Court of High,
- established, iv. 216;
- its new powers in 1583, 340;
- Laud's use of, v. 295;
- its civil jurisdiction abolished, 363;
- restored, vii. 18;
- dissolved, 39
- Committee of Public Safety, vi. 1, 13;
- of the Two Kingdoms, 17
- Commonalty, scheme for its representation, ii. 61, 73
- Commons, the,
- summoned to Parliament, ii. 73, 153, 154;
- their right to share in all legislative action established, 196, 202;
- House of, fully constituted, 203;
- petitions against papal encroachments, 225;
- its advance under Edward III., 231, 232, 298;
- shrinks from meddling with administration, 299;
- increasing share in legislation, 301;
- resists John of Gaunt's demands, 303;
- its action in the Good Parliament, 305;
- in Parliament of 1377, 311, 312;
- struggle with Richard II., 370;
- demands confiscation of Church lands, iii. 15, 21;
- changes in its character during Wars of the Roses, 99;
- struggle with Wolsey, 245;
- petition to Henry, VIII., 290;
- first detailed account of its proceedings, iv. 5;
- opposes Northumberland's policy, 66;
- struggle with Elizabeth, 238, 239;
- advance under her, v. 56, 57;
- relations with James I., 154, 155, 160-163, 179-182;
- action in Parliament of 1621, 8-230]221, 222, 224, 225;
- in that of 1625, 245-247;
- in that of 1626, 250, 253;
- draws up the Petition of Right, 260;
- action in 1640, 340;
- resolves on the trial of Charles I., vi. 66;
- abolishes Monarchy, 68;
- sets up a Commonwealth, ib.;
- passes the Exclusion Bill, 319;
- rejects the Securities Bill, 320;
- impeaches Fitzharris, 323;
- its sovereignty, vii. 80;
- position under William, III., 81;
- relations with Marlborough, 123;
- the Whigs' management of, 176;
- proposals for its reform, viii. 9, 10, 63, 67, 75, 76, 195;
- adopts Catholic emancipation, viii. 196.
- See Parliament
- Commonwealth
- established in England, vi. 68, 69;
- proclaimed in London, 73
- "Commune," the, in towns, i. 318; ii. 69
- Companies, trading, v. 161
- Compiègne, Jeanne d'Arc taken prisoner at, iii. 53
- "Complaint of the Commons of Kent," iii. 65, 66
- Comprehension Bill, vii. 63
- Compton, Bishop of London, vii. 18, 19, 28, 35
- Compurgation, i. 239, 313
- Comyn, John, regent of Scotland, ii. 170, 171
- Comyn, John, of Badenoch, ii. 173
- Condé, Louis I., Prince of, iv. 188, 209, 264, 267
- Condé, Louis II., Prince of, vi. 190
- Congregation, Lords of the,
- their relations with Mary of Guise, iv. 168;
- occupy Edinburgh, 169;
- relations with Elizabeth, 170-174;
- treaty with Francis and Mary, 176;
- rise against Mary, 245, 246
- Congress,
- the first American, vii. 330;
- at Philadelphia, viii. 19, 20, 22
- Connaught
- conquered by the English, iii. 329;
- Wentworth's dealings with, v. 364, 365
- Connecticut,
- first settlement of, v. 319, 320;
- refuses to join in war against England, viii. 203
- Conquereux, battle of, i. 212
- Conservators of the Peace, ii. 123
- Consilt, battle of, ii. 54
- Constable, Sir Robert, iii. 325
- Constable, the king's, origin of his office, i. 132
- Constance of Britanny, i. 247, 260
- Constantine, king of Scots, i. 119, 120
- Constantinople
- captured by the Turks, iii. 189;
- English exiles at, i. 167
- "Constitutional Clubs," viii. 95, 100
- Constitutions of Clarendon, i. 235
- Contades, General, vii. 264
- Continental System, viii. 175, 176;
- its results, 177
- Contract, the Great, v. 179
- Convention
- of 1660, vi. 152;
- declares itself a Parliament, 194;
- of 1689, vii. 44-47;
- becomes a Parliament, 60;
- the Constituent, vi. 94-98;
- the French, viii. 101;
- Scottish, of 1659, vi. 150;
- of 1689, vii. 51.
- See Parliament
- Convocation,
- provincial, of the clergy, ii. 158;
- its legislative power taken away, iii. 301, 307;
- of 1413, iii. 20;
- of 1512, Colet's address to, 202, 203;
- of 1531, 296, 297;
- of 1532, 301;
- of 1533, 303;
- of 1604, its canons, v. 156;
- of 1689, vii. 63;
- of Perth, ii. 171
- Conway,
- castle built at, ii. 121;
- captured by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 10;
- recovered by Percy, 11
- Cook, Captain, vii. 278
- Cooper, Anthony Ashley, vi. 95;
- his early life, 215, 216;
- attacks Cromwell's memory, 148;
- advises the return of excluded members of the Rump, 151;
- Chancellor of the Exchequer, 194.
- See Ashley
- Cope, Sir John, vii. 228
- Copenhagen,
- battle of, viii. 163;
- bombardment of, 180
- Copper, export of, from Cornwall, iv. 279
- Copy-holders, i. 323
- Corfe, Eadward the Martyr slain at, i. 139
- Cormac's Glossary, i. 8
- Cornwal, John, ii. 357
- Cornwall
- conquered by Ecgberht, i. 102;
- Royalist rising in, vi. 5, 6;
- tin-mines in, i. 30; ii. 107;
- export of tin from, iv. 279;
- of copper, ib.;
- West Welsh of, 8-231]become vassals of Æthelstan, i. 120
- Cornwall, Henry, Earl of, i. 345
- Cornwall, Richard, Earl of. See Richard
- Cornwallis, Charles, second earl and first marquis,
- captures Charlestown, viii. 32;
- surrenders at York Town, ib.;
- Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 130, 138;
- victories in India, 131
- Coronation-stone, the Scottish, ii. 162
- Coroners, i. 264; ii. 149
- Corresponding Society, viii. 106
- Cortes, Hernan, iv. 329
- Corunna,
- Drake's descent on, iv. 355;
- siege of, 367, 368;
- battle of, viii. 187
- Cotentin, the,
- conquered by William Longsword, i. 155;
- ceded to Robert by Henry I., 201
- Cotton, Bartholomew de, i. 274
- Cotton, manufacture of, viii. 53, 59, 193
- Council
- of Agitators, vi. 52;
- the Continual, ii. 114, 353; iii. 22, 23;
- the Great, i. 256, 351;
- changes in its character after Norman Conquest, ii. 144;
- its importance under Henry II., 144, 145;
- powers over taxation recognised by the Great Charter, 145;
- mode of summons to, 146;
- its composition under Henry III., ib.;
- claim to appoint ministers, 38;
- demands for reform, 45;
- its assembly regulated by Provisions of Oxford, 61;
- becomes Parliament, 156;
- the King's, i. 256;
- its later developements, ii. 112;
- criminal jurisdiction, iii. 178;
- position under the Tudors, v. 186, 187;
- set aside by James I., 187;
- character after the Restoration, vi. 303;
- reorganized by Temple, ib., 304;
- of Nine, ii. 275;
- of the North, v. 285, 363;
- of Officers, vi. 49, 52, 64, 65;
- its plan for a new Parliament, 74;
- forces Richard Cromwell to dissolve Parliament, 149;
- Permanent, of Fifteen, ii. 61;
- the Privy, i. 256;
- of State, under the Commonwealth, vi. 72;
- broken up, 91;
- new one formed, 94;
- new, named by the Convention, 99;
- its organization, 100
- Councils,
- Church, their political results, i. 84, 224;
- Occasional, called by Edward III., ii. 292, 299;
- Provincial, of 1282, 120
- Counties, restriction of franchise in, iii. 101, 102
- County court (shire-court),
- preserved by William I., i. 185, 186;
- towns represented in, ii. 73;
- its composition and functions, 149;
- principle of representation in, ib., 150;
- election of knights of the shire in, 151, 152
- Country Party, the, vi. 272, 298
- Courcy, John de, ii. 374
- Courtenay, Bishop of London, ii. 309;
- Archbishop of Canterbury, 339-341, 346
- Coutras, battle of, iv. 355
- Covenant,
- the Scottish, iv. 115, 116;
- renewed in 1638, v. 333;
- taken by the English Parliament, vi. 14, 16, 17;
- forced on the army, 50;
- taken by the Convention of 1660, 152;
- burnt in Westminster Hall, 204
- Coventry,
- Parliament at, iii. 75;
- Mary Stuart imprisoned at, iv. 269
- Coventry, Sir William, vi. 245, 272
- Coverdale, Miles, iii. 334
- Cowell, John, v. 169
- Cowley, Abraham, vi. 165
- Cowling Castle, headquarters of the Lollards, iii. 20, 27
- Cowper, William, Lord Keeper, vii. 125;
- chancellor, 175
- Cowper, William, poet, viii. 46
- Cox, Richard, iv. 119
- Crabbe, George, viii. 46
- Craft-gilds, i. 316-318
- Craggs, Secretary of State, vii. 192
- Cranfield, Lord Treasurer, v. 229, 236
- Cranmer, Thomas, iii. 272;
- supports the king's divorce, 291;
- proposes an appeal to the universities, ib.;
- Archbishop of Canterbury, 303;
- crowns Anne Boleyn, ib.;
- tenders the oath of allegiance to More, 318, 319;
- attitude towards Lutheranism, 336;
- opposes persecution, 346;
- drifts into Protestantism, iv. 48, 59, 127;
- welcomes foreign refugees, 51;
- his view of Episcopacy, 60;
- remonstrates against Edward's "plan" for the succession, 70;
- sent to the 8-232]Tower, 75;
- tried for treason, ib.;
- his political position, 103, 104;
- share in the English Liturgy, 103;
- convicted of heresy, 104;
- death, 105;
- Strype's Life of, 3
- Crécy, battle of, ii. 237-239
- Cremona, battle of, vii. 118
- Crépy, treaty of, iv. 32, 33
- Creton's History of Richard II., ii. 179
- Crewe, Chief Justice, v. 254
- Crompton, Samuel, viii. 60
- Cromwell, Henry, vi. 109
- Cromwell, Oliver,
- his youth, v. 103; vi. 24, 25;
- alleged scheme of emigration, v. 320;
- share in Association of the Eastern Counties, vi. 8;
- at Marston Moor, 19, 22;
- quarrel with Manchester at Newbury, 24;
- his person, 25;
- regiment, 26;
- temper, 27;
- relations with Dissidents, 33, 36;
- his policy, 34;
- victory at Naseby, 40, 41;
- pleads for religious liberty, 44, 45;
- resigns his command, 53;
- rejoins the army, ib.;
- negotiates with the king, 57;
- opposes the ordinance against heresy, 60;
- besieges the royalists in Pembroke, 61, 162;
- victory at Preston, 62;
- marches into Scotland, ib.;
- charged with treason, 63;
- suppresses a revolt of the army, 75;
- campaign in Ireland, 76, 77, 79;
- returns, 79;
- Lord-General, ib.;
- invades Scotland, ib.;
- victory at Dunbar, 80;
- occupies Edinburgh, 82;
- victory at Worcester, 84;
- supports the demand for a new Parliament, 87;
- drives out the Rump, 90, 91;
- resigns his power to the Convention, 95;
- his political and social views, 97, 98;
- Protector, 100, 102;
- his administration, 103;
- quarrel with the Parliament of 1654, 102, 103, 105;
- his military despotism, 106-108;
- settlement of Scotland, 108, 109;
- of Ireland, 109, 110;
- of England, 111, 112;
- foreign policy, 114-117;
- struggle with Parliament of 1655, 119;
- the Crown offered to, ib., 120;
- refuses it, 121, 122;
- inaugurated as Protector, 122;
- successes abroad, 123, 124;
- failure at home, 125;
- his theory of the Christian State, 127, 128;
- failing health, 143;
- his "House of Lords," 144;
- dissolves the Parliament, 145;
- last illness, 146;
- death, 147;
- his corpse outraged, 201;
- authorities for his history, v. 73
- Cromwell, Richard, vi. 147, 149
- Cromwell, Thomas,
- his early life, iii. 282, 283;
- relations with Wolsey, 283-285;
- counsel to Henry about the divorce, 285;
- his policy, 294, 295;
- Lord Privy Seal, 304;
- Vicar-General, 306;
- dealings with the monasteries, 310, 311;
- with the clergy, 311, 312;
- his reign of terror, 312-315;
- temper, 315, 316;
- relations with the nobles, 321, 322;
- reform of religion, 333;
- Church policy in Ireland, 341, 342;
- orders removal of images, 343;
- dealings with Parliament, iv. 8, 9;
- last struggle, iii. 347-351;
- fall and death, 352;
- results of his policy, iv. 7-14
- Crotoy relieved by Talbot, iii. 56
- Crowland, i. 86;
- burnt by northmen, 104;
- Chronicle of, ii. 179, 180
- Croys, the, iii. 122, 125
- Crusades,
- their effect on learning, i. 282;
- of Richard I., 261;
- of Edward I., ii. 90;
- Henry IV.'s project of, iii. 25;
- Henry V.'s, 36, 38
- Cuba
- conquered by England, vii. 307;
- restored to Spain, ib.
- Cudworth, Ralph, vi. 169
- Culloden, battle of, vii. 230
- Cumberland, William, Duke of, vii. 227, 230, 248, 251
- Cumberland, Henry Clifford, first Earl of, iii. 323
- Cumberland, Henry Clifford, second Earl of, iv. 162
- Cumberland, George Clifford, third Earl of, iv. 353, 358
- Cumbria,
- British kingdom of, i. 60;
- conquered by Ecgfrith, 87;
- by Eadmund, 123;
- granted to Malcolm, king of Scots, ib.
- Cup-thegn (butler), i. 132
- "Customs" of the realm, i. 235
- Customs duties,
- Edward I.'s, ii. 107, 164, 172, 189;
- granted to Edward IV. for life, 89, 152;
- new, imposed by James I., v. 172;
- granted to Charles I. for a year only, 246
- 8-233]Cuthbert, St., i. 74-76, 87, 88
- Cuthwulf, king of the West Saxons, i. 37
- Cynric, king of the West Saxons, i. 34, 49
- Dacres, William, third Lord, iv. 162
- Dacres, Leonard, iv. 269
- Dægsastan, battle of, i. 60
- Dalaber, Anthony, iii. 262
- Dalrymple, John, Master of Stair, vii. 52, 53
- Danby, Thomas Osborne, Earl of,
- Lord Treasurer, vi. 282;
- his policy, 282-286;
- duped by Charles, 287;
- his bill for the security of the Church, 288;
- foreign policy, 289, 290;
- impeached, 299;
- dismissed, 300;
- released from the Tower, vii. 2;
- warns William against James II., 28;
- signs the invitation to William, 35;
- prepares for a rising, 37;
- raises Yorkshire, 41;
- his policy in the Convention of 1689, 46;
- Lord President, 67
- Danegeld, i. 186, 207, 216, 350; ii. 104
- Danelaw, the, i. 107;
- its struggle with Ælfred, 116, 117;
- subdued by Eadmund, 120;
- rises against Eadred, 123;
- final submission, ib., 124;
- Dunstan's policy towards, 137
- Danes. See Northmen
- Daniel, poet and historian, v. 4, 35
- Darcy, Thomas, Lord (of Aston), iii. 323-325
- Darien, colony of, vii. 89
- Darnley, Henry Stuart, Lord, iv. 220, 221;
- marries Mary Stuart, 224;
- quarrels with her, 227;
- share in Rizzio's murder, 228;
- dissolves Parliament, 229;
- reconciled to Mary, ib.;
- plots against him, 242, 243;
- death, 244
- Dartford, peasant revolt at, ii. 319
- Dartmouth,
- Breton descent on, iii. 16;
- Warwick and Clarence land at, 138
- Dartmouth, George Legge, first Lord, vii. 77
- Daun, General, vii. 263, 302
- Davenant, Sir William, v. 303
- David I., king of Scots, i. 217; ii. 133;
- his Laws, ii. 171
- David II., king of Scots. See Bruce
- David of Scotland, Earl of Huntingdon, ii. 134, 136
- David, brother of Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, ii. 119, 121
- Davies, Sir John, v. 303
- Davison, Secretary of State, iv. 352
- Dean, Forest of, iron-mines in, i. 30
- Deane, General, vi. 108
- Debt, the National, vii. 87
- "Defenders," viii. 119
- Deira,
- kingdom of, i. 36;
- conquered by Bernicians, 52, 53;
- submits to Oswald, 67;
- to Penda, 71.
- See Northumbria
- Dekker, Thomas, v. 42
- Delaware, colony of, vii. 236
- Denham, Sir John, vi. 325
- Denmark,
- its monarchy founded, i. 128;
- relations with Sweden and Hanover, vii. 188, 189;
- joins leagues against England, viii. 162, 180;
- its fleet captured, 180, 181
- Deorham, battle of, i. 38, 61
- Derby,
- one of the Five Boroughs, i. 117;
- conquered by Æthelflæd, 118;
- Charles Edward at, vii. 228
- Derby, Henry Plantagenet I., Earl of, ii. 234, 235, 243
- Derby, Henry Plantagenet III., Earl of, ii. 353
- Derby, Henry III. of Lancaster, Earl of. See Henry IV. (king).
- Derby, Edward Stanley, third Earl of, iv. 267, 269
- Derby, William Stanley, ninth Earl of, vii. 23
- Derby, Earls of. See Ferrars.
- Derbyshire, lead mines in, ii. 107
- D'Erlon, General, viii. 208, 209
- Dermod, king of Leinster, i. 251, 252
- Derry, colonisation of, v. 289
- Derwentwater, James Radcliffe, third Earl of, vii. 184
- Desmond, Gerald Fitzmaurice (or Fitzgerald), fifteenth Earl of, iv. 315, 316
- Desmond, James Fitzgerald, seventeenth Earl of, v. 62
- Despenser, Hugh, justiciar, ii. 64, 66, 87
- Despenser, Hugh, the elder, ii. 194, 198.
- 8-234]Despenser, Hugh, the younger, ii. 194, 195, 199
- Dettingen, battle of, vii. 224
- Devon
- rises against William. I., i. 168;
- against Somerset, iv. 55;
- secured by Prince Maurice for Charles I., vi. 13;
- rising in, under Monmouth, vii. 9
- Devonshire, William Cavendish, fourth Earl of (see Cavendish), vii. 28;
- signs the invitation to William III., 35;
- prepares for a rising, 37;
- heads the rising in the Midlands, 41
- Devonshire, Thomas Courtenay, fifth Earl of, iii. 69
- Devonshire, Thomas Courtenay, sixth Earl of, ii. 80
- Devon, Edward Courtenay, Earl of, iv. 78
- D'Ewes, Sir Symonds, iv. 5; v. 72
- D'Eyvill, John, ii. 84
- Dieppe burnt by the English fleet, i. 333
- Digby, Sir Everard, v. 159
- Digby, Sir Kenelm, vi. 168
- Digges, Sir Dudley, v. 251, 253
- Dioceses, English,
- origin of their limits, i. 82, 83;
- organized by Theodore, 83
- Directory, the French, viii. 113
- "Disinherited," the, ii. 84, 86-89
- "Dissidence," growth of, vi. 30-32
- D'Oillis, the, i. 284
- Domesday Book, i. 186
- Domfront taken by Henry V., iii. 33
- Dominic, St., ii. 9
- Dominicans (Black Friars) come to England, ii. 11
- Domrémy, home of Jeanne d'Arc, iii. 46
- Donne, John, v. 303
- Dorset, risings in, i. 168; vii. 9
- Dorset, John Beaufort, Marquis of (Earl of Somerset), iii. 7
- Dorset, Thomas Grey, second Marquis of, iii. 209
- Dorset, Thomas Sackville, first Earl of, v. 22
- Dorset, Charles Sackville, sixth Earl of, vii. 23
- Douay,
- English college at, iv. 307;
- Oxford refugees at, 317
- Douglas, Archibald, fourth Earl of, iii. 13, 14, 39
- Douglas, Sir Archibald, Regent of Scotland, ii. 211
- Douglas, James, ii. 184, 204, 205, 210
- Douglas, house of, their struggle with the Scot kings, iii. 184
- Dover,
- tumult at, in 1051, i. 152;
- resists Lewis of France, 355; ii. 2;
- surrenders to Henry III., 83;
- treaty of, vi. 257
- Dowdall, Archbishop of Armagh, iv. 62
- D'Oysel, French ambassador in Scotland, iv. 173
- Drake, Francis,
- his voyage round the world, iv. 333, 334;
- expedition to the Spanish Main, 349;
- to Cadiz and Corunna, 355;
- in the fleet against the Armada, 361, 362;
- expedition to Lisbon, 367
- Drama, English,
- its beginnings, v. 20-22;
- developement under Elizabeth, 22-24;
- after the Restoration, vi. 163, 164
- Drayton's Polyolbion, v. 35
- Dreux captured by Henry V., iii. 36;
- battle of, iv. 210
- Drogheda, massacre at, vi. 76, 77
- Dryden, Sir Erasmus, vi. 325
- Dryden, John, vi. 165, 324, 325;
- founder of the school of critical poets, 326;
- his tragedies, 327;
- comedies, 328, 329;
- Annus Mirabilis, 330;
- attitude in politics and religion, 331;
- Absalom and Ahitophel, 332-334;
- influence on literature, vii. 154-157
- Dublin, sieges of, i. 252; vi. 76
- Dublin, John Allen, Archbishop of, murdered, iii. 328
- Dubois, the Abbé, vii. 187
- Dudley, Lord Guildford, iv. 69, 75, 84
- Dudley, Lord Robert, iv. 193.
- See Leicester
- Dudley, Edmund, iii. 199
- Dudo of St. Quentin, i. 6
- Dumouriez, General, viii. 101, 107
- Duncan, Admiral, viii. 127
- Dundas, Henry, viii. 171
- Dundee, John Graham of Claverhouse, Viscount, vii. 51, 52
- Dunes, battle of the, vi. 124
- Dunkirk
- ceded to Cromwell, vi. 124;
- sold to France, 214;
- dismantled, vii. 142
- Dunluce, ships of the Armada wrecked off, iv. 363
- Dunning, John, Solicitor-General, viii. 15
- 8-235]Dunois, Count of, iii. 49, 50, 62
- Dupleix, General, vii. 233-235
- Duquesne, Fort, vii. 243, 245, 266
- Duns Scotus, ii. 276
- Dunstable, Annals of, i. 273
- Dunstan, St., i. 120-123;
- his struggle with Eadwig, 136;
- Archbishop of Canterbury, 137;
- policy and rule, ib., 138;
- fall, 139;
- Lives of, 6
- Durham,
- historians of, i. 243;
- King John at, 340
- Durie, John, v. 138
- Eadberht, king of Northumbria, i. 96, 97
- Eadgar, King, i. 137, 138;
- his Law, 144
- Eadgar, king of Scots, i. 197
- Eadgar, the Ætheling, i. 154, 165, 168, 170, 197
- Eadgyth, wife of Eadward the Confessor, i. 150, 165
- Eadmer, i. 173, 243
- Eadmund, St., king of East Anglia, i. 104
- Eadmund (the Magnificent), King, i. 120, 122, 123
- Eadmund Ironside, King, i. 143;
- his children, 144, 153
- Eadred, King, i. 123, 136
- Eadric, ealdorman of Mercia, i. 142-144
- Eadward the Elder, King, i. 117-119, 305
- Eadward the Martyr, King, i. 139
- Eadward the Confessor, King, i, 149-153, 158, 160;
- his Laws, 150, 199, 340;
- Life of, 6
- Eadwig, King, i. 136, 137
- Eadwig, son of Æthelred II., i. 144
- Eadwine, king of Northumbria, i. 62-64, 66
- Eadwine, earl of Mercia, i. 160, 165, 167, 170
- Eadwulf, earl of Northumbria, i. 146
- Ealdorman, the,
- his office, i. 48, 49;
- becomes a delegate of the king, 131;
- rises again to independence, 134;
- replaced by the earl, 146
- Ealdred, Archbishop of York, i. 166
- Earl, the, i. 11, 50;
- superseded by the thegn, 51
- Earldoms,
- the four great, i. 146;
- abolished, 185
- Earls supersede ealdormen, i. 146
- East Anglia,
- its conquest, i. 36;
- Christianity in, 59;
- subject to Mercia, 91;
- revolts, 102;
- conquered by the northmen, 104;
- bridled by Eadward the Elder, 117, 118;
- earldom of, 146;
- Protestant martyrs in, iv. 96
- "Easterlings," i. 303
- Eastern Counties, Association of the, vi. 8, 13
- East India Company, iv. 284; vii. 63, 232
- East-Saxons,
- their settlement, i. 35;
- conversion, 59
- Ebbsfleet, i. 31, 32, 58
- Ecclesiastical Courts separated from civil Courts, i. 188
- Ecgberht, king of Wessex, i. 101-103
- Ecgfrith, king of Northumbria, i. 86-89
- Ecgwine, Bishop of Worcester, i. 86
- Eddi's Life of Wilfrid, i. 4
- Edgecote, battle of, iii. 134
- Edgehill, battle of, vi. 3
- Edinburgh
- founded, i. 63;
- seat of the Scot kings, 147;
- won by Bruce, ii. 191;
- burnt by the English, iv. 28;
- castle of, besieged by Henry IV., iii. 9;
- treaty of, iv. 176;
- riot at, against the new Liturgy, v. 328;
- the Covenant signed at, 333;
- rises against James VII., vii. 50;
- "James the Eighth" proclaimed at, 228
- Edinburgh Review, the, viii. 195
- Edington, battle of, i. 107
- Edith. See Matilda
- Edmund Rich, St., i. 287-289;
- Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 33;
- obtains dismissal of Peter des Roches, ib.;
- dealings with Llewelyn ap Jorwerth, 58;
- retires to Pontigny, 42
- Edmund Crouchback, Earl of Lancaster, son of Henry III., ii. 59, 82, 87, 187, 188
- Edmund, Earl of Woodstock, ii. 293
- Edward (I.), son of Henry III.,
- defeated by the Welsh, ii. 59;
- joins Earl Simon, 64, 65;
- rejoins Henry, 65;
- marches against Llewelyn, 67;
- surrenders Windsor, ib.;
- attempts to surprise London, 70;
- share in battle of Lewes, ib.;
- prisoner, 8-236]71;
- escapes, 75;
- seizes Gloucester, 76;
- defeats the younger Simon, ib.;
- meets Simon at Evesham, 77;
- attitude after the battle, 81;
- marches against Axholme, 85;
- negotiations for peace, ib.;
- captures Adam Gurdon, 87;
- effects off his influence, 89;
- goes on Crusade, 90;
- King, ib.;
- his motto, 41;
- his temper, 91-93;
- influence of chivalry on, 94, 95;
- spirit of legality, 96;
- moral temper, 97;
- military skill, ib., 98;
- political genius, 98, 99;
- constitutional aspect of his reign, 100, 101;
- first measures, 102, 103;
- progress of art and trade in his reign, 105-107;
- brings Llewelyn to submission, 108, 109;
- judicial reforms, 109-113;
- policy towards the barons, 116, 117;
- towards the Church, 118, 119;
- conquest of Wales, 119-121;
- legislation, 122-124;
- visit to Aquitaine, 123;
- expels the Jews, 131;
- relations with Scotland, 135-140;
- quarrel with France, 141, 142;
- summons Scotch barons to war in Guienne, 143;
- admits burgesses to Parliament, 154;
- his scheme for representation of clergy in Parliament, 157;
- storms Berwick, 160, 161;
- Scotland submits to, 161, 162;
- struggle with the clergy, 163;
- exactions from merchants, 164;
- quarrel with barons, 164, 165;
- goes to Flanders, 165;
- confirms the Charters, ib., 166, 170;
- truce with France, 168;
- victory at Falkirk, 169;
- treaty with France, 170;
- second conquest of Scotland, 171;
- his "New Custom," 172;
- absolved by the Pope from his oath to observe the Charters, ib.;
- his vow on the swan, 173, 174;
- death, 174
- Edward (II.), son of Edward I., ii. 173, 174;
- character and policy, 184-186;
- marriage, 186;
- relations with Gaveston and the barons, 186-188;
- struggle with the Ordainers, 188-191;
- marches on Scotland, 191;
- defeated at Bannockburn, 192, 193;
- accepts the Ordinances, 194;
- campaign of 1319, ib.;
- relations with the Despensers, 194, 195;
- truce with Scotland, 196;
- relations with France, 197, 198;
- flies to Lundy Island, 198;
- deposed, 199, 200;
- murdered, 200;
- authorities for his reign, 177
- Edward (III.) of Windsor, son of Edward II., ii. 198;
- proclaimed king, 199;
- arrests Mortimer, 207;
- relations with France, 208, 209;
- acknowledged as suzerain by Edward Balliol, 211;
- takes Berwick, ib.;
- receives Balliol's homage, 212;
- declares war on France, 213;
- number of his forces, 216;
- continental alliances, 216-219;
- Vicar-General of the Empire, 219;
- negotiations with France, ib.;
- besieges Cambray, 220;
- complains of papal exactions, 225;
- alliance with Flemish towns, 226, 227;
- besieges Tournay, 228;
- losses in Scotland, 229, 230;
- relations with Parliament, 230-233, 292, 299;
- supports John of Montfort in Britanny, 233;
- invades Normandy, 235;
- marches on Paris, ib.;
- victory at Crécy, 237-239;
- causes of his military success, 242, 243;
- besieges Calais, 243;
- his treatment of the six burgesses, 245-247;
- the imperial crown offered to, 248;
- his character, 249-251;
- founds the Order of the Garter, 252;
- rebuilds Windsor Castle, ib.
- alliance with Charles of Navarre, 258;
- with David Bruce, 263, 264;
- ravages France, 265;
- treaty with Burgundy, ib.;
- with the Regent of France, 266;
- forbids entry of Papal bulls, 273;
- policy in Spain, 287;
- truce with Charles V., 288;
- his evil rule, 290, 291;
- compromise with the Pope, 296;
- death, 311
- Edward (IV.), Earl of March, iii. 75;
- victory at Mortimer's Cross, 78;
- King, 80;
- his finance, 89, 152;
- protection of trade, 106;
- his temper, 112, 116-118;
- relations with Lewis XI., 120, 121, 123, 124;
- marriage, 124;
- double-dealing with Lewis and Charles the Bold, 129, 130;
- league with Charles, 130;
- relations with Warwick, 131-135;
- driven out, 139;
- returns, 141;
- victory at Barnet, 142;
- marches against Margaret, 143;
- defeats her at Tewkesbury, 144, 145;
- new alliance 8-237]with Charles against Lewis, 148;
- invades France, 149;
- makes peace with Lewis, 150;
- his rule, 151-153;
- death, 163
- Edward V., King, iii. 163, 167;
- More's Life of, 83, 218
- Edward (VI.), son of Henry VIII.,
- born, iii. 326;
- scheme for his marriage, iv. 26;
- his temper, 67;
- "plan" for the succession, 69, 70;
- death, 70;
- Journal, 3;
- Hayward's Life of, ib.;
- his Grammar Schools, 62
- Edward (the Black Prince)
- proposed as Count of Flanders, ii. 233;
- exploits at Crécy, 237, 238;
- ravages Guienne, 259, 260;
- campaign on the Loire, 260;
- victory at Poitiers, 261-263;
- invested with Aquitaine, 281;
- supports Pedro the Cruel, 283;
- victory at Navarete, 284;
- imposes hearth-tax on Aquitaine, ib.;
- summoned by France to answer the Gascon appeal, 285;
- storms Limoges, 286;
- marriage, 293;
- sickness, 286, 302;
- action in the Good Parliament, 305;
- death, 306
- Edward, son of Henry VI., iii. 71, 137, 140, 145
- Egypt
- conquered by Buonaparte, viii. 132;
- the French driven from, 165, 166
- Eikon Basilike, vi. 72
- Elba, Napoleon at, viii. 205
- Eleanor of Castille, wife of Edward I., ii. 93
- Eleanor of Poitou, wife of Henry II., i. 226;
- her claims on Toulouse, 233;
- turns against Henry, 254;
- imprisoned, 255;
- joins Richard in Sicily, 260;
- secures Aquitaine for John, 268;
- besieged at Mirebeau, ib.;
- dies, 270
- Eleanor of Provence, wife of Henry III., ii. 32, 69, 72, 74
- Eleanor, daughter of King John, ii. 36
- Eliot, John, v. 195, 248, 249;
- attacks Buckingham, 249-252;
- sent to the Tower, 253;
- released, ib.;
- proposes a Remonstrance, 262;
- share in the Avowal, 268;
- death, 273
- Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII., iv. 46;
- her classical scholarship, iii. 212;
- Thomas Seymour's attempt to marry her, iv. 56;
- sent to the Tower, 85, 136;
- Parliament refuses to oust her from the succession, 89;
- her person, 134;
- scholarship, ib., 135;
- relations with Mary, 136;
- Philip's policy towards, 137, 138;
- set free, 138;
- accession, 146;
- religious policy, 148-150, 152, 153;
- coronation, 153;
- refuses to marry Philip, 154;
- relations with Paul IV., 155, 156;
- her title acknowledged by Parliament, 156;
- restores the Prayer-Book, 158, 159;
- drops the title "Head of the Church," 160;
- dealings with the clergy, 161, 162;
- relations with Parker, 165, 166;
- with the Scotch Lords of the Congregation, 170, 172-175;
- treaty with Mary and Francis, 176;
- character, 177-181;
- statesmanship, 182-186;
- supports the Huguenots, 189;
- temporises with Pius IV., 192;
- refuses to send envoys to Trent, 193, 194;
- schemes for her marriage, 193, 195, 199;
- refuses a safe-conduct to Mary Stuart, 200;
- difficulties with Mary, 202-204;
- treaty with the Huguenots, 209, 210;
- with France, 219;
- her changes in the system of the monarchy, 232;
- policy in Ireland, 240;
- drift of her religious policy, 247, 248;
- difficulties with Mary and Alva, 257, 258;
- demands Mary's release, 259;
- refuses to recognize Murray's government, ib.;
- renews marriage negotiations with Austria, 260;
- negotiates for Mary's restoration, 262;
- her temporizing policy, 264;
- bull of deposition against her, 265, 270;
- her relations with England, 274, 275, 287-289;
- checks the "liberty of prophesying," 290;
- relations with Parliament, 292, 293; v. 56-58;
- resists Puritan pressure, iv. 293, 294;
- scheme for her marriage with Henry of Anjou, 297;
- expels the "water-beggars," 298;
- attitude towards the Netherlands, 300;
- persecutes the Catholics, 308, 309;
- alliance with the Netherlands, 311;
- scheme for her marriage with Francis of Anjou, 313, 316, 8-238]337, 338;
- dealings with the Catholics, 319, 320;
- relations with Drake, 334;
- confers new powers on the Ecclesiastical Commission, 340;
- refuses Protectorate of the Netherlands, 349;
- sends them aid, ib.;
- alliance with James VI., 350;
- plots against her, ib.;
- signs the death-warrant of Mary Stuart, 352;
- her victory over party disunion, 364, 365;
- sends an expedition to Portugal, 367;
- help to Henry IV., 371;
- league with France and the Netherlands, v. 60;
- her loneliness, 63;
- waning popularity, 64, 65;
- last days, 65, 66;
- death, 67;
- materials for her history, iv. 3-5
- Elizabeth, Czarina of Russia, vii. 246, 306
- Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., iii. 133, 167, 168, 170, 171;
- marries Henry VII., 175
- Elizabeth, daughter of James I., v. 210
- Elizabeth Woodville. See Woodville
- Elizabeth of France, wife of Philip II. of Spain, iv. 372
- Ellandun, battle of, i. 102
- Elliott, General, viii. 31, 41
- Elmet conquered by Eadwine, i. 63
- Elmham's Life of Henry V., ii. 179
- Ely
- burnt by northmen, i. 104;
- Cnut at, 145;
- the Ætheling Ælfred blinded at, 148;
- surrenders to William, 170;
- seized by the Disinherited, ii. 88
- Emma of Normandy, wife of Æthelred II., i. 141, 156
- "Emperor's men," the, i. 303
- Empson, Sir Richard, iii. 199
- Engla-land, i. 138
- England, Old, i. 9
- England,
- character of its settlement, i. 44-48;
- work of the northmen in, 129;
- first use of the name, 138;
- its peace under Cnut, 146;
- prosperity under Eadward and Harold, 153;
- effects of foreign rule on, 176-178, 278;
- fusion of Normans and English in, 200, 281;
- invaded by Robert of Normandy, 200, 201;
- civil war in, 219, 220;
- anarchy in, 220, 221;
- revival of national feeling in, 280, 281;
- Norman immigration to, 302;
- effects of loss of Normandy on, 325, 326;
- under Interdict, 330, 331;
- Friars arrive in, ii. 11;
- Provençals and Poitevins in, under Henry III. 32, 33;
- early finance, 103;
- relations with the Papacy, 26-28, 218, 219, 221-223, 225, 273-275, 303;
- social changes after the Black Death, 254, 255;
- social strife in, 266-268, 289, 316, 317;
- sufferings under Edward III., 290, 291;
- constitutional, its beginnings, 100;
- its freedom established, iii. 85;
- moral and intellectual decay during Wars of the Roses, 97, 98, 115;
- social condition in fifteenth century, 104-107;
- agricultural changes in, 107, 108;
- evictions and enclosures in, 109, 110;
- definition of its foreign policy, 128;
- intellectual progress under Edward IV., 153, 154;
- the New Learning in, 191-196, 201;
- relations with the Papacy under Henry VIII., 288, 289, 299, 300, 302;
- rejects Papal jurisdiction, 305;
- foreign Protestants in, iv. 51, 58, 59, 305;
- condition under Somerset, 54, 55;
- religious disorder in, 61;
- condition under Northumberland, 66;
- religious changes in, under Mary, 75;
- submits to Rome, 88, 89;
- effects of the Reformation on, 121, 122;
- attitude in Mary's later years, 134, 138, 139;
- condition at her death, 146, 147;
- religious chaos under Elizabeth, 162-165;
- becomes Protestant, 166, 167, 247, 248;
- its importance to the Papacy, 253, 254;
- parties in, 263;
- social condition under Elizabeth, 274-277, 283-287;
- religious condition, 289-291, 302-305;
- volunteers from, in the Netherlands, 324;
- unites against the Armada, 358;
- effect on, of the fight with Spain, 364;
- its maritime warfare with Spain, 370, 371;
- intellectual developement under Elizabeth, v. 1-11;
- condition at her death, 75, 76;
- growth of wealth and social advance, 77;
- rise of the squires, 78;
- growth of national spirit in, ib., 79;
- growth of the religious spirit in, 81;
- foreign rule of the Stuarts in, 148, 149;
- James I.'s proposal for its union with Scotland, 154;
- change in its attitude towards the crown, 8-239]171, 172, 183, 184;
- condition under Charles I., 280-282, 315, 316;
- declared a Commonwealth, vi. 68, 69;
- scheme of union with Holland, 81;
- with Scotland, 85;
- with Ireland, 86;
- war with Holland, ib., 88;
- condition under Cromwell and the major-generals, 106-108;
- progress of the Puritan ideal in, 125-128;
- scientific movement in, 131-133;
- Latitudinarians in, 133-137;
- modern, its beginnings, 160-161;
- intellectual progress after the Restoration, 163-171;
- union with Scotland and Ireland dissolved, 180;
- Restoration settlement of, 196-198;
- quarrel with the Dutch, 223, 224;
- war with Holland, 225-226, 238, 239, 261;
- attitude towards Lewis XIV., 228;
- its diplomacy under Charles II., 247, 248;
- declares war against Lewis XIV., vii. 49;
- alliance with Holland, 102, 104, 105;
- Union with Scotland, 127, 128;
- its European position after the Revolution, 147, 148;
- its European policy, 149-151;
- its intellectual influence, 151-153;
- character of political controversy in, 161;
- strength and weakness of public opinion in, 162-164;
- social condition under the Georges, 170, 171;
- alliance with France and Holland, 187;
- condition under Walpole, 195-198;
- alliance with France and Prussia, 199;
- quarrel with Spain for trade in America, 216, 217;
- declares war, 218;
- intercourse with India, 232;
- relations with America, 240, 241, 243, 244;
- treaty with Frederick II., 247, 248;
- war with France, 248, 249, 264;
- becomes a world-power, 274-277;
- annexations in the Pacific, 278, 279;
- its empire, 279;
- relations with America after the Seven Years' War, 280-283;
- results of the Revolution in, 286, 287;
- intellectual advance in the eighteenth century, 292, 293;
- war with Spain, 306;
- conquests in the West Indies, 307;
- its gains by the treaty of Paris, ib.;
- English and American theories of its relation to America, 321-325;
- growing influence of public opinion in, viii. 1, 2, 10, 11;
- war with America, 22-26, 32, 41;
- relations with Ireland, 33;
- position after the American war, 45;
- religious movement in, 46, 47;
- industrial progress, 53-60;
- growing influence of the trading class in, 61;
- its condition as compared to the rest of Europe, 80;
- alliance with Prussia and Holland, 85;
- attitude towards the French Revolution, 87, 88, 93-95;
- panic in, 103-106;
- war with France, 108, 109;
- its colonial acquisitions in 1795, 112;
- condition during the French war, 114;
- its dogged temper, 115, 116;
- effects of the war on its industry and trade, 157, 158;
- League of Neutrals against her, 159, 160;
- declares war against Buonaparte, 170;
- effects of the Continental System on its industry and trade, 177;
- condition during the French war, 192-195;
- war with America, 198, 203-205;
- last strife with Napoleon, 207-211.
- See English People
- Engle, the,
- their early home, i. 9, 10;
- settle in East Anglia and the north, 36;
- conquer Bernicia, 52.
- See English, Mercians, South-Engle
- English people,
- their life in Old England, i. 10-22;
- religion, 22-24;
- temper, 24-26;
- love of the sea, 27;
- character of their conquests, 39-44;
- of their settlement, 44-48;
- changes in organization after the conquest, 48-52;
- tendencies towards unity, 53-55, 61, 83, 130;
- union under Ecgberht, 103;
- fusion of northmen with, 126, 127;
- effects of struggle with the northmen on, 129, 130;
- tendencies towards disintegration, 133, 134;
- effects of foreign rule on, 176-178;
- fusion of Normans with, 200, 281;
- support William Rufus, 191, 192;
- support Henry I., 201, 202;
- revival of national feeling, 280, 281;
- attitude under George III., vii. 312-314;
- new life in America, viii. 43, 44.
- See England
- Episcopacy
- abolished in Scotland, v. 140;
- restored, 143, 166, 167;
- again abolished, 335;
- proposal to abolish it in England, 354
- Erasmus, Desiderius, iii. 193, 194;
- 8-240]his relations with Warham, 196, 212;
- teaches Greek at Cambridge, 201;
- protests against war, 211;
- his Praise of Folly, 199, 219;
- edition of St. Jerome, 212, 213;
- of the New Testament, 213, 215;
- his theology, 214;
- defends the New Learning against Luther, 256
- Eric, king of Sweden, i. 128
- Essayists, the English, vii. 158-160
- Essex
- settled by the East Saxons, i. 35;
- submits to Wulfhere, 85;
- peasant revolt in, ii. 321;
- Protestantism in, under Mary, iv. 144;
- royalist rising in, vi. 59
- Essex, Arthur Capel, first earl of,
- commissioner of the Treasury, vi. 301;
- supports Shaftesbury and the Exclusion, 315, 319;
- plots with Monmouth, etc., 336;
- death, 337
- Essex, Robert Devereux, second earl of, v. 43, 62, 63
- Essex, Robert Devereux, third earl of,
- marries Frances Howard, v. 190;
- divorced, 191;
- resists a forced loan, 255;
- captain-general of the Parliamentary army, vi. 1;
- movements in 1642, 2, 3;
- captures Reading, 5;
- his inactivity, 6, 8-10;
- retires to Uxbridge, 12;
- relieves Gloucester, 13, 14;
- movements in 1644, 19, 22, 23;
- retires, 35
- Essex, Earls of. See Fitz-Peter, Mandeville
- Essex, Frances, Countess of. See Howard
- Estates of the realm, various groupings of, in Parliament, ii. 202, 203
- Etherege, Sir George, vi. 157
- Eugene of Savoy, Prince, vii. 118, 120, 121, 131, 134
- Euphuism, v. 5
- Eustace, Count of Boulogne, i. 152, 167
- Eustace, son of King Stephen, i. 226, 227
- Eustace the Monk, ii. 2
- Eva, daughter of Dermod of Leinster, i. 252
- Evelyn's Diary, vi. 157
- Evesham
- founded, i. 86;
- battle of, ii. 77, 78
- Evreux, Charles of, ii. 315
- Exchange, the Royal, founded, iv. 280
- Exchequer, Court of, i. 206; ii. 109;
- Richard Fitz-Neal's Dialogue on, i. 174, 244;
- closed, vi. 261
- Excise,
- Walpole's scheme of, vii. 195, 201, 202;
- revived by Pitt, viii. 77
- Exeter,
- northmen at, i. 106;
- Welsh driven from, 120;
- subdued by William I., 167, 168;
- tailors' gild at, 318;
- William of Orange received at, vii. 40
- Exeter, Henry Holland, duke of, iii. 140, 142
- Exeter, John Holland, duke of (Earl of Huntingdon), iii. 7, 8
- Exeter, Edward Courtenay, marquis of, iii. 322, 348, 350
- Exton, Sir Piers, iii. 8
- Exclusion Bill, the, vi. 307, 308, 319, 320
- Eylau, battle of, viii. 175
- Fabyan's Chronicle, ii. 179
- Fairfax, Edward, his version of Tasso, v. 2
- Fairfax, Ferdinando, second Lord, vi. 4
- Fairfax, Sir Thomas,
- his victory at Nantwich, vi. 18;
- commander-in-chief of the New Model army, 35, 36;
- victory at Naseby, 40, 41;
- in the west, 41;
- marches on Oxford, 46;
- suppresses royalist rising in Kent, 61;
- Colchester surrenders to, 64;
- marches on London, 65;
- suppresses mutiny, 75;
- superseded by Cromwell, 79;
- joins Monk, 151
- Falaise,
- birthplace of William the Conqueror, i. 157;
- treaty of, ii. 140;
- reduced by Henry V., iii. 33
- Falconberg, William Neville, Lord, iii. 113
- Falkirk, battles of, ii. 168, 169; vii. 229
- Falkland, Lucius Cary, second viscount,
- his plans of Church reform, v. 354;
- abandons Strafford's impeachment, 356;
- his political position, 368;
- becomes Charles's minister, 375;
- joins Charles at York, 378;
- death, vi. 14;
- influence on religious thought, 133
- Family Compact, the, vii. 215
- "Farm" of a borough, ii. 152
- Farmer, Anthony, vii. 25
- 8-241]Farmers, rise of, ii. 240
- Farne, islet of, i. 71
- Fastolfe, Sir John, iii. 46, 162
- Fawkes, Guido, v. 158, 159
- Feckenham, Abbot of Westminster, iv. 106
- Felton, John, v. 264, 265
- Ferdinand (I.), Archduke of Austria, iii. 208, 243; iv. 19;
- Emperor, 98; v. 174, 175
- Ferdinand (II.), Archduke of Austria, v. 213;
- king of Bohemia, 216;
- Emperor, 217
- Ferdinand V., king of Aragon, iii. 186, 187, 207;
- forms the Holy League, 209;
- seizes Navarre, ib.;
- dies, 234
- Ferdinand VII., king of Spain, viii. 185
- Ferrar, Bishop of St. David's, iv. 91
- Ferrars, Robert, fourth earl of Derby, i. 254
- Ferrars, Robert, eighth earl of Derby, ii. 87
- Feudalism,
- tendency to, in England after Danish wars, i. 133, 135, 136;
- the Conqueror's dealings with, 181-185;
- antagonism of the universities to, 289-291;
- revives under Henry III., ii. 4, 5;
- its military basis, 239;
- ruin, iii. 92-94
- Fielding, Henry, vii. 297
- Fifth-monarchy men, vi. 182
- Filmer, Sir Robert, vi. 171
- Finance,
- early English, ii. 103;
- William I.'s system of, i. 186
- Finch, Sir John,
- Chief-Justice, v. 331;
- Lord Keeper, 351
- First of June, battle of the, viii. 111
- Fisher, John, Bishop of Rochester, iii. 201;
- his reply to Luther, 257:
- quarrel with the Commons, 290;
- sent to the Tower, 319;
- beheaded, 321
- Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, viii. 121, 128
- Fitzgerald, Lord Thomas, iii. 328
- Fitz-Hamo, Robert, ii. 48
- Fitzharris, Edward, vi. 323
- Fitz-Maurices, the, Earls of Desmond, ii. 377
- Fitz-Maurice, James, iv. 315
- Fitz-Neal, Richard, bishop of London and treasurer, i. 174, 223;
- his Dialogue on the Exchequer, 174, 244
- Fitz-Osbern, Roger, i. 189
- Fitz-Osbern, William, i. 167, 168, 183
- Fitz-Peter, Geoffry, Earl of Essex and justiciar, i. 267, 338, 339, 341
- Fitz-Ralf, Richard, Chancellor of Oxford, ii. 295
- Fitz-Stephen, Robert, i. 252
- Fitz-Urse, Reginald, i. 241
- Fitz-Walter, Robert,
- captain of the Londoners, i. 305;
- conspires against John, 335;
- leader of the barons, 343;
- "Marshal of the Army of God and Holy Church," 346;
- counsels alliance with France, 355;
- besieges Lincoln, ii. 2
- Fitz-Warenne or Fitz-Warin, Fulk (the third), i. 343; ii. 42
- Fitz-Warenne, Fulk (the fifth), ii. 116
- Fitzwilliam, William, fourth Earl, viii. 104, 120
- Five Boroughs, the, i. 117, 120
- "Five members," the, v. 373-376
- Flambard, Ranulf, i. 192, 199.
- Flamsteed, John, vi. 166
- Flanders,
- its wool trade with England, ii. 107, 226;
- interdict in, 219, 224;
- alliance with Edward III., 226, 227;
- civil strife in, 233;
- joins Edward again, 244;
- struggle with France, 349;
- English gild of Merchant Adventurers in, iii. 155;
- decay of its trade, iv. 281;
- refugees from, in England, 305, 323;
- attacked by France, vi. 124
- Flanders, Lewis le Mâle, Count of, ii. 244, 286
- Flanders, Margaret of, ii. 286
- Fleet, English,
- created by Ælfred, i. 116;
- successes under John, 333, 337;
- under Hubert de Burgh, ii. 2, 3;
- repulsed from Abermenai, 54;
- reduces Anglesea, 109;
- victory at Sluys, 228;
- defeated by Spaniards, 313;
- harries the coast of Britanny, iii. 16;
- Henry VIII.'s, iv. 28, 29;
- Elizabeth's, 360;
- its fight with the Armada, 361, 362;
- declares for Charles I., vi. 59;
- re-created by Vane, 78;
- increased under William III., vii. 105, 107;
- blockades Cadiz and threatens Naples, 223;
- its share in the war with France, viii. 111, 127, 133;
- blockades 8-242]Malta, 162, 165;
- attacks Copenhagen, 163, 180
- Fleetwood, General, vi. 121, 145, 150
- Flemings
- in Pembrokeshire, ii. 48, 55;
- settle in England under Edward III., 226;
- besiege Bouvines, 234;
- attack France, 244
- Fletcher, Giles, v. 304
- Fletcher, Phineas, v. 304
- Fleurus, battles of, vii. 75; viii. 109
- Flint,
- Richard II. taken prisoner at, ii. 381;
- castle captured by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 11
- Flodden, battle of, iii. 210
- Flood, Henry, viii. 37
- Florence,
- revival of letters at, iii. 189;
- commercial treaty with, iv. 282
- Florence of Worcester, i. 6, 173, 280
- Florida,
- Huguenot colony in, iv. 330;
- ceded to England, vii. 307;
- to Spain, viii. 41
- Flushing pledged to Elizabeth, iv. 349
- Foliot, Gilbert, his letters, i. 173
- Folk, the, i. 19
- "Folk-land," i. 47
- Folk-moot, the, i. 19, 20.
- Fontenoy, battle of, vii. 227
- Ford, John, v. 303
- Forests,
- Assize of the, i. 267;
- Charter of the, ii. 165, 166, 170;
- Law of the, 34;
- commission of, under Charles I., v. 277;
- New, disafforested by Great Charter, i. 352
- Forster, Thomas, vii. 184
- Fort St. George (Madras), vii. 232
- Fort William (Calcutta), vii. 232
- Fort William (Inverness-shire), vii. 52
- Fortescue, Sir Faithful, vi. 3
- Fortescue, Sir John, iii. 86
- Fotheringay, Mary Stuart beheaded at, iv. 352
- Fougères sacked by the English, iii. 62
- Fourmigny, battle of, iii. 62
- Four Masters, Annals of the, i. 7
- Fox, Edward, Bishop of Hereford, iii. 336
- Fox, Richard, Bishop of Winchester, iii. 202, 216, 230, 285
- Fox, Charles James,
- leader of the Whigs, viii. 63, 64;
- his jealousy of Shelburne, 65;
- his India Bill, 67, 68;
- his joy at the capture of the Bastille, 84;
- supports the Prince's claim to the Regency, ib.;
- his Libel Act, 92;
- supports Pitt in giving self-government to Canada, 92;
- Burke's quarrel with him, ib.;
- returns to office, 174;
- death, 178
- Foxe's Book of Martyrs, iv. 3
- France,
- war of William the Conqueror with, i. 190;
- invaded by Otto of Germany, 338;
- regency offered to Simon of Montfort, ii. 40;
- relations with Scotland, 141, 170, 171, 197, 213;
- treaty with Edward I., 170;
- claim of Edward III. to the throne, 208;
- Edward III. declares war with, 213;
- greatness at opening of Hundred Years' War, 215, 216;
- relations with the papacy, 217, 224;
- condition after battle of Poitiers, 264;
- ravaged by Edward III., 265;
- Edward III. renounces his claims on, 266;
- renewal of war with, 285;
- invaded by John of Gaunt, 287;
- relations with Scotland and Flanders, 349;
- truces with Richard II., 354, 368;
- relations with Henry IV., iii. 6;
- with the Percies, 12, 14;
- with Owen Glyndwr, 15, 18;
- civil war in, 16;
- relations with the Council of Henry IV., 23, 24;
- truce with, 26;
- Henry V.'s claims on, 28, 29;
- treaty with him, 35, 36;
- political position at close of Hundred Years' War, 119;
- relations with Maximilian and England, 170, 171;
- growth of its power, 205, 206;
- attacked by English, Germans, and Spaniards, 247;
- Mary Tudor's war with, iv. 108;
- relations with Scotland under Mary of Guise, 169-173;
- growth of the Huguenots in, 174, 206-208;
- Huguenot rising in, 209;
- massacre of Protestants in, 299;
- parties in, on death of Henry III., 369;
- re-united under Henry IV., 373;
- league with England and the Netherlands, v. 60;
- alliance with Holland, 316;
- growth of its power, vi. 113, 114;
- treaty with Cromwell, 117;
- its growing prosperity, 187-189;
- alliance with 8-243]England and Holland, vii. 187;
- alliance with England and Prussia, 199;
- position after Treaty of Utrecht, 212;
- union with Spain, 213, 214;
- supports her against England, 219;
- alliance with Prussia, 221;
- claims on America and India, 232;
- war with England, 248, 249, 264, 265;
- withdraws from India and America, 307;
- policy in American war, viii. 28;
- league with America and Spain, 30;
- Pitt's treaty of commerce with, 79;
- condition in the eighteenth century, 81, 82;
- volunteers from, in Washington's army, 83;
- revolution in, ib., 86, 95, 96, 101;
- attitude towards England, 97-100;
- attacked by the Coalition, 101;
- royalty abolished in, ib.;
- attacks Holland, 102;
- declares war on England, 103;
- reverses in 1793, 107;
- successes, 109, 110;
- Directory in, 113;
- dealings with Ireland, 121, 123-125;
- attacks Austria and Italy, 122;
- conquers Switzerland, 134, 135;
- takes Rome, 136;
- relations with Russia, ib., 137;
- conquers Italy, 139;
- forced to evacuate it, 140;
- Consulate in, 142;
- position after the Peace of Lunéville, 144, 145;
- driven from Egypt, 165, 166;
- invaded by the Allies, 202;
- the Bourbons return to, 203;
- Napoleon's last struggle in, 206;
- literature of, its influence on Chaucer, ii. 359, 360
- Franchise, restriction of, iii. 99-102
- Francis of Assisi, St., ii. 9, 12, 13
- Francis II., Emperor, viii. 96
- Francis I., king of France, iii. 232;
- campaign in Italy, 233;
- treaties with Maximilian and Charles, 234;
- with Henry VIII., 235;
- meeting with Henry, 241;
- struggle with Henry and Charles, 247;
- defeats in Italy, 248, 250;
- prisoner, 250;
- treaties with Henry, 266, 270;
- released, 267;
- intrigues with Lutherans and Papacy, iv. 22;
- attacks Charles, 24;
- negotiations with Scotland, ib.;
- treaty with Charles, 32;
- with Henry, 33;
- sends explorers to America, 330
- Francis (II.), of France,
- marries Mary Stuart, iv. 53, 169;
- king, 174;
- treaties with Elizabeth and the Scots, 176;
- death, 188
- Franciscans (Grey Friars) in England, ii. 11
- Frankfort,
- English Protestants at, iv. 118, 119;
- their "troubles," 127, 128
- Franklin, Benjamin,
- his plan for the defence of the American colonies, vii. 243;
- sent as their agent to England, 326;
- counsels submission to the Stamp Acts, 330;
- relations with Chatham, viii. 20;
- mission to France, 28
- Frank-pledge, i. 238, 322
- Frederick II., Emperor, i. 293; ii. 7, 27
- Frederick III., Emperor, iii. 146, 147
- Frederick, Elector Palatine,
- marries Elizabeth of England, v. 210;
- king of Bohemia, 217;
- driven out, 220, 226
- Frederick II., king of Prussia, vii. 220;
- alliance with France, 221;
- victory at Chotusitz, 223;
- Silesia ceded to, ib.;
- seizes Prague, 225;
- driven from Bohemia, ib.;
- victory at Hohenfriedburg, 227;
- treaty with England, 247, 248;
- seizes Dresden, 248;
- victory at Prague, ib.;
- defeated at Kolin, ib.;
- victories at Rossbach, Leuthen and Zorndorf, 263;
- defeated at Hochkirch and Kunersdorf, ib.;
- at Plauen, 264;
- campaign of 1760, 302;
- share in partition of Poland, viii. 85;
- death, ib.
- Frederick, Prince of Wales, vii. 218
- Free Companies, the, ii. 281, 282
- Freeholders succeed the villeins, ii. 333
- Freeman, the English, i. 11, 12;
- sinks into the villein, 133, 321
- Fréteval,
- Henry II. and Thomas reconciled at, i. 240;
- Richard I. surprises Philip's treasure at, 263
- Friars, the, ii. 10-14;
- Lord Bacon's comment on, 21;
- their political influence, 22, 23;
- character and effect of their preaching, 24;
- attempt conversion of Jews, 127;
- oppose Wyclif, 335
- Friedland, battle of, viii. 175
- Frisians in Ælfred's fleet, i. 116
- "Frith" of Wedmore, i. 107
- 8-244]Frobisher, Martin, iv. 331, 361
- Froissart, Jean, ii. 178
- Fuentes d'Onore, battle of, viii. 191
- Fyrd, the, i. 116, 161, 257; ii. 103, 122, 240
- Gage, General, viii. 19
- Gaimar, Geoffrey, i. 174, 247
- Gainsborough, Swein dies at, i. 143
- Gall, St., i. 68
- Gardiner, Stephen, iii. 272, 279;
- Bishop of Winchester, 298;
- expelled from the Council, 348;
- supersedes Norfolk in the king's counsels, iv. 24;
- excluded from the regency, 46;
- imprisoned, 54;
- Chancellor, 74;
- proposes Mary's marriage with Courtenay, 78;
- his aversion to the Spanish match, 80;
- attitude towards Rome, 87;
- tract On True Obedience, ib.;
- change in his attitude, 88;
- threat to the Protestant refugees, 119;
- desires "to go roundly to work" with Elizabeth, 137;
- death, 98
- Garnet, Henry, Provincial of the Jesuits, v. 159
- Garter, Order of the, founded, ii. 252
- Gascony,
- Simon of Montfort's rule in, ii. 38-40;
- seized by Charles IV., 197;
- restored to Edward III., 266;
- resists the hearth-tax, 285;
- barons appeal to France against the Black Prince, ib.;
- its final loss, iii. 70, 71
- Gates, General, viii. 26
- Gauden, Dr., vi. 72
- Gaunt, Elizabeth, vii. 11
- Gaunt, John of. See John
- Gavel-kind, i. 324
- Gaveston, Piers, ii. 186-188, 190
- Gay, John, vii. 161
- Gemblours, battle of, iv. 312
- Geneva, Calvin at, iv. 126
- Genoa annexed by Napoleon, viii. 172
- Genoese at battle of Crécy, ii. 236, 238
- Geoffry, Archbishop of York, i. 330
- Geoffry of Britanny, son of Henry II., i. 247, 254, 257
- Geoffry of Monmouth, i. 246; ii. 57
- George I., King, vii. 146;
- his temper, 173;
- foreign policy, 187-189;
- death, 200
- George, Duke of Cambridge (George II.), vii. 144;
- his character, 173;
- King, 200;
- his foreign policy, 221, 223, 226, 247;
- victory at Dettingen, 224;
- death, 283
- George III., King, vii. 283;
- his character and aims, 284, 285;
- importance of his action, 285, 286;
- his power, 300;
- relations with Pitt, 305, 316, 328, 331, 339;
- with the Whigs, 305, 316, 328, 339;
- with Parliament, 309;
- urges the expulsion of Wilkes, viii. 6;
- renews the quarrel with America, 13;
- his personal government, 16, 17;
- his rejoicing at the quarrel with America, 19;
- madness, 84, 196;
- refuses emancipation to Catholics, 154, 155, 179
- George, Prince of Wales (George IV.), Regent, viii. 84, 196
- Georgia, colony of, vii. 236, 237
- Gerald of Wales, i. 174, 245, 246, 275, 285
- Germany,
- its relations with the Papacy, ii. 218;
- growth of Protestantism in, iv. 31; v. 175;
- Catholic reaction in, 176;
- attacked by Lewis XIV., vii. 38, 48, 118
- Gervase of Canterbury, i. 174
- Gesta Stephani, i. 173
- Gesith, the, i. 50
- Gewissas, i. 34
- Ghent,
- Charters confirmed at, ii. 166;
- revolt at, 233;
- John of Gaunt born at, 293;
- reduced by the French, 349;
- Pacification of, iv. 310, 311
- Gibbon, Edward, viii. 46
- Gibraltar
- ceded to England, vii. 142;
- besieged by the Spaniards, 199;
- Elliott's defence of, viii. 31, 41
- Gifford, Bonaventure, vii. 26
- Gilbert, Sir Humphry, iv. 345
- Gilbert, William, discovers terrestrial magnetism, vi. 131
- Gilbert, William, papal emissary in Ireland, iv. 317
- Gildas, i. 3
- Gilds, i. 298-300, 304;
- of English Merchant Adventurers in Flanders, iii. 155;
- of St. John at Bruges, 154;
- of the Staple, ii. 304;
- of tailors, i. 318;
- of 8-245]weavers, 317;
- Ordinances of, 274;
- suppression of, iv. 54.
- See Craft-gilds, Merchant-gild
- Ginkell, General, vii. 73
- Giraldus Cambrensis. See Gerald
- Girondists, viii. 96
- Glamis, Patrick Lyon, Master of, v. 124
- Glamorgan
- conquered by Robert Fitz-Hamo, ii. 48;
- by Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, 58
- Glamorgan, Edward Somerset, Earl of, vi. 16
- Glanvill, Ranulf de, i. 255, 259;
- his treatise on law, 174, 244
- Glastonbury,
- St. Dunstan at, i. 121, 123;
- Arthur's tomb at, 247; ii. 57
- Glastonbury, Richard Whiting, abbot of, hanged, iii. 350
- Glencoe, massacre of, vii. 53, 54
- Glendower. See Glyndwr
- Gloucester,
- northmen at, i. 106;
- Henry III. crowned at, ii. 1;
- seized by Edward, 76;
- besieged by Charles I., vi. 13;
- relieved, 14;
- Parliament at, ii. 289, 315
- Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of, iii. 33;
- his marriage with Jacqueline, 38, 42;
- Regent of England, 40;
- set aside, 41;
- Protector, ib.;
- his love of literature, 40, 41;
- character, 41;
- recovers Hainault, 42;
- struggle with Beaufort, 44;
- represses Lollard risings, 96;
- retires, 58, 59;
- arrest and death, 61;
- his library, 161
- Gloucester, Richard, Duke of. See Richard
- Gloucester, Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of, ii. 351, 352;
- head of Continual Council, 353;
- struggle with Richard II., ib., 354;
- withdraws from Court, 370;
- arrested, ib.;
- dies, 371
- Gloucester, Richard de Clare, Earl of, ii. 64-66
- Gloucester, Gilbert de Clare, Earl of,
- supports Simon de Montfort, ii. 67, 70, 71;
- quarrels with him, 75;
- his policy after Evesham, 81, 85, 86, 88;
- occupies London, 89;
- marries Johanna of Acre, 123
- Gloucester, Robert, Earl of. See Robert
- Gloucester, Thomas Spenser, Earl of, iii. 7
- Godolphin, Sidney, vi. 315;
- takes office, vii. 98;
- Lord Treasurer, 112, 113;
- supports Occasional Conformity, 123;
- dismissed, 139
- Glyndwr, Owen, iii. 9-12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 22
- Godfrey, Sir Edmondsbury, vi. 294, 295
- Godwine, Earl of Wessex, i. 146-153
- "Goliath, Bishop," i. 248
- Gondomar, Count of, v. 226, 229
- Goodman, Godfrey, Bishop of Gloucester, v. 298
- Goodman, Christopher, iv. 130, 131
- Goodrich, Bishop of Ely, iii. 336
- Gorm, king of Denmark, i. 128
- Government,
- Act of, vi. 122;
- Instrument of, 99, 102, 105
- Gower, Caxton's edition of, iii. 157
- Gowrie, William Ruthven, first Earl of, v. 128, 138
- Grafton, Augustus Henry Fitzroy, third Duke of, vii. 170, 340; viii. 4, 15
- Grafton's Chronicle, iii. 83
- Grammont, Count, Memoirs of, vi. 157
- Granby, John Manners, Marquis of, viii. 15
- Grantmesnil, Ivo of, i. 201
- Granville, John Carteret, second Earl (see Carteret), vii. 225, 226
- Grasse, Admiral de, viii. 40
- Grattan, Henry,
- demands repeal of Poynings' Act, viii. 37;
- leads the Protestants in the Irish Parliament, 79;
- strives for its reform, 117, 118, 120
- Gravelines, battle of, iv. 108
- "Greater and lesser folk," i. 318
- Greek,
- study of, at Canterbury, i. 92;
- revival of, in fifteenth century, iii. 189, 190, 194, 195, 200
- Greene, General, viii. 32
- Greene, Robert, v. 8, 25, 26, 30, 31
- Greenvil, Sir Bevil, vi. 5, 6
- Greenway, Oswald, v. 159
- Greenwich, Ælfheah martyred at, i. 142
- Gregory the Great (Pope),
- his interview with English slaves, i. 53;
- sends Augustine to England, 57;
- his Pastoral Book translated by Ælfred, 114
- Gregory VII., Pope, i. 187
- Gregory IX., Pope, ii. 27
- Gregory XIII., Pope, iv. 299;
- urges Philip to attack Elizabeth, 8-246]301;
- heads the Catholic movement, 306;
- plans a descent on Ireland, 315;
- sends Jesuits to England, 317
- Grenada conquered by England, vii. 307
- Grenville, William Wyndham, Lord, viii. 155;
- leader of the Old Whigs, 156;
- refuses office, 171;
- accepts it, 174;
- his Orders in Council, 178;
- fall of his ministry, 179
- Grenville, George,
- adherent of Pitt, vii. 247, 250;
- deserts him, 303, 328;
- head of the Admiralty, 311;
- prime minister, 314;
- character and policy, 316, 317, 320;
- death, viii. 16
- Grenville, Sir Richard, iv. 370, 371
- Gresham, Sir Thomas, iv. 280
- Gresham College, meetings of the Royal Society at, vi. 165
- Grew, Nehemiah, vi. 167
- Grey, John de, Bishop of Norwich, i. 329
- Grey of Ruthin, Reginald, third Lord, iii. 10
- Grey of Wilton, William, thirteenth Lord, iv. 175
- Grey of Wilton, Arthur, fourteenth Lord, v. 12
- Grey, Lady Catharine, iv. 70, 238; v. 121
- Grey, Lady Jane, iv. 69;
- proclaimed queen, 70;
- imprisoned, 71;
- trial, 75;
- beheaded, 84;
- Chronicle of, 3
- Grey, Lord Leonard, iii. 330
- Grey, Sir John, iii. 124
- Grey, Sir Thomas, iii. 30
- Grimbald, Abbot of Winchester, i. 113
- Grimston, Sir Harbottle, v. 324
- Grindal, Edmund,
- Protestant exile, iv. 119, 132;
- tutor of Elizabeth, 134;
- Archbishop of Canterbury, 290; v. 17;
- Strype's Life of, iv. 4
- Grindecobbe, William, ii. 330, 332
- Grocyn, William, iii. 190, 197, 256
- Grosseteste, Robert, bishop of Lincoln,
- his letters, i. 274;
- his Constitutions, ii. 8;
- lectures at Oxford, 14;
- friendship with Bacon, 18;
- remonstrates against policy of Henry III., 34;
- friendship with Simon de Montfort, 41
- Grouchy, Marshal, viii. 208, 210
- Gruffydd ap Llewelyn, prince of Wales, ii. 47
- Gruffydd ap Conan, prince of North Wales, ii. 54
- Guader, Ralf de, i. 189
- Gualchmai, ii. 52, 54
- Gualo, legate, ii. 1
- Guesclin, Bertrand du, ii. 281, 283-287
- Guienne
- seized by Philip the Fair, ii. 142;
- restored to Edward III., 266;
- the Black Prince's ravages in, 259;
- attacked by Du Guesclin, 285;
- attacked by Armagnac, iii. 16;
- conquered by Charles VII., 68, 69.
- See Aquitaine
- Guineas, the first, vi. 223
- Guise, Francis, Duke of, iv. 108, 174, 208, 210, 216
- Guise, Henry, Duke of, iv. 355, 356, 367
- Guise, Mary of. See Mary
- Guisnes
- ceded to Edward III., ii. 266;
- meeting of Henry VIII. and Francis I. at, iii. 241;
- surrendered to France, iv. 108
- Gunpowder, effects of its introduction, iii. 95
- Gunpowder Plot, the, v. 158, 159
- Gurdon, Sir Adam, ii. 86, 87, 94
- Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, v. 275, 276
- Guthlac, St., i. 86
- Guthrum, king of East Anglia, i. 104, 106
- Guy, Bishop of Amiens, i. 6
- Gwent, the, i. 34
- Gwent (in Wales) rises against Eadward the Elder, i. 118
- Gwynn, Nell, vi. 176; vii. 5
- Gyrth, son of Godwine, i. 164
- Gyrwas, i. 117
- Gytha of Hordaland, i. 128
- Hainault, Jacqueline, Countess of, iii. 38, 42, 43
- Hainault, William I., Count of, ii. 198, 217
- Hainault, William II., Count of, ii. 220
- Hakluyt's Voyages, v. 10
- Hale, Sir Matthew, vi. 85, 96, 200
- Hales, Sir Edward, vii. 15
- Hales, John, theologian, vi. 134, 136, 137
- Hales, John, leader of Peasant Revolt, ii. 319
- Halidon Hill, battle of, ii. 211
- Halifax (Nova Scotia), its foundation, vii. 242
- 8-247]Halifax, George Savile, first Viscount, Earl, and Marquis of, vi. 280;
- correspondence with Barillon, 298;
- takes office, 301;
- against the exclusion of James, 307;
- plans for the succession, 308;
- throws out the Exclusion Bill, 320;
- his Bill of Securities, ib.;
- his Limitation Bill, 323;
- advises calling a new Parliament, 334;
- dismissed from the Privy Council, vii. 14;
- joins William III., 43;
- prays him to accept the Crown, 47;
- Lord Privy Seal, 67;
- opposes the war and the Bank, 88;
- death, 182
- Halifax, George Montague, second Earl of, vii. 242-244
- Hall, Joseph, Bishop of Norwich and satirist, v. 303
- Halle's Chronicle, iii. 83
- Halley, Edmund, vi. 166
- Hamilton, James, third Marquis and first Duke of, v. 275, 334-336, 364;
- supports Charles I., vi. 58, 59;
- defeated at Preston, 62;
- executed, 72
- Hamilton, William, second Duke of, vi. 82, 84
- Hamilton, James, of Bothwellhaugh, iv. 271; v. 122
- Hamilton, General Gustavus, vii. 58
- Hamilton, Colonel, vii. 53
- Hammond, Colonel, vi. 59
- Hampden, Griffith, v. 320
- Hampden, John,
- his youth, v. 320;
- in Parliament of 1621, 321;
- resists forced loan, ib., 255;
- in Parliament of 1628, 321;
- his home, 321, 322;
- character, 322;
- friends and kindred, ib.;
- refuses to pay ship-money, 323;
- trial of his case, 324, 330, 331;
- judgement against him annulled, 352;
- one of the "five members," 373;
- urges the abolition of Episcopacy, vi. 14;
- member of Committee of Public Safety, 1;
- his "Greencoats," 6, 7;
- his services in the war, 6-8;
- fight at Chalgrove, 10;
- death, 11;
- burial, 12
- Hampden, John, the younger, vi. 336
- Hampton Court,
- Wolsey's palace at, iii. 236, 253;
- treaty of, iv. 209;
- conference on religion at, v. 152
- Hanover, convention of, vii. 231
- Harald Fairhair, king of Norway, i. 128, 129
- Harald Hardrada, king of Denmark, i. 161, 162
- Harald Harefoot, king of England, i. 147
- Hardwicke, Philip Yorke, first Earl of, vii. 203, 245
- Hardyng's Chronicle, ii. 179
- Harfleur taken by Henry V., iii. 30
- Hargreaves, John, viii. 59
- Harley, Robert, vii. 102;
- Secretary of State, 124;
- intrigues against Marlborough, 132;
- dismissed, 138;
- returns to office, 139;
- rivalry with Bolingbroke, 143;
- countenances the South Sea bubble, 192.
- See Oxford
- Harold, son of Godwine, Earl of East Anglia, i. 150;
- governor of the realm under Eadward, 153;
- campaign in Wales, ib., ii. 47;
- his oath to William, i. 159;
- king, 160;
- struggle with Tostig and Harald Hardrada, 161, 162;
- slain at Senlac, 165
- Harrington's version of Ariosto, v. 2
- Harrison, General, vi. 90, 91, 195
- Harry, Blind, i. 275
- Harthacnut, king, i. 147, 148
- Harvey, Gabriel, v. 11, 12
- Harvey, William, v. 52, 55; vi. 131
- Haselrig, Arthur,
- one of the Five Members, v. 373;
- charges against him, vi. 85;
- opposes the dissolution of the Rump, 89;
- in Parliament of 1654, 101;
- denies the legality of the government, 102;
- demands the dismissal of Fleetwood and Lambert, 150
- Hasting, i. 116, 117
- Hastings, battle of, i. 162-165
- Hastings, John, second Lord, claimant of Scotland, ii. 136
- Hastings (of Ashby), William, first Lord, iii. 163, 164
- Hastings, Henry, Lord, iv. 70.
- See Huntingdon
- Hastings, Warren, viii. 31, 50, 51
- Havana conquered by England, vii. 307
- Havre
- surrendered to Elizabeth, iv. 210;
- capitulates to France, 217
- Hawarden Castle captured by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 11
- Hawke, Admiral, vii. 265
- 8-248]Hawkesbury, Robert Banks Jenkinson, Lord, viii. 157.
- See Liverpool
- Hawkins, John, iv. 283, 361
- Hawley, General, vii. 229
- Haxey, Sir Thomas, ii. 370
- Hayward's Life of Edward VI., iv. 3;
- his Annals, ib., 4
- Heathenism, its struggle with Christianity in England, i. 65, 66, 70-73
- Heathfield, battle of the, i. 66
- Heaven's Field, battle of, i. 67
- Hebrides, Northmen in the, i. 129
- Hemingford or Heminburh, Walter of, ii. 177
- Hengest, i. 31, 49
- Henrietta Maria of France, wife of Charles I., v. 241, 376; vi. 4
- Henrietta, Duchess of Orleans, vi. 192, 257
- Henry I., King, i. 198;
- charter and marriage, ib., 199;
- relations with the English people, 198, 200-202;
- with the barons, 202;
- conquers Normandy, ib.;
- dealings with Wales, ii. 48;
- his rule, i. 203-205;
- administration, 205, 206;
- death, 214;
- literature at his court, 246;
- his charter produced by Langton, 340;
- his charter to London, 304;
- to Oxford, 309;
- "Laws" of, 339
- Henry (II.) Fitz-Empress, i. 226;
- comes to England, 227;
- treaty with Stephen, ib.;
- king, 228;
- person and character, 229-231;
- results of his rule, 231;
- first measures, 232;
- Welsh war, ib.; ii. 53, 54;
- extent of his continental dominions, i. 232, 233;
- war of Toulouse, 233;
- relations with the barons, ib.;
- with the Church, 235-237, 253;
- struggle with Thomas, 236, 237, 239, 240;
- penance at his shrine, 255;
- legal reforms, 235-239, 255, 256;
- reforms of the King's Court, ii. 110, 111;
- visits Arthur's tomb at Glastonbury, i. 247; ii. 57, 58;
- dealings with Ireland, i. 250, 251, 253;
- rebellions against him, 254, 255;
- receives homage of Scotland, i. 255; ii. 134;
- reorganizes the fyrd, 257;
- revolt of his sons, ib.;
- introduces taxation of personal property, ib.;
- death, 258;
- charter to Oxford, 309
- Henry III., King,
- crowned, ii. 1;
- crowned again, 5;
- character and policy, 25, 26;
- relations with Rome, 26, 27, 59;
- campaigns in Britanny and Poitou, 29;
- quarrel with Hubert de Burgh, ib.;
- personal government, 31;
- marriage, 32;
- foreign favourites, ib., 33;
- misrule, 34;
- confirms Charter, ib.;
- second campaign in Poitou, 35;
- quarrels with Simon of Montfort, 39, 40;
- contributes to Matthew Paris's Chronicle, 44;
- goes to France, 64;
- forbids summoning of Parliament, ib.;
- gets the Provisions of Oxford annulled by the Pope, 65;
- tries to surprise Simon at Southwark, 69;
- prisoner, 71;
- vengeance after Evesham, 79, 83;
- dies, 90
- Henry (IV.), Earl of Derby, son of John of Gaunt, ii. 351;
- one of the Lords Appellant, 353;
- position and policy, 369;
- supports Richard II., 370;
- Duke of Hereford, 372;
- quarrel with Norfolk, ib.;
- exiled, ib.;
- returns, 373, 379;
- captures Richard II. at Flint, 381;
- king, iii. 2;
- relations with Parliament, 3, 4;
- with the Church, 4;
- with France, 6;
- with the lords, 7;
- plot against him, 8;
- marches against Scotland, 9;
- against Owen Glyndwr, 10, 11;
- imprisons James of Scotland, 15, 16;
- epilepsy, 22;
- struggle with council and Parliament, 23-25;
- vow of crusade, 25;
- death, ib.
- Henry (V.), son of Henry of Lancaster, ii. 378;
- his campaigns in Wales, iii. 10, 17, 18, 22;
- person and character, 17, 18;
- friendship with Oldcastle, 20, 27;
- policy, 22;
- struggle with the council, 24, 25;
- king, 25;
- coronation, 26;
- first measures, ib.;
- action against Lollards, 27;
- claims French crown, 28;
- plot against him, 30;
- takes Harfleur, ib.;
- victory at Agincourt, 30-32;
- alliance with Burgundy, 32;
- conquers Normandy, 33, 34;
- marriage and treaty with France, 35;
- enters Paris, 36;
- captures Dreux, ib.;
- repulsed from Orleans, ib.;
- besieges Meaux, ib.;
- his plans, 37, 38;
- 8-249]death, 36;
- Life of, by Titus Livius, iii. 41;
- authorities for his reign, ii. 179
- Henry VI., king, iii. 39;
- crowned at Paris, 55;
- his court at Rouen, ib.;
- struggle with York, 68-70;
- idiotcy, 71;
- recovers, 72;
- prisoner, 74, 75;
- escapes to Scotland, 80;
- recaptured, 123, 127;
- sent to the Tower, 127;
- restored, 139;
- imprisoned again, 142;
- death, 145;
- library, 161;
- authorities for his reign, ii. 179, 180
- Henry (VII.) Tudor, iii. 145;
- early life, 165, 166;
- expedition to England, 167;
- goes to France, 171;
- lands at Milford Haven, ib.;
- victory at Bosworth, 172;
- person and character, 173;
- title to the crown, 174, 175;
- marriage, 175;
- his government, 176-178;
- expedition to France, 179, 180;
- dealings with Ireland, 181, 182;
- with Scotland, 184, 185;
- with Spain, 186-188;
- patronage of Caxton, 161;
- chapel at Westminster, 174;
- death, 198;
- Lives of, 83
- Henry (VIII.), son of Henry VII.,
- betrothed to Catharine of Aragon, iii. 187;
- king, 198;
- person and tastes, ib., 199;
- protects the New Learning, 202, 204;
- temper, 204;
- policy towards France, 205, 207;
- marries Catharine, 207;
- relations with Ferdinand, ib.;
- attempt on France, 209, 210;
- treaty with Lewis XII., 232;
- with Charles, 233;
- relations with Charles, 235;
- treaty with Francis, ib.;
- seeks the Empire, 240;
- designs on France, ib.;
- interview with Charles, 241;
- with Francis, ib.;
- league with Charles and the Pope, 243;
- financial difficulties, ib., 244, 251, 252;
- new alliance with Charles, 250;
- supports the Papacy, 255;
- his Assertion of the Seven Sacraments, ib.;
- named "Defender of the Faith," ib.;
- protects Latimer, 263, 265;
- treaties with France, 266, 270;
- joins the Holy League, 266;
- seeks a divorce, 268, 272;
- relations with Anne Boleyn, 267, 270, 273, 274, 276;
- with Parliament, 288;
- forbids the circulation of Tyndale's Bible, 290;
- appeals to the Universities about his divorce, 292;
- claims to be "Head of the Church," 296;
- banishes Catharine from his house, 298;
- league with France, 302;
- threatened with excommunication, ib.;
- marries Anne Boleyn, 303;
- takes title of "Supreme Head of the Church," 306;
- Cromwell's hold over him, 313, 314;
- marries Jane Seymour, 326;
- dealings with Ireland, 327, 328, 330-333;
- turns to the Lutherans, 335, 336;
- his Articles of Religion, 337, 338;
- attitude towards Protestantism, 345;
- excommunicated, 350;
- marries Anne of Cleves, 351;
- divorces Anne and marries Catharine Howard, iv. 17;
- marries Catharine Parr, 24;
- dealings with Scotland, 25-29;
- alliance with Charles, 27;
- campaign in France, 30;
- treaty with Francis, 33;
- financial difficulties, 34;
- offers aid to the League of Schmalkald, 36;
- drift of his religious policy, 37;
- address to Parliament in 1545, 38;
- his scheme for union of England and Scotland, 52;
- death, 45;
- will, 46, 69
- Henry V., Emperor, i. 208
- Henry VI., Emperor, i. 262
- Henry II., king of France, iv. 53, 65, 174
- Henry III., king of France (see Anjou), iv. 301, 348, 356, 367, 368
- Henry, king of Navarre, iv. 348, 355, 367;
- king of France (Henry IV.), 368;
- victory at Ivry, 369;
- besieges Paris, ib.;
- besieges Rouen, 371;
- conversion, 372;
- assassinated, v. 178
- Henry, son of Henry II.,
- betrothed to Margaret of France, i. 233;
- crowned, 240;
- rebels, 254, 257;
- dies, 257
- Henry of Almaine, ii. 87
- Henry, Bishop of Winchester, i. 224, 225
- Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, i. 264
- Henry, son of David I. of Scotland, ii. 134
- Henry of Essex, ii. 54
- Henry of Trastamara, ii. 282-284, 287
- Herbert, Arthur,
- carries the 8-250]invitation to William III., vii. 35;
- Earl of Torrington, 68, 75
- Herbert, George, v. 113, 303
- Herbert, Philip, Lord, vi. 101
- Herbert, Sir Thomas, v. 72
- Hereford, Humfrey de Bohun, Earl of. See Bohun
- Hereford, Henry, Duke of. See Henry IV.
- Hereward, i. 170
- Herford, Nicholas, ii. 336, 339, 341, 343
- Herrick, Robert, v. 303
- Herrings, battle of the, iii. 46
- Hertford, Edward Seymour, Earl of, iv. 41;
- expedition to Scotland, ib., 29;
- head of the "new men," 45, 46;
- sends aid to the German Protestants, 50.
- See Somerset
- Hertford, Edward Seymour, first Earl of, v. 121
- Hertfordshire, royalist rising in, vi. 59
- Hexham,
- battle of, iii. 123;
- chroniclers of, i. 173, 243
- Heywood, Thomas, v. 42
- Heyworth Moor, meeting of Yorkshire freeholders at, v. 378
- Higden, Ralph, ii. 356;
- Caxton's edition of, iii. 157
- Highlands,
- rising in, under Montrose, vi. 23;
- under Dundee, vii. 52;
- under Mar, 183;
- under Charles Edward, 228;
- conquest of, 230, 231
- Hild, abbess of Streoneshealh, i. 77
- Hilsey, Bishop of Rochester, iii. 336
- History, English,
- its beginning, i. 31;
- compilation of, under Ælfred, 115;
- new school of, under Henry II., 173, 174, 244;
- revival under Elizabeth, v. 3, 4;
- municipal, materials for, i. 274
- Hoard, the, at Winchester, i. 180, 188
- Hobbes, Thomas, vi. 138-141, 170
- Hoby, Sir Edward, v. 57
- Hoche, General, viii. 121, 123, 124
- Hochkirch, battle of, vii. 263
- Hohenfriedburg, battle of, vii. 227
- Hohenlinden, battle of, viii. 143
- Holinshed's History, iii. 83
- Holland,
- its alliance with France, v. 316;
- recognizes Charles II., vi. 70;
- relations with the Commonwealth, 81;
- war with England, 86, 88;
- alliance with Cromwell, 116;
- relations with Charles II., 186, 187;
- quarrel with England, 223, 224;
- war, 225, 226, 238, 239, 242;
- policy of Lewis XIV. towards, 251;
- war with England, 261, 268;
- attacked by Lewis, 268;
- declares war against him, vii. 49;
- acknowledges Philip V. as king of Spain, 101;
- alliance with England, 102, 105;
- with England and France, 187;
- with England and Prussia, viii. 85;
- attacked by France, 102;
- conquered, 110;
- made a kingdom for Louis Buonaparte, 185;
- annexed by Napoleon, 199
- Holland, Henry Rich, first Earl of, vi. 62, 72
- Hollis, Denzil, v. 373;
- member of Committee of Public Safety, vi. 1;
- his policy in 1646, 48, 49;
- ecclesiastical policy, 50;
- his expulsion demanded, 54;
- takes office under Charles II., 301;
- his Memoirs, v. 72
- Holmby House, Charles I. seized at, vi. 53
- Holy Island (Lindisfarne), i. 69
- Homildon Hill, battle of, iii. 12
- Homilies, Book of, iv. 59
- Honorius III., Pope, ii. 1
- Hood, Samuel, first Baron and Viscount, viii. 109
- Hooke, Robert, vi. 166
- Hooker, Richard, v. 110-112
- Hooper, Bishop of Gloucester, iv. 61, 91, 120
- Hopton, Sir Ralph, vi. 5, 6
- Horder (treasurer), the, i. 132
- Horne, Robert, iv. 119
- Horsa, i. 31
- Horse-thegn (constable), i. 132
- Hospitals, suppression of, iv. 34
- Hotham, Sir John, v. 378
- Hough, John, President of Magdalen College, Oxford, vii. 25, 26
- Hounslow, camp at, vii. 16
- Howard of Effingham, Charles, second Lord, iv. 358, 360, 361
- Howard of Escrick, Edward, first Lord, v. 343
- Howard of Escrick, William, third Lord, vi. 336
- Howard, John, viii. 48-50
- Howard, Catharine, iv. 17, 24
- 8-251]Howard, Frances, Countess of Essex, v. 190-193;
- of Somerset, 193, 205-207
- Howard, Sir Robert, iii. 286
- Howards, the, iii. 286
- Howe, Richard, first Earl, viii. 111
- Howe, John, vi. 210;
- refuses the Indulgence, vii. 22
- Howe, General Sir William, viii. 23, 25
- Howel Dda, Laws of, ii. 46
- Howden, Roger of, i. 174, 244
- Hrolf the Ganger, i. 154, 155
- Hubert Walter, Bishop of Salisbury, i. 262;
- Archbishop of Canterbury and justiciar, ib.;
- his administration, 264;
- puts down tumult in London, 320;
- resigns justiciarship, 267;
- opposes John, 328;
- dies, 329
- Hubertsberg, treaty of, vii. 306
- Huddleston, Father John, vii. 4
- Hugh, St., Bishop of Lincoln, i. 174, 267
- Hugh, St. (martyr), of Lincoln, ii. 127
- Hugh the Wolf, Earl of Chester, ii. 47
- Huguenots, iv. 174-176;
- supported by Elizabeth, 189;
- growth of their power, 206-208;
- rising of, 209;
- treaty with Elizabeth, ib., 210;
- with Catharine, 217;
- defeated at Jarnac, 267;
- at Montcontour, 268;
- massacre of, 299;
- refugees at Canterbury, 306;
- settle in Florida, iv. 330;
- persecuted by Lewis XIV., vi. 317, 335; vii. 13;
- fly to England, 14
- Hull, Charles I. refused admittance to, v. 378
- Humbert, General, viii. 130
- Hundred, the, i. 19, 47
- Hundred-court, the, i. 20;
- preserved by William I., 185, 186;
- grand jury elected in, 264
- Hundred-Rolls, ii. 117
- Hundred Years' War,
- its beginning, ii. 213;
- change in its character, iii. 29;
- its effects, ii. 214, 215; iii. 103, 104
- Huntingdon
- reduced by Eadward, i. 119;
- granted to David of Scotland, ii. 134
- Huntingdon, Henry Hastings, third Earl of (see Hastings), iv. 268
- Huntingdon, John Holland, Earl of (Duke of Exeter), iii. 7, 8
- Huntingdon, Henry of, i. 4, 173, 243
- Huntly, Alexander Gordon, fourth Earl of, iv. 199, 205
- Huntly, George Gordon, fifth Earl of, iv. 226
- Huntly, George Gordon, sixth Earl of, v. 139, 140
- Huntly, George Gordon, second Marquis of, v. 336, 337
- Hus-carls,
- Cnut's, i. 144, 146;
- Harthacnut's, 148;
- Harold's, 163, 164
- Huss, John, ii. 349
- Hussey, John, Lord, iii. 322, 325
- Hutchinson, Colonel, v. 81, 97;
- Memoirs of, 72
- Hutten, Ulrich von, iii. 256
- Hwiccas, i. 66
- Hyde, Anne, vi. 221
- Hyde, Edward, v. 362;
- organizes the Royalist party in Parliament, 367;
- joins Charles I. at York, 378;
- Chancellor of the Exchequer, vi. 205.
- See Clarendon
- Hyde, Lawrence, vi. 315, 334
- Hyder Ali, viii. 131
- Iceland colonized by Northmen, i. 129
- Ida the Flame-bearer, i. 52
- Impositions of James I., v. 160
- Income-tax, viii. 137
- Independents, v. 308;
- emigrate to America, ib., 310;
- return, vi. 28;
- their petition to Charles II., 200
- India,
- Ælfred's intercourse with, i. 109, 113;
- English settlements in, vii. 232;
- French attack on, 233;
- Portuguese settlements in, 232;
- French withdraw from, 307;
- Warren Hastings' rule in, viii. 31, 32, 50;
- Fox's scheme for its government, 67, 68;
- Buonaparte's designs on, 131, 132
- Indulgence,
- first Declaration of, vi. 219, 220;
- second, 262, 273;
- third, vii. 22;
- fourth, 29, 30
- Ine, king of Wessex, i. 89, 90
- Ingelger of Anjou, i. 209
- Innocent III., Pope,
- quashes elections to Canterbury, i. 329;
- appoints Stephen Langton, 330;
- lays England under interdict, ib.;
- sentences John to deposition, 333;
- annuls the Charter, excommunicates the barons, and suspends Langton, 354
- 8-252]Interdict
- in England, i. 330, 331;
- in Flanders, ii. 219, 224
- "Interim," the, iv. 51
- Inquisition, the, iv. 31, 101
- Inverlochy, battle of, vi. 38
- Iona, i. 69
- Ireland,
- materials for early history of, i. 7, 8;
- its condition after the Danish invasions, 249, 250;
- slave-trade with Bristol, 250;
- bull for conquest of, 251;
- Anglo-Norman invasion of, 252;
- Henry II. in, 253;
- Gerald de Barri's treatises on, 245, 285;
- students from, at Oxford, 291;
- condition after the Norman invasion, ii. 373-375;
- barons of, rise against John, i. 332, 333;
- John in, ii. 375, 376;
- Gaveston in, 187;
- Edward Bruce's expedition to, 376;
- condition under Edward III., 377;
- Richard II. in, 367, 378;
- Henry VII.'s dealings with, iii. 181, 182;
- condition under Henry VIII., 326, 327;
- conquest of, 328-330;
- Henry's government of, 330-333;
- effects of Cromwell's ecclesiastical policy in, 339-342;
- attempts to force the Reformation on, iv. 62, 63;
- condition under Mary, 109-111;
- trade with Bristol, iv. 282;
- condition under Elizabeth, 314, 315;
- rising in, 315, 316;
- condition after the fall of Smerwick, v. 61;
- rising in, under Hugh O'Neill, 62;
- condition under James I., 287, 288;
- Wentworth's rule in, 290-292, 364;
- rising in, 365;
- Charles I.'s dealings with, vi. 16;
- success of Ormond's diplomacy in, 71;
- Royalist successes in, 75;
- Cromwell's campaign in, 76, 77, 79;
- proposal for its union with England, 84, 86;
- its first representation in the English Parliament, 99;
- Cromwell's conquest and settlement of, 109, 110;
- first union with England, 110;
- union dissolved, 180;
- condition under Charles II., 181, 182;
- under James II., vii. 17, 55-59;
- war in, between James and William, 70-72;
- William's conquest of, 73, 74;
- relations with England, viii. 33;
- condition in eighteenth century, 34-36;
- demand for independence, 37, 38;
- made independent, 39;
- Pitt's dealings with, 78, 117, 118;
- peasant risings in, 119;
- Hoche's descent on, 124;
- panic in, ib., 125;
- revolt in, 129;
- second union with England, 139
- Ireton, Henry,
- supports the Independents, vi. 45;
- his influence with the army, 51;
- policy, 54, 56, 57, 81;
- Irish campaign and death, 109;
- his corpse outraged, 201
- Irishmen, United, viii. 118-120, 127, 128
- Iron,
- manufactures of, iv. 279;
- mines, i. 30; ii. 107;
- trade in eighteenth century, viii. 54, 57
- Isabel I., queen of Castille, iii. 186, 187
- Isabella of Angoulême, wife of King John, ii. 33
- Isabella of France, wife of Edward II., ii. 186, 197, 198, 207, 208
- Isabella of France, wife of Richard II., ii. 368
- Isabella, daughter of Philip II. of Spain, iv. 372; v. 121
- Islip, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 290
- Italy,
- the Renascence in, iii. 189, 190;
- northern, conquered by Charles VIII. of France, 206;
- by Francis I., 233;
- by Buonaparte, viii. 122, 123, 125
- Itinerarium Cambriæ, i. 274
- Itinerarium Regis Ricardi, i. 174
- Ivar the Boneless, i. 104
- Ivry, battle of, iv. 369
- "Jack the Carter," ii. 318
- "Jack the Miller," ii. 318
- "Jack Trewman," ii. 318
- Jackson, General, viii. 205
- Jacobins, viii. 96
- Jacobites, vii. 68;
- their plots, 102, 103, 105;
- relations with the Tories, 166-168;
- rise in 1715, 183, 184;
- in 1745, 228-230
- Jacquerie, the, ii. 265
- Jamaica conquered by the English, vi. 117
- James (I.), son of Robert III. of Scotland, iii. 15;
- prisoner in England, 16;
- king, ib., 183;
- murdered, 184
- James IV., king of Scots, iii. 184, 185, 210
- James V., king of Scots, iii. 248; iv. 23, 25, 26
- James (VI.) of Scotland,
- born, iv. 8-253]231;
- crowned, 259;
- relations with Lennox and the Guises, 346;
- alliance with Elizabeth, 350;
- relations with Essex and Robert Cecil, v. 63;
- king of England, 122;
- his early life, 122-124;
- character and purpose, 124, 125;
- struggle with the nobles, 128;
- with the Kirk, 133, 134, 139-143;
- his Basilikon Dôron, 143;
- enters London, 146;
- person and character, 146-148;
- policy, 144, 149, 150;
- gives relief to the Catholics, 150;
- refuses Puritan demands, 152, 153;
- proposes union with Scotland, 154;
- takes title of King of Great Britain, 155;
- his impositions, 160, 161;
- struggle with the Assembly and the Kirk, 164-166;
- with English law, 168;
- his True Law of Free Monarchy, 169;
- his theory of monarchy, ib., 170;
- financial straits, 172;
- struggle with Parliament, 179-182;
- his own minister, 185, 186;
- sets aside the council, 187;
- his favourites, 188, 189;
- backs the divorce of Lady Essex, 190, 191, 193;
- immorality of his court, 193, 194;
- summons Parliament, 195;
- dissolves it, 196;
- revives benevolences, 197, 198, 229;
- checks the growth of London, 198, 199;
- increases the peerage, 200;
- relations with the judges, 201, 202;
- dismisses Coke, 202;
- policy towards Spain, 211, 212;
- towards Germany and Bohemia, 218, 219;
- revives monopolies, 222;
- quarrel with Parliament, 228, 229;
- tears its Protestation, 229;
- overborne by Buckingham, 235;
- death, 239;
- letters of, iv. 4;
- authorities for his reign, v. 71
- James, duke of York (King James II.), vi. 182;
- Lord Admiral, 193;
- marries Anne Hyde, 221;
- fight with Opdam off Lowestoft, 225;
- conversion, 255;
- fight with De Ruyter, 268;
- owns himself a Catholic and resigns his office, 274;
- second marriage, 278;
- exempted from the act excluding Catholics from Parliament, 297;
- sent to Brussels, 300;
- plans for excluding him from the succession, 306;
- recalled, 310;
- goes to Scotland, ib.;
- again recalled, 315, 335;
- king, vii. 5;
- his character, ib., 6;
- first measures, 6, 7;
- increases the army, 11;
- relations with France, 12;
- refuses to let William visit England, ib.;
- dealings with the Catholics and the Parliament, 14, 15;
- with the judges, 15;
- establishes a camp at Hounslow, 16;
- restores the High Commission, 18;
- struggle with the Tory nobles, 19-21;
- issues Declarations of Indulgence, 22, 29;
- attempts to pack Parliament, 23, 29;
- dealings with the Universities, 24-26;
- relations with William of Orange, 26-28;
- struggle with the seven bishops, 30, 31;
- reinforces his army with Irish troops, 33;
- sides with Lewis against the Empire and Holland, 36;
- reverses his policy, 39;
- flight, 42-44;
- received as king by Lewis, 49;
- policy in Ireland, 55;
- lands at Kinsale, 56;
- his rule at Dublin, 58, 59;
- returns to France, 71;
- his plans, 77;
- death, 106;
- his Autobiography, vi. 157, 158
- James, William, ii. 340
- Jamestown, foundation of, v. 308
- Jarnac, battle of, iv. 267
- Jarrow, i. 91, 92;
- plundered by northmen, 101
- Jeanne d'Arc, iii. 46-55;
- Procès de, ii. 179
- Jeffreys, George, Chief-Justice, vii. 10, 19;
- Lord Chancellor, 31
- Jehan le Bel, ii. 178
- Jemappes, battle of, viii. 101
- Jena, battle of, viii. 174
- Jenkins's ear, vii. 217
- Jenkinson, Charles (first earl of Liverpool), vii. 311
- Jenkinson's Travels, v. 9
- Jersey, Charles II. in, vi. 78
- Jerusalem,
- Ælfred's intercourse with, i. 113;
- taken by Saladin, 257
- Jervis, Admiral, viii. 127
- Jesuits,
- Order of, founded, iv. 31, 101;
- missionaries in England, 317-320, 353;
- banished, v. 156;
- return, vii. 16;
- in England, materials for their history, iv. 5
- Jewel, John, iv. 119, v. 106
- Jews in England, i. 187, ii. 125, 130, 284, 307;
- expelled, ii. 131;
- return, vi. 112
- Joan of Arc. See Jeanne
- 8-254]Joan, daughter of Edward II., ii. 206
- Joan of Kent, wife of the Black Prince, ii. 293, 306
- Jocelin of Brakelond, i. 174
- Johanna, daughter of King John, ii. 54
- Johanna, daughter of Edward I., ii. 123
- John of Beverley, St., i. 77
- John, son of Henry II., i. 258;
- Lord of Ireland, ii. 374;
- struggle with Longchamp, i. 260, 261;
- with Hubert Walter, ib.;
- king, 268;
- victory at Mirebeau, ib.;
- loses his French dominions, 269;
- his character, 326-328;
- prepares for war with France, 328;
- Welsh rise against him, 333;
- his continental alliances, ib., 334;
- campaigns in Wales, ii. 54, 55;
- struggle with the Church, i. 329-331;
- relations with the baronage, 332, 338;
- sentenced by the Pope to deposition, 333;
- becomes the Pope's vassal, 337;
- absolved, 338;
- struggle with Langton, 340, 341;
- goes to France, 342;
- defeat and return, 343;
- struggle with the barons, 344-347;
- assents to Great Charter, 348, 353;
- gets it annulled by the Pope, 354;
- takes Rochester and marches on the north, ib.;
- struggle with Lewis of France, 355;
- divides the Pale into counties, ii. 376;
- charter to Oxford, i. 309;
- death, 356;
- his submission to the Pope repudiated by Parliament, ii. 275
- John, king of Bohemia, ii. 236, 239
- John, duke of Normandy, ii. 234, 235;
- king of France, 258;
- Normandy rises against, 259;
- campaign against the Black Prince, 260, 261;
- prisoner, 262, 263;
- death, 281
- John of Austria, Don, iv. 310-312
- John of Cambridge, prior of St. Edmund's, ii. 329
- John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, ii. 287, 293, 294;
- position and policy, 302, 303;
- corrupt administration, 303;
- opposed by the Good Parliament, 305-307;
- action after its dismissal, 307;
- attacks Wykeham, 308;
- supports Wyclif, 309;
- withdraws from court, 311;
- expedition to St. Malo, 315;
- turns against Wyclif, 337, 341;
- goes to Spain, 350;
- intercedes for the Lords Appellant, 354;
- patron of Chaucer, 359;
- Aquitaine granted to, 369;
- death, 373
- John the Litster, ii. 325, 331
- John of London, pupil of Roger Bacon, ii. 16
- John of Northampton, mayor of London, ii. 345, 350
- John the Old Saxon, i. 113
- John of Salisbury, i. 173, 174, 250, 282, 283, 285
- Johnson, Samuel, vii. 204, 217; viii. 11
- Jonson, Ben, v. 42
- Joseph II., emperor, viii. 81, 85, 86
- Journalism, developement of, in the eighteenth century, vii. 298
- Juana of Castille, wife of Philip of Austria, iii. 186, 208
- Judges,
- limitations of their powers, ii. 110, 111;
- circuits of, i. 207;
- organized by Henry II., 256;
- regulated by the Great Charter, 350
- Julius II., Pope, iii. 187, 188, 209, 274
- Julius III., Pope, iv. 86
- Junius, viii. 9
- Junto, the, vii. 85
- Jurors, two classes of, i. 238;
- their functions in the Shire Court, ii. 149
- Jury,
- trial by, its origin, i. 238;
- the Grand, ib.;
- mode of its election, 264;
- petty, 239
- Justice
- in Old England, i. 12, 13, 49;
- Henry II.'s organization of, 256;
- administration of, in towns, 297;
- provisions for, in Great Charter, 350, 352
- Justices of the Peace, ii. 123
- Justiciar, the, i. 206;
- barons claim right of electing, ii. 38, 60;
- made responsible to Permanent Council, 61
- Jutes, the,
- their early home, i. 10;
- land in Thanet, 31, 32;
- their victories in Kent, 33;
- settlements in Wight and along Southampton Water, 85
- Juxon, bishop of London and treasurer, v. 298
- Ken, Thomas, bishop of Bath and Wells, vii. 4
- Kenilworth,
- the younger Simon 8-255]de Montfort defeated at, ii. 76;
- Richard of Cornwall prisoner at, 80:
- its garrison refuse to surrender, 86;
- surrender, 89;
- Edward II. in ward at, 199;
- Henry VI. at, iii. 66;
- Ban of, ii. 87-89;
- "Round Table" of, 95
- Kent,
- conquest of, i. 33;
- its rise under Æthelberht, 56;
- conversion, 59;
- relations with Eadwine, 64;
- conquered by Ine, 90;
- submits to Mercia, 91, 98;
- revolts against Offa, 98;
- against William I., 167;
- risings in, ii. 319; iii. 64;
- Complaint of the Commons of, iii. 65, 66;
- resists benevolences, 251;
- Protestant martyrs in, iv. 96;
- iron manufactures in, 279;
- royalist rising in, vi. 59, 61
- Kent, West, kingdom of, i. 83
- Kent, Edmund, earl of, son of Edward I., ii. 206, 207
- Kent, Joan of, ii. 293, 306
- Kent, Thomas Holland, earl of (duke of Surrey), iii. 7, 8
- Kent, the Nun of, iii. 319
- Kerry, rising in, iv. 315
- Ketel of St. Edmund's, i. 313
- Kildare, Gerald Fitzgerald, eighth Earl of, iii. 175, 181, 182
- Kildare, Gerald Fitzgerald, ninth Earl of, iii. 328
- Killiecrankie, battle of, vii. 52
- Killigrew, Tom, vi. 175
- Kilmarnock, William Boyd, fourth Earl of, vii. 230
- Kilsyth, battle of, vi. 41
- King, the, i. 48;
- nature and limits of his power, 49, 132;
- his "comrades," 50-52;
- increase of his importance through struggle with northmen, 131;
- his household officers become officers of state, 132;
- relations with England after loss of Normandy, 326;
- his revenue, ii. 103;
- relations with Parliament, 181-183;
- position at opening of Wars of the Roses, iii. 85, 86;
- the Convention's settlement of his position, vi. 197;
- in Council, i. 256; ii. 110, 111.
- See Monarchy
- King's Bench, court of, ii. 109
- King's County, English settlement of, iv. 111
- King's Court, the, i. 186;
- its organization under Henry I., 206;
- under Henry II., 255; ii. 110, 111;
- regulated by Great Charter, i. 350;
- divided into three tribunals, ii. 109
- Kirk, the Scottish,
- its organization, v. 131, 132;
- relations with the people and the king, 132-136;
- its triumph, 140;
- new struggle with James, 164-166;
- dealings of Charles I. and Laud with, 326, 328, 330, 331;
- re-established, 335; vii. 54
- Kirk o' Field, iv. 244
- Knighthood,
- compulsory, under Edward I., ii. 118, 164;
- under Charles I., v. 277
- Knights,
- their complaint against the barons, ii. 62;
- right of attendance at the Great Council, 145;
- growth of their importance after the Barons' War, 147;
- relations with the Crown, ib., 148;
- of the shire, summoned to Parliament, 66, 71, 73, 150, 151;
- result of their election in county court, 151, 152;
- relations with the Lords, 202;
- grouped together with the burgesses as "the Commons," 203;
- petition for due election of, 300
- Knolles's History of the Turks, v. 4
- Knollys, Sir Francis, iv. 119, 215
- Knox, John, iv. 113-115, 119, 128;
- denounces Mary Tudor, 130;
- resists Mary Stuart, 201, 212, 218;
- breaks with Murray, 218;
- defies Mary, 220;
- calls for her death, 259;
- his character and influence, v. 130, 131;
- his Liturgy, 327;
- his History of the Reformation, iv. 4
- Knyghton, Henry, ii. 177, 179
- Kolin, battle of, vii. 248
- Kunersdorf, battle of, vii. 263
- Labour-rents, i. 322, 323;
- commutation of, 324;
- attempts to revive, ii. 257, 266, 267
- Labourdonnais besieges Madras, vii. 233
- Labourers,
- their position after the Black Death, ii. 255;
- condition under Richard II., 314;
- in fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, iii. 109-111;
- under Elizabeth, iv. 275, 276
- Lacy, Henry de, ii. 188
- Lacy, Robert de, i. 201
- Læt, the, i. 14, 15
- Lafayette, Marquis de, viii. 83
- Lagos, battle off, vii. 273
- La Hire, iii. 49
- 8-256]La Hogue, battle of, vii. 78
- Lake, Gerard, first viscount, viii. 130
- Lambert, General,
- his campaign against Hamilton, vi. 62;
- pursuit of Charles II., 83;
- resigns his command, 121;
- relations with Monk, 150, 151;
- escape and defeat, 152;
- exempted from pardon, 195
- Lambeth,
- Harthacnut dies at, i. 148;
- treaty of, ii. 3;
- the archbishop's chapel at, its transformations, v. 90;
- Laud's restoration of, 299, 300
- Lancashire, reluctance of its boroughs to send members to Parliament, ii. 155
- Lancaster, Blanche of, ii. 287
- Lancaster, Edmund, Earl of. See Edmund
- Lancaster, Henry, Earl of, ii. 199, 203, 206
- Lancaster, Henry, first Duke of (see Derby), ii. 258-260, 266
- Lancaster, Henry of (King Henry IV.) See
- Lancaster, Thomas, Earl of, ii. 188, 191, 193-195
- Lancelot, legend of, i. 247
- Land-tenure
- in Old England, i. 14;
- after Norman Conquest, 322-324;
- Edward I.'s legislation concerning, ii. 124, 125
- Land-tax, i. 186, 207, 350; ii. 103
- "Landless man," the, i. 322, 323
- Lanercost, Chronicle of, i. 273
- Lanfranc, abbot of Bec, i. 159;
- Archbishop of Canterbury, 187;
- crowns William II., 191
- Langdale, Sir Marmaduke, vi. 40
- Langland, William, ii. 178, 179, 269-272
- Langport, battle of, vi. 41
- Langside, battle of, iv. 261
- Langton, Simon, i. 355
- Langton, Stephen, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 330;
- comes to England, 338;
- relations with John and the Charter, 340, 341;
- suspended, 354;
- goes to Rome, ib.;
- returns, ii. 3;
- supports Hubert de Burgh, 5;
- his care for the Charter, 6;
- death, 26
- Langton, Thomas, Bishop of Winchester, iii. 196
- Language, English,
- its literary revival in thirteenth century, i. 174;
- effects of Norman Conquest on, 278;
- Henry III.'s proclamation in, ii. 62;
- first used in opening Parliament, 300, 356;
- ordered to be used in law courts, 356; vii. 201;
- supersedes French, ii. 356, 357;
- changes in, in Caxton's time, iii. 159, 160;
- replaces Latin in church service, iv. 49;
- Welsh, ii. 50
- Lansdowne, William Fitzmaurice, first marquis of (see Shelburne) viii. 115
- Lansdowne Hill, battle of, vi. 6
- Lathom House, siege of, vi. 19
- Latimer, William Latimer, fourth Lord, ii. 304, 306
- Latimer, George Neville, first Lord, iii. 114
- Latimer, John Neville, third Lord, iii. 323
- Latimer, Hugh, iii. 262-265;
- Bishop of Worcester, 336;
- imprisoned, 347;
- forced to resign, ib.;
- denounces Warwick's government, iv. 57;
- sent to the Tower, 74;
- burnt, 92
- Latimer, William, iii. 201
- Latitudinarians, the, vi. 133-137, 168
- Laud, William, Bishop of St. David's, v. 293;
- his views and character, 245, 292-294;
- Bishop of London, 266;
- Archbishop of Canterbury, 295;
- dealings with the Puritans, 295-297;
- revives the Bishops' Courts, 298;
- restores Lambeth Chapel, 299, 300;
- revives ritual, 300;
- dealings with Prynne, 306, 329;
- relations with Wentworth, 318;
- dealings with Scotland, 325-327;
- arrested, 351
- Lauderdale, John Maitland, second Earl and first Duke of, vi. 181, 245, 259
- Lauffeld, battle of, vii. 231
- Lauzun, Count of, vii. 71, 72
- Law,
- common, ii. 110, 113;
- ecclesiastical, new code of, iv. 60;
- English, Glanvill's treatise on, i. 174, 244;
- of the Forest, ii. 34;
- Roman, revived study of, i. 282;
- in England, 283;
- influence of its imperial theories, ii. 95, 96
- "Lawmen" of the Five Boroughs, i. 118
- Laws,
- Old English, two classes of, i. 5;
- first put in writing, 59;
- of Æthelred, i. 138;
- of David of Scotland, ii. 171;
- of Eadgar, i. 144;
- of Eadward 8-257]the Confessor, 150, 199, 340;
- of Henry I., 339;
- of Howel Dda, ii. 46
- Layamon, i. 174, 279
- League
- of Cambray, iii. 206;
- the Catholic, in Germany, v. 177, 232;
- the Holy, iii. 209, 210, 266;
- in France, iv. 348, 355, 356;
- of Neutrals, viii. 162-164;
- of Schmalkald, iii. 336; iv. 36, 50;
- of the Public Weal, iii. 122, 125, 126
- Learning,
- the New, iii. 194-198, 201, 202;
- its protest against war, 210;
- attitude after Wolsey's fall, 289, 291
- Leicester,
- one of the Five Boroughs, i. 117;
- surrenders to Æthelflæd, 118;
- condition under its earls, 297;
- regains right of compurgation, 313-315;
- stormed by Charles I., vi. 38
- Leicester, Robert de Beaumont, Earl of, i. 254
- Leicester, Robert Dudley, Earl of (see Dudley), iv. 205, 349, 357; v. 58, 63
- Leighton, John, v. 305
- Leinster, kingdom of, i. 251, 252
- Leipzig, battle of, viii. 202
- Leith
- sacked by the English, iv. 29;
- siege of, 175, 176
- Leland, John, v. 4
- Lennox, Esmé Stuart, Duke of, iv. 346; v. 123
- Lennox, Matthew Stuart, Earl of, iv. 227, 244; v. 123
- Lennox, Margaret, Countess of, iv. 220, 221
- Leo X., Pope, iii. 249, 253, 254
- Leofa, slayer of Eadmund the Magnificent, i. 123
- Leofric, Earl of Mercia, i. 150, 152
- Leopold II., Emperor, viii. 95, 96
- Leopold V., Duke of Austria, i. 261
- Lepanto, battle of, iv. 297
- Leslie, Alexander, v. 335, 337.
- See Leven
- Leslie, David, vi. 79, 80, 83, 84
- "Lesser barons." See Knights
- Levant Company, v. 161
- Leven, Alexander Leslie, first Earl of (see Leslie), vi. 18
- Lever, Thomas, iv. 119, 128, 132
- Lewes,
- battle of, ii. 70, 71;
- Mise of, 71;
- Protestant martyrs at, iv. 96
- Lewis of Bavaria, Emperor, ii. 217-219, 221, 229, 235, 248
- Lewis d'Outremer, king of France, i. 210
- Lewis VII., king of France, i. 233, 254
- Lewis (VIII.) of France,
- the English crown offered to, i. 355;
- successes in England, ib.;
- defeated, ii. 2;
- withdraws, 3
- Lewis IX., king of France, ii. 35, 40, 68, 90
- Lewis XI., king of France, iii. 119;
- relations with Edward IV., 120, 121;
- with Burgundy, ib.;
- with Margaret of Anjou, 121;
- negotiations with Warwick, 122, 123;
- struggle with League of the Public Weal, 126, 127;
- again seeks treaty with Edward, 128;
- Edward's negotiations with, 129;
- league against, 130;
- attacks Britanny, 132;
- captured and released by Charles, ib.;
- stirs Warwick against Edward, 136;
- reconciles Warwick and Margaret, 137;
- alliance with Henry VI., 139;
- treaty with Edward, 150;
- seized Picardy, Artois, etc., ib.;
- war with Maximilian, 151;
- treaty with him, 170;
- refuses to recognize Richard III., 169;
- death, ib.
- Lewis XII., king of France (see Orleans), iii. 206, 232
- Lewis XIII., king of France, v. 256
- Lewis XIV., king of France, vi. 188-189;
- his policy, 190, 191;
- alliance with Charles II., 192;
- relations with England and Holland, 227;
- sends his fleet to join the Dutch, 239;
- attacks Flanders, 247;
- his offers to Spain, 249;
- treaty with her, 250;
- policy towards Holland, 251;
- treaties with Charles, 257, 258;
- attacks Holland, 268;
- position after Peace of Nimeguen, 291, 316;
- persecutes the Huguenots, 317, 335;
- new agreement with Charles, 323;
- seizes Strassburg, Casale, and Luxemburg, 335;
- relations with James II., vii. 12;
- revokes the Edict of Nantes, 13;
- relations with James and Holland, 36, 38;
- attacks Germany, 38, 48;
- receives James II. at St. Germain, 49;
- war declared against, by England and Holland, ib.;
- his fleet, 68;
- sends troops to Ireland, 8-258]71;
- his successes, 75, 76;
- turn of his fortune, 79, 80;
- treaty with William, 90, 91;
- seizes the Dutch Barrier, 102;
- acknowledges James's son as king of England, 106;
- attacks Germany again, 118, 119;
- his losses, 131, 134;
- offers terms, 134, 135;
- death, 183, 185
- Lewis XV., king of France, vii. 185, 225
- Lewis XVI., king of France, viii. 28;
- summons the States-General, 83;
- a Constitution forced on, 86;
- attempts flight, 95;
- imprisoned, 101;
- executed, 103
- Lewis XVIII., king of France, viii. 206, 211
- Lexington, skirmish at, viii. 22
- Leyva, Alonzo da, iv. 363
- Liber Albus of London, i. 274
- Liber de Antiquis Legibus, i. 274
- Liber Custumarum of London, i. 274
- Lichfield, diocese of, i. 83
- Liége taken by Marlborough, vii. 117
- Liegnitz, battle of, vii. 302
- Ligny, battle of, viii. 207
- Lilburne, John, vi. 28, 75, 78
- Lille reduced by Marlborough, vii. 134
- Lillibullero, vii. 33
- Lilly, William, iii. 200
- Limerick, siege of, vii. 72, 73
- Limitation Bill, vi. 323
- Limoges
- welcomes Du Guesclin, ii. 285;
- stormed by the Black Prince, 286
- Limousin restored to Edward III., ii. 266
- Linacre, Thomas, iii. 190, 197, 256
- Lincoln,
- one of the Five Boroughs, i. 117;
- battles of, 219; ii. 2;
- relieved by John, i. 356;
- Jews at, ii. 126, 127
- Lincolnshire
- surrendered to Ecgfrith by Wulfhere, i. 86;
- rising in, iii. 323
- Lindesay of the Byres, Patrick, sixth Lord, iv. 225, 228, 230
- Lindisfarne, i. 69, 79, 87, 97
- Lindiswaras, i. 73, 117
- Linen manufacture, Irish, its foundation, v. 291
- Lisbon, Drake's and Norris's expedition to, iv. 367, 368
- Lisle, Alice, vii. 11, 66
- Lisle, John Dudley, Lord, iv. 41, 46.
- See Warwick
- Litany, the English, iv. 40
- Literature, English,
- its beginnings, i. 77, 93, 96;
- decay during struggle with Danes, 113;
- Ælfred's influence on, 114, 115;
- after Norman Conquest, 242, 243, 246, 278;
- under Henry II., 174, 244-249;
- under John, 278, 279;
- popular, during Peasant Revolt, ii. 318, 319;
- Wyclif's influence on, 338;
- revival in fourteenth century, 357, 358;
- effects of the Renascence on, v. 1-3;
- developement under Elizabeth, 3-11;
- after the Revolution, 154;
- in poetry, 156, 157;
- in prose, 157-161, 292, 293;
- beginning of a new developement with Dryden, 333;
- Welsh, ii. 49-54.
- See Drama
- Lithsmen of London, i. 300
- Liturgy,
- the English, iv. 49;
- Knox's, v. 327;
- the Scottish (Laud's), of 1636, ib.;
- rejected, 328.
- See Prayer-Book
- Liverpool, its rise, vii. 196
- Liverpool, Robert Banks Jenkinson, second Earl of, viii. 196.
- See Hawkesbury
- "Livery," ii. 311, 355; iii. 105
- Llewelyn ap Gruffydd, prince of North Wales, ii. 58;
- alliance with Montfort, 67, 76;
- raid upon Chester, 85;
- defeats Mortimer at Brecknock, 88;
- submits, 89;
- refuses homage to Edward I., 108;
- submission and marriage, 109;
- last revolt and death, 119, 120
- Llewelyn ap Jorwerth, prince of North Wales, ii. 5, 54-58, 108
- Llywarch Hen, ii. 49, 53
- Loans, forced,
- under Richard II., ii. 372;
- demanded by Wolsey, iii. 244;
- by Charles I., 254, 255
- Loch Cé, Annals of, i. 7
- Lochleven, Mary Stuart imprisoned at, iv. 257, 258
- Locke, John, vi. 170, 171, 259
- Logic, study of, at Oxford, i. 288
- Lollardry, ii. 339;
- suppressed at Oxford, 341;
- its later phases, 344-348;
- influence in Bohemia, 349;
- attitude under Henry IV., iii. 19, 21;
- sympathy of the Commons with, 21;
- rising under 8-259]Oldcastle, 27;
- suppression of, 27, 28;
- its lingering existence, 96, 258;
- legal prohibitions of, rescinded, iv. 48;
- its influence in Scotland, 111
- Lodi, battle of, viii. 122
- London,
- Middle-Saxons settle round, i. 54;
- subject to the East-Saxons, 59;
- to Mercia, 85;
- beginnings of its commercial greatness, 138;
- resists Swein, 142;
- submits to him, 143;
- to the Conqueror, 165;
- its election of Stephen, 215;
- expels Matilda, 219;
- its share in religious revival, 222, 223;
- Normans in, 303;
- Henry I.'s charter to, 304;
- relations with Oxford, 308, 309;
- strife of classes in, 318-320;
- meeting of barons at, 340;
- joins the barons against John, 346;
- its liberties secured by Great Charter, 352;
- barons blockaded by John in, 355;
- defies the Pope, ib.; ii. 8;
- Franciscans settle in, 12;
- Archbishop Boniface driven from, 32;
- supports Earl Simon, 67, 69, 70;
- its charter annulled, 82;
- its mayor imprisoned, 83;
- occupied by Gilbert of Gloucester, 89;
- supports Wyclif, 309, 310;
- threatened by revolted peasants, 321, 322;
- its Lollardry, 345;
- welcomes Henry of Lancaster, 379;
- Richard II. brought captive to, 381;
- betrayed to Edward IV. by Archbishop Neville, iii. 142;
- its petition to Richard III., 168;
- evades Wolsey's demand for a benevolence, 251;
- Protestants in, 347;
- Walloons in, iv. 51;
- unfavourable to Jane Grey's succession, 71;
- its Protestant sympathies, ib., 75;
- attitude in Wyatt's rising, 83-85;
- Protestant martyrs in, 96, 144;
- supplies sent from, to refugees abroad, 119;
- its commerce under Elizabeth, 280;
- Flemish settlers in, 281;
- traders of, send help to the Prince of Orange, 324;
- its contribution for defence against the Armada, 358;
- its advance under Elizabeth, v. 77;
- its increase checked, 198, 199, 277;
- its welcome to Prince Charles, 233;
- colonizes Derry, 289;
- sides with the Parliament against Charles I., 372, 375, 376;
- fortified by the Parliament, vi. 4;
- train-bands of, at battle of Newbury, 14;
- Independents and Baptists in, 28;
- petitions against toleration, 37;
- rises against the Parliament, 56;
- Plague at, 226;
- Fire at, 239;
- supports the Exclusion Bill, 308;
- riots in, 322, 323;
- supports Shaftesbury, 334;
- turns against him, 335, 336;
- Huguenot refugees in, vii. 14;
- Methodists in, 208;
- supports Pitt, 256, 305;
- supports Wilkes, 319; viii. 6, 8, 12;
- petitions to George III., 16, 20;
- supports the younger Pitt, 69;
- riot in, 113;
- "barons" of, i. 319;
- "boatmen" of, 308;
- St. Paul's Cathedral in, 223;
- Dooms of, 300;
- Gilds of, 299;
- "lithsmen" of, 300;
- merchants of, ib.;
- Merchant Adventurers of, iv. 283, 284;
- materials for its municipal history, i. 274;
- portreeves of, i. 303;
- first theatres in, v. 22, 23;
- Tower of, i. 166;
- weavers of, 317, 318;
- Witenagemots at, i. 152, 153
- Londonderry
- colonized, v. 289;
- siege of, vii. 57, 58
- Longchamp, William, Bishop of Ely and justiciar, i. 260, 261, 264
- "Lord" and "man,"
- their mutual relations, i. 133;
- and villeins, i. 323-325
- Lords, House of,
- origin of its judicial character, i. 256;
- its composition under the Houses of Lancaster and York, iii. 94, 99;
- under Henry VIII., iv. 13, 14;
- rejects proposals of the Commons to confiscate Church property, iii. 15, 22;
- its dealings with the Duke of York's claim to the Crown, 77;
- assents to bills for Church reform, 291;
- its address to the Pope, 297;
- increase in its numbers under the Stuarts, v. 199, 200;
- relations with Crown and Commons in 1641, 360;
- charges Cromwell with treason, vi. 63;
- rejects the ordinance for the trial of Charles I., 66, 67;
- abolished, 67, 69;
- Cromwell's substitute for, 144;
- the Bishops restored to, 204;
- rejects the Exclusion 8-260]Bill, 320;
- proposal to limit its numbers, vii. 190, 191;
- its dealings with Wilkes, 318;
- rejects Chatham's bill for repeal of the Stamp Acts, viii. 19, 20;
- refuses Catholic emancipation, 196
- Lorne, Archibald Campbell, Lord, v. 326.
- See Argyle
- Lorraine annexed by France, vii. 215
- Lorraine, the Cardinal of, iv. 267
- Lothian ceded to Malcolm I., i. 147
- Loughborough, Alexander Wedderburn, first Lord, viii. 154
- Louisburg, capture of, vii. 266
- Louisiana,
- French settlement in, vii. 242;
- ceded to England, 307
- Louviers captured by Henry V., iii. 33
- Lovat, Simon Fraser, thirteenth Lord, vii. 230
- Lovelace, John, third Lord, vii. 42
- Lowestoft, battle of, vi. 225
- Lowlands, alleged grant of, by Cnut to the Scots, ii. 132
- Lucy, Geoffrey de, i. 345
- Lucy, Richard de, i. 343, 344
- Luddite riots, viii. 194
- Ludlow, General, vi. 109;
- his Memoirs, v. 72
- Lumley, John, Lord, iv. 267, 268
- Lumley, Richard, second Viscount, vii. 35, 37
- Lunéville, Peace of, viii. 143
- Luther, Martin, iii. 253-257
- Lutherans
- in England, iii. 262;
- their progress on the Continent, 275;
- importation of their books forbidden, 304;
- Henry VIII.'s alliance with, 336;
- growth in Germany, iv. 31;
- refuse to send representatives to Trent, 35, 36;
- reject Henry VIII.'s advances, 36;
- defeated at Muhlberg, 50;
- take refuge in England, 51;
- again invited to Trent, 193;
- position after Peace of Passau, v. 176
- Lutterworth, Wyclif at, ii. 343, 344
- Luttrell, Colonel, viii. 8
- Luttrell's Diary, vi. 158
- Lutzen, battle of, viii. 201
- Luxemburg
- seized by Lewis XIV., vi. 335;
- restored to Spain, vii. 91
- Luxemburg, Francis Henry de Montmorency, Duke of, vii. 75, 79, 80
- Luxemburg, Jacquetta of, iii. 124
- Lydgate, John, iii. 17, 40;
- Caxton's edition of, 157
- Lyly, John, v. 5
- Lymne, its fall, i. 33
- Lynn,
- King John at, i. 356;
- its charter annulled, ii. 79
- Lyons, Richard, ii. 304, 306, 323
- Lyttelton, Lord Keeper, v. 378
- Lyttelton, George, first Lord, vii. 249
- Mabinogion, i. 7; ii. 50, 51
- Macclesfield, Fitton Gerard, third Earl of, vii. 37
- Machyn's Diary, iv. 3
- Mackay, General, vii. 52
- Madison, James, President of the United States, viii. 198
- Madras,
- its origin, vii. 232;
- razed by Labourdonnais, 233
- Magdalen of Valois, queen of Scots, iv. 23
- Magdeburg, siege of, iv. 64
- Magesætas, i. 66
- Magna Carta. See Charter, the Great
- Mahrattas, vii. 234, 235; viii. 31
- Maidstone, Protestant martyrs at, iv. 96
- Maine
- conquered by counts of Anjou, i. 212;
- by William of Normandy, 158, 213;
- by Philip Augustus, 269;
- ceded to France, ii. 63
- "Maintenance," ii. 311; iii. 105
- Mainwaring, Dr. Roger, v. 254, 267
- Major-Generals, Cromwell's, vi. 107, 118, 119
- Malcolm I., king of Scots, i. 123
- Malcolm II., king of Scots, i. 146
- Malcolm III., king of Scots, i. 170, 197
- Maldon, battle of, i. 139
- Malet, Robert, i. 201
- Malet, William, i. 343
- "Malignants," vi. 47, 83, 99, 194, 201
- Malmesbury, James Harris, first Lord, viii. 121, 123
- Malmesbury, William of, i. 4, 6, 173, 243, 244
- Malplaquet, battle of, vii. 136
- Malta
- conquered by Buonaparte, viii. 132;
- blockaded by a 8-261]British fleet, viii. 162;
- surrenders, 165
- "Maltôte," ii. 166
- Man, Isle of, conquered by Eadwine, i. 63
- Manchester seized by Eadward the Elder, i. 119;
- its rise, vii. 196
- Manchester, Edward Montagu, second Earl of (see Mandeville),
- head of the Association of the Eastern Counties, vi. 8, 13, 18;
- quarrels with Cromwell, 24, 34;
- retires, 35
- Mandeville, Geoffrey de, Earl of Essex, i. 343
- Mandeville, Edward Montagu, Viscount, v. 354, 358.
- See Manchester
- Manor, the, i. 322-323
- Mans, Le,
- seized by Geoffrey Martel, i. 212;
- rebels against William Rufus, 197;
- Henry II. besieged in, 258;
- surrendered to Charles VII., iii. 62
- Mansel, John, ii. 8
- Mansfield, Count, v. 239
- Mansfield, William Murray, first Earl of, vii. 259
- Mansion, Colard, iii. 155
- Mantes, William the Conqueror wounded at, i. 190
- Manton, Thomas, vi. 252
- Mantua,
- siege of, viii. 123;
- surrenders to Buonaparte, 125
- Manufactures,
- growth of, under Elizabeth, iv. 278-280;
- in Yorkshire, their rise, v. 281;
- English, in eighteenth century, viii. 53, 54, 59, 60;
- altered conditions of, 193, 194;
- of linen, in Ireland, v. 291;
- of silk, at Spitalfields, vii. 14
- Manumissions, sale of, to the king's serfs, i. 325
- Map, Walter, i. 174, 247-249
- Mar, John Erskine, sixth Earl of, vii. 145, 183
- March, Edward, Earl of. See Edward IV.
- March, Roger Mortimer, first Earl of. See Mortimer
- March, Roger Mortimer, fourth Earl of, ii. 378
- March, Edmund Mortimer, fifth Earl of, iii. 2, 13, 14, 28, 30
- Marchers, the Lords, ii. 67, 75, 80-82, 85
- Mardyke, capture of, by the French, vi. 124
- Mare, Sir Peter de la, ii. 306, 307, 311
- Marengo, battle of, viii. 142
- Maria Theresa of Austria, vii. 199;
- queen of Hungary, 220;
- her struggle with Frederick the Great, 221, 223, 225, 246
- Margaret of Anjou, wife of Henry VI., iii. 61;
- her policy, 72, 74;
- flies to Scotland, 75;
- victory at St. Albans, 79;
- defeated at Towton, 80;
- appeals to Lewis XI., 121;
- defeated at Hexham, 123;
- reconciled with Warwick, 137;
- lands at Weymouth, 143;
- captured at Tewkesbury, 145
- Margaret, wife of Malcolm III., king of Scots, i. 170
- Margaret, daughter of Henry VII., wife of James IV. of Scotland, iii. 185;
- her second marriage, 231;
- strife with Albany, 232, 235, 247, 248;
- with her husband, iv. 22
- Margaret, the "Maid of Norway," ii. 135
- Margaret of York,
- schemes for her marriage, iii. 128-130;
- marries Charles the Bold, 131;
- patroness of Caxton, 155;
- supports Lambert Simnel, 176;
- supports Perkin Warbeck, 180
- Margaret Beaufort. See Beaufort
- Marignano, battle of, iii. 233
- Marisco. See Marsh
- Marlborough, Parliament at, ii. 89
- Marlborough, John Churchill, Earl of (see Churchill), vii. 50, 110;
- campaign in Ireland, 72, 73;
- plans of treason, 77;
- relations with William III. and Anne, 111, 112;
- Captain-General, 112;
- relations with the allies, 113, 114;
- his temper, 115, 116;
- his military genius, 117;
- campaign in 1702, ib.;
- difficulties with the Dutch, 118;
- Duke, ib.;
- campaign of 1704, 119-122;
- supports Occasional Conformity, 123;
- relations with the Tories, ib., 124;
- with the Whigs, 125;
- troubles with the Allies, 125;
- campaign of 1706, 126, 127;
- difficulties at home, 131-133;
- campaign of 1708, 134;
- of 1709, 136;
- attacked by the Tories, 138, 140;
- his fall, 141;
- imbecility, 182
- Marlborough, Sarah Jennings, 8-262]Duchess of, vii. 110, 111, 133, 136, 138
- Marlowe, Christopher, v. 26, 27, 29, 31, 35
- Marmont, General, viii. 199
- "Marprelate, Martin," iv. 5, 342, 343
- Marseilles besieged by Charles V., iii. 248, 249
- Marsh, Adam, i. 274; ii. 14, 40, 41
- Marshal, William, first Earl of Pembroke,
- opposes John, i. 328, 329;
- character and position, 345;
- counsels John to accept the Charter, 347;
- his fidelity to John, ii. 1;
- "governor of king and kingdom," 2;
- death, 3
- Marshal, William, second Earl of Pembroke, i. 343; ii. 36
- Marshal, Richard, third Earl of Pembroke, ii. 33, 34
- Marshall, Stephen, v. 354
- Marston, John, v. 42
- Marston Moor, battle of, vi. 19
- Martinengo, Papal nuncio, iv. 193
- Martinico conquered by England, vii. 307;
- restored to France, ib.
- Marvell, Andrew, vi. 329
- Mary, daughter of Henry VIII.,
- betrothed to the Dauphin, iii. 235;
- to Charles V., 242, 250;
- refuses to conform to Protestantism, iv. 58;
- proclaimed queen, 71;
- enters London, 74;
- person and character, ib.;
- her aim, 75, 76;
- schemes for her marriage, 78-80;
- relations with Parliament, 81, 85;
- revolt against her, 82-84;
- marriage, 86;
- persecutions, 91, 95, 96, 144;
- disappointment, 98;
- relations with Paul IV., 102, 103, 106;
- refounds abbeys, 106;
- war with Franco, 108;
- dealings with Ireland, 109, 111;
- effect of her persecutions, 118;
- Protestant denunciations of, 130, 131;
- death, 145
- Mary, daughter of James, Duke of York, vi. 282;
- plan for her marriage, 283;
- married, 290;
- refuses to reign alone, vii. 46;
- declared queen, 47;
- death, 88
- Mary Stuart
- born, iv. 25;
- proposal for her marriage with Edward VI., 26, 28;
- crowned, 28;
- marries the Dauphin, 53, 169;
- her claims to the English crown, 79, 153;
- treaties with Elizabeth and the Lords, 176;
- returns to Scotland, 196, 201;
- person and character, 196-198;
- policy, 199-201, 208, 211, 212;
- relations with Elizabeth, 205;
- scheme of marriage with Leicester, ib.;
- with Don Carlos, 206, 213, 221;
- relations with Knox and the Calvinists, 218;
- turns to the Lennoxes, 222;
- proposes to marry Darnley, 223;
- expels Murray, 225;
- demands to be recognized as Elizabeth's successor, 226;
- her plans for Scotland and England, ib.;
- quarrel with Darnley, 227;
- captured, 229;
- escapes to Dunbar, ib.;
- returns, 230;
- birth of her son, 231;
- relations with Darnley and Bothwell, 242, 243;
- sanctions the establishment of Protestantism, 245;
- marries Bothwell, ib.;
- captured by the Lords, 246;
- prisoner at Lochleven, 257, 258;
- forced to resign, 259;
- escapes, 260;
- defeated at Langside, 261;
- flies to Carlisle, ib.;
- refuses to clear herself, 262;
- plans for her marriage with Arran, 263;
- for her marriage with Norfolk, ib., 265;
- plots with Norfolk, 265, 271, 272;
- given in charge to Lord Huntingdon, 268;
- imprisoned at Coventry, 269;
- scheme of marriage with Don John, 310;
- joins Babington's plot, 351;
- trial and death, 352;
- bequeaths her claims to Philip, 353;
- materials for her history, 4
- Mary of Guise, queen of Scotland, iv. 23, 25, 28;
- Regent, 112;
- relations with the Protestants, 118, 168;
- with France, 170;
- death, 176
- Mary of Modena, wife of James II., vi. 278; vii. 29, 34
- Mary, daughter of Henry VII., iii. 232; iv. 46
- Maserfeld, battle of the, i. 71
- Masham, Mrs., vii. 132
- Massachusetts,
- first settlement in, v. 310;
- first charter granted to, 311;
- protests against English taxation, vii. 326;
- proposes a congress, 330;
- its assembly dissolved, viii. 14;
- resists the tea-duty, 15;
- its charter altered, 18;
- takes up arms against England, 19;
- repudiates English 8-263]government, 23;
- refuses to join in war against England, 203, 204
- Massena, General, viii. 140, 189-191
- Massey, Dean of Christ Church, Oxford, vii. 25
- Massinger, Philip, v. 303
- Matilda of Flanders, wife of William the Conqueror, i. 159
- Matilda or Maud (Edith), wife of Henry I., i. 198-200, 246
- Matilda or Maud, daughter of Henry I., i. 208, 213, 219, 220
- Matthias, Emperor, v. 177, 213, 217
- Maud. See Matilda
- Maunay, Sir Walter, ii. 234, 246, 253
- Maurice, Bishop of London, i. 223
- Maurice, Prince, vi. 13, 19, 22
- Maximilian I. of Austria, iii. 147;
- marries Mary of Burgundy, 151;
- war with Lewis XI., ib.;
- treaty with him, 170;
- supports Perkin Warbeck, 180;
- relations with France, 232-234;
- death, 239;
- policy towards Luther, iv. 18
- May's History of the Long Parliament, v. 72
- Mayenne, Charles of Lorraine, Duke of, iv. 367, 372
- Mayflower, the, v. 309
- Mayne, Cuthbert, iv. 309
- Maynooth stormed, iii. 328, 329
- Mayor of a town,
- successor of portreeve, i. 303;
- right of electing, 315;
- of Oxford, 310
- Mazarin, Cardinal, vi. 114, 117, 190
- Measures, uniformity of, enacted by Great Charter, i. 352
- Meaux taken by Henry V., iii. 36
- Medina Sidonia, Duke of, iv. 360, 362
- Medway, the Dutch in the, vi. 242
- Melfort, John Drummond, first Earl of, vii. 17
- Melrose,
- Cuthbert at, i. 75;
- Chronicle of, 273;
- English raid on, iv. 29
- Melville, Andrew, v. 133, 136, 138, 164, 165
- Menou, General, viii. 164, 166
- Meonwaras, i. 85
- Merchadé, i. 265
- Merchant Adventurers,
- English, in Flanders, iii. 155;
- of London, iv. 283, 284
- Merchant Associations, iv. 233, 283
- Merchant-gild, the, i. 297, 300;
- struggle with craft-gilds, 316-318;
- of London, 319
- Mercia
- under Penda, i. 66, 70-73;
- submits to Oswiu, 73;
- becomes Christian, ib.;
- its revival under Wulfhere, 78, 85;
- struggle with Wessex, 90-91;
- greatness under Offa, 97, 98;
- struggle with Wales, ii. 46;
- civil strife in, i. 101;
- conquered by Ecgberht, 102;
- attacked by northmen, 104;
- conquered by them, 105;
- English, under ealdorman Æthelred, 117;
- annexed to Wessex, 118;
- revolts against Eadwig, 137;
- submits to Cnut, 143;
- earldom of, 146
- Mercians, their settlement, i. 37
- Meres, Francis, v. 32, 41, 42
- Merlin,
- legend of, i. 247;
- prophecies of, ii. 57, 119
- Merton, school of, i. 225
- Methodists, vii. 204-207, 210, 211;
- their influence, viii. 46
- Meulan captured by John of Bedford, iii. 39
- Meulan, Robert, count of, i. 201
- Mexico conquered by Cortes, iv. 329
- Michiel, Giovanni, iv. 3
- Middle English
- settle round Leicester, i. 37;
- become Christian, 72
- Middle Saxons, i. 54
- Middlesex elects Wilkes, viii. 5, 7
- Middleton, Thomas, v. 42
- Milan Decree, Napoleon's, viii. 181
- Mile-end, meeting of Richard II. and the Kentishmen at, ii. 322
- Milford Haven, Richard II. lands at, ii. 380
- Millenary Petition, v. 151
- Milton, John,
- his early life, v. 98-101;
- life at Horton, 302, 303;
- early poems, 304;
- Comus, 305, 306;
- Lycidas, 332;
- views on Church reform, 355;
- change in his ecclesiastical views, vi. 32;
- his sonnet on the Vaudois, 123;
- his Defence of the English People, 231;
- his later life, 232, 233;
- Paradise Lost, 234-237;
- Areopagitica, 305
- Minden, battle of, vii. 264
- Mines in England, i. 30; ii. 107; viii. 57
- 8-264]Minorca
- ceded to England, vii. 142;
- lost, 248;
- restored, 307;
- ceded to Spain, viii. 41
- Mirebeau, Arthur of Britanny captured at, i. 268
- Mise
- of Amiens, ii. 68;
- of Lewes, 71
- Model, New. See Army
- Modus Tenendi Parliamentum, i. 275
- Mogul Empire, the, vii. 234
- Monaco, soldiers of, at Crécy, ii. 236
- Monarchy,
- growth of its strength, iii. 88, 89;
- new policy, 89;
- causes of its power, 111;
- its position at Thomas Cromwell's death, iv. 7;
- changes in its system under Elizabeth, 232;
- James I.'s theory of, v. 169-171;
- change in its relations to the country, 183, 184;
- abolished, vi. 68;
- proposal to restore it, 119-121;
- restored, 152;
- character after the Restoration, 172, 173, 183, 184;
- character since the Revolution, vii. 60;
- its insignificance under the House of Hanover, vii. 172-175.
- See King
- Monasteries, suppression of, iii. 310, 311, 346; iv. 13
- Monasticism,
- revival of, under Henry I. and Stephen, i. 222;
- its condition in the sixteenth century, iii. 309-310
- Monk, George,
- subdues the Highlands, vi. 108;
- commander in Scotland, 150;
- gathers a Convention at Edinburgh, ib.;
- leads his army to London, 151;
- restores Charles II., 152;
- Duke of Albemarle, 193;
- fight with De Ruyter, 238
- Monmouth, James, Duke of, vi. 176, 309;
- schemes for his succession, 309, 310;
- comes to court, 312;
- ordered to leave London, ib.;
- returns, 314;
- his progresses, 316, 322;
- arrested, 335;
- flight, 337;
- finds refuge at the Hague, vii. 8;
- his attempt on England, 9;
- defeat and death, 10
- Monmouth, Humfrey, iii. 258
- Monopolies,
- sale of, by Edward III., ii. 291;
- abolished by Elizabeth, v. 58;
- revived by James I., 222;
- by Charles I., 279
- Mons
- surprised by Lewis of Nassau, iv. 298;
- captured by Lewis XIV., vii. 76
- Montacute, Henry Pole, Lord, iii. 349, 350
- Montagu, John Neville, first Lord, iii. 113;
- victory at Hexham, 123;
- relations with Edward IV., 137, 138;
- joins Warwick and Clarence, 139;
- joins Warwick again, 142;
- slain, ib.
- Montagu, Ralph, vi. 299
- Montague, Anthony Browne, first Viscount, iv. 267
- Montague, Charles, vii. 85;
- founds the Bank of England, 86;
- Chancellor of the Exchequer, 88;
- reforms the currency, 89;
- dismissed, 98;
- impeached, 105
- Montague, Dr. Richard, v. 245, 246;
- bishop of Chichester, 267, 298
- Montcalm, Marquis of, vii. 244, 268, 269
- Montcontour, battle of, iv. 268, 298
- Monteagle, William Parker, fourth Lord, v. 159
- Montereau, Duke John of Burgundy assassinated at, iii. 35
- Montfort, Amaury of (brother of Earl Simon), ii. 35
- Montfort, Amaury of (son of Earl Simon), ii. 83
- Montfort, Eleanor of, ii. 109
- Montfort, Henry of, ii. 81
- Montfort, John of, Duke of Britanny, ii. 233
- Montfort, Richard of, ii. 83
- Montfort, Simon IV. of, earl of Leicester, ii. 35
- Montfort, Simon V. of, ii. 35;
- marriage, 36;
- earl of Leicester, ib., 37;
- relations with the barons, ib.;
- heads reforming party, 37, 38;
- protests against papal exactions, 38;
- Seneschal of Gascony, 38-40;
- quarrel with Henry III., 40;
- regency of France offered to, ib.;
- character, 40-42;
- returns to England, 59;
- swears to Provisions of Oxford, 63;
- negotiations with France, ib.;
- breach with Gloucester, 64;
- goes to France, 66;
- returns, 67;
- alliance with Llewelyn, ib.;
- heads the barons in arms, ib.;
- rejects the Mise of Amiens, 68, 69;
- victory at Lewes, 70, 71;
- his rule, 71;
- summons the commons to Parliament, 8-265]73, 153;
- quarrel with Gloucester, 75;
- last campaign, 76, 77;
- death, 78;
- his corpse mutilated, 80;
- his adherents disinherited, 82, 83;
- miracles at his tomb, 83
- Montfort, Simon, the younger,
- taken prisoner, ii. 70;
- defeated by Edward, 76;
- advances to Alcester, 77;
- falls back to Kenilworth, 80;
- releases his prisoners, ib.;
- goes to Axholme, 84;
- surrenders to Edward, 85;
- flies over sea, 86
- Montgomery, Roger of, ii. 47
- Montreal taken by Amherst, vii. 269
- Montreuil besieged by the English, iv. 30
- Montrose, James Grahame, fifth earl and first marquis of, v. 337, 342;
- relations with Charles I., 359, 364;
- raises the Highlands for the king, vi. 23;
- his victories, ib., 38, 41;
- defeat at Philiphaugh, ib.;
- executed, 78
- Moore, Sir John, viii. 186, 187
- Moot, the, i. 17, 18
- Morat, battle of, iii. 150
- Moray, Thomas Randolph, Earl of, ii. 213.
- See Randolph
- More, Hannah, vii. 170; viii. 47
- More, Thomas,
- his person and character, iii. 216, 217;
- first appearance in Parliament, 218;
- his home-life, ib., 219;
- returns to court, 219;
- his lectures on "The City of God," 197;
- Life of Edward the Fifth, 83, 218;
- Utopia, 189, 220-228;
- Speaker of the Commons, 245;
- his reply to Luther, 257;
- Chancellor, 286, 289;
- resigns, 299;
- summoned to take the oath of succession, 317;
- refuses, 318;
- sent to the Tower, 319;
- beheaded, 321;
- his reverence for Parliament, iv. 9;
- Roper's Life of, iii. 83
- More, Thomas de la, ii. 177
- Moreau, General, viii. 122, 142, 143
- Moriæ Encomium, iii. 219
- Morice, Sir William, Secretary of State, vi. 194
- Morkere, Earl of Northumbria, i. 160, 165, 167, 170
- Mornington, Richard Wellesley, second Earl of, viii. 132.
- See Wellesley
- Morrison, Robert, vi. 167
- Mortemer, battle of, i. 158
- Mortimer, Anne, iii. 56
- Mortimer, Edmund, Earl of March. See March
- Mortimer, Sir Edmund, iii. 13
- Mortimer, Roger,
- supporter of Henry III., ii. 64, 72, 85;
- defeated by Llewelyn, 88;
- head of regency, 102
- Mortimer, Roger, conspires against Edward II., ii. 198;
- Earl of March, 206;
- fall, 207
- Mortimer's Cross, battle of, iii. 78
- Morton, John, Bishop of Ely and Archbishop of Canterbury, iii. 167, 285;
- his "fork," 177
- Morton, James Douglas, fourth Earl of, iv. 114;
- Chancellor of Scotland, 224;
- aids Darnley against Mary, 228;
- flies, 230;
- recalled, 243;
- joins Argyle against Mary, 245;
- beheaded, 346
- Morton, Dr. Nicholas, iv. 265, 268
- Moscow, Napoleon's expedition to, viii. 200
- Mount Badon, battle of, i. 34
- Mountjoy, Charles Blount, eighth Lord, v. 62
- Mountnorris, Francis Annesley, Lord, v. 290
- Moveables, taxation of,
- under Henry II., i. 257;
- under Richard I., 350
- Mowbray, Robert, Earl of Northumberland, i. 192
- Mowbray, Roger, i. 254
- Muhlberg, battle of, iv. 50
- Munster,
- the Fitz-Maurices in, ii. 377;
- English conquest of, iii. 329;
- revolt in, v. 62
- Münster, Bernard van Galen, Bishop of, vi. 227
- Murimuth, Adam of, i. 274; ii. 177
- Murray, James Stuart, first earl of (see Stuart), iv. 199;
- his policy, ib., 200, 201, 205;
- opposes the Darnley marriage, 223;
- plots with Elizabeth, 224;
- rises against Mary, ib.;
- defeated, 225;
- returns, 229;
- pleads for Morton's recall, 243;
- goes to France, 244;
- Regent of Scotland, 259;
- defeats Mary at Langside, 260, 261;
- his charges 8-266]against Mary, 262;
- murdered, 271; v. 122
- Murray, Sir Robert, vi. 166
- Mysore, sultans of, viii. 131
- Nalson's historical collections, v. 72
- Namur
- surrendered to Lewis XIV., vii. 79;
- taken by the Allies, 88
- Nanci, battle of, iii. 150
- Nantes, Edict of, revoked, vii. 13
- Nantwich, battle at, vi. 18
- Naples
- threatened by an English fleet, vii. 223;
- attacked by Austria, 224
- Napoleon, Emperor of the French (see Buonaparte),
- his scheme for invading England, viii. 170, 171;
- victories at Ulm and Austerlitz, 173;
- at Jena, 174;
- at Eylau and Friedland, 175;
- his Berlin Decree, 176;
- Milan Decree, 181;
- masters Spain, 185;
- military successes there, 187;
- victory at Wagram, 188;
- seeks the alliance of America, 192;
- marches on Russia, 198, 200;
- retreats, 200, 201;
- last victories, 201;
- fall, 203;
- at Elba, 205;
- re-enters France, 206;
- raises an army, 207;
- victory at Ligny, ib.;
- defeat at Waterloo, 208-210;
- exile to St. Helena, 211
- Narbonne sacked by the Black Prince, ii. 260
- Naseby, battle of, vi. 40
- Nash, Thomas, v. 8
- Nassau, Lewis, Count of, iv. 298
- Navarete, battle of, ii. 284
- Navarre, Anthony of Bourbon, king of, iv. 206
- Navy. See Fleet
- Nectansmere, battle of, i. 89
- Neerwinden, battles of, vii. 80; viii. 107
- Nelson, Horatio, viii. 133, 172, 173
- Nennius, i. 3
- Netherlands,
- their importance to Philip II., iv. 255;
- rise against him, 256, 297, 298;
- alliance with Elizabeth, 311;
- English sympathy with, 323, 324;
- choose the Duke of Anjou for their sovereign, 336-338;
- Parma's successes in, 347;
- prevent Parma joining the Armada, 359;
- league with France and England, v. 60;
- submit to Philip V. of Spain, vii. 101;
- Marlborough's campaigns in, 117, 126, 127;
- invaded by Lewis XV., vii. 225;
- war in, 227, 231;
- conquered by France, viii. 109
- Neufmarché, Bernard of, ii. 47
- Neuss besieged by Charles the Bold, iii. 147-149
- Neville, Alexander, Archbishop of York, ii. 353
- Neville, Anne, iii. 137, 140
- Neville, Cecily, Duchess of York, iii. 73
- Neville, George, Chancellor, iii. 113, 123;
- Archbishop of York, 113;
- deprived of the seals, 130;
- betrays London to Edward, 142
- Neville, Ralph, Earl of Westmoreland, ii. 379
- Neville, house of, iii. 73, 112, 113
- Neville's Cross, battle of, ii. 243
- New Amsterdam, vi. 243
- Newark,
- king John dies at, i. 356;
- siege of, vi. 19
- Newburgh, William of, i. 174
- Newbury, battles of, vi. 14, 23, 24
- Newcastle-on-Tyne
- founded, i. 189;
- occupied by the Scots, v. 342;
- besieged by the Scots, vi. 23;
- Charles I. and the Scots at, 48;
- Parliament at, ii. 160
- Newcastle, William Cavendish, first Earl, Marquis and Duke of, vi. 4, 18, 19
- Newcastle, John Holies, Duke of, vii. 134
- Newcastle, Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of, vii. 218;
- head of the ministry, 246;
- refuses subsidy to Russia, 247;
- jealous of Pitt, 250;
- resigns, ib.;
- joins Pitt in forming a ministry, 251;
- opposes Pitt, 304;
- retires, 305
- New England,
- its settlement, v. 310-314;
- return of Independents from, vi. 28;
- its progress, vii. 237, 238
- New Forest, William the Red slain in the, i. 198
- Newgate, Friars at, ii. 12
- New Holland, vii. 277
- New Jersey, vii. 236
- "New men," the, i. 325
- New Orleans, English attempt on, viii. 205
- New River, the, v. 77
- New South Wales, vii. 278
- Newton, Isaac, vi. 167
- Newton, John, viii. 47
- 8-267]Newtown Butler, battle of, vii. 58
- New York, vi. 243, vii. 236;
- its Assembly suspended, viii. 4, 14
- New Zealand, vii. 278
- Ney, Marshal, viii. 208, 210
- Niagara, Fort, vii. 243, 244, 267
- Nicholas, Sir Edward, vi. 194, 244
- Nigel, Bishop of Ely and treasurer, i. 218, 219
- Nile, battle of the, viii. 133
- Nimeguen, Peace of, vi. 291
- "Nithing," i. 151, 192
- Noailles, Duc de, vii. 224
- Nonconformity, rise of, vi. 27
- Nonconformists,
- their position after 1662, vi. 212, 213;
- attitude in 1665, 229;
- persecution of, ib., 230;
- the Cabal's dealings with, 251, 252;
- renewed persecution of, 335;
- position under James II., vii. 22;
- under William III., 64;
- under Anne, 123;
- under Walpole, 198
- Nonjurors, vii. 65
- Nootka Sound, dispute about, viii. 88
- Norfolk, rising of John the Litster in, ii. 325, 331
- Norfolk, John Howard, first Duke of, iii. 286
- Norfolk, Thomas Howard, second Duke of (see Surrey), iii. 287
- Norfolk, Thomas Howard, third Duke of (see Surrey), iii. 270, 287;
- his policy, 291, 294;
- puts down Pilgrimage of Grace, 324;
- arrests Cromwell, 352;
- returns to power, iv. 17;
- hostility to Protestants, ib.;
- marches against Scotland, 23, 24;
- sent to the Tower, 45;
- leads the royal guard against Wyatt, 83
- Norfolk, Thomas Howard, fourth Duke of, iv. 173;
- plots with Mary Stuart, 265, 266;
- sent to the Tower, 268;
- released, 271;
- again plots with Mary, ib., 272;
- arrest and death, 274
- Norfolk, Henry Howard, seventh Duke of, vii. 21, 42
- Norfolk, Thomas Mowbray, first Duke of (see Nottingham), ii. 372, 378
- Norfolk, John Mowbray, third Duke of, iii. 80
- Norfolk, Thomas, Earl of, son of Edward I., ii. 206, 207
- Norfolk, Earls of. See Bigod
- Norham, Parliament at, ii. 136
- Norman, prior of Holy Trinity, Aldgate, i. 223
- Normandy,
- its relation to English history, i. 154;
- settlement of northmen in, 127, 141, 155;
- relations with France, 155, 156;
- with English kings, 156;
- Æthelred II. in, 143, 156;
- condition under William the Conqueror, 158, 159;
- pledged by Robert to William Rufus, 197;
- conquered by Henry I., 202;
- invaded by Lewis VII., 254;
- by Philip Augustus, 263;
- laid under interdict, 263;
- conquered by Philip, 269;
- ceded by Henry III., ii. 63;
- invaded by Edward III., 235;
- conquered by Henry V., iii. 33, 34;
- Bedford's rule in, 55;
- regained by Charles VII., 62;
- historians of, i. 6
- Normans,
- their settlement, i. 155;
- temper, ib., 158;
- in England under Eadward the Confessor, 151;
- their flight, 153;
- fusion with the English, 200, 281;
- settlers in London, 303;
- in Wales, ii. 48
- Norris, Sir John, iv. 367, 368
- North, Francis, Lord Keeper, vii. 10
- North, Frederick, Lord, viii. 16, 28, 33
- Northallerton, battle of, i. 217
- Northampton
- reduced by Eadward the Elder, i. 119;
- John's deposition proclaimed at, 333;
- John and Langton at, 340;
- Essex musters the Parliamentary army at, vi. 2;
- Assize of, i. 255;
- battle of, iii. 75;
- councils at, i. 237; ii. 120;
- treaty of, ii. 205
- Northampton, William Bohun, Earl of, ii. 237
- Northampton, George Compton, fourth Earl of, vii. 23
- Northampton, Henry Howard, Earl of, v. 191
- Northampton, William Parr, first Marquis of, iv. 47
- North folk, i. 42
- North Foreland, battles off the, vi. 238, 239
- Northmen,
- their temper, i. 100;
- attack Britain, 101;
- settle in Ireland, 103;
- victorious at Charmouth, ib.;
- defeated at Aclea, ib.;
- conquer Northumbria and East Anglia, 104;
- 8-268]attack Wessex, 105;
- defeated at Ashdown, ib.;
- invade Mercia, ib.;
- Alfred's struggle with, 106, 107, 116, 117;
- attack Wessex, 118;
- character of their attack, i. 125, 126;
- fusion with English, 126, 127;
- their work in England, 129;
- settle in Iceland, the Orkneys and Hebrides, ib.;
- again threaten England, 139;
- victory at Maldon, ib.;
- bought off by Æthelred, 140;
- mercenaries in England, massacred, 141;
- settlement in Gaul. See Normandy, Normans
- Northumberland
- granted to Henry of Scotland, ii. 134;
- lead-mines in, i. 30
- Northumberland, John Dudley, Duke of (see Warwick), iv. 65, 67-69, 71
- Northumberland, Henry Percy, first Earl of, ii. 378, 380; iii. 12-14, 18, 19
- Northumberland, Henry Percy, second Earl of, iii. 28, 73, 74
- Northumberland, Henry Percy, third Earl of, iii. 80
- Northumberland, Henry Percy, fourth Earl of, iii. 138, 172
- Northumberland, Thomas Percy, seventh Earl of, iv. 268, 269, 274
- Northumberland, Henry Percy, ninth Earl of, iv. 353, 358
- Northumbria, kingdom of (Bernicia and Deira), i. 53, 60;
- greatness under Eadwine, 62-63;
- accepts Christianity, 64-65;
- greatness under Oswald, 67;
- Irish missionaries in, 69;
- struggle with Penda, 70-73;
- Cuthbert's mission-work in, 75, 76;
- monasteries in, 76, 77;
- religious strife in, 78-80;
- its power under Ecgfrith, 86, 87;
- struggle with the Picts, 88, 89;
- with Mercia, 89;
- schools and learning in, 91;
- repulses Æthelbald, 96;
- anarchy in, 97;
- submits to Ecgberht, 102;
- conquered by northmen, 104;
- submits to Eadward the Elder, 119;
- incorporated with Wessex and Mercia by Æthelstan, ib.;
- rises against him, 120;
- against Eadmund, ib.;
- against Eadwig, 137;
- earldom of, 146;
- revolts against Tostig, 160;
- against William I., 168;
- northern, conquered by the Scots, 146
- Norway, its monarchy founded, i. 128, 129
- Norwich,
- French settlers in, i. 303;
- clothiers of, resist benevolences, iii. 251;
- rising at, against Somerset, iv. 55;
- centre of the worsted trade, 279
- Nothelm, friend of Bæda, i. 94
- Nottingham,
- Æthelred I.'s treaty with the northmen at, i. 104;
- one of the Five Boroughs, 117;
- submits to Eadward the Elder, 119;
- Edward III. arrests Mortimer at, ii. 207;
- Charles I. raises his standard at, vi. 2
- Nottingham, Daniel Finch, second Earl of, vii. 28, 88, 124
- Nottingham, Thomas Mowbray, second Earl of, ii. 353, 370.
- See Norfolk
- Nottingham, John Mowbray, fourth Earl of, iii. 18
- Nova Scotia,
- French settlers driven from, vii. 242;
- ceded to England, 307
- Novi, battle of, viii. 140
- Nowell, Alexander, Dean of St. Paul's, iv. 165
- Noy, William, v. 317
- Noyon, treaty of, iii. 234
- Oates, Titus, vi. 294-297; vii. 66
- Ockham, William, ii. 276
- Odo, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 137
- Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, i. 167, 183, 189, 191
- Offa, king of Mercia, i. 96-98; ii. 46
- Oglethorpe, General, vii. 236
- O'Hara, General, viii. 109
- Ohio Company, vii. 242
- Olaf, king of Norway, i. 140
- Oldcastle, Sir John, ii. 345; iii. 19.
- See Cobham
- Olivares, Count of, v. 233
- Olney, treaty of, i. 143
- O'Neal, Sir Phelim, v. 365
- O'Neill, Hugh, vi. 79
- O'Neill, Hugh, second Earl of Tyrone, v. 61, 62
- O'Neill, Owen Roe, vi. 71
- O'Neill, Shane, iv. 240, 241
- Opdam, Admiral, vi. 225
- Orange, William I., Prince of, iv. 264, 297, 300, 312, 338, 347
- Orange, William II., Prince of, vi. 70
- Orange, William III., Prince of. See William
- 8-269]"Orangemen," viii. 119, 120
- "Ordainers," the Lords, ii. 188
- Ordeal, trial by, i. 239
- Orderic, i. 6, 173
- Orders in Council,
- Lord Grenville's, viii. 178;
- Canning's, 181;
- repealed, 197
- Ordinance,
- Self-Denying, vi. 35;
- for suppression of blasphemies and heresies, vi. 60
- Ordinances
- changed into statutes, ii. 298;
- of 1311, 189, 191, 194, 195
- Orkneys, Northmen in the, i. 129
- Orleans,
- Henry V. repulsed from, iii. 36;
- siege of, 45, 46;
- relieved, 50, 51
- Orleans, Charles, Duke of, iii. 24, 26, 28
- Orleans, Lewis I., Duke of, iii. 5, 6, 12, 16, 17
- Orleans, Lewis II., Duke of, iii. 170.
- See Lewis XII.
- Orleans, Philip II., Duke of, Regent of France, vii. 185, 213
- Ormond, James Butler, twelfth Earl of, vi. 16;
- invites Charles II. to Ireland, 71;
- besieges Dublin, 76;
- Duke, 182, 193;
- Lord Steward, 193;
- retires, 244;
- returns to the Council, 278;
- supports Parliamentary government, vii. 1
- Ormond, James Butler, second Duke of,
- Warden of the Cinque Ports, vii. 145;
- joins the Pretender, 168;
- tries to stir up a rising, 184;
- commands a Spanish fleet, 187
- Orosius, Ælfred's translation of, i. 114
- Orthez, battle of, viii. 202
- Orvieto, Edward I. visits the Pope at, ii. 102
- Osbern's Lives of English Saints, i. 243
- Osgod Clapa, i. 148
- Osney,
- abbey of, i. 284;
- annals of, 273
- Oswald, king of Bernicia, i. 67, 69-71
- Oswiu, king of Northumbria, i. 72, 73, 78-81, 86
- Otterbourne's Chronicle, ii. 179
- Otto of Saxony, king of the Germans, i. 264;
- his alliance with John, 334, 337;
- invades France, 338, 342
- Oudenarde, battle of, vii. 134
- Overbury, Sir Thomas, v. 192
- Oxford,
- first mention of, i. 305;
- submits to Swein, 143;
- siege of, 220;
- condition after Norman conquest, 306, 307;
- in the twelfth century, 283-285;
- relations with Abbey of Abingdon, 306, 308;
- with London, 308, 309;
- mayor substituted for reeve, 310;
- town-life, ib., 311;
- barons swear fealty to Henry Fitz-Empress at, 227;
- Richard I. born at, 259;
- Friars settle in, ii. 12;
- Charles I. at, vi. 3, 4;
- blockade of, 19;
- "bargemen" of, i. 308;
- charters, 309;
- church of St. Martin, 283, 306, 310;
- of St. Mary, 287, 288;
- Jews at, 307; ii. 127-129;
- merchant-gild, i. 308;
- Parliament at, ii. 60; v. 246; vi. 226, 322, 323;
- Portmannimote of, i. 306, 309;
- Port-meadow, 296, 306;
- Provisions of, ii. 61;
- University of, i. 285-287;
- Gerald of Wales at, 285;
- a papal legate mobbed at, 287; ii. 42;
- study of Aristotle at, i. 288, 293, 294;
- foreign students at, 291;
- revival of theology at, ii. 14;
- Roger Bacon at, 16, 17;
- attitude towards English liberty in thirteenth century, 22;
- Wyclif at, 276;
- ordered to condemn and arrest him, 310;
- condemns him, 337;
- displaces his opponents, ib.;
- Wykeham's College at, 308;
- Lollardry at, 339-341;
- Duke Humphrey bequeaths his library to, iii. 40, 161;
- decay of scholarship at, 98;
- revival of Greek at, 190, 194, 202;
- Cardinal College at, 202, 262, 265;
- Lutheranism at, 262, 263;
- forced to approve Henry VIII.'s divorce, 292;
- opposes the royal supremacy, iv. 162;
- religious changes in, 304;
- Catholic refugees from, at Douay, 317;
- protests against the Millenary Petition, v. 152;
- declares for passive obedience, 170; vii. 1;
- James II.'s dealings with, 25, 26;
- Jacobitism in, 184;
- Methodists at, 205;
- supports the younger Pitt, viii. 69
- Oxford, Robert de Vere, third Earl of. See Vere
- Oxford, Robert de Vere, ninth Earl of. See Vere
- Oxford, John de Vere, twelfth Earl of, iii. 142, 177
- Oxford, Edward de Vere, seventeenth Earl of, iv. 318, 353, 358
- 8-270]Oxford, Aubrey de Vere, twentieth Earl of, vii. 23
- Oxford, Robert Harley, Earl of (see Harley), vii. 145
- Packenham, General, viii. 205
- Palatinate,
- war in the, v. 220;
- the Elector driven from, 226;
- reconquered by Gustavus of Sweden, 276
- Pale, the English,
- in Ireland, ii. 374;
- divided into counties, 376
- Pampeluna, siege of, viii. 202
- Pandulf, Cardinal, i. 333, 337, 344; ii. 3, 6
- Papacy, the,
- its relations with England under Henry III., ii. 1, 26-28, 59;
- English protests against its exactions, 38, 42;
- its relations with the Empire, 217, 218;
- with France, ib., 224;
- with England under Edward III., 218, 219, 221-223, 273-275, 303;
- complaints of King and Parliament against, 225;
- private arrangements with Edward III., 296;
- beginning of its struggle with Luther, iii. 253;
- England's relations with, under Henry VIII., 288, 289, 297, 299, 300;
- appeals to, forbidden, 302;
- judicial and financial connexion with, broken, ib.;
- its jurisdiction transferred to the Crown, 305, 306;
- submission to, under Mary, iv. 88, 89;
- its revival under Paul IV., 99, 100;
- relations with Elizabeth, 155;
- position and policy under Pius V., 250-253;
- under Gregory XIII., 306, 313
- Paris
- rises against the Regent Charles, ii. 264;
- threatened by Edward III., 265;
- Henry VI. crowned at, iii. 55;
- welcomes Charles VII., 56;
- besieged by Henry IV. (of France), iv. 369;
- relieved by Parma, 370;
- rising in, viii. 83;
- surrenders to the Allies, 203;
- Peace of, vii. 307;
- University of, i. 225, 282, 285, 290
- Paris, Matthew, i. 273; ii. 43, 44
- Parish system, its introduction, i. 84
- Parker, Matthew, Archbishop of Canterbury, iv. 165;
- his historical collections, v. 4;
- Strype's Life of, iv. 4
- Parker, Bishop of Oxford, vii. 25, 26
- Parkhurst, John, iv. 119
- Parliament,
- its origin, ii. 156;
- first scheme for representation of Commonalty in, 61;
- its summons forbidden by Henry III., 64;
- knights summoned to, 66, 150, 151;
- Commons summoned to, 73;
- representation of boroughs in, ib., 120, 121, 152-154;
- finally constituted in 1295, 156;
- attempt to include the clergy in, 157;
- fixed at Westminster, 158;
- Edward I.'s plan for representation of Scotland in, 171;
- relations with the Crown, 181-183;
- protests against papal exactions, 38, 222, 223, 225;
- demands the dismissal of Gaveston, 187;
- deposes Edward II., 199;
- growth of its power, 201;
- internal developement, ib., 202;
- grouping of Estates in, 202, 203;
- confirms recognition of Scotch independence, 205;
- progress under Edward III., 230-232;
- two Houses, 231;
- repudiates John's submission to Rome, 275;
- Edward III.'s relations with, 292;
- its assent made necessary for subsidies on wool, 298;
- English language first used in opening, 300, 356;
- petition for due election of knights to serve in, 300;
- acknowledges Richard II.'s claim to the succession, 307;
- refuses to enfranchise serfs, 335;
- struggle with Richard II., 352;
- deposes him, iii. 1;
- recognizes Henry IV., 2;
- its relations with him, 3, 4, 22, 23;
- importance at opening of Wars of the Roses, 86;
- relations with York and Lancaster, 91, 92;
- suspension under Edward IV., 91, 152;
- recognizes Henry VII., 174;
- Henry VIII.'s relations with, 288;
- asks for Church reform, 290;
- forbids appeals to Rome, 302;
- Cromwell's dealings with, iv. 8, 9;
- More's reverence for, 9;
- developement under Henry VIII., 9-11;
- temper under Edward VI., 66;
- packing of, 67, 234;
- relations with Mary, 77, 81, 85;
- advance under Elizabeth, 233-239; v. 56-58;
- "Admonition to," iv. 296;
- suspension under Charles I., 272;
- Pym's theory of, 346, 347;
- schemes of 8-271]the Convention for its reform, vi. 99;
- first representation of Scotland and Ireland in, ib., 101;
- new constitution of, in 1657, 122;
- its strength and its weakness, 301, 302;
- secures control over taxation and the army, vii. 61;
- annual assembly, 62;
- control over trade, 63;
- the Whigs' management of, 176;
- its duration fixed at seven years, 185;
- relations with the people after the Revolution, 286-288;
- need for its reform, 289-292;
- George III.'s dealings with, 308, 309;
- its dealings with Wilkes, 318;
- publication of its debates, viii. 11;
- composition after Union with Ireland, 139;
- at Berwick, ii. 162;
- at Coventry, iii. 75;
- at Gloucester, ii. 289, 315;
- at Marlborough, 89;
- at Newcastle, 160;
- at Norham, 136;
- at Oxford, 60; v. 246; vi. 226, 323;
- at St. Albans, ii. 66;
- at Shrewsbury, 121, 371;
- at Winchester, 66, 80, 82;
- at York, 195;
- the Addled, v. 196;
- the Barebones, vi. 95;
- the Cavalier, 201-204, 207;
- moves to Oxford, 226;
- its attitude towards France, 228;
- relations with Charles, 240, 241;
- rejects a scheme of Protestant comprehension, 252;
- its distrust of the Cabal, 253;
- grants a subsidy for the fleet, 260;
- action in 1673, 271-274;
- in 1674, 280, 281;
- Danby's dealings with, 284-286;
- action in 1678, 290;
- dissolved, 299;
- the Convention, vi. 194;
- its dealings with the regicides, 195, 196;
- settlement of the nation, 196-198;
- of the Church, 199, 200;
- dissolved, 200, 201;
- the Club, iii. 91;
- the Good, ii. 177, 304-307;
- Long, its assembly, v. 349;
- proceedings in 1640, 350, 351;
- in 1641, 352-357, 362, 363, 369-371, 373-379;
- raises an army, 377; vi. 1;
- alliance with Scotland, 14, 15;
- takes the Covenant, 16;
- its ecclesiastical policy, 29, 30;
- negotiates with Charles, 38;
- attitude towards religious liberty, 45, 46;
- proposes terms to the king, 47;
- sets up Presbyterianism, 50;
- negotiates with the Army, 54;
- dealings with heresy, 60;
- negotiates again with Charles, 63;
- struggle with the Army, 65, 66;
- its ruin, 67;
- the Merciless, ii. 354;
- the Rump, vi. 66;
- its unwillingness to dissolve, 74, 77, 81, 84, 87;
- struggle with the army, 89;
- driven out, 90, 91;
- recalled, 149;
- driven out again, 150;
- second return and dissolution, 151;
- the Short, v. 340, 341;
- the Wonderful, ii. 354;
- of 1246, 38;
- of 1248, ib.;
- of 1254, 73;
- of 1257, 59;
- of 1258, 60;
- of 1259, 64;
- of 1260, ib.;
- of 1261, 66;
- of 1264, 71;
- of 1265, 72, 73, 75, 80, 82, 153;
- of 1266, 87;
- of 1267, 89;
- of 1275, 103, 107;
- of 1283, 121;
- of 1289, 123;
- of 1295, 143, 154, 156, 157, 160;
- of 1296, 160;
- of 1309, 187;
- of 1311, 189;
- of 1313, 191;
- of 1322, 195, 196;
- of 1327, 199;
- of 1328, 205;
- of 1340, 231;
- of 1341, 232;
- of 1351, 256, 273;
- of 1354, 299;
- of 1365, 274;
- of 1371, 301;
- of 1376, 289;
- of 1377, 310, 311;
- of 1378, 289, 312, 315;
- of 1379, 289, 316;
- of 1380, 316;
- of 1381, 334;
- of 1385, 352;
- of 1386, ib.;
- of 1388, 353;
- of 1397, 370;
- of 1398, 371;
- of 1399, iii. 1;
- of 1404, 15;
- of 1413, 25;
- of 1426, 91;
- of 1447, 61;
- of 1450, 68;
- of 1451, ib.;
- of 1454, 72;
- of 1455, 74;
- of 1461, 118;
- of 1484, 168;
- of 1485, 174;
- of 1515, 221;
- of 1523, 244;
- of 1529, 284, 288;
- its action in 1531, 297;
- in 1534, 305;
- of 1539, 345;
- of October 1553, iv. 75;
- of November 1554, 88;
- of 1559, 156, 157;
- of 1563, 214, 215;
- of 1570, 272;
- of 1571, 292;
- of 1581, 319;
- of 1604, v. 153-155, 157, 160-163;
- of 1610, 179-182;
- of 1614, 195, 196;
- of 1621, 220, 221, 225, 227-229;
- of 1624, 235;
- of 1625, 245-247;
- of 1626, 249, 253;
- of 1628, 259-264, 268-271;
- of 1640, see Parliament, Long and Short;
- of 1654, vi. 101-106;
- of 1655, 117, 123;
- reassembles in 1658, 143;
- its strife with Cromwell, 144;
- dissolved, 145;
- of 1659, 148, 149;
- of 1660, see Parliament, the Convention;
- of 1661, see Parliament, the Cavalier;
- of 1679, vi. 299, 300, 304-306, 308;
- of 1680, 312, 319, 320;
- of 1681, 322-324;
- of 1685, vii. 7, 9, 14, 15, 23;
- of 1687, 23;
- of 1689, 60-67, 69;
- of 1690, 69, 88;
- of 1695, 88, 89;
- of 8-272]1699, 97, 98;
- of 1701, 101-105, 107;
- of 1702, 107;
- of 1705, 125;
- of 1714, 168;
- of 1768, viii. 4, 7, 8, 11, 12;
- of 1784, 69;
- Irish, of 1634, v. 291, 292;
- its condition in eighteenth century, viii. 35;
- rejects free trade with England, 79, 118;
- action in question of the Regency, 138;
- Scottish, accepts Calvinism, iv. 187;
- the Drunken, vi. 180;
- of 1543, iv. 26, 28;
- of 1563, 218;
- of 1566, 228, 229;
- of 1568, 260;
- of 1703, vii. 127.
- See Commons, Lords, Statutes
- Parma, Alexander Farnese, prince of, iv. 312, 337, 347, 348;
- prepares to invade England, 356;
- his difficulties, 357, 359;
- raises the siege of Paris, 370;
- of Rouen, 371;
- dies, 373
- Parpaglia, Papal Legate, iv. 191, 192
- Parr, Catharine, iv. 24, 56
- Parry, William, iv. 350
- Parsons, Robert, iv. 318, 320, 345
- Partition Treaty, the first, vii. 93;
- second, 96
- Passau, treaty of, iv. 65; v. 175
- Paston Letters, ii. 180; iii. 104, 154
- Paterson, William, vii. 86
- Patrick, St., i. 68
- "Patriots," the, vii. 203, 204, 218
- Paul III., Pope, iii. 350; iv. 21, 35, 51, 64
- Paul IV., Pope (see Caraffa), iv. 99, 101;
- his demands on England, 102, 145;
- on Elizabeth, 155, 156;
- death, 160
- Paul, emperor of Russia, viii. 137, 160-163
- Paulinus, St., i. 64, 67
- Pavia, battle of, iii. 250
- Peasant Revolt, the, ii. 319-332;
- its results, 333-335
- Peckham, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 118
- Pecock, Bishop of Chichester, iii. 96
- Pedro the Cruel, king of Castille, ii. 282-284
- Peerage, increase of,
- under James I., v. 200;
- under Charles I., ib.;
- under Charles II., 201.
- See Lords
- Peerage Bill, vii. 190, 191
- "Peep o' Day Boys," viii. 119
- Pelham, Henry, vii. 218, 226, 246, 250
- Pembroke
- surprised by the Royalists, vi. 59;
- besieged by Cromwell, 61;
- surrenders, 62
- Pembroke, William Herbert, first Earl of, iv. 65, 66, 70, 108, 268
- Pembroke, William Herbert, third Earl of, v. 43
- Pembroke, Thomas Herbert, eighth Earl of, vii. 23
- Pembroke, Earls of. See Clare, Marshal, Tudor, Valence
- Pembrokeshire, Flemish and English settlement in, ii. 48
- Pencrych, Richard, ii. 357
- Penda, king of Mercia, i. 66, 70-73
- Pengwern becomes Shrewsbury, i. 98
- Peninsular War, viii. 186-188, 190, 191, 199, 200, 202
- Penn, William, vi. 335
- Pennsylvania, settlement of, vi. 335; vii. 236
- Penry, John, iv. 343
- Pepys, Roger, vi. 203
- Pepys, Samuel, vi. 174;
- his Diary, 157
- Perceval, Spencer, viii. 189, 195, 196
- Perche, Thomas, count of, ii. 2
- Percies, the, ii. 378, 379; iii. 12
- Percy, Henry (Hotspur), ii. 378;
- constable of North Wales, iii. 10;
- recovers Conway, 11;
- defeats the Scots at Homildon Hill, 12;
- plots against Henry IV., 13;
- slain, 14
- Percy, Thomas, v. 158
- Périgord restored to Edward III., ii. 266
- Perrers, Alice, ii. 304, 306, 307
- Perth,
- Convocation at, ii. 171;
- Protestant riot at, iv. 169
- Perth, James Drummond, fourth Earl of, vii. 17
- Peru conquered by Pizarro, iv. 329
- Peter the Great, Czar of Russia, vii. 189
- Peter of Savoy, ii. 32
- Peterborough
- founded, i. 86;
- burnt by northmen, 104
- Peterborough, John Mordaunt, first Earl of, vii. 37
- Peterborough, Charles Mordaunt, second Earl of, vii. 126, 131, 133
- Peters, Hugh, vi. 28, 66
- Petition
- of the Commons to Henry VIII., iii. 290;
- the Millenary, v. 151;
- of Right, 260, 261;
- accepted by Charles I., 263
- Petitions
- to the king in Parliament, ii. 159;
- changed into Statutes, iii. 90;
- Triers of, ii. 159
- 8-273]"Petitioners" and "Abhorrers," vi. 314
- Petrarch, his influence on Chaucer, ii. 360
- Petre, Father Edward, vii. 20
- Petty, Sir William, vi. 132, 169
- Pevensey, William the Conqueror lands at, i. 162
- Phelips, Sir Robert, v. 247, 248
- Philadelphia, Congress at, viii. 19
- Philip I., king of France, i. 190
- Philip Augustus, king of France,
- leagues with Richard against Henry II., i. 258;
- quarrels with Richard, 259, 260;
- plots with John, 261;
- struggle with Richard, 263, 264;
- conquers Normandy, 268, 269;
- conquers Aquitaine, 270;
- charged by the Pope to depose John, 333
- Philip III., king of France, ii. 102
- Philip IV., the Fair, king of France,
- his relations with Scotland, ii. 141, 160;
- seizes Guienne, 142;
- truce with Edward, 168;
- treaty, 170;
- relations with the papacy, ib., 217, 224;
- his Royal Book, iii. 161
- Philip VI., of Valois, king of France, ii. 209;
- relations with Pope and Emperor, 218;
- attacks the Agénois and occupies Cambray, 219;
- withdraws, 220;
- supports Charles of Blois in Britanny, 233;
- offers to restore Aquitaine, 235;
- defeated at Crécy, 237-239;
- fails against Edward and the Flemings, 244
- Philip, son of Charles V. (Philip II. of Spain), iv. 79, 80;
- king of Naples, 86;
- marries Mary, ib.;
- person and manners, ib.;
- policy in England, 89, 90;
- lord of Burgundy and king of Spain, 98;
- leaves England, ib.;
- returns, 107;
- war with France, 108;
- policy towards Elizabeth, 137, 138, 154, 159, 175;
- hopes for her conversion, 190;
- compels Pius IV. to recall Parpaglia, 192;
- urges Elizabeth to send envoys to Trent, 194;
- sends help to the Guises, 209;
- delays the Bull for deposition of Elizabeth, 214;
- turns towards Mary Stuart, 222;
- relations with Mary and the Pope, 254, 255;
- difficulties in the Netherlands, 255, 256;
- refuses to join the French against England, 268;
- his rule, 326-328;
- character, 328;
- policy, ib., 329;
- king of Portugal, 335;
- assembles the Armada, 344;
- despatches it, 356;
- designs on France, 369;
- sends troops to the Leaguers, 371;
- sends a second Armada, v. 60;
- supports Irish rising, 62
- Philip IV., king of Spain, vi. 190
- Philip, Duke of Anjou, vii. 99, 100;
- king of Spain (Philip V.), 101, 141, 142, 186
- Philip, Archduke of Austria, iii. 170, 186, 208
- Philiphaugh, battle of, vi. 41
- Philippa of Hainault, wife of Edward III., ii. 198, 245-247
- Philippines,
- the, conquered by England, vii. 307;
- restored to Spain, ib.
- Philpot, John, ii. 312
- Picardy
- ceded to Burgundy, iii. 120;
- restored to France, 122
- Pichegru, General, viii. 110
- Pickering, Sir Gilbert, vi. 325
- Picts, the, i. 30;
- defeated by Hengest and Horsa, 32;
- own Ecgfrith's supremacy, 88;
- defeat him at Nectansmere, 89
- Piers the Ploughman, ii. 178, 269-272
- Pilgrim Fathers, the, v. 308-310
- Pilgrimage of Grace, iii. 323
- Pillnitz, conference at, viii. 96
- Pinkie Cleugh, battle of, iv. 53
- Pitt, William, vii. 204, 220;
- opposes treaty with Russia, 247;
- his relations with Walpole and the Pelhams, 249-251;
- his lofty spirit, 251-255;
- patriotism, 255-257;
- eloquence, 257-259;
- statesmanship, 259, 260;
- supports Frederick II., 262, 263;
- his place among English statesmen, 275, 276;
- rejects peace with France and supports Frederick, 302;
- plans of war in 1761, 303;
- resigns, 304;
- relations with George III. and the Whigs, 316;
- denounces the Stamp Act, 327;
- recalled to office, 328;
- again withdraws, 329;
- supports American resistance, 331;
- demands repeal of the Stamp Act, 331;
- his policy towards America, 337;
- attacks the Declaratory Act, 338;
- forms a ministry, 339, 340.
- See Chatham
- Pitt, William, the younger, viii. 8-274]52, 62;
- his Reform Bill, 63, 64;
- Chancellor of the Exchequer, 65;
- new scheme for parliamentary reform, 67;
- First Lord of the Treasury, 69;
- his temper, 70-72;
- statesmanship, 72-74;
- his plans of parliamentary reform, 75, 76;
- finance, 77;
- treaty of commerce with France, 79;
- advocates abolition of slave-trade, ib.;
- resists the prince's claim to the regency, 84;
- attitude towards the French Revolution, 84, 86, 88, 89, 91, 95;
- supports Fox's Libel Act, 92;
- gives a constitution to Canada, ib.;
- endeavours to maintain peace, 102, 103;
- position after the declaration of war, 104, 105;
- his financial difficulties, 113, 114;
- negotiations with France, 121, 126;
- introduces the Income-Tax, 137;
- effects union with Ireland, 138, 139;
- his position during the war, 148-151;
- revives plans for Catholic emancipation in Ireland, 152-155;
- retires, 148, 155;
- opposes Russia, 161;
- returns to office, 170;
- subsidizes a league against Napoleon, 172;
- death, 173, 174
- Pittsburg, vii. 266
- Pius II., Pope, iii. 162
- Pius IV., Pope,
- his policy, iv. 190, 191;
- recalls the council to Trent, 192, 193;
- forbids attendance of Catholics at English Church service, 214
- Pius V., Pope, iv. 226, 250;
- relations with Philip II., 254, 256;
- sends envoys to the English Catholics, 264;
- issues a Bull for deposition of Elizabeth, 265;
- sanctions the plans of Mary and Norfolk, 272
- Pius VI., Pope, viii. 136
- Pizarro, Francisco, iv. 329
- Place Bill, vii. 62, 82
- Plassey, battle of, vii. 261, 262
- Plattsburg, English attempt on, viii. 205
- Plauen, battle of, vii. 264
- Pleas,
- Common, Court of, ii. 109;
- of the Crown, i. 264; ii. 109
- Plymouth (Massachusetts), its foundation, v. 310
- Poinet, Bishop of Winchester, iv. 119, 129, 131
- Poitiers
- captured by Henry of Derby, ii. 235;
- battle of, 261-263
- Poitou,
- Henry III.'s campaign in, ii. 35;
- ceded to France, 63;
- recovered by Henry of Derby, 243;
- restored to Edward III., 266;
- won by Du Guesclin, 287
- Poland,
- contested election to the throne of, vii. 214;
- partitions of, viii. 85, 108
- Pole, Sir Geoffrey, iii. 349
- Pole, John de la, Earl of Lincoln, iii. 176
- Pole, Michael de la, Earl of Suffolk, ii. 350-353
- Pole, Reginald, iii. 333, 349; iv. 20;
- his attainder reversed, 88;
- received as Legate, ib.;
- chief minister, 98, 99;
- suspected by the Pope, 102;
- deprived of the legation, 145;
- dies, 165
- Pole, Sir Richard, iii. 349
- Pole, William de la. See Suffolk
- "Politicals," the, iv. 139, 141-143
- Poll-tax, ii. 311;
- renewed under Richard II., 316;
- resistance to, 319, 321;
- in 1641, v. 363
- Pont-de-l'Arche seized by Henry V., iii. 33
- Pontefract,
- Thomas of Lancaster executed at, ii. 195;
- Richard II. imprisoned at, iii. 7;
- Pilgrimage of Grace at, 323, 324
- Ponthieu,
- Harold wrecked on coast of, i. 159;
- Charles IV. demands homage of Edward II. for, ii. 197;
- granted in full sovereignty to Edward III., 266;
- seized by Charles V., 285
- Pontigny, St. Edmund of Canterbury at, ii. 42
- Pontlevoi, battle of, i. 212
- Pontoise,
- negotiations between France and England at, iii. 35;
- relieved by Talbot, 56
- Poor Laws, Elizabeth's, iv. 276, 277
- Pope, Alexander, vii. 204, 217, 294-297
- Popish Plot, the, vi. 294-298, 311, 313
- Porter, John, v. 82
- Portland, Breton descent on, iii. 16
- Portland, William Henry Cavendish Bentinck, third Duke of, viii. 104, 180, 189
- Portland, Richard Weston, Earl of. See Weston
- Port Mahon taken by the French, vii. 248
- Portmannimote, the, i. 296;
- of Oxford, 306, 309
- Porto Bello, capture of, vii. 219
- 8-275]Portreeve, the, i. 315;
- of London, 303
- Portsmouth,
- Robert of Normandy lands at, i. 200;
- Bishop Moleyns of Chichester slain at, iii. 63
- Portsmouth, Louise de Quérouaille, Duchess of, vi. 176, 315, 321; vii. 5
- Portugal
- annexed to Spain, v. 335;
- its colonies, 330, 336;
- revolts, vi. 190, 192;
- joins the Grand Alliance, vii. 119;
- conquered by Napoleon, viii. 185;
- Wellesley's campaigns in, 186-188, 190, 191
- Portugal, Don Antonio of, iv. 367
- "Post-nati," v. 162, 163
- Powell, Vavasour, vi. 223
- Powys
- conquered by Offa, i. 97;
- annexed by Llewelyn ap Jorwerth, ii. 55
- Poynings, Sir Edward, iii. 181
- Pragmatic Sanction, the, vii. 199, 200
- Prague
- seized by Frederick II., vii. 225;
- battles of, v. 220; vii. 248
- Prayer, Book of Common, iv. 49, 59;
- set aside, 76;
- adopted in Scotland, 118;
- retained in Essex, 144;
- restored, 158;
- declared schismatic by the Pope, 214;
- bill for its reform, 292;
- restored again, vi. 208;
- Scottish, of 1636, v. 327, 328
- Preachers, "poor," ii. 317, 335;
- unlicensed, forbidden by Convocation, iii. 20, 21
- Presbyterianism in England
- under Elizabeth, iv. 294, 296;
- attempts to establish it, v. 58;
- its relations with Puritanism, 59, 60;
- established in Scotland, 137, 138, 140, 335;
- the Long Parliament's relations with, 354, 355; vi. 14, 50;
- re-established in Scotland, vii. 54
- Presbyterians,
- their hostility to the sectaries, vi. 45;
- dominant position after the Restoration, 193;
- Clarendon's policy towards, 207;
- Charles II.'s, 209
- Press,
- censorship of, iv. 343;
- liberty of, established, vi. 305;
- growth of its power, viii. 11-13
- Preston,
- battle of, vi. 62;
- surrender of Jacobites at, vii. 184
- Prestonpans, battle of, vii. 228
- "Pride's Purge," vi. 65
- "Priests, Simple," ii. 317, 339
- Primers, English, iv. 40
- Printing, introduction of, iii. 155
- Prior, Matthew, vii. 138
- Privy Seals, Elizabeth's, iv. 233
- Proclamations, James I.'s use of, v. 168, 172
- "Protector," office of, offered to Oliver Cromwell, vi. 100
- Protestantism,
- its area at accession of Pius V., iv. 249, 250;
- in England, its advance under Edward VI., 59;
- effects of its spread among the people, 121, 122;
- growth under Elizabeth, 292, 302-305;
- position at her death, v. 107-109;
- in Germany, growth after Peace of Passau, 175;
- progress in Scotland, iv. 168, 169
- Protestants, English,
- More's dealings with, iii. 289;
- their outrages, 343-345;
- their position after Cromwell's fall, iv. 15, 16;
- their outrages, 91, 97;
- martyrdoms, 91-96, 144;
- growth of extreme views among, 119, 120;
- attitude towards the royal supremacy, 122;
- position under Elizabeth, 149;
- refugees, their leaning to Calvinism, 127;
- strife among, ib., 128;
- their writings, 128, 129, 133;
- foreign, in England, 51, 74, 305;
- German, Union of, v. 177
- Protestation of the Parliament to James I., v. 228, 229
- Provisions
- of Oxford, ii. 61;
- of Westminster, 62;
- annulled by the Pope, 65;
- by Mise of Amiens, 68
- Prussia,
- its alliance with England and France, vii. 199;
- attacked by Napoleon, viii. 174;
- rises against him, 201
- Prynne, John, v. 305, 306, 329, 352
- Pucklechurch, Eadmund the Magnificent slain at, i. 123
- Puiset, Hugh, Bishop of Durham, i. 260
- Pulteney, William, vii. 204
- Puritanism,
- its beginnings, iv. 132, 133, 339;
- its relations with Presbyterianism, v. 59, 60;
- with Calvinism, 86-88;
- growth among the people, 88, 89;
- among the clergy, 89, 90;
- relation to politics, 91-93;
- influence on society, 94-95;
- on conduct, 95-97;
- its relation to culture, 97, 98;
- its narrowness, 101, 102;
- 8-276]its extravagance, 102-104;
- its persecution of witches, 106, 107;
- its doctrinal bigotry, 115;
- hatred of sectaries, 116-118;
- wish for reforms, 118, 119;
- its ideal of the State, vi. 127, 128;
- its political failure, 129;
- reaction from, ib., 130, 142, 143, 162-165;
- its fall, 153;
- its after-results, 154;
- its epic, 235-237
- Puritans,
- Elizabeth's relations with, iv. 339, 340;
- their temper at her death, v. 109, 110;
- appeal to James I., 151;
- Laud's dealings with, 295-297;
- their panic, 301, 302;
- migration to America, 310-314, 319, 320;
- Charles II.'s dealings with, vi. 208, 209
- "Purveyance," ii. 290, 298
- Pym, John, v. 262, 344, 345;
- his political theory, 346, 347;
- genius, 347, 348;
- carries Strafford's impeachment, 350;
- proposals for Church reform, 354;
- one of the "five members," 373;
- member of Committee of Public Safety, vi. 1;
- resists the abolition of Episcopacy, 14;
- agrees to the adoption of the Covenant, 14, 15;
- dies, 17;
- outrage on his corpse, 201
- Quakers,
- persecution of, vi. 230, 231;
- their settlement in Pennsylvania, 335
- Quarles, Francis, v. 303
- Quebec, capture of, vii. 267, 268
- Queen's County, English settlement of, iv. 111
- Queensberry, William Douglas, first Duke of, vii. 19
- Quiberon, battle of, vii. 265
- Quinci, Saher de, Earl of Winchester, i. 343
- "Quo warranto," ii. 117
- Rachentege, i. 221
- Radnor captured by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 10
- Rædwald, king of East Anglia, i. 59, 62
- Rahere founds St. Bartholomew's Priory, i. 223
- Raikes, Robert, viii. 47
- Raleigh, Sir Walter,
- discovers Virginia, iv. 345; v. 307;
- sent to the Tower, 215;
- last expedition, ib., 216;
- death, 216;
- his History of the World, 4;
- Lives of, iv. 5
- Ralph Niger, i. 174
- Ramillies, battle of, vii. 126
- Randolph, Sir Thomas, ii. 204, 210.
- See Moray
- Rastadt, treaty of, vii. 141
- Ratæ (Leicester), i. 37
- Ratisbon, conference at, iv. 101
- Ravenspur,
- Henry of Lancaster lands at, ii. 379;
- Edward IV. lands at, iii. 141
- Ray, John, vi. 167
- Reading, John Cook, abbot of, hanged, iii. 350
- Redman, Robert, his Life of Henry V., ii. 179
- Reeves
- of towns, i. 296;
- of royal demesnes, summoned to council at St. Albans, 339
- Reformation
- in England, iv. 58-60;
- in Ireland, 62, 63.
- See Calvinism, Calvinists, Huguenots, Lutherans, Protestantism, Protestants
- Reginald, sub-prior of Canterbury, chosen archbishop, i. 329
- Religion
- of the old English people, i. 22-24;
- Christian, see Christianity, Church;
- revival in twelfth century, 222
- Remonstrance,
- the Grand, v. 369, 370;
- of the Council of officers, vi. 64;
- on the State of the Realm, v. 262, 264
- Renascence, the, iii. 188-190, 195;
- its influence on English literature, v. 1-3
- Réole, La, captured by Henry of Derby, ii. 234
- Representation,
- principle of, in old England, i. 20;
- parliamentary, its origin, ii. 149, 150
- Representation, Humble, of the army, vi. 53
- Repyngdon, follower of Wyclif, ii. 340, 341
- Requesens, governor of the Netherlands, iv. 300, 301, 310
- Reresby's Memoirs, vi. 157
- "Reserves," Papal, ii. 28
- Revolution,
- the English, its effect on the monarchy, vii. 60;
- on Parliament, 62;
- on the Church, 63, 64;
- the French, see France
- Reynolds, Edward, Bishop of Norwich, vi. 200
- Rhode Island, settlement of, v. 313
- Rhys ap Tewdor, Prince of South Wales, i. 246; ii. 48
- Rich, Edmund. See Edmund
- 8-277]Richard (I.),
- born at Oxford, i. 259;
- rebels against Henry II., 254, 258;
- crowned, 259;
- releases the Scot-king from homage, ii. 134;
- crusade, i. 259, 261;
- prisoner, 261;
- homage to the emperor, 262;
- return, ib.;
- exactions for his ransom, 350;
- character, 263;
- struggle with Philip Augustus, ib., 264;
- builds Château-Gaillard, 265-267;
- death, 267, 268
- Richard (II.), son of the Black Prince, ii. 303;
- his claim to the succession questioned, 306;
- acknowledged by Parliament, 307;
- king, 311;
- dealings with the Peasant Revolt, 322-324, 331, 332;
- his person, character, and policy, 350, 351;
- opposition to the Parliament, 352;
- struggle with Gloucester, 353, 354;
- his rule, 354, 355;
- campaign in Ireland, 367, 378;
- change in his temper, 368;
- marries Isabella of France, ib.;
- quarrel with the Commons, 370, 371;
- tyranny, 372;
- seizes Lancastrian estates, 373;
- second expedition to Ireland, 379;
- return, 380;
- betrayed to Henry of Lancaster, 381;
- deposed, iii. 1;
- prisoner at Pomfret, 7;
- death, 8;
- burial, 28;
- authorities for his reign, ii. 178, 179
- Richard (III.), Duke of Gloucester,
- patron of Caxton, iii. 161, 163;
- expedition to Scotland, 163;
- Protector, 164;
- King, ib.;
- rising against him, 167;
- his policy, 168, 169, 171;
- death, 172
- Richard, Earl of Cornwall, ii. 36;
- heads reforming party among the barons, 37;
- king of the Romans, 71;
- taken prisoner, ib.;
- spared, by the younger Simon, 80;
- intercedes for him, 85
- Richard the Fearless, Duke of Normandy, i. 155, 156
- Richard Fitz-Neal. See Fitz-Neal
- Richard of Devizes, i. 174
- Richardson, Chief-Justice, v. 297
- Richardson, Samuel, vii. 297
- Richelieu, Cardinal, v. 274, 338, 339
- Richelieu, Duke of, vii. 248
- Richmond, Edmund Tudor, Earl of, iii. 165
- Richmond, Margaret, Countess of. See Beaufort
- Ridley, Bishop of London, iv. 91
- Ridolfi, Robert, iv. 265, 272, 273
- Right,
- Claim of, vii. 51;
- Petition of, v. 260, 261, 263
- Rights, Book of, i. 8
- Rights, Declaration of, vii. 46, 47, 60
- Rishanger, chronicler, i. 273, 274
- Rising, Castle, Queen Isabella imprisoned at, ii. 207
- Rivers, Sir Richard Woodville, first earl (see Woodville), iii. 127, 134
- Rivers, Anthony Woodville, second earl (see Scales), iii. 161-163
- Rivoli, battle of, viii. 125
- Rizzio, David, iv. 222, 226, 228
- Robartes, Richard, first Lord, v. 200
- Robartes, John, second Lord, vi. 220, 301
- Robert I., king of Scots. See Bruce
- Robert (II.), Steward of Scotland, ii. 213;
- king, 286
- Robert III., king of Scots, iii. 7, 15, 16
- Robert (the Magnificent), Duke of Normandy, i. 157
- Robert, son of William the Conqueror, i. 190;
- Duke of Normandy, 191;
- pledges Normandy to Rufus, 197;
- goes on crusade, ib.;
- returns, 198;
- invades England, 200, 201;
- defeated at Tenchebray, 202
- Robert, Earl of Gloucester, i. 216, 217, 219, 220
- Robespierre, Maximilien, viii. 96
- Robinson, John, v. 308
- Rochelle, La,
- protests against severance from France, ii. 280;
- surrendered to France, 287;
- attempt to relieve it, 291;
- revolts, v. 256;
- siege of, ib.;
- English expeditions to, 259, 263;
- surrenders, 266, 274
- Roches, Peter des, Bishop of Winchester and justiciar, i. 341, 347; ii. 32, 34
- Rochester
- surrenders to William the Red, i. 192;
- to John, 354;
- diocese of, i. 83
- Rochester, Robert Carr, Viscount, v. 190-193.
- See Somerset
- Rochester, Laurence Hyde, Earl of (see Hyde), vii. 2, 20, 98
- Rochester, John Wilmot, second Earl of, vi. 162
- Rockingham, Charles Watson 8-278]Wentworth, second Marquis of,
- prime minister, vii. 329, 331;
- relations with Burke, 332;
- resigns, 339;
- draws away from Chatham, viii. 16;
- returns to office, 38;
- opposes reform, 64;
- death, 65
- Rocroi, battle of, vi. 190
- Rodney, Admiral, viii. 40
- Roger, Bishop of Salisbury and justiciar, i. 215, 218, 219
- Roger (the Poor), chancellor, i. 218
- Rogers, John, iv. 91, 95
- Roland, Song of, i. 163
- Romance, growth of, i. 246, 247
- Romances,
- the French, ii. 357;
- their influence on Chaucer, 360
- Rome,
- disappearance of its influence in England, i. 41, 44, 45;
- returns with Augustine, 58, 59;
- Ælfred's intercourse with, 113;
- stormed by the Duke of Bourbon, iii. 269
- Romorantin taken by the Black Prince, ii. 261
- Romsey, Abbey of, i. 199
- Rookwood of Euston Hall, iv. 308
- Roper's Life of More, iii. 83
- Rosbecque, battle of, ii. 349
- Roses, Wars of the,
- their beginning, iii. 77;
- their results, 86, 87
- Ross, General, viii. 204
- Rossbach, battle of, vii. 263
- Rostopchin, Count, viii. 162
- Roucoux, battle of, vii. 231
- Rouen,
- William I. dies at, i. 190;
- besieged by Lewis VII., 254, 255;
- Arthur murdered at, 268;
- siege of, by Henry V., iii. 33, 34;
- Jeanne d'Arc burnt at, 54;
- Henry VI.'s court at, 55;
- besieged by Henry IV. of France, iv. 371;
- relieved by Parma, ib.
- Rouergue restored to Edward III., ii. 266
- "Roundheads," v. 372
- Roundway Down, battle of, vi. 6
- Royal Society, its beginnings, vi. 132, 165, 166
- Rudolf II., Emperor, v. 177
- Runnymede, i. 347
- Rupert, Prince,
- captures Brentford, vi. 3;
- his raid on Buckinghamshire, 9, 10;
- Bristol surrenders to, 12;
- defeated at Marston Moor, 19, 22;
- commands royalist ships, 71, 78;
- struggle with Blake, 78;
- sea-fights with the Dutch, 238, 277;
- returns to the Council, 278;
- his "drops," 166
- Rushworth's collection of State papers, v. 72
- Russell, John, Lord, iv. 47, 56.
- See Bedford
- Russell, William, Lord,
- head of the Country party, vi. 272;
- correspondence with Barillon, 298;
- takes office, 300;
- supports the Exclusion, 306;
- resigns, 315;
- beheaded, 337;
- his attainder reversed, vii. 66
- Russell, Edward,
- signs the invitation to William III., vii. 35;
- goes to the Hague, 37;
- commands the fleet, 77;
- victory at La Hogue, 78;
- member of the Junto, 85, 88;
- resigns, 98;
- impeached, 105
- Russia,
- its alliance with Maria Theresa, vii. 246;
- treaty with George II., 247;
- invaded by Napoleon, 198, 200
- Russia Company, iv. 284
- Ruthin burnt by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 10
- Ruthven, Patrick, third Lord, iv. 225, 228, 230
- Rutland, Edward, Earl of (Duke of Albemarle), iii. 7, 8.
- See Albemarle
- Rutland, Edmund, Earl of, iii. 78
- Rutland, John Manners, ninth Earl of, vii. 23
- Ruyter, Admiral De,
- his fights with Blake, vi. 88, 115;
- with Monk and Rupert, 238;
- with the Duke of York, 268
- Rye-House plot, vi. 337
- Rygge, Robert, chancellor of Oxford, ii. 340
- Ryswick, Peace of, vii. 90, 91
- Sacheverell, Dr., vii. 137
- Sackville, Lord John, vii. 265
- Sæberht, king of the East Saxons, i. 59
- St. Albans,
- risings of townsfolk at, ii. 84, 322, 325, 330-332;
- battles at, iii. 73, 74, 78;
- chroniclers of, i. 174, 273; ii. 43, 177;
- council at, i. 339;
- Parliament at, ii. 66
- St. Andrews, Cardinal Beaton murdered at, iv. 33
- St. Asaph's, John Trevor, bishop of, iii. 10
- St. Cloud, battle of, iii. 23
- St. Domingo
- discovered, iv. 329;
- English descent on, vi. 117
- 8-279]St. Edmundsbury,
- abbey of, i. 104;
- town of, 311-313;
- battle near, 254;
- meeting of barons at, 344;
- strife of town and abbey, ii. 325-330
- St. John, Henry, vii. 124;
- his political writings, 138;
- returns to office, 139;
- intrigues against Marlborough, 140.
- See Bolingbroke
- St. John, Oliver, v. 341, vi. 81
- St. Leger, Sir Anthony, iv. 62
- St. Lucia conquered by England, vii. 307
- St. Malo, John of Gaunt defeated at, ii. 315
- Saintonge
- restored to Edward III., ii. 266;
- won by Du Guesclin, 287
- St. Pierre, Eustache de, ii. 245
- St. Pol, Waleran, count of, iii. 6
- St. Quentin, battle of, iv. 108
- St. Ruth, General, vii. 73
- St. Vincent, Cape, battles of, viii. 40, 127
- St. Vincent, island of, conquered by England, vii. 307
- Saladin tithe, i. 257
- Salamanca, battle of, viii. 199, 200
- Salisbury,
- cathedral at, ii. 106;
- Protestant martyrs at, iv. 96
- Salisbury, Margaret, countess of, iii. 349
- Salisbury, Robert Cecil, first earl of. See Cecil
- Salisbury, James Cecil, third earl of, vi. 288
- Salisbury, William Longsword, earl of, i. 337, 342, 343, 345
- Salisbury, William de Montacute, second earl of, ii. 306, 345, 352
- Salisbury, John de Montacute, third earl of, ii. 380; iii. 8, 9
- Salisbury, Thomas de Montacute, fourth earl of, iii. 45
- Salisbury, Richard Neville, earl of, iii. 73, 74, 75, 78, 112
- Salt-springs in Worcestershire, ii. 107
- Sancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury, vii. 30, 45, 65
- Sanders, Nicholas, iv. 316
- Sandwich, Edward Montagu, first earl of, vi. 193, 214
- San Graal, poem of the, i. 174, 247
- San Sebastian, siege of, viii. 202
- Santa Cruz, Blake's victory at, vi. 124
- Saratoga, Burgoyne's surrender at, viii. 26
- Sardinia
- conquered by Spain, vii. 187;
- the duke of Savoy made king of, 188
- Sarsfield, Patrick, vii. 72, 73
- Sarum, Old, captured by the West Saxons, i. 37
- Saunders, Lawrence, iv. 91
- Sautre, William, iii. 5
- Savile, Sir Henry, v. 229
- Savile, Sir John, v. 284
- Savoy
- joins the Grand Alliance, vii. 119;
- joins the Triple Alliance, 187, 188
- "Savoy," the, ii. 32, 263, 321;
- conference at, vi. 204
- Saxe, Marshal, vii. 226, 231
- Saxons,
- their early home, i. 10;
- attack Britain, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34.
- See East Saxons, Middle Saxons, South Saxons, West Saxons
- Saxony, Frederic III., elector of, iii. 254
- Saxony, Maurice, Duke of, iv. 50, 51, 64
- Say and Sele, James Fiennes, first Lord, iii. 66
- Saye and Sele, William Fiennes, first Viscount, v. 320, 354, 358; vi. 194
- Scales, Anthony Woodville, Lord, iii. 130, 131.
- See Rivers
- Scarborough,
- Piers Gaveston besieged in, ii. 190;
- peasant revolt at, 324
- Schmalkald, League of, iii. 336; iv. 36, 50
- Scholasticism, ii. 21, 22;
- its political influence, 22, 23
- Schomberg, duke of, vii. 70, 71
- Schools,
- English language supersedes French in, ii. 356, 357;
- founded by Ælfred, i. 114;
- under Henry VIII., iii. 200, 201;
- under Edward VI., 201; iv. 62;
- under Elizabeth, iii. 201;
- at Bec, i. 159;
- at Canterbury, 92;
- at Jarrow, 91;
- at York, ib.;
- of the Friars, ii. 14;
- Sunday, viii. 47
- Science, physical,
- Roger Bacon's plea for, ii. 20;
- its beginnings in England, iii. 190; vi. 131, 132, 166, 167
- Scone,
- crowning-place of the Scottish kings, ii. 162;
- Robert Bruce crowned at, 173;
- Edward Balliol crowned at, 210;
- Charles II. crowned at, vi. 82.
- Scotland,
- its relations with William the Conqueror, i. 189;
- 8-280]with William Rufus, 197;
- three divisions of the kingdom, ii. 131;
- relations with England in eleventh and twelfth centuries, 132-134;
- English claims to its homage, 134, 135;
- claimants of the crown, 136;
- Edward I. acknowledged as its overlord, 137;
- question of appeals from, 140;
- relations with France during Hundred Years' War, 141, 197, 213;
- submits to Edward I., 161;
- rises against him, 167-170;
- its overlordship claimed by the Pope, 170;
- Edward's first conquest and settlement of, 171, 172;
- his plan for its representation in English Parliament, 171;
- rises again, 173;
- Bruce's successes in, 191-193;
- truce with England, 196;
- renewed strife, 204;
- its independence recognized, 205;
- struggle with Edward III., 210-214;
- David Bruce's plans for the succession, 264;
- relations with Henry IV., iii. 7, 9;
- with Owen Glyndwr, 11;
- condition after Neville's Cross, 182, 183;
- relations with France and England, 184;
- with Henry VII., 185;
- condition after 1524, iv. 22, 23;
- league with France, 23;
- relations with Henry VIII., 26-28;
- Hertford's invasion of, 29;
- Somerset's relations with, 52, 53;
- Protestantism in, 111, 112, 115, 117;
- condition under Mary of Guise and the Lords of the Congregation, 168, 169;
- strife of religions in, 218;
- unites against Mary, 245;
- condition during minority of James VI., v. 122, 124;
- work of the Stuarts in, 125, 126;
- political effect of the Reformation in, 127;
- character and rise of the people, 129, 130, 135;
- proposal for its union with England, 154;
- relations with Charles I., 325-328, 330, 333, 334;
- revolution in, 334, 335;
- rising in, 337;
- seeks help of France, 338, 339;
- struggle with Charles, 341, 342;
- pacification, 363;
- Charles I. in, ib., 364;
- treaty with the English Parliament, vi. 14, 16;
- first union with England, 85, 108;
- its first representation in the English Parliament, 99, 101;
- condition under Cromwell, 108, 109;
- its union with England dissolved, 180;
- Covenant abolished and Episcopacy restored in, 181;
- policy of Lauderdale in, 259;
- condition under James II., vii. 16, 17;
- William III. recognized as king in, 51;
- Jacobite risings in, 52, 183, 228-230;
- Presbyterianism restored in, 54;
- union with England, 127-129
- Scots, i. 31;
- submit to Eadward the Elder, 119;
- league with Cumbrians and Welsh against Æthelstan, 119, 120;
- alliance with Eadmund, 123;
- conquer northern Northumbria, 146;
- cession of Lothian to, its results, 147;
- invade England, 217, 254;
- their mode of warfare, ii. 204, 205;
- recapture Berwick, 259, 263;
- defeated at Homildon Hill, iii. 12;
- besiege York, vi. 18;
- besiege Newcastle, 23;
- give up Charles I. to the Parliament, 49;
- invade England again, 62;
- defeated at Preston, ib.
- Scrope, Henry, Lord, iii. 30
- Scrope, Richard, Archbishop of York, iii. 18
- Scutage, i. 233, 257, 344, 350, 351; ii. 104
- "Sea-dogs," the, iv. 331-333
- Sectaries,
- their rise, v. 117;
- in London, vi. 28
- Sedgemoor, battle of, vii. 10
- Sedley, Sir Charles, vi. 163
- Selden, John, v. 306, 322
- Seminary priests, the, iv. 307-309, 354;
- banished, v. 156
- Senlac, i. 162, 163
- Serfs, manumission of, i. 325.
- See Villeins
- Seven Years' War,
- its beginning, vii. 248;
- its importance, 273-275;
- its end, 307
- Seville, Treaty of, vii. 200
- Seymour, Sir Edward, vi. 253
- Seymour, Jane, iii. 326, 351
- Seymour, Thomas, Lord, iv. 47, 56
- Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley, Cooper, first earl of (see Ashley Cooper),
- Lord Chancellor, vi. 271;
- speech on the war, 272;
- relations with the king, 275;
- change of policy, 276, 277;
- dismissed, 278;
- his plans, 279, 280;
- committed to the Tower, 288;
- released, 295;
- attitude towards the Popish plot, 295-297;
- correspondence with Barillon, 298;
- 8-281]President of the Council, 300;
- supports the Exclusion, 306, 307;
- project for Monmouth's succession, 309, 310;
- dismissed again, 311;
- revives the plot, 312, 313;
- struggle with Charles, 313-315, 321, 324;
- arrested, 324;
- bill of his indictment thrown out, 334;
- popularity in London, ib.;
- flight and death, 336
- Shakspere, William,
- his early life, v. 27-31;
- first plays, 31-35;
- historical plays, 35-36, 38-40;
- attitude towards religion, 37, 38;
- political sympathies, 39, 40;
- prosperity, 41, 42;
- gloom, 42-44;
- last plays, 45, 46;
- demand for his works in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, vii. 292
- Sharp, Rev. Dr., vii. 18
- Shaxton, bishop of Salisbury, iii. 336, 347
- Shelburne, William Fitzmaurice, second earl of,
- President of the Board of Trade, vii. 315-319;
- protests against the prosecution of Wilkes, 318;
- resigns, 319;
- advocates repeal of the Stamp Act, 331, 338;
- takes office under Chatham, 340;
- resigns office, viii. 6;
- heads a ministry, 65;
- makes peace with America, ib.;
- resigns, 66.
- See Lansdowne
- Sheldon, Archbishop of Canterbury, vi. 162
- Sheriffmuir, battle of, vii. 183
- Sheriffs,
- their position under William I., i. 185;
- appointment regulated by Provisions of Oxford, ii. 61;
- functions in the shire-court, 149;
- disqualified from serving in Parliament, 300
- Ship-money, v. 317;
- Laud's developement of, 318;
- Hampden's resistance to, 323;
- its legality asserted by the judges, ib.;
- trial of Hampden's case, 324, 330;
- judgement on, 331;
- declared illegal, 352
- Shires, i. 185;
- restriction of franchise in, iii. 101, 102;
- the six, of York, i. 295
- Shire-court. See County Court
- Shire-reeves, i. 131
- Shirley, James, v. 303
- Shore, Jane, iii. 117
- Shrewsbury (Pengwern), i. 98;
- castle at, 168;
- reduced by Llewelyn ap Jorwerth, ii. 55;
- Parliament at, 121, 371;
- battle of, iii. 14;
- Charles I. at, vi. 2
- Shrewsbury, John Talbot, first Earl of (see Talbot), iii. 70, 71
- Shrewsbury, Charles Talbot, twelfth Earl and first Duke of, vii. 23, 28;
- signs the invitation to William, 35;
- sends him funds, 37;
- Secretary of State, 67;
- negotiates with James, 77;
- member of the Junto, 88;
- President of the Council, 146
- Shropshire ravaged by the Welsh, iii. 19
- Sicily,
- crown of, offered to Edmund of England, ii. 59;
- ceded to Savoy, vii. 142, 186;
- conquered by Spain, 187
- Sidmouth, Henry Addington, first Viscount (see Addington), viii. 174, 179, 183
- Sidney, Algernon,
- supports the Independents, vi. 45;
- relations with Lewis XIV., 229, 298;
- holds meetings with Monmouth, etc., 336;
- beheaded, 337;
- his attainder reversed, vii. 66
- Sidney, Sir Henry, iv. 241
- Sidney, Sir Philip, v. 6, 7, 11, 12
- Sikhs, the, vii. 234
- Simeon of Durham, i. 6, 173, 243
- Simnel, Lambert, iii. 176
- Siward, Earl of Northumbria, i. 150, 152, 153
- Sixtus V., Pope, iv. 353
- Skeffington, Lord Deputy in Ireland, iii. 328
- Skelton, John, iii. 273; iv. 43
- Slanning, Sir Nicholas, vi. 6
- Slave-trade
- at Bristol, i. 250;
- negro, its beginning, iv. 283;
- in the eighteenth century, viii. 52;
- proposals for its abolition, ib., 79;
- abolished, 178, 179
- Slavery
- in Old England, i. 16, 17;
- dies out, 321, 322
- Sluys, sea-fight off, ii. 228
- Smerwick, slaughter of its garrison, iv. 316
- Smith, Adam, viii. 73
- Smith, John, settler of Virginia, v. 307
- Smith, Sir Sidney, viii. 141
- Smithfield,
- Priory of St. Bartholomew at, i. 223;
- Archbishop Boniface's visitation of, ii. 32
- Smollett, Tobias, vii. 297
- Snowdon, Lords of, ii. 53
- 8-282]Solway Moss, battle of, iv. 25
- Somers, John, vii. 46;
- member of the Junto, 85;
- Lord Keeper, 88;
- retires, 98;
- impeached, 105;
- arranges the Union with Scotland, 128;
- President of the Council, 133;
- of the Royal Society, vi. 166;
- death, vii. 182
- Somerset
- conquered by West Saxons, i. 90;
- rises against William I., 168;
- lead-mines in, 30
- Somerset, John Beaufort, Earl of, (Marquis of Dorset), iii. 7
- Somerset, John Beaufort, first Duke of, iii. 59
- Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, second Duke of (see Beaufort),
- Regent of France, iii. 62;
- recalled, 67;
- arrested, 68;
- released, ib.;
- captain of Calais, 69;
- committed to the Tower, 71, 72;
- released, 72;
- slain, 74
- Somerset, Henry Beaufort, third Duke of, iii. 78, 80, 126
- Somerset, Edmund Beaufort, fourth Duke of, iii. 140, 143-145
- Somerset, Robert Carr, Earl of (see Rochester), v. 193, 204-207
- Somerset, Edward Seymour, Duke of (see Hertford), iv. 46;
- Protector, 47;
- his policy, 48, 53, 54;
- relations with Scotland, 52;
- victory at Pinkie Cleugh, 513;
- revolts against, 55;
- his misrule, 56;
- fall, 57;
- beheaded, 65
- Somerset, Charles Seymour, sixth Duke of, vii. 21, 146
- Somerset, Frances, Countess of. See Howard
- Somerset, Margaret, Duchess of, iii. 161
- Somerton captured by Æthelbald, i. 91
- Somerville, plotter, iv. 350
- Soranzo's Despatches, iv. 3
- Sophia, Electress of Hanover, vii. 103, 144
- Soult, Marshal, viii. 188, 200, 202
- Southampton, Thomas Wriothesley, first Earl of (see Wriothesley), iv. 47
- Southampton, Henry Wriothesley, third Earl of, v. 41, 43
- Southampton, Thomas Wriothesley, fourth Earl of, vi. 193, 244
- South-Engle, i. 37, 119
- Southey, Robert, viii. 135
- South-folk, i. 42
- South-Saxons, kingdom of, i. 34
- South Sea Bubble, vii. 192
- Southwark
- burnt by William the Conqueror, i. 165;
- Bishop Beaufort's palace at, attacked, iii. 44
- Spain,
- its relations with Aquitaine and France, ii. 281, 282;
- Edward III.'s policy in, 282, 283, 287;
- its growth under Ferdinand and Isabel, iii. 186;
- its greatness under Philip II., iv. 325-327;
- possessions in the New World, 329;
- ruin of its power, 366;
- its relations with James I., v. 212-214, 226, 227, 230-233;
- decline, vi. 113, 190;
- Cromwell's war with, 117;
- relations with Charles II., 187;
- with Lewis XIV., 249, 250;
- joins the Grand Alliance, vii. 49;
- dispute for the succession in, 90, 92-94, 98, 99;
- English descent on, 118;
- Peterborough's campaign in, 126;
- attempts to regain its lost possessions, 186-188;
- end of the succession quarrel, 188;
- relations with Austria, 199, 200;
- with France, 213-216;
- efforts to regain monopoly of trade in America, 216, 217;
- war with England, 219, 306;
- cedes Florida, 307;
- league with France and America, viii. 30;
- mastered by Napoleon, 185;
- rises against him, 186;
- Wellesley's campaigns in, 187, 188, 199, 200;
- the French driven from, 202
- Speed's Chronicle, v. 4
- Spencer, George John, second Earl, viii. 104, 156
- Spenser, Edmund, v. 11-19
- Spice Islands conquered by England, viii. 112
- Spinola, Ambrogio, v. 219, 220
- Spires, Diet of, iv. 19
- Sports, Book of, v. 296
- Spottiswood, Archbishop of St. Andrews, v. 326
- Sprigge's Anglia Rediviva, v. 73
- Spurs, battle of the, iii. 210
- Stafford fortified by Æthelflæd, i. 118
- Stafford, William Howard, Viscount, vi. 321
- Stafford, Henry, iii. 166
- Stafford, Sir Humphrey, iii. 66
- Stafford, Thomas, iv. 107
- Stair, John Dalrymple, second Earl of, vii. 229
- Stamford,
- one of the Five 8-283]Boroughs, i. 117;
- submits to Eadward the Elder, 119
- Stamford Bridge, battle of, i. 162
- Stamford, Henry Grey, first Earl of, vi. 5
- Standard,
- battle of the, i. 217;
- Harold's, at Senlac, 163, 164;
- of Wessex, the Golden Dragon, 96, 163
- Stanhope, James, first Earl, vii. 182, 190, 192
- Stanley, Thomas, Lord, iii. 171, 172
- Stanley, Sir William, iii. 172
- Staple, Gild of the, ii. 304;
- reform of, under Richard II., 355
- Star-Chamber, Court of, i. 256; ii. 112; iii. 178;
- regulates the Press, iv. 343;
- developement under Charles I., v. 278;
- Laud's use of, 329;
- its civil jurisdiction abolished by Long Parliament, 363
- States-General, the French, viii. 83;
- become a National Assembly, 86
- Statutes
- substituted for Ordinances, ii. 298, 299;
- Petitions changed into, iii. 90;
- of Apparel, 65;
- of Appeals, 302;
- of Occasional Conformity, vii. 123;
- repealed, 184:
- Conventicle, vi. 220;
- Corporation, 207;
- Declaratory, vii. 338;
- of Economical Reform, viii. 64. 76;
- of First-fruits, iii. 302, 304;
- Five Mile, vi. 229;
- of Grace, vii. 69;
- Habeas Corpus, vi. 305, 306;
- suspended, vii. 184; viii. 105, 113;
- of Heresy, iii. 4, 5;
- repealed, iv. 61;
- re-enacted, 89;
- of Indemnity and Oblivion, vi. 194, 196, 204;
- of Kilkenny, ii. 377;
- of Labourers, 255;
- attempts to enforce, 289, 313;
- demand for their repeal, iii. 65;
- of Libel, viii. 92;
- of Liveries, iii. 118, 177;
- of Maintenance, ii. 355; iii. 105;
- of Merchants, ii. 122;
- Mutiny, vii. 61, 62;
- of Mortmain, ii. 118, 119;
- Navigation, vi. 86; vii. 310;
- Poor Laws, iv. 276, 277;
- Poynings', iii. 181;
- repealed, viii. 37, 39;
- of Præmunire, ii. 274, 355;
- of Provisors, 273, 275, 355;
- "Quia Emptores," 124, 151;
- "de Religiosis," 118;
- of Rights, vii. 60;
- Schism, 143;
- repealed, 184;
- of Security, 129;
- Septennial, 185;
- of Settlement, 103, 127;
- Stamp, 326, 327;
- American resistance to, 330;
- Pitt and Shelburne demand its repeal, 331;
- repealed, 338;
- of Succession, iii. 317; iv. 45, 67;
- of Supremacy, iii. 305; iv. 157;
- Test, iv. 215, 273, 308; vi. 273;
- James II.'s endeavours to procure its repeal, vii. 22, 23;
- Toleration, 64;
- of Treason, ii. 292; iii. 314, 319;
- Triennial, v. 352; vii. 88;
- of Union with Scotland, 128;
- of Union with Ireland, viii. 139;
- of Uniformity, iv. 159; vi. 208;
- of Uses, ii. 355;
- of Wales, 121;
- of Westminster, the first, 103;
- second, 122;
- third, 124;
- of Winchester, 122;
- against Witchcraft, v. 105, 106
- Steam-engine, invention of the, viii. 57-59
- Steel Yard, the, iv. 282
- Steele, Richard, vii. 158
- Steinkirk, battle of, vii. 79
- Stephen of Blois, i. 214;
- chosen king, 215;
- crowned, 216;
- his charter, ib.;
- revolts against him, 216, 217;
- quarrel with the Church, 218, 219;
- struggle with Matilda, 219, 220;
- proposes to crown his son, 226;
- treaty with Henry, 227;
- death, 228
- Stigand, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 161, 187
- Stillingfleet, Edmund, vi. 252; vii. 19
- Stirling,
- battle of, ii. 168;
- surrenders to Edward, 171;
- invested by Bruce, 191;
- Lords of the Congregation muster at, iv. 245
- Stoke, battle of, iii. 176
- Stokes, Peter, ii. 340
- Stow, battle of, vi. 42
- Stowe's Chronicle, v. 4
- Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of (see Wentworth),
- his war policy, v. 340-342;
- impeached, 350;
- trial, 356;
- attainder, 357;
- death, 361
- Stralsund, siege of, v. 274
- Strassburg seized by Lewis XIV., vi. 335
- Stratford-on-Avon, Shakspere's home at, v. 28, 41, 46
- Stratford-le-Bow, Protestant martyrs at, iv. 144
- Stratford, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 232
- Strathclyde,
- its struggle with 8-284]Æthelfrith, i. 60;
- submits to Eadward the Elder, 119
- Streoneshealh. See Whitby
- Strickland, member of Parliament in 1571, iv. 292
- Strode, one of the "five members," v. 373
- Strongbow. See Clare, Richard of
- Strype's historical collections, iii. 84; iv. 3, 4
- Stuart, Arabella, v. 121
- Stuart, Charles Edward, vii. 227-230
- Stuart, Esmé. See Lennox
- Stuart, James Francis, son of James II., vii. 34, 35;
- known as the "Old Pretender," 103;
- acknowledged as king by Lewis XIV., 106;
- attainted, 107;
- withdraws to Lorraine, 143;
- plans a rising in Scotland, 183;
- proclaimed as "James VIII." at Edinburgh, 228
- Stuart, Lord James, Prior of St. Andrews, iv. 114, 199.
- See Murray
- Stuarts, the,
- their work in Scotland, v. 125, 126;
- their lack of sympathy with England, 148, 149
- Stubbs, John, iv. 337, 338
- Stukely, Sir Thomas, iv. 315
- Suchet, General, viii. 191
- Sudbury, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 320, 323
- Suffolk, Charles Brandon, Duke of,
- his campaign in France, iii. 247;
- policy at home, 270, 277;
- President of the Council, 286;
- marriage, iv. 46, 69
- Suffolk, Frances Grey, Duchess of, iv. 69
- Suffolk, Henry Grey, Duke of, iv. 65, 69, 82, 84
- Suffolk, Thomas Howard, first Earl of, v. 191, 204
- Suffolk, Michael de la Pole, Earl of. See Pole
- Suffolk, William de la Pole, Earl of, iii. 59, 61-63
- Sunderland, Robert Spencer, second Earl of, vi. 301;
- opposes the Exclusion, 307, 310;
- urges Charles II. to yield to it, 319, 321;
- relations with Charles, vii. 2;
- with James II., 12;
- betrays James to William, 37;
- urges the calling of a Parliament, 39;
- dismissed, 40;
- character, 82;
- his ministerial system, 83, 84, 98
- Sunderland, Charles Spencer, third Earl of,
- ambassador at Vienna, vii. 125;
- Secretary of State, 131;
- his policy, 132;
- dismissed, 139;
- in the Stanhope ministry, 190
- Surajah Dowlah, vii. 261, 262
- Surrey, rising in, iii. 64
- Surrey, Thomas Holland, Duke of (Earl of Kent), iii. 7, 8
- Surrey, Henry Howard, Earl of, iv. 42-45
- Surrey, Thomas Howard, second Earl of, iii. 210.
- See Norfolk
- Surrey, Thomas Howard, third Earl of, iii. 244, 248.
- See Norfolk
- Surrey, Earls of. See Warenne
- Sussex
- accepts Wulfhere's overlordship, i. 85;
- conquered by Ine, 90;
- rising in, iii. 64;
- Protestant martyrs in, iv. 96;
- ironworks in, iv. 279.
- See South Saxons
- Sussex, Thomas Ratcliffe, third Earl of, iv. 111, 240, 241, 269
- Swan, Edward I.'s vow on the, ii. 95, 173, 174
- Sweden united under King Eric, i. 128
- Swein I., king of Denmark, i. 140-143
- Swein II., Estrithson, king of Denmark, i. 167
- Swein, son of Earl Godwine, i. 150, 151, 152
- Swereford, Alexander de, ii. 43
- Swift, Jonathan, vi. 158; vii. 138
- Swineshead, abbey of, i. 356
- Swinford, Catherine, ii. 369; iii. 59
- Sydenham, Thomas, vi. 166
- Table, the Round,
- legends of, i. 247;
- of Edward I., ii. 95;
- of Edward III., 249, 290
- "Tables," the, v. 331, 333
- Taillebourg, battle of, ii. 35
- Taillefer, i. 163
- Tailors' gild at Exeter, i. 318
- Talavera, battle of, viii. 188
- Talbot, John, Lord, iii. 56, 63.
- See Shrewsbury
- Taliesin, ii. 53, 57
- Tallard, Marshal, vii. 120
- Talleyrand, Maurice de, viii. 206
- Tamworth fortified by Æthelflæd, i. 118
- Tancred, king of Sicily, i. 260
- Tangier
- ceded to England, vi. 8-285]192;
- English garrison withdrawn from, vii. 4
- Taunton
- founded by Ine, i. 89;
- Blake's defence of, vi. 78;
- Monmouth at, vii. 9
- Taxation
- under the Norman kings, ii. 104;
- under Richard I., i. 264, 350;
- under John, 330, 322, 351;
- regulated by Great Charter, 351; ii. 105, 145;
- under Edward III., 291;
- Wolsey's plans of, iii. 245, 246;
- character under Elizabeth, iv. 233;
- Parliament regains control over, vii. 60, 61;
- during the French war, viii. 114, 137;
- arbitrary, abolished, v. 352;
- indirect, its introduction and growth, ii. 105;
- of personal property, i. 257; ii. 105;
- of boroughs, 152, 153;
- of wool, 107;
- of America, schemes for, vii. 311, 326; viii. 3, 4, 14;
- papal, of the clergy, ii. 42
- Taylor, Jeremy, vi. 134-137, 326
- Taylor, Rowland, iv. 92-94
- Teignmouth burnt by the French, vii. 76
- Temple, Richard Grenville, second Earl, vii. 250, 304, 328, 339
- Temple, Sir Peter, v. 323
- Temple, Sir William,
- ambassador at Brussels, vi. 227;
- at the Hague, 249;
- Secretary of State, 301;
- reorganizes the council, 302-304;
- opposes the Exclusion, 307, 311;
- retires from politics, 315;
- assents to the Exclusion, 319;
- his Memoirs, 157
- Tenchebray, battle of, i. 202
- Testament, the New, Erasmus's edition of, iii. 213, 215
- Tewkesbury, battle of, iii. 144, 145
- Thames entered by northmen, i. 116
- Thanes, gild of, at Canterbury, i. 299
- Thanet,
- Jutes land in, i. 31, 32;
- Augustine lands in, 57, 58
- Thanet, Thomas Tufton, sixth Earl of, vii. 23
- Theatre, first public, in London, v. 22
- Thegns, i. 50-52;
- of the royal household, 132
- Theobald, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 223;
- legate, 225;
- his policy, 226, 227;
- study of law in his court, 283;
- retires from politics, 232;
- dies, 234
- Theodore, Archbishop of Canterbury, i. 81, 83, 84;
- his school at Canterbury, 92
- Theology, revived study of, in thirteenth century, ii. 13, 14
- "Theow," the, i. 322
- Thirty Years' War, its beginning, v. 217, 219;
- its end, vi. 113
- Thomas of Canterbury, St. See Beket
- "Thorough," Stafford's, v. 292
- Throckmorton, Sir Nicholas, iv. 175
- Thurlow's State Papers, v. 73
- Thurstan, Archbishop of York, i. 217
- Ticonderoga, Fort, vii. 244, 266, 267
- Tilbury, muster at, iv. 357, 359
- Tillotson, John, vi. 169, 252; vii. 19;
- Archbishop of Canterbury, 65
- Tilly, Count, v. 232
- Tilsit, peace of, viii. 175
- Tin,
- export of, from Cornwall, iv. 279;
- mines, i. 30; ii. 107
- Tippermuir, battle of, vi. 23
- Tippoo, Sultan of Mysore, viii. 131, 140
- Tithes, introduction of, i. 84
- Tithing, i. 322
- Titus Livius, his Gesta Henrici V., ii. 179; iii. 41
- Tone, Wolfe, viii. 120
- Torbay, William of Orange lands at, vii. 40
- Torgau, battle of, vii. 302
- "Tories,"
- origin of the name, vi. 315;
- their policy in 1689, vii. 45, 46;
- attack Marlborough, 138;
- their helplessness, 166, 167;
- withdraw from politics, 167, 168;
- return, 299;
- oppose the abolition of the slave-trade, viii. 179;
- govern during the war with Napoleon, ib., 180
- Torres Vedras, Wellington's defence of, viii. 190
- Torrington, Arthur Herbert, Earl of. See Herbert
- Tortulf the Forester, i. 209
- Tostig, Earl of Northumbria, 153, 160-162
- Toulon, revolt of, viii. 109
- Toulouse,
- battle of, viii. 202;
- war of, i. 233, 234
- Touraine
- conquered by the Angevins, i. 212;
- by Philip Augustus, 269;
- ceded to France, ii. 63
- Tournaments under Edward III., ii. 251
- 8-286]Tournay besieged by Edward III., ii. 228
- Tours
- won by Geoffry Martel, i. 212;
- by Philip Augustus, 258;
- council of, 235
- Tourville, Admiral, vii. 75, 78
- Towns, English,
- their origin, i. 294, 295;
- early constitution, 296;
- common lands, ib.;
- relation to their lords, ib., 297;
- administration of justice in, 297, 313;
- emancipation, 300-302;
- struggle of classes in, 315-318;
- their liberties secured by Great Charter, 352;
- settlement of Friars in, ii. 10, 11;
- support Simon de Montfort, 68, 69;
- represented in county court, 73;
- representatives of, summoned to Parliament, ib.;
- taxation of, 152, 153;
- forced labour in, 257;
- strikes and combinations in, 267;
- support the House of York, iii. 76;
- restriction of franchise in, 99-101;
- Charles II.'s dealings with, vii. 3.
- See Boroughs
- Townshend, Charles, second Viscount,
- Secretary of State and Prime Minister, vii. 182, 189;
- resigns, 190;
- returns to office, 191;
- Secretary again under Walpole, 193;
- turned out, 203
- Townshend, Charles, vii. 247;
- takes office under Pitt, 250;
- deserts him, 303;
- President of Board of Trade, 310;
- refuses office under Grenville, 315;
- accepts it again under Chatham, 341;
- Chancellor of the Exchequer, viii. 3;
- death, 4
- Townshend's Journal of Parliamentary Proceedings, iv. 5
- Township, the Old English, i. 11
- Towton, battle of, iii. 79, 80
- Trade, English,
- under Eadgar, i. 138;
- growth after Norman Conquest, 177;
- regulated by Great Charter, 352;
- under Edward I., ii. 106, 107, 122;
- Richard's II.'s care for, 355;
- increase in fifteenth century, iii. 106;
- Edward's IV.'s laws for protection of, ib.;
- growth under Richard III., iv. 282;
- under Henry VII., ib.;
- under Elizabeth, 279-283; v. 77;
- struggle of the Commons for its freedom, 57, 58;
- Parliament gains control over, vii. 63;
- foreign, regulated by Statute of Staples, ii. 292;
- extension under Charles I., v. 281;
- effects of the Continental System on, viii. 177;
- effect of the American embargo on, 183;
- growth during the French war, 194;
- with English colonies in America, monopoly of, vii. 195, 241;
- with India, vii. 232;
- with Spanish America, 192, 216;
- Board of, established, 89.
- See Iron, Tin, Wool, Slave
- Trade and Plantations, Board for, vii. 240
- Trade-gilds, i. 316-318
- Trafalgar, battle of, viii. 173
- "Trail-bastons," ii. 116
- Treasurer, the,
- origin of his office, i. 132;
- right of appointing, claimed for Great Council, ii. 38
- Treaties, commercial,
- with Florence, iv. 282;
- with France, viii. 79
- Trent, Council of, iv. 32, 35, 36;
- dispersed, 51;
- reassembles, 64;
- breaks up again, 65;
- reassembled again, 192
- Tresham, Francis, v. 159
- Tresilian, Chief-Justice, ii. 353
- Trevanion, Sir John, vi. 6
- Trevisa, John of, ii. 357
- Trichinopoly, Clive's relief of, vii. 235
- Triploe Heath, meeting of the army at, vi. 52
- Tristram,
- story of, i. 247;
- rimes of, ii. 360
- Trivet's Annals, i. 274
- Trokelowe's Annals, ii. 177
- Tromp, Martin, vi. 86, 88, 115
- Tromp, Cornelius, vi. 277
- Troyes, treaty of, iii. 35
- Trussel, Sir William, ii. 199
- Tudor, Edmund. See Richmond
- Tudor, Henry. See Henry VII.
- Tudor, Jasper, Earl of Pembroke, iii. 132, 143, 165
- Tudor, Owen, iii. 165
- "Tulchan-bishops," v. 137
- "Tun," the, i. 11, 295
- Tunstall, Cuthbert, iii. 256
- Turenne, Marshal, vi. 124
- Turgot, annalist of Durham, i. 243
- Turin, siege of, vii. 131
- Turkey, schemes for its partition, viii. 161, 162
- Turks capture Constantinople, iii. 189
- 8-287]Turner, Sir James, v. 73
- Tyburn, Roger Mortimer beheaded at, ii. 207
- Tyler, Walter, ii. 319, 321, 323
- Tyndale, William, iii. 258, 259
- Tyrconnell, Richard Talbot, first Earl and Duke of, vii. 17, 55-57
- Tyrone, rising in, v. 62
- Tyrone, Con O'Neill, first Earl of, iv. 110, 240
- Udall, John, iv. 343
- Ulm, capitulation of, viii. 173
- Ulster,
- John de Courcy in, ii. 374;
- rising in, under Hugh O'Neill, v. 61, 62;
- colonization of, 288, 289
- Universities,
- rise of, i. 282;
- their cosmopolitan spirit, 290;
- democratic constitution, 291;
- relations with the Church, 292, 293;
- Friars at, ii. 13;
- revival of theology at, ib., 14;
- English, their decline during Wars of the Roses, iii. 98;
- the New Learning at, 201, 202;
- Henry VIII.'s appeal to, 291, 292;
- decline under Edward VI., iv. 62;
- James II.'s dealings with, vii. 24-26
- Urban V., Pope, ii. 275
- Uriconium burnt by the West Saxons, i. 38
- Usher, Archbishop of Armagh, v. 290, 353; vi. 199
- Utrecht,
- treaty of, vii. 141;
- Union of, iv. 312
- Uxbridge, negotiations at, vi. 38
- Vacarius, i. 283, 285
- Valence, Aymer de, Bishop of Winchester, ii. 33
- Valence, Aymer de, Earl of Pembroke, ii. 174, 183
- Valence, William de, Earl of Pembroke, ii. 33
- Val-ès-Dunes, battle of, i. 158
- Valois, Charles of, ii. 208
- Vane, Sir Harry, the elder, vi. 102
- Vane, Sir Harry (the younger),
- leader of the Independents, v. 354; vi. 45;
- negotiates with Scotland, 14, 108;
- opposes ordinance against heresy, 60;
- re-creates a navy, 78;
- his policy, 86, 89;
- attacks the Protectorate, 148;
- exempted from pardon, 195;
- executed, 204
- Vannes, Henry of Lancaster sails from, ii. 373
- Varangians, i. 167
- Varaville, battle of, i. 158
- Vassy, massacre of Protestants at, iv. 208
- Vaudois, massacre of, vi. 123
- Vendôme, Louis Joseph, Duke of, vii. 134
- Venner, leader of Fifth-Monarchy men, vi. 182
- Verden, quarrel about, vii. 188, 189
- Vere, Robert de (third Earl of Oxford), i. 343
- Vere, Robert de (ninth Earl of Oxford), ii. 350, 351, 353;
- Duke of Ireland, 377
- Vere, Sir Horace, v. 219
- Vergil, Polydore, ii. 180
- Verneuil, battle of, iii. 39
- Verney, Sir Edmund, v. 369
- Verney, Sir Ralph, v. 72
- Vernon, Admiral, vii. 219, 221
- Vervins, treaty of, v. 60, 62
- Vesci, Eustace de, i, 335, 347
- Vienne, John de, ii. 349
- Village, the English, i. 10, 11;
- its organization after the Norman Conquest, 322
- Villars, Marshal, vii. 134
- Villenage
- unknown in Kent, ii. 320;
- demand for its abolition in the eastern counties, 321;
- dies out, 333; iii. 65
- Villeneuve, Admiral, viii. 172
- Villeins, i. 133, 321-323;
- their relations with the lord, 323-325;
- rise into yeomen, ii. 240, 241;
- attempts to check their enfranchisement, 256, 257, 266, 267, 335;
- revolt of, see Peasant Revolt
- Villeroy, Duke of, vii. 125, 126
- Villiers, George, v. 207-210.
- See Buckingham
- Vimiera, battle of, viii. 187
- Vinegar Hill, battle of, viii. 130
- Virginia discovered, iv. 345;
- settled, v. 307, 308;
- heads resistance to the Stamp Act, vii. 330;
- remonstrates against taxation, viii. 14;
- adheres to England, 20
- Vitoria, battle of, viii. 202
- Voltaire, his visit to England, vii. 152
- Volunteers, the Irish, viii. 37
- 8-288]Wace, i. 174, 247
- Wake, Baldwin, ii. 84, 86
- Wakefield, battle of, iii. 78
- Walcourt, skirmish at, vii. 50
- Walcheren, English expedition to, viii. 188
- Walden, Roger, Archbishop of Canterbury, ii. 371
- Wales,
- sources of its early history, i. 7;
- its struggle with Mercia, ii. 46;
- subject to the West Saxon kings, ib.;
- Harold's campaign in, i. 153, ii. 47;
- William I.'s, i. 189, ii. 47;
- William II.'s, i. 198, ii. 48;
- Henry I.'s dealings with, 48;
- Henry II.'s campaigns in, i. 232; ii. 53, 54;
- Gerald de Barri's account of, i. 245, 274;
- John's campaigns in, ii. 54, 55;
- national revival in, 49-58;
- Edward's first campaign in, 59;
- outbreaks in, 65, 66;
- Edward I.'s annexations in, 109;
- conquest of, 119-121;
- incorporated with England, 121;
- revolts, 142, 143; iii. 9-12;
- students from, at Oxford, i. 291;
- Council of, v. 168.
- See Welsh
- Walker, Obadiah, vii. 25
- Wall, the Roman, i. 30
- Wallace, William, ii. 167-169, 171
- Wallenstein, v. 274
- Waller, Edmund, vi. 325
- Waller, Sir William,
- defeated at Lansdowne Hill and Roundway Down, vi. 6;
- his reception by the Parliament, 13;
- joins Essex, 18, 19;
- defeated at Cropredy bridge, 22;
- retires, 35
- Wallingford, treaty of, i. 227
- Wallington, Nehemiah, v. 72, 73, 94
- Wallis, Dr. John, vi. 132
- Wallis, Captain, vii. 277
- Walloons, fugitive Protestant, in England, iv. 51, 58
- Walpole, Robert, vii. 134;
- his temper, 178;
- policy, 179-181;
- in the Townshend ministry, 182;
- resigns, 190;
- defeats the Peerage Bill, 191;
- returns to office, ib.;
- head of the Government, 192, 193;
- his peace policy, 193, 194;
- finance, 195, 196;
- his policy of inaction, 197;
- towards Catholics and Nonconformists, 198;
- relations with George II., 200;
- Excise Bill, 195, 201-203;
- his jealousy of his colleagues, 203;
- strives to avoid war, 215, 217;
- loss of his power, 218;
- consents to war with Spain, ib.;
- plans of alliance with Russia and Prussia, 220;
- fall, 222;
- rejects the project for an American Excise, 241
- Walsingham, Sir Francis, iv. 119; v. 63
- Walsingham's History, i. 274; ii. 177, 179; iii. 98
- Walter of Coutances, Archbishop of Rouen, i. 260, 261, 266
- Walter of Coventry, i. 273
- Walters, Lucy, vi. 176
- Walworth, William, ii. 312, 323
- Wanborough, battle of, i. 90
- Warbeck, Perkin, iii. 180, 181, 184, 185, 187
- Ward, Dr. Seth, vi. 132
- Wareham, northmen encamp at, i. 106
- Warenne, William, sixth Earl of, i. 345
- Warenne and Surrey, John, seventh Earl of, ii. 117
- Warenne and Surrey, John, eighth Earl of, ii. 162, 168
- Warham, William, Archbishop of Canterbury,
- his patronage of the New Learning, iii. 196-198;
- protects Colet, 204;
- helps Erasmus, 212, 215;
- the seals offered to, 289;
- death, 303
- Warner's Albion's England, v. 35
- Warwick, Guy Beauchamp, second Earl of, ii. 187, 190
- Warwick, Thomas Beauchamp, fourth Earl of, ii. 353, 370, 371
- Warwick, John Dudley, Earl of (see Lisle), iv. 47;
- puts down revolt in Norfolk, 56;
- Protector, 57.
- See Northumberland
- Warwick, Richard Neville, Earl of, iii. 73, 75;
- defeated at St. Albans, 79;
- victor at Towton, ib., 80;
- his greatness, 112, 113, 118;
- character, 114, 115;
- policy, 119, 122;
- negotiations with Lewis XI., 123, 124;
- rivalry with the Woodvilles, 127;
- mission to France, 129;
- estranged from Edward, 131;
- submits to him, 132;
- intrigues with Clarence, 133;
- revolts, 134, 135;
- repulsed from Calais, 135;
- difficulties with Burgundy, 136;
- alliance with the Lancastrians, 137;
- lands at 8-289]Dartmouth, 138;
- restores Henry VI., 139;
- slain, 142
- Warwick, Edward Plantagenet, Earl of, iii. 175, 187
- Warwick, Robert Rich, second Earl of,
- resists a forced loan, v. 255;
- plans to emigrate, 319;
- put in command of the fleet, 378
- Warwick, Sir Philip, v. 72
- Washington, George,
- his attack on Duquesne, vii. 243;
- takes it, 266;
- his influence in Virginia, viii. 15;
- his character, 21, 22;
- his defence of Boston, 23;
- evacuates New York, etc., 24;
- his campaign of 1777, 25;
- forces Cornwallis to surrender, 32
- Washington city burnt by the English, viii. 204
- "Water-beggars," the, iv. 298
- Waterford besieged by Cromwell, vi. 77
- Waterloo, battle of, viii. 208-211
- Watling Street, i. 120
- Watt, James, viii. 58
- Waverley, Annals of, i. 273
- Waynflete, Bishop of Winchester, iii. 66
- Weald, iron-mines in the, ii. 107
- Wearmouth,
- Benedict Biscop's abbey at, i. 91, 92;
- plundered by northmen, 101
- Weavers,
- gild of, i. 317;
- Flemish, in England under Edward III., ii. 226
- Wedmore, Peace of, i. 107
- Weights, uniformity of, enacted by Great Charter, i. 352
- Welles, Sir Robert, iii. 135
- Wellesley, Sir Arthur,
- his campaigns in Spain and Portugal, viii. 186, 188.
- See Wellington
- Wellesley, Richard, Marquis (see Mornington), viii. 140;
- his devotion to Pitt, 71;
- words on Pitt's death, 174;
- Foreign Secretary, 189
- Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, first Viscount and Duke of (see Wellesley),
- his campaigns in Spain and Portugal, viii. 190, 191, 199, 200, 202;
- enters France, 202;
- campaign in Belgium, 207-211
- Welsh, the,
- defeated by Cenwealh, i. 87;
- by Offa, 97;
- league with Scots and Cumbrians against Æthelstan, 119;
- rise against Æthelred II., 139;
- subdued by Harold, 153; ii. 47;
- rise against William I., i. 167;
- against John, 333, 334; ii. 55;
- national revival, 49-58;
- ravage Shropshire, iii. 19;
- Oxford students join Owen Glyndwr, 11;
- North, tributary to Æthelstan, i. 119, 120;
- West, become vassals of Æthelstan, i. 120;
- driven from Exeter, ib.
- See Britons, Wales
- Welwood's Memoirs, vi. 158
- Wendover, Roger of, i. 273; ii. 43
- Wentworth, Paul, iv. 238
- Wentworth, Peter, v. 56
- Wentworth, Thomas,
- member for Yorkshire, v. 195, 260, 282-284;
- policy and character, 285-287;
- Deputy in Ireland, 290;
- his rule there, 290-292, 364, 365;
- returns, 338.
- See Strafford
- Wenzel of Bohemia, king of the Romans, ii. 348
- Wesley, Charles, vii. 207
- Wesley, John, vii. 207-210
- Wessex,
- its power under Ceawlin and Cuthwulf, i. 56;
- fall, ib.;
- attacked by Eadwine, 63;
- subdued, 64;
- greatness under Ine, 89, 90;
- civil strife in, 90;
- subject to Mercia, ib., 91;
- rises against Æthelbald, 96;
- anarchy in, 97;
- greatness under Ecgberht, 102;
- attacked by northmen, 103, 105, 106;
- revival under Ælfred, 107, 112, 113;
- submits to Swein, 143;
- to Cnut, ib.;
- its Golden Dragon standard, 96, 163;
- earldom of, 146.
- See West Saxons
- Westfold, Harald of, i. 128
- West Indian Company, vi. 223
- West Indies, English conquests in, vii. 307
- Westminster, Eadward the Confessor's abbey at, i. 149;
- rebuilt by Henry III. ii. 25;
- completed under Edward I., 106;
- William I. crowned at, i. 166;
- the Scotch coronation stone removed to, ii. 162;
- refounded by Mary, iv. 106;
- Henry VII.'s chapel in, iii. 174;
- Assembly of Divines at, vi. 30;
- Caxton's press at, iii. 156;
- chapel of St. Stephen at, ii. 290;
- Chaucer's home at, 366;
- the Jerusalem Chamber at, iii. 25;
- Parliament fixed at, ii. 158;
- Provisions of, 62;
- Statutes of, 103, 122, 124
- 8-290]"Westminster, Matthew of," ii. 43
- Westmoreland, Ralph Neville, first Earl of, iii. 14, 18
- Westmoreland, Ralph Neville, fourth Earl of, iii. 323
- Westmoreland, Henry Neville, fifth Earl of, iv. 162
- Westmoreland, Charles Neville, sixth Earl of, iv. 268, 269
- Weston, Lord Treasurer, v. 265;
- Earl of Portland, 276;
- revives monopolies, 279;
- success of his financial measures, 280;
- death, 315
- Westphalia,
- kingdom of, viii. 185;
- treaty of, vi. 113, 187
- West Saxons,
- foundation of their kingdom, i. 34;
- defeated by Arthur, ib.;
- defeated in a raid upon Chester, 38;
- take Old Sarum, 37;
- conquer Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire, ib.;
- victory at Deorham, 38, 61;
- burn Uriconium, 38;
- driven back across Thames, 85;
- advance to south-west, 87;
- defeated at Bensington, 98.
- See Wessex
- Wexford, massacre at, vi. 77;
- revolt at, viii. 129
- Wharton, Philip, fourth Lord, v. 343; vi. 288;
- member of the Junto, viii. 85;
- Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, 133;
- death, 181
- Whethamstede, Abbot of St. Albans, iii. 40
- "Whiggamore Raid," vi. 62
- "Whigs,"
- origin of the name, vi. 62, 315;
- their policy in 1689, vii. 45;
- struggle with Marlborough and Anne, 132, 133;
- refuse peace, 136;
- dismissed from office, 139;
- invite Marlborough's aid, 145;
- their relations with the Church, 169;
- with the Crown, 172, 174;
- with Parliament, 175, 176;
- fidelity to the principles of the Revolution, 177;
- relations with public opinion, 289;
- with Pitt, 301;
- the "Old," viii. 104;
- in Scotland, their outrages, vii. 16
- White, Sir Thomas, iv. 157
- Whitefield, George, vii. 205, 209
- Whitehall built, iii. 236
- Whitelock, Bulstrode, v. 306, 322, 323;
- his Memoirs, 72
- White Ship, wreck of the, i. 207, 208
- Whitby (Streoneshealh),
- Hild's abbey at, i. 77;
- synod of, 79, 80;
- its effect on England, 80, 81
- Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury, iv. 341, 343; v. 58;
- his Articles, iv. 341, 342; v. 115, 116;
- Strype's Life of, iv. 4
- Whittingham, Dean of Durham, iv. 127
- Wight, Isle of, annexed to Sussex, i. 85
- Wilberforce, William, viii. 48, 52
- Wilfrid, St., i. 79, 92;
- Eddi's Life of, 4
- Wilkes, John, vii. 249;
- his services to the Constitution, 313;
- attacks the Government in the North Briton, 314, 317, 318;
- arrested, 318;
- prosecuted for libel, ib.;
- flies to France, ib.;
- returned for Middlesex, viii. 5;
- imprisoned, 6;
- struggle with the Government, 7;
- with the House of Commons, ib., 8;
- his proposal for Parliamentary reform, 75
- Wilkins, Dr. John, vi. 132, 166
- William the Conqueror,
- duke of Normandy, i. 157;
- visits England, 158;
- subdues Maine and Britanny, ib.;
- his claim on England, 160;
- lands at Pevensey, 162;
- exploits at Senlac, 163, 164;
- chosen king, 165;
- crowned, 166;
- returns to Normandy, 167;
- risings against him, ib., 168;
- his vengeance on the north, 168, 169;
- march on Chester, 169, 179;
- master of England, 170;
- receives the Scot king's fealty, ib.;
- his character, 178, 179;
- rule, 179-181;
- dealings with feudalism, 181-185;
- with Old English judicial and administrative organization, 185;
- finance, 186;
- dealings with the Church, 187, 188;
- with Wales, 189; ii. 47;
- suppresses slave-trade at Bristol, i. 250;
- last war and death, 190
- William the Red,
- king, i. 191;
- revolts against him, ib., 192;
- his rule, 192;
- dealings with the barons, 193;
- with the Church, ib.;
- with Anselm, 196;
- with Normandy and Scotland, 197;
- with Wales, 198; ii. 48;
- death, i. 198
- William III.,
- Prince of Orange, vi. 225;
- his youth, 269;
- repels 8-291]the French invasion of Holland, 270, 277;
- his diplomatic success, 277;
- plans for his marriage, 283;
- defeated at Cassel, 289;
- marriage, 290;
- plans the Grand Alliance, 317;
- policy in England, ib., 318;
- visits England, 334;
- shelters Monmouth, vii. 8;
- forbidden to visit England, 12;
- relations with James II., 26-28;
- invited to England, 35;
- his preparations, 37;
- lands at Torbay, 40;
- his advance, 42;
- enters London, 44;
- calls a Convention, ib.;
- declines to be Regent, 46;
- the Crown offered to, 47;
- he accepts it, 48;
- his foreign aims, ib.;
- dealings with Scotland, 51;
- signs the warrant for the massacre of Glencoe, 53;
- relations with Parliament, 62, 63, 66, 69;
- campaign in Ireland, 71;
- goes to Flanders, 76;
- defeated at Steinkirk, 79;
- struggle with the Commons, 81, 82;
- treaty with Lewis, 90, 91;
- policy as to the Spanish succession, 92, 93;
- his unpopularity, 95;
- forced to send home his Dutch guards, 97;
- forms a new Grand Alliance, 107;
- his relations with Marlborough and Anne, 110;
- death, 112
- William the Ætheling, i. 207
- William the Lion, king of Scots, i. 255, 259; ii. 134
- William Longsword, duke of Normandy, i. 155
- William, son of Robert of Normandy, i. 203, 208, 213, 214
- William of Jumièges, i. 6
- William of the Long Beard, i. 319, 320
- Williams, Bishop of Lincoln, v. 255, 353, 371
- Williams, Roger, v. 312, 313
- Willis, Thomas, vi. 166
- Willoughby, Hugh, iv. 282; v. 9
- Wiltshire, rising in, iii. 67
- Wiltshire, Thomas Boleyn, Earl of, iii. 291.
- See Boleyn
- Wiltshire, William Scrope, Earl of, iii. 18
- Winceby, skirmish at, vi. 33
- Winchelsey, Archbishop of Canterbury,
- opposes Edward I., ii. 163, 165, 170;
- head of the "Ordainers," 188
- Winchester
- surrendered to William the Conqueror, i. 165;
- welcomes Stephen, 215;
- battle at, 220;
- pillaged by the younger Simon de Montfort, ii. 82;
- marriage of Philip and Mary at, iv. 86;
- Ælfred's abbey at, i. 113;
- Wykeham's college at, ii. 307;
- the royal hoard at, 180, 188;
- Parliament at, ii. 66, 80, 82
- Winchester, William Paulet, first marquis of, iv. 65
- Winchester, John Paulet, fifth marquis of, vi. 42
- Winchester, Charles Paulet, sixth marquis of, vii. 37
- Windebank, Secretary of State, v. 351
- Windham, William, viii. 104, 156, 171
- Windsor Castle
- seized by John, i. 261;
- surrendered by Edward to the barons, ii. 67;
- rebuilt by Edward III., 252
- Winter, Admiral De, viii. 127
- Winthrop, John, v. 311, 313
- Winwæd, battle of, i. 72, 73
- Wippedsfleet, battle of, i. 33
- Wishart, George, iv. 112
- Witchcraft,
- belief in, v. 105;
- statute against, 105, 106;
- Puritan action against, 106, 107
- Witenagemot, the, i. 19, 132, 134, 135
- Wither, George, v. 303
- Witt, John de, vi. 242, 249, 268, 269
- Wolsey, Thomas,
- his rise, iii. 230;
- policy, 231;
- greatness, 236;
- his industry, 237;
- legate, 238;
- negotiations with Francis and Charles, 240, 243;
- hopes of the Papacy, 240, 241, 249;
- revives benevolences, 244, 251;
- demands a forced loan, 244;
- struggle with the Commons, 245;
- with the clergy, 246;
- his power shaken, 253;
- attitude towards Lutheranism, 261, 263;
- founds Cardinal College, 202, 263;
- action in the king's divorce, 269, 270;
- embassy to France, 271;
- negotiations with the Pope, ib., 272;
- his unpopularity, 273;
- commissioner for the divorce, 272;
- his fall, 279, 280;
- suppresses monasteries, 311;
- arrested, 292;
- death, 293;
- Cavendish's Life of, 83
- 8-292]Woodstock, Edmund, earl of, ii. 293
- Woodstock, Thomas of, ii. 293.
- See Gloucester
- Woodville, Elizabeth, wife of Edward IV., iii. 124, 167, 168, 171, 176
- Woodville, Sir Richard, iii. 124.
- See Rivers
- Woodward, John, vi. 167
- Wool,
- grants of, by Parliament to the king, ii. 230;
- taxation of, 107, 164, 298;
- trade in, under Edward I., 107;
- under Edward III., 226;
- monopolized by him, 229;
- in the eighteenth century, viii. 53
- Woolsack, the Lord Chancellor's, ii. 226
- Worcester,
- rising at, under Harthacnut, i. 148;
- threatened by Owen Glyndwr, iii. 18
- Worcester, Thomas Percy, earl of, iii. 13, 14
- Worcester, John Tiptoft, earl of, iii. 162
- Worcester, William of, ii. 179; iii. 40
- Worcestershire, salt springs in, ii. 107
- Wordsworth, William, viii. 135
- Worms,
- diet at, iii. 254;
- Tyndale at, 260
- Worsted trade, iv. 279
- Wriothesley, Lord Chancellor, iv. 46.
- See Southampton
- Wulfhere, king of Mercia, i. 78, 85-87
- Wulfstan, St., bishop of Worcester, i. 192, 250
- Wulfstan explores the coast of Esthonia, i. 113
- Wurmser, General, viii. 123
- Wyatt, Sir Thomas, the elder, iv. 42
- Wyatt, Sir Thomas, the younger, iv. 82, 84, 85
- Wycherly, William, vi. 157, 163
- Wyclif, John, ii. 275-277;
- his treatise De Dominio Divino, 278, 279;
- commissioner for negotiations with the Pope, 303;
- his denunciation of Church property, 308, 309;
- summoned to trial for heresy, 309, 310;
- his "Simple Priests," 317;
- denies Transubstantiation, 337;
- condemned at Oxford, ib.;
- at Blackfriars, 339;
- his English tracts, 338, 356;
- petition to king and Parliament, 342;
- his Fasciculi Zizamorum, 178;
- Trias, ib.;
- his Bible, 178, 343;
- cited to Rome, 343;
- death, 344
- Wykeham, William of, bishop of Winchester, ii. 302, 305, 307-309
- Wykes's Chronicle, i. 274
- Wyndham, Sir William, vii. 168, 184
- Wolfe, General, vii. 267, 268
- Yeoman, the English, ii. 240, 241
- Yonge's (Walter) Diary, v. 71
- York,
- capital of Roman Britain, i. 36;
- occupied by William I., 167;
- stormed by rebels, 168;
- massacre of Jews at, ii. 129;
- provincial council at, 120;
- Parliament at, 195;
- held for Elizabeth by Lord Sussex, iv. 269;
- Charles I. at, v. 337, 378;
- besieged by Manchester, Fairfax, and Leven, vi. 18;
- surrenders, 22;
- its common pastures, i. 296;
- school at, 91;
- six shires of, 295;
- four wards, 296
- York, Edmund of Langley, Duke of (see Cambridge),
- supports Richard II., ii. 370;
- regent, 379
- York, Edward, duke of (see Albemarle, Rutland), iii. 15
- York, Frederick, duke of, viii. 108, 110, 140
- York, Richard, duke of (see Cambridge), iii. 30;
- Regent of France, 56, 57;
- recalled, 60;
- sent to Ireland, 62, 63;
- returns, 67;
- struggle with Henry VI., 68-70;
- Protector of the Realm, 72;
- marriage, 73;
- rises in arms, ib.;
- Protector again, 74;
- raises his standard at Ludlow, ib.;
- flies to Ireland, 75;
- victory at Northampton, ib.;
- his claims to the crown, 75-77;
- slain, 78
- York House (Whitehall) built, iii. 236
- Yorkshire,
- Pilgrimage of Grace in, iii. 322;
- rise of manufactures in, v. 281
- York Town, Cornwallis's surrender at, viii. 32
- Young, member for Bristol in 1450, iii. 68
- Zaragoza, siege of, viii. 187
- Zorndorf, battle of, vii. 263
- Zürich Letters, the, iv. 4
- Zutphen, battle of, iv. 349

Printed by R. & R. Clark, Limited, Edinburgh.

## Transcriber's Notes:

The following corrections have been made to the text:

Page 213: Æthelflæd{original has Ætheflæd}, Lady of the Mercians

Page 222: under the entry, Burgundy, Philip III., withdraws his troops from siege of Orleans{original has Orléans}

Page 237: under the entry, Elizabeth, daughter of Henry VIII., Parliament refuses to oust her from the succession{original has sucession}

Page 244: Gilbert, William, discovers terrestrial{original has terrestial} magnetism

Page 282: Southampton, Thomas Wriothesley{original has Wroithesley}, fourth Earl of

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